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http://www.archive.org/details/argiveheraeum02walduoft

THE ARGIVE HERAEUM

^>

^rc{)aeological 3nstitutE of 9linerica
American ^ci^ool of Clascal ^tudiejsj at ati^enjs

THE ARGIYE HEEAEUM

BY

CHARLES WALDSTEIN

Ph. D., L. H. D., Liti. D.

sometime director of the american school of classical studies at athens

slade professor of fine art, university reader in classical

archaeology, and fellow of icing's college, cambridge

sometime director of the fitz william museum, cambridge, etc., etc.

WITH THE COOPERATION OF

GEORGE HENRY CHASE, HERBERT FLETCHER DE COU, THEODORE WOOLSEY

HEERMANCE, JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN, ALBERT MORTON LYTHGOE, RICHARD

NORTON, RUFUS BYAM RICHARDSON, EDWARD LIPPINCOTT TILTON

HENRY STEPHENS WASHINGTON, AND JAMES RIGNALL WHEELER

/

IN TWO VOLUMES
VOLUME II

TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES, TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS, VASES AND

VASE FRAGMENTS, BRONZES, ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES,

COINS, EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS

U^jl

^i-

n

BOSTON AND NEW YORK

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

tlt^e HibewtDe press;, CambriDge

1905

MICROFILMED BY

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

LIBRARY

MASTER NEGATIVE NO.;

9^30/77

• • . . . / 1 . M I . I r T t • I t I f • t t * r T • ? f •

COPYRIGHT, 1905

BY THE TRUSTEES OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Published April, igos

NOTE

This work is issued by the authority and under the auspices of the Archaeological
Institute of America and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, which
share the financial responsibility for it. The supervision of its publication has been
intrusted to a Committee which consists of representatives of both bodies.

Each contributor has been left entirely free to express his opinions and sentiments
regarding the subjects treated by him — even where in these he differed from his asso-
ciates— and is therefore solely responsible for the statements made in the articles
written by him.

Committee on Publication : —

JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE,
HAROLD N. FOWLER,
EDWARD ROBINSON,

On behalf of the Institute.

THOMAS D. SEYMOUR, --.,^

JAMES R. WHEELER,
JOHN H. WRIGHT,

On behalf of the School at Athens.

PREFATORY NOTE TO VOLUME 11.

In the preface to the first volume of this publication I expressed my regret at the delay
in bringing- before the world the results of our excavations which were completed in 1895.
I also regretted that we were obliged to issue the first volume before the completion of
the second. I then thought myself justified in announcing that the second volume would
" follow within a few months." Circumstances over which 1 have had no control have
extended this period of a few months to what will now in all probability exceed a
twelvemonth. As in the case of the first volume I deplore this, not only because it
has kept from the archaeological world the material which we have to ofEer for study, but
also because full justice cannot be done to my collaborators, especially to Dr. Hoppin
and Mr. Chase, whose work has been completed and in type for several years. Quite apart
from the question of priority with regard to the antiquities we have excavated as well
as the deductions we may have drawn from them, the work of my collaborators may
not be jnstly appreciated when considered in the light of more recent discoveries, — I
mean those that have been made since our excavations were completed. I have in mind
especially the important discoveries made in Crete, Melos, and the more recent excavations
of Thera. In any case, the complete and final publication of the work on those sites was
not available for our purposes ; while in the case of Crete, notably of Cnossos, the exca-
vations themselves have not been brought to a termination, and the material furnished
does not present itself in a form admitting of final conclusions and general deductions.
Still, it may not seem right that, covering as we do similar fields of inquiry to that of
recent work on other Aegean sites, we should not have considered at least the suggestions
which they offer in the elaboration of our own material ; and it may not be unfair to
criticise us for not having redistributed all the type set years ago and rewritten all that
had been written. But I venture to think that the scientific value of the archaeological
material which we here offer in our publication, and even of the conclusions which we
have drawn from the study of them, is increased by the fact that in our study we have
confined ourselves to what was actually before us in our own material, and to the defi-
nitely published results of the work that had preceded us. Whether our results as
here published are confirmed, rejected, or modified by those of future excavators and
inquirers, our exposition can but gain in its claim to trustworthiness from not having
been biased by premature side-glances at the foreshadowed results of contemporary exca-
vation ; while those who must elaborate the discoveries made since our own will be able
to make the better use of ours in their independent presentation, even if this use should
be to controvert our conclusions.

A similar explanation may be called for with regard to the fact that we have not

viii PREFATORY NOTE

considered the work done since our excavations were completed on wider questions of
historic and prehistoric archaeology, in which our own material must find a place as
evidence. These include especially the wide and complicated prohlems of the earliest
ethnology of the ancient world, together with the greatly expanded study of Hellenic and
primitive mythology. The whole question of the Mycenaean age and the periods that
preceded and followed it has entered a new phase, owing to the remarkahle work done hy
such writers as Professor Ridgeway and Dr. J. G. Frazer, and to the cognate discoveries
and inquiries of explorers and scholars like Professor Flinders Petrie. I have been
du-ectly criticised for not having, in my General Introduction in the first volume, clearly
taken sides on the main issues raised by such important inquiries. Dr. Rouse, in his
review of our first volume,* says : " Dr. Waldstein has not thought well to examine the
bearing of this book (Professor Ridgeway's Early Age of Greece) on his Introduction,
part of which might have been modified by it. He does indeed mention Professor
Ridgeway in a footnote, not without approval ; but there was time to have formed a
more definite opinion than he gives on the new theories, whether to accept them or to
reject." Now, all that I have urged above regarding the undesirability of entering into
wider inquiry beyond the range of our own material in this publication applies still more
emphatically to the questions raised by Professor Ridgeway's bold and far-reaching work.
I wish in no way to discourage this stirring expansion of the study of classical antiquity
into wider spheres, where it establishes its immediate relationship to general ethnology, —
nay, to anthropology. The day may come when all our views of the early history of
man, including the peoples of Ancient Greece and Rome, will present a picture containing
a full and organic composition instead of the smaller groups and single portraits which
we now have before us ; and when the whole image of the past in the eyes of our poster-
ity may gain in truth and even in clearness. But to my mind this day has not yet come ;
because the material for such wider generalization, which we may reasonably hope for in
the future, is not yet to hand. Excavations, not only in Egypt, in Assyria, in the whole of
Asia Minor, in the northern portions of Ancient Greece, in the islands of the Aegean, in
Sicily and in Italy, but also in many other centres of Europe and other parts of the world,
will have to yield their treasures of the past, before a great genius, happily arising, is
prepared to fuse the disjointed ingots of evidence together, at the slow and steady fire of
sober yet imaginative induction, into the great and malleable bar of precious metal out
of which the monumental forms of truth are forged and cast. In the mean while, how-
ever, truth is advanced by a select few who form legitimate scientific hypotheses in
presenting theories by means of which, for the time being, we can in some way grapple
with the vast mass of material before us. But in presenting the results of our excava-
tions of one site, and in drawing our conclusions from the material before us, we are
emphatically not called upon to take sides on problems of much wider issue, the solution
of which may ultimately be furnished by our facts and our exposition.^

' Classical Review, October, 1903, p. 368. opinions tended to support those of Professor Ridgeway,

* I think it right to state that wherever my results and they were on my part arrived at quite independently

PREFATORY NOTE

IX

Still, since the first volume was published, the final and official publication of Troja
and Hlon has been issued . by Dr. Diirpfeld and his collaborators. Furthermore, the
work done and the wonderful results attained by Dr. A. J. Evans and his colleagues in
Cnossos of Crete, as well as that of Professor Halbherr and his colleagues at Phaestos,
though the excavations are not completed, have led to preliminary publications in which
final conclusions have in some instances been drawn which bear directly upon essential
points of our discoveries at the Argive Heraeum. As the conclusions thus arrived at by
the excavators of Cnossos seem to militate against my main contention with regard to the
Argive Heraeum, I feel that I must in a few words touch upon this question, even at the
risk of being premature.

I claimed preeminent importance for the Argive Heraeum, because, as compared with
sites like Troy and other early " classical sites " including Crete, it was one about which
there could be no doubt in regard to its intrinsic association from the earliest times with
what is to us Hellenic life ; while, on the other hand, in contradistinction to Tiryns and
Mycenae, which only present definite periods in the development of Hellenism, the Argive
Heraeum was continuously, in all ages about which we know anything, an important
centre of that life. I maintained, and I still maintain, that our excavations have yielded
material giving undeniable proof that this site was occupied in what is commonly called
the Neolithic period. By an oversight the first volume contained no illustrations of
stone implements found in our excavations. I wish here to supplement this deficiency
by inserting specimens of such Neohthic articles of use.

Stone Implements from the Argive Heraeum.

From the Neolithic age onward there is abundant evidence of a continuous occupation
of that site, be it as a citadel or as a temple, down to Roman times. I wish here to
emphasize more strongly than I have done in the first volume that the earUest walls and
dwellings, together with the stone unplements, confirm the tradition which I maintained *

from him. Any suggestion I received from him has been
duly acknowledged ; just as he has acknowledged, both in
his article in the Hellenic Journal in 1896, as well as in
bis book, the cases in which I enabled him to consider

some of our material before publication. We are nei-
ther of us responsible for the other's views and conclu-
sions.

1 Classical Review, December, 1900, pp. 473 S.

X PREFATORY NOTE

is given in Bacchylides (xi. 43-84), that the site of the Temple of Hera was also that
of the Pre-Proetean citadel of Argos. On every side there is thus evidence of a Pre-
Mycenaeau civilization at the Heraeum ; and in tradition, monuments, and minor works
we have there an illustration of the systematic origin and organic growth and develop-
ment of the Mycenaean civilization and the periods following it. No doubt there is evi-
dence (which moreover we should a priori expect) of waves of foreign influence. But
the main current of civilization leading up to the Mycenaean age, through it and beyond
it, is central and continuous on the site of the Argive Heraeum. As far as our evidence
goes, there is no reason for assuming that the Mycenaean civihzation came to the Argolid
from without, and that it was not continuously developed in that centre of ancient life.

Now, the conclusions which Dr. Evans has drawn from his Cnossian discoveries tend
to make Crete the earliest focus of Mycenaean civilization from which it radiated to other
parts of the world, including Greece Proper. Mr. Mackenzie, moreover, in a very ingen-
ious and able article* has endeavored to prove this definitely by the evidence of the vases
foiuid at Cnossos. He maintains that the evolution of the Mycenaean ceramic style
out of the Kamares ware, which again is evolved from Cretan Neolithic ware, is to be
found in Crete. He further maintains that from Crete it found its way into the Argolid
and the other parts of the ancient world. In short, it is maintained that Crete is '• the
cradle of the Mycenaean, and hence of Hellenic, civilization."

This seems to me improbable. Moreover, if it were true, my own conclusions with
regard to the position of the Argive Heraeum woidd be unfounded. In spite of the
prematureness of any attempt to arrive at a final decision on the nature of the Cnossian
excavations while they are not yet completed, and before the objects there found have
been subjected to a thorough examination in their completeness, I wish, in view of the
partial publication of such conclusions on the part of the excavators, to enumerate briefly
my doubts, and to commend them to the consideration of the Cretan explorers.

On the one hand, I do not doubt of the ample evidence as to the early settlement of
the Cnossian and other Cretan sites in the Neolithic period, and I view favorably Dr.
Evans's suggestion of a chronology reaching back much farther than we have hitherto
been wont to conceive, namely, well into the third and even the fourth milleunia b. c.
As Dr. Diirpfeld has admitted, the earliest layers of Hissarlik distinctly point to such
remote ages ; and I have always expressed my belief that we should have to go much
farther back when looking for the beginnings of early Greek civilization.

But, on the other hand, we are informed that the objects on the Cnossian site end
with the Mycenaean period, that there are no objects belonging to a later date found
there, and that therefore the life they reflect antedates that of the sites in Greece Proper,
and that the Mycenaean civilization found in the latter is derived from Crete.

It is now some years ago ^ since I expressed the view that it is a mistake to believe
that the Mycenaean and Geometric fonns of art production ceased in all parts of Greece
at the same time, and were superseded in the same period by the archaic forms of

> J. H, S. XXIII. 1903, pp. 157 ff. <■ At a public meeting of the Americau School of Athens in 1892.

PREFATORY NOTE xi

distinctly " Hellenic " character. It then appeared to me that, especially in ceramic art,
the familiar polychrome, black-figured and red-figured vases never became the indigenous
manufacture of certain portions of the ancient world ; but that the Mycenaean and the
Geometric forms of ornamentation as well as the so-called " Proto-Corinthian " (our later
Argive-Linear) maintained themselves long into the histoiic period. Of this survival, this
persistency of earlier styles, Crete seems to me a most probable instance. Though the
Cnossian city reach far back into the remotest antiquity, and nothing later than Mycenaean
ware has as yet been found there, we must at least await the completion of those excava-
tions and those of other Cretan sites before we exclude the possibility, nay, the probability,
that the latest of the " Mycenaean " remains at Cnossos reach far down to the gates of
the historic Greek periods when elsewhere in the Hellenic world other Hellenic forms
had been developed. The grounds for my doubt in the face of the mass of evidence
which is even now adduced by the Cnossian excavators are based upon the intrinsic char-
acter of this evidence itself.

To begin with the more general point of view (though I cannot enter upon a minute
critical estimate of the ethnological " evidence "), the confused tangle of ancient tradition
concerning the early inhabitants of ancient Crete, — the Eteocretans, Pelasgians, Achaeans,
Dorians, the Carians, Leleges, and their relation to the Lycians, — does not point to a
unity of organization and civilization which could have produced the Mycenaean style
foreshadowing the typically Hellenic art.

Moreover, I cannot feel that the literary traditions concerning the Minoan Cycle in any
way warrant us in assigning a central position to it in the formation of Hellenic tradi-
tion. In its relation to the established and predominant body of earliest tradition it par-
takes of what I should hke to call an " episodical " character. We can conceive of the
organism of Hellenic myth and heroology retaining its organic character if this cycle
were expunged. An intimate connection with Greece Proper, so as to suggest an essen-
tial influence in the form of civilization, is not manifest, certainly not as regards the
Argolid. The only real point of union in this sphere is with Attica in the Thesean story ;
and here it is of a passing nature, indicating a war which implied no conquest or lasting
occupation of the country. On the contrary, the balance of evidence in the tradition of
Daidalos points, as regards art and style, rather to an influence from the mainland (in
this case Attica) upon Crete, than from Crete on Greece Proper. This is quite different
from the wave of influence which we can clearly trace in sculpture in the Daedalids, the
so-called Ionian period, when we are at the very gates of the Historic period.^ In fact,
I cannot help feeling that the Minoan and Thesean tradition is comparatively late, as the
complex elaboration of the tradition concerning the life and deeds of Theseus and his
worship bears traces of contamination and points to a late date compared with the body
of Greek myths and heroology.

There was one period when the influence of Crete upon the mainland of Greece was

' See my article on ' D^dale et I'ArWmis de D^los,' = Cf. Essays on the Art of Pheidias, pp. 254 ff.

Rev. Archeologique, December, 1881, pp. 321 S.

xii PREFATORY NOTE

paramoiuit, when accordingly the life in Crete, especially at Cnossos, must have been
most thriving and have manifested itself in active art-production. This is the period
which in the history of sculpture we call the Ionian period : when the craft of making
teraple-stiitues, the profession of the dyaX/xaTo;roio'? was really estiiblished and introduced
from these centres into Greece Proper. According to the literary traditions the chief
centres whence this art sprung were Crete, Chios, and Samos. The activity of these
schools of sculptors, immediately derived from Daidalos (in my opinion the historical
Daidalos), and the most effective transmitters of this skill, were the Cretan Daidalidae,
Dipoinos and Skyllis. These we can trace in their journeys through the Greek continent
engrafting their craft at Sicyon, through the Peloponnesus, and as far north as the
Aetolian Ambracia. Is it not startling to find that of this period, corresponding to the
orientalizing wave in ceramic art in Greece, concerning which we have undoubted evi-
dence as to the predominant position of Crete, not a single trace should have been found,
especially in such centres as Cnossos ? Is this conceivable ? Are we not justified in ask-
ing for some reasonable explanation of such a singidar phenomenon ? And may I not
suggest that, however early some of the Cnossian remains and the earliest building
may be, some parts of the palace, especially its plastic decoration in stucco as well as some
of the wall-painting, belong to this later historical period ? We need not expect to find
"archaic Greek" objects there, unless they were imported; but the native orientalizing
style, which presents a continuous survival of the Cretan-Mycenaean art down to these
later historical times, we can expect.^

But let us turn to the more specifically archaeological evidence.

(1) The architecture of Cnossos in its " Minoan " periods appears to me to be of a
distinctly later date than the Cyclopean structures of Tiryns and of those parts of the
Heraeum of the " Tirynthian " period — a fortiori the earlier walls of more primitive
settlements. If the Cnossian walls correspond most closely to the sixth layer of Hissarlik-
Troy, it stands to reason that the earliest Heraeum walls, which correspond to the first,
second, and third layers of Hissarlik, are distinctly earlier. The walls of the Heraeum
present a continuous development from these primitive beginnings through all ages to
the later Roman period, and thus admit of no break or hiatus.**

' Since I wrote the above, my attention has been drawn fact ? The date of the " later Greek alphabet " we do

to a passage which I overlooked in Mr. Evans's Report know. Do not these later Greek objects speak rather

on the Excavations of the Palace of Knossos in the Annual in favor of my view, that the Mycenaean style survived

of the Brilish School at Athens, vii. (1900-1901), p. 118 ff. in the Palace of Cnossos down to historical Greek times ?

In it is an account of tlie find of " bone ' fish ' " upon '' Quite recently Professor Noack (Homerische Paliiste,

which were incised signs. " Out of twenty-one varieties, 1903) has pointed out that there is a " contrast " (ein

ten are practically identical, both in shape and positioq, Gegensatz) between the elevation and ground-plan of the

with later Greek alphabetic forms, wliile four more are " Greek " (Troy, Tiryns, Mycenae, and Arne) and the

the i«ame, though in a different position. Thus we have Cretan palaces. It seems strange to me that he should

A, A, H, A^, I, n , (*, Y, + and a form approaching the nevertheless consider the Greek palaces to have been in-

digamma, etc. . . . Yet the Mycenaean date of these flnenoed by tlie Cretan form, especially when he (pp.

bone pieces is as well ascertained as anything found 27 ff.) refers the principle of the hreitstimige Front which

within the walls of the Palace." T must ask : What is distinguishes Cretan from " Greek " palaces to the East,

the " Mycenaean date " here referred to as an established Syria and Egypt, for its origin. This " oriental " ele-

PREFATORY NOTE

xm

(2) Though the Terra-Cotta figurines from Cnossos have not yet been published sys-
tematically, occasional publications have given enough to show that they do not present
that full and organic development which Mr. Chase and I have endeavored to demon-
strate in this publication. None of the specimens from Crete which I have since seen
represent the earliest beginnings as illustrated by our first and second class ; nor do they
show the continuity of development of our Tirynthian-Argive class out of its primitive
beginnings. The causes for regret at the delay in our publication are exemplified by the
fact that in the excellent publication of ancient Terra-Cottas just issued by Dr. Winter *
he should have had to rely for the choice of his terra-cottas from the Heraeum upon my
preliminary publication of our first year's work pubHshed in 1892, and that he has thus
been unable to use for his general exposition the richest find of such objects, represent-
ing the most varied classes and presenting instances of such continuous development.
In view of what I had put in the first volume ^ on the nature of the typically Mycenaean
terra-cottas and their " ceramic " style, he could hardly have given to them a position
earlier than our Tirynthian-Argive, still less than our primitive class.^

(3) As regards the pottery from Cnossos, we are already in possession of much fuller
publication ; and quite recently Mr. Duncan Mackenzie * in a very thoughtful and able
article has made an attempt to give a systematic account of the evolution of Cretan
pottery. The discovery of Mr. J. L. Myres established the fact that the pottery to which
he gave the name Kamares ware is peculiar to, and characteristic of, Crete. Mr. Mac-
kenzie has in a conclusive manner shown how the earliest form of this Kamares ware is
immediately developed out of the primitive Neolithic pottery with incised patterns. Upon
this follows a class of " early Minoan " ware which, according to him, is the precursor of
the Mycenaean ware, out of which, in fact, he maintains the Mycenaean style grew. But
this Minoan class presents two different, if not antagonistic, groups : the one monochrome,
the other polychrome in its decoration. On his own showing (p. 171) the polychrome
was the more favorite style of the two. Now he maintains that these two groups contend
with one another, as it were, mingle their influence, the monochrome ultimately winning
the day, and that the final result is the establishment of the Mycenaean style.

It is on this most important point with regard to the evolution of the Mycenaean style
that Mr. Mackenzie's arguments have failed to convince me. For the whole nature of
this polychrome style in the Kamares as well as in the Cretan-Mycenaean ware is to my

ment (contrasted with the "Greek" element) in the by Mr. Chase, containing the objects from a tholes tomb

Mycenaean style of Crete would correspond exactly to at Mycenae in which a Heraeum terra-cotta of our second

what I maintain below characterizes the Cretan pottery (Argive-Tirynthian) class was found, to prove that even

of the Mycenaean age. our second class can at least not be later than the Myce-

1 Die Antiken Terrakotten, etc., by R. Kekule von naean period. Cf. p. 10^.

Stradonitz, vol. III. 1903. * J. Hellen. Stud. XXIII. (1903) pp. 157 ff. Other

^ Vol. I. p. 45. articles dealing with Cnossian pottery have appeared by

* When Dr. Winter, /. c. (p. XXX.), says of these earliest Mr. D. G. Hogarth, BrUish School Annual, VI. 1899-

classes : Die Entstehungszeit auch der primitiv gebildeten 1900, p. 74 ; by Dr. A. J. Evans, B. S. A. VII. 1900-

Stiicke dilrfte kaum sehr weit uber das achte Jahrhundert 1901; by the same writer, B. S: A. VIII. 1901-1902, pp.

zuriickreichen, it is enough to point to the tray, examined 88 S.

xiv PREFATORY NOTE

mind a most characteristic ilifferentiation of Cretan pottery ; one, moreover, which also
differentiates it from the essential characteristics of the Mycenaean style as presented to ns
in the representjitive vases from the mainland of Greece and other sites. The very first
specimens of Mycenaean vases foimd in Crete which were shown to me some time ago
gave me the impression that they had local characteristics mixed up with the Mycenaean
style which distinguished them from the general run of Mycenaean ware, and which I con-
sider foreign to the main feature of Mycenaean ware, in some sense antagonistic to it. For
want of a better word I should describe this differential characteristic as " orientalizing."
I mean by that term those featiu-es of decoration which are found m a much later age,
namely, the " orientalizing " period as illustrated in the Corinthian vases preceding the
development of the archaic black-figured vases which are more purely Greek in style.
The distinctive decorative features of this " orientalizing " style are a tendency towards
the polychrome or piebald in color and towards a redundancy of ornaments in design.
Plate XII. vol. XXII. of the Journal of Hellenic Studies will illustrate my meaning. The
bronze age vase (No. 1 in the middle) from Zakro is in shape and general ornamen-
tation distinctly Mycenaean. But the manner in which the partly naturalistic and other
ornaments have been scattered about the whole body and neck of the vase (with a redun-
dancy which has led German archaeologists to talk of such as " Filllornamente ") is
foreign to the essential characteristics of the pure Mycenaean vase and style. Yet we
must not be astonished to find this characteristic in a Mycenaean vase from Crete when it
is manifestly already the leading characteristic of the " early Minoan " style, the precursor
of the Mycenaean period, in that island. The primitive Cretan painted vases published
by Messrs. Hogarth and Welsh in 1901 ^ with the polychrome and characteristic Kamares
vases given on Plates VI. and VII. will illustrate this more fully ; while the polychrome
cups Nos. 1 and 2 on Plate VI. of Mr. Mackenzie's article will most strikingly illustrate
the principle of the " Fiillornamente" at the early stage of Cretan ware preceding the
Mycenaean period. Thus, through a careful and sober study of the style in the Cretan
remains themselves, without the intrusion of any further theory, I cannot feel on the one
hand that this polychrome style could ever lead to the Mycenaean style, and, on the other
hand, that the distinctive characteristics which it embodies could ever be entirely expunged
from the ware manufactured in Crete at any period of its production. It is to be found
in the Mycenaean ware of distinctly Cretan origin, and, in some form or other, the devel-
oped Kamares ware manifests a similar character. It is a significant and interesting fact
that the place where these characteristics of Cretan style manifest themselves in a strong
survival most clearly in a far later period is Naucratis, where we find the main features
of the Kamares ware in the ornamentation of the interior of the characteristic Naucratite
pottery.

With the evidence furnished up to this moment before us, it seems to me more probable
that the active influence which won the day in Crete for the monochrome decoration
contending with the polychrome style was the introduction of pure Mycenaean patterns

1 /. H. S. 1901, pp. 78 S.

PREFATORY NOTE xv

which probably came into Crete from elsewhere, and which were never assimilated in their
complete purity of character. This course in the history of ceramic decoration seems to
me more probable than that the elements of the Mycenaean style were engrafted from
Crete upon the ware of those centres, notably the Argohd, where the Mycenaean style has
hitherto been supposed to have had its native home. As far as the Heraeum is concerned,
there appears to me to be no room for Mr. Mackenzie's hypothesis. For we have there,
as 1 have endeavored to trace it,' a continuous and organic development from the incised
and early painted ornamentation of the Neolithic ware, through the dull-colored linear
ornament with free-hand drawing of the early Mycenaean ware, to the fully developed
forms of that style ; and it appears to me that, out of the principle of free-hand drawing
with spirals and curved lines and waved patterns in the dull-colored vases, the natural-
istic ornament of the period of advanced ceramic art in the Mycenaean age naturally
follows. There is no room in the chain of development for the intrusion of the peculiar
early Minoan vase.

One important point Mr. Mackenzie has succeeded in making highly probable, namely,
that the use of glaze-color in vase decoration, which is to be found at the very earliest
period in Crete, may have originated there, and may have spread thence to other parts
of the Mycenaean area. This is most probable in view of the large nimibers of such
specimens found in Crete ; though all sites of the ancient world have not yet been exca-
vated. But the introduction of such a technical innovation is readily made from one part
of the world into another ; not so the introduction of a characteristic style. The isolated
specimens of distinctively Cretan Mycenaean ware which have been found in other parts of
the Mycenaean world do not justify the conclusion of such a predominant influence on the
part of the Cretan style, when we consider the paucity of these isolated specimens in
their proportion to the pure Mycenaean ware found in the Argolid and elsewhere. We
must wait for a careful differentiation between the peculiar Mycenaean ware found in Crete
and the ware which is purely Mycenaean and corresponds to the predominant class of
Mycenaean vases found in the Argohd, and, comparing their relative nimibers, we must
then ask whether there is not actual evidence which makes it probable that a great
quantity of Mycenaean ware may have been imported into Crete from the Argolid. I may
finally add that the evidence from Troy confirms me in this supposition ; for we there
find a pronounced and distinctive form of primitive ware with its characteristic material,
shape, and ornaments ; while the advent of the Mycenaean style in the sixth layer is
foreshadowed in the adoption of spiral ornaments in the previous layer, which, though
incised in the predominant system of Trojan vases, manifests a decorative feeling intro-
duced and adopted from elsewhere. Dr. Dorpfeld says of these ornaments : ^ " Ebenso
neu, aber nicht eigentlich troisch, sind die eingetieften Spiralen, welche in der Zeit der
dritten Periode aufkommen." These designs correspond to the usual ornaments as we
find them on the earliest dull-colored vases in the beginning of the Mycenaean period.

These remarks on the Cretan question in its relation to our discoveries may, as I have

1 Vol. I. pp. 53 ff. ' ^'■"y" """^ ■^"'^' ^^^> P- 2'^^-

x^n PREFATORY NOTE

siiid brfore, be premature, and I am quite ready to retract the statements here made when
fuller evidence warrants such a change. But as it was not proper to ignore the brilliant
results and the excellent work of the Cretan excavators while presenting this volume to
the public, it was not possible to consider them without giving such a critical estimate
of the bearings of their work upon ours.

In the preface to the first volume I announced that " the principle which I followed in
this publication was to allow each member intrusted with a department as much inde-
pendence as possible ; " and that " I have not stood in the way of exjjression of well-
founded individual opinion for which each collaborator deserves the credit and retains the
responsibility." This clearly applies to Dr. Hoppin's conscientious publication of the
Vases. It will be seen from his own statement that there is a point on which we differ,
namely, the question of the Argive-Linear ware. But upon examination it will be found
that the difference is but slight and not of essential importance. Dr. Hoppin accepts what
is, after all, the most important point, which I raised some years ago, and which to my
knowledge had not been put before, namely, that the linear ornament (we might call it
the geometric system of ornamentation — not to be confused with the later geometric
period of Greek ceramics) preceded the naturalistic ornamentation of the Mycenaean vases.
As far as I can ascertain, the more recent excavations in Crete and Melos and other
ancient sites have strongly supported the view I urged in 1892. I have not yet come
across any specimen of early dull-colored Mycenaean vases, nor of Neolithic vases from
classical sites, which can be held to contain ornamentation that is not purely linear in
character. Moreover, Dr. Hoppin admits that in the more advanced and wheel-turned
vases of the Mycenaean period an important part of the ornamentation always remains
linear ; while in many of the small vases which he attributes to the Mycenaean period this
linear system alone appears. Furthermore, in some small vases which he attributes to the
Geometric period, the same principle applies ; while, of course, in the succeeding period his
own Argive-Linear, there is nothing but linear ornamentation. He can thus not deny
my contention that in the early vases from the Heraeum the linear principle of ornamenta-
tion was never absent, from its beginnings in the incised Neolithic ware to the end of the
Prehistoric period. Our difference of view thus narrows itself down to what is almost a
difference of words. In view of the continuous presence of a certain system of ornament,
its predominance at the earUest period, as well as at the latest, I have maintained that there
was thus in the vase decoration a continuous Argive-Linear system at the Heraeum, the
pedigree of which goes back to the Neolithic period, and the flourishing day of which is
to be found in the later Argive-Linear period, formerly called Proto-Corinthian. Dr.
Hoppin believes that my later Argive-Linear ware marks the degeneration of the Mycenaean
system, and he proposes to restrict the term Argive-Linear to that later development. I
am quite willing and quite ready to grant the main point of Dr. Hoppin's observation,
namely, that the linear principle could not have asserted itself so strongly in the later
period if the naturalistic element, predominant in the Mycenaean period, had not lost its
vitality. But in view of the fact that in none of the previous periods had the linear

PREFATORY NOTE

xvu

principle of decoration been eliminated, it cannot be correct to imply that there is any
new departure in its more exclusive assertion when the Mycenaean style lost its vitality.
Nor can it be correct to maintain that in this later period it originated out of the decline
of the Mycenaean system immediately preceding it, when it was the predominant principle
in the period preceding the Mycenaean, out of which this grew.

The conscientious work that Mr. DeCou has bestowed upon the publication of the
Bronzes will be manifest to all readers. But they cannot realize the infinite care and
persevering labor which, before he wrote, he bestowed for several years upon the cleaning
and sorting of the confused mass of shapeless material with which he had to deal. He
has chosen to avoid drawing any wider conclusions from his facts, — a course which is
thoroughly justifiable and has much in its favor. But we should have also been grate-
ful to him if he had given us the fruits of his experience in further historic and archaeo-
logical appreciation of his material, seeing that there is hardly any archaeologist alive
who has had more experience in dealing with ancient bronzes than he.

Professor R. Norton's work is of high interest. If he is right in his classification,
there are two distinct classes of engraved stones preceding the distinctly Mycenaean
stones. This would furnish very strong evidence of artistic activity on our site before
the developed Mycenaean period. Moreover, the numerical preponderance of the " new
type Argive " stones over the Mycenaean stones is significant. I woidd suggest as an
explanation of the comparative paucity of Mycenaean stones on this site, that this class
of gem was not commonly used as a votive offering. They are thus generally found in
graves, and were used in life as ornaments or amulets. At the same time, the presence
of comparatively large numbers of stones on the Heraeum site antedating the Mycenaean
period might be a confirmation of our view that in these earlier times the site was a
citadel and not merely a sanctuary, as it became in the later period.

Mr. Lythgoe's publication of the Egyptian objects confirms the views he previously
expressed, and which are embodied in the General Introduction in the first volume.*

King's College, Cambridge, February 28, 1904.

CHARLES WALDSTEIN.

* Since this has been in type, and nearly two years and his school. . . . The head of Hera and most of the

after Volume I. of this publication appeared, a review sculptures from the Heraeum known to me are certainly

is published in the Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift Attic." While denying all my views in his review, he

(June 25, 1904, pp. 811 ff.) by Professor Furtwangler inserts the phrase that two of the metope heads " may Je

which is a caricature of all that a fair review ought to be. admitted to have something of Polycleitan style," What

This I answered in No. 39, September 24, of the same does this retreat from his former position mean ? That

journal. To all who are acquainted with the nature of two heads of this chief Argive temple, in which Polyclei-

the controversies carried on at present between us his tus, the leader of the Argive school of sculpture, made

action will be intelligible. In this long review he passes his famous statue, are admitted by him to be Polycleitan

over the most important question of the Polycleitan char- in character. If any of the metopes show Polycleitan

acter of the Heraeum sculptures — the main subject of style, the leading art of the place was present in the

controversy between us — with a few lines. Readers of sculptured decorations. As a matter of fact, with minor

Volume I. (pp. 184 ff., and elsewhere) will remember differences among each other (such as the Parthenon

how fully 1 dealt with the question of the Polycleitan marbles and all other temple-sculptures show), all these

character of the sculptures, and how I controverted in Argive sculptures from this temple are of the same style,

detail Professor Furtwiingler's dogmatic statement that C. W.

" all these sculptures haue not the least relation to Polycleitus January 30, 1905.

CONTENTS

THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES
BY CHARLES WALDSTEIN AND GEORGE HENRY CHASE

PAGE

Introduction „ 3

I. Pbimitive Argive 16

II. TiBTNTHIAN ARGIVE 17

Group 1 : Sliglitly Developed Plastic Ornamentation 17

Group 2 : Considerably Developed Plastic Ornamentation 18

Group 3 : Elaborate Plastic Ornamentation 19

III. Mycenaean 22

IV. Geometric 23

V. Advanced Argive 24

VI. Figures under Oriental Influence 28

VII. Early Archaic 29

Group A : Hand-made Figures 29

Group B : Mould-made Figures 31^

VIII. Advanced Archaic 38

IX. Free Style 39

X. Animals 39

XI. Various Objects 42

THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS

BY CHARLES WALDSTEIN AND JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN

Introduction 47

Reliefs Nos. 1-10 49^

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

BY JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN

Preface "'

Abbreviations Employed •'^

Introduction ""

Chapter I. Primitive Vases ^^

Chapter II. The Mycenaean Style 71

Vases with Dull Decoration 72

Fragments '^

Vases '

Vases w^ith Lustrous Decoration <4

Class I., Not represented '4

Class II., Division 1 78

Class II., Division 2 79

Class III., Division 1 ^1

Class III., Division 2 82

Flower Buds ^^

Circles, Diamonds

Spiral Forms and their Development °4

XX CONTENTS

Flower Patterns 85

Flower Branches 85

Murex, or Purple Fish Patterns 86

Linear and Textile Patterns 86

Class IV 89

Birds, Animals, and Human Figures 90

The Bee-Hive Tombs near the Hekaeum 91

Jugs with Handle 92

Aniphoras 93

Three-handled Vases 94

Teapot-shaped Jugs 94

Pseud-amphora 95

Kylixes 95

Cups 95

Miscellaneous Vases 96

Saucers 96

Bowls 98

Jugs 99

I. Without Decoration 99

One-handled Jugs 99

Th?ee-handled Jugs 100

II. With Decoration 100

Two-handled Vase 101

CuAPTEB III. The Geometric Style 101

Class I. Transitional Stage 104

Class II. Purely Geometrical Types 106

Class III. The Introduction of Human and Animal Motives 107

A. Birds 108

B. Horses 109

C. Men Ill

D. Women 114

E. Miscellaneous 115

Other Miscellaneous Types 115

Chapter IV. The Argive Style 119

Class I. Early Argive 124

Lekythoi 124

Kalathoi 124

Saucers 125

Class II. Linear Argive 126

Lekythoi 126

Oinochoai 128

Skyphoi 132

Pyxides 136

Covers 139

Knobs 140

Plates 141

Miscellaneous Forms 143

Kothons 143

Ring-form Aryballos 143

Jugs 143

Openwork Vases 144

Class III. Oriental Argive 144

Lekythoi 145

Oinochoai 148

Skyphoi 151

Pyxides 153

Jugs 163

CONTENTS xxi

Plates J54

Alabastra ]^55

Aryballoi I55

Note on the Use of Applied Color in Certain Styles 156

Mycenaean 156

Dull Finish 156

Lustrous Finish, Class III 156

Geometric I57

Argive 157

Polychrome Vases, or Decoration on a White Ground 158

Chapter V. Miscellaneous Types 159

Chapter VI. The Corinthian Style 165

Old Corinthian Style 167

Skyphoi 167

Oinochoai 168

Pyxides 168

Covers 169

Sugar-bowl Form 170

Tripod Bowls 170

Alabastra 171

Amphora 171

Aryballoi 171

Askos 171

Kylikes 172

Plates 172

New Corinthian Style 172

Foreign Types 173

Early Attic 173

Cyrenean 173

Chapter VII. Black- and Red-Figure Styles 174

Black-Figure Style 176

Kylikes 176

Skyphoi 177

Tripod Bowl 177

Amphora 178

Lekythos 178

Plate 178

Polychrome Ware 178

Eed-Fiqure Style 178

Severe Style 17"

Later Style 179

Polychrome Ware 1'"

Chapter VIII. Vases in Relief and Later Vases 180

Red Ware 180

Megarean Ware ^"^

Lamps 18^

Glass 184

Byzantine 1°'*

I. Painted Inscriptions
II. Incised Inscriptions .

INSCRIPTIONS ON VASES

BY THEODORE WOOLSEY HEERMANCE

186
185

xxii CONTENTS

' THE BRONZES OF THE AKGIVE HERAEUM

BY HERBERT FLETCHER DE COU

IXTRODUCTION 191

CATALOdUK 19"^

I. Fkaumexts of Statues, Nos. 1, 2 194

II. Statuettes and Fkaumexts of Statuettes, Nos. 3-7 194

III. Animals (free and attached), Nos. 8-i)l 197

1. Horses, Nos. 8-18 197

2. Deer, Nos. 19-21 200

3. Sheep, No. 22 201

4. Cattle, Nos. 23-28 201

5. Lions, Nos. 29, 720, 946, 2204 203, 235, 249, 293

6. Rodent, No. 30 203

7. Frog, No. 31 203

8. Serpents, Nos. 32-35 204

9. Birds, Nos. 36-51 204

IV. Ornament and Toilet, Nos. 52-1849 207

1. Pins, Nos. 52-948 207

A. Straight, Nos. 52-807 207

B. Safety, Nos. 808-946 240

C. Pseudo-safety, Nos. 947, 948 249

2. Needle, No. 949 250

3. Rings, Nos. 950-1546 250

A. Finger-rings, Nos. 950-970 h 250

B. Bracelets, Nos. 971-974 251

C. Decorative, Nos. 975-1524 251

D. Structural, Nos. 1525-1540 263

E. Pieces of wire twisted into the form of rings, Nos. 1541-1546 264

4. Beads, Nos. 1547-1552 264

5. Pendants, Nos. 1553-1559 264

6. Mirrors and Mirror-handles, Nos. 1560-1589 a 264

7. Objects in Sheet Bronze, Nos. 1590-1846 266

A. Diadems, Nos. 1590-1599 266

B. Disks, Nos. 1600-1718 b 267

C. Binding strips, Nos. 1719-1747 269

D. Ornamented bands, Nos. 1748-1751 270

E. Coatings, Nos. 1752-1796 270

F. Rims, Nos. 1797-1800 272

G. Plates, Nos. 1801-1827 272

H. Cut ornaments, Nos. 1828-1832 a 274

I. Figures, Nos. 1833-1838 274

J. Uncertein objects, Nos. 1839-1846 274

8. Leaves, Nos. 1847, 1848 274

9. Leather gear, No. 1849 275

V. Vessels, Nos. 1850-2251 275

1. Vases and Cauldrons, Nos. 1850-2217 275

A. Without shoulder, Nos. 1850-2019 275

B. With shoulder, Nos. 2020, 2021 286

C. With shoulder and neck, Nos. 2022-2047 286

D. Handles, Nos. 2048-2207 288

E. Connecting rods, Nos. 2208-2214 294

F. Ornaments, Nos. 2215-2217 294

2. Tripods and Standards, Nos. 2218-2234 294

A. Fragments of large tripods, Nos. 2218-2224 294

B. Low trii)od standards, Nos. 2225-2230 295

0. Feet of standards, Nos. 2231-2234 296

CONTENTS xxiii

3. Miscellaneous Forms, Nos. 2235-2251 296

A. Containel-s, Nos. 2235-2244 296

B. Handles, Nos. 2245-2251 297

VI. Implemknts, Utknsils, Stkuctubal Pieces and Materials, Nos. 2252-2841 .... 298

1. Parts of Vehicles, Nos. 2252-2255 298

A. Fragment of antyx, No. 2252 298

B. SmaU wheels, Nos. 2253-2255 298

2. Strigil, No. 2256 299

3. Bell, No. 2257 299

4. Cymbals, Nos. 2258-2261 299

5. Key, No. 2262 299

6. Knives, Nos. 2263-2272 299

7. Spits, Nos. 2273-2711 e 300

8. Spear-butt, No. 2712 323

9. Pestle or Plektron, No. 2713 324

10. Hooks, Nos. 2714-2728 324

A. Free, Nos. 2714-2722 324

B. Attached, Nos. 2723-2728 324

11. Nails, Nos. 2729-2764 324

12. Button, No. 2765 327

13. Fasteners, Nos. 2766-2772 327

A. Wire, Nos. 2766-2769 327

B. Chain, Nos. 2770, 2771 327

C. Eyelet, No. 2722 328

14. Clamps, Nos. 2773-2776 328

15. Caps, Nos. 2777-2782 328

16. Centre-piece, No. 2783 328

17. Binding, No. 2784 328

18. Decorative Braces and Strips, Nos. 2785-2808 328

A. Straight applied braces, Nos. 2785-2787 328

B. Curved applied brace, No. 2788 329

C. Strips and rods, Nos. 2789-2808 329

19. Inserted Disks, Nos. 2809-2812 a 330

20. Other Decorative Attachments and Fragments, Nos. 2813-2816 330

21. Supports, Nos. 2817-2818 a 330

22. Rods, Nos. 2819-2821 330

23. Bars, Nos. 2822-2827 330

24. Ball, No. 2828 331

25. Castings, Nos. 2829-2841 331

A. Partially formed objects, Nos. 2829-2835 331

B. With accidental resemblances to various objects, Nos. 2836-2839 331

C. Formless, Nos. 2840, 2841 331

Appendix: Insckiptions on the Bronzes 332

ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES

BY RICHARD NORTON

The Stones and Gems 343

Class I. Prehistoric or Primitive 345

CLA.SS II. New Type — 'Argivb' 346

Class III. 'Geometric' ^^

Class IV. Mycenaean ^^^

Class V. Nondescript

The Ivories

Articles of Apparel or of Household Use 353

Human or Animal Figures

Miscellaneous Objects

xxiv CONTENTS

f

COINS FROM THE AKGIVE HERAEUM

BY HERBERT FLETCHER DE COU

IxTRODUcnoN 357

Cataloguk 357

A. Greece (Autonomous and Municipal) 367

Addenda to Coins of Argos 359

B. Rome (Empire) 361

C. Rome (Eastern Empire) 362

D. Venice 363

E. Uncertain 363

EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, ORTECTS

BY ALBERT MORTON LYTHGOE

Introduction ■ 367

Catalogue 370

Index 375

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

PAOE

SiojfE Implements ix

Tekra-Cotta Figukines. — Primitive Argive Type 16, 17

Terba-Cotta Figurines. — Tiryntliian Argive Type, Group 1 17, 18

Terba-Cotta Figurines. — Tiryntliian Argive Type, Group 2 19

Tebba-Cotta Figubines. — Tiryntliian Argive Type, Group 3 19-22

Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Mycenaean Types 22, 23

Tebra-Cotta Figurines. — Geometric Types 23

Tebba-Cotta Figurines. — Advanced Argive Types 24-27

Teeba-Cotta Figubines. — Under Oriental Influence 28, 29

Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Early Archaic : Hand-made 29-31

Tebra-Cotta Figubines. — Early Archaic : Mould-made 31-38

Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Advanced Archaic 38, 39

Tebba-Cotta Figurines. — Free Style 39

Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Animals 40, 41

Terba-Cotta Figubines. — Various Objects 42-44

Vases and Vase Fbagments. — Primitive Vases 70, 71

Vases aud Vase Fbagments. — Mycenaean Style : Dull Decoration 73, 74

Vases and Vase Fbagments. — Mycenaean Style : Lustrous Decoration, Class II. 1 ... . 79

Vases and Vase Fbagments. — Mycenaean Style : Lustrous Decoration, Class II. 2 ... . 80

Vases and Vase Fbagments. — Mycenaean Style : Lustrous Decoration, Class III. 2 . . 83, 84, 87, 89

Vases and Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Lustrous Decoration, Class IV 90, 91

Vases and Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Contents of Bee-Hive Tomb 92-95

Vases and Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Miscellaneous Vases 96-101

Vases and Vase Fragments. — Geometric Style : Amphora, etc 117, 118

Vases and Vase Fragments. — Early Argive 124, 125

Vases and Vase Fragments. — Linear Argive 126-143

Vases and Vase Fbagments. — Oriental Argive 146,147,151,155

Vases and Vase Fbagments. — Miscellaneous Types 159, 161

Vases and Vase Fbagments. — Old Corintliian Style 171,172

Vases and Vase Fragments. — New Corinthian Style 172

Vases and Vase Fragments. — Local Style 176

Vases and Vase Fragments. — Glass Vase 184

Vases and Vase Fragments. — Byzantine Ware 184

Inscriptions on Vases. — Painted Inscriptions 18>>

Inscriptions on Bronzes "^^^i •^•^' > ''•'8

Engraved Stones. — Argive Style "^8, 349

Engraved Stones. — Geometric Style "^^

Engraved Stones. — Mycenaean "'''"

Engraved Stones. — Nondescript ''•*"

Ivories 351,352,354

Archaistic Scarab of Thothmes III. from Eleusis 369

ScARABEOiD from Eleusis. Probably of Phoenician Origin 372

Porcelain Whorl '^"'

PLATES

•»• The descriptions of the Plates begin at the pages indicated, but the Plates themselves are grouped and placed as follows : Plates
XLII.-XLViri, after page 44 ; Plate XLIX., after page 54 ; Plates L.-LXIX., after page 188 ; Plates LXX.-CXXXVIl,
after page ^40 ; Plates CXXXVIII.-CXL., after page 354 ; Plates CXLL, CXLIL, after page 3tU ; and Plates CXLIII.
and CXLIV., after page 374. .

*«* Plates I.-XLI. are in Volume I.

Plate
XLII.

XLIII.

XLIV.
XLV.

XLVI.
XLVII.

XLVIII.

XLIX.

L.

LI.

LII.

LIII.

LIV.

LV.

LVI.

LVII.

LVIII.

LIX.

LX.

LXI.

LXIL

LXIII.

LXIV.

LXV.

LXVI.

Lxvn.

LXVIIL

LXIX.

LXX.

LXXI.

LXXII.

LXXIII.

LXXIV.

LXXV.

LXXVI.

LXXVII.

LXXVIII.

LXXIX.

LXXX.

LXXXI.

LXXXII.

Paoe
Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Primitive and Tirynthian Argive Types : Standing Figures 1 6

Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Tirynthian Argive Type : Seated Figures 17

Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Advanced Argive Type 24

Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Advanced Argive Type : Heads 26

Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Early Archaic Type 33

Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Early Archaic, Advanced Archaic, and Free Style Types :

Heads 31, 37

Terra-Cotta Figurines. — Animals 23, 29, 39

Terra-Cotta Reliefs 47

Vase Fragments. — Primitive Vases 69

Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Dull Finish, and Lustrous Finish, Class II. 1 72

Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Classes II. 2, and III. 1 79

Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Class III. 2 83

Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Class HI. 2 85

Vase Fragments. — Mycenaean Style : Classes III. 2, and TV 87

Vase Fragments. — Geometric Style : Linear Motives, Horses, Birds, etc 105

Vase Fragments. — Geometric Style : Human and Animal Figures Ill

Vase Fragments. — Geometric Style : Dipylon and Aeginetan 115

Vase Fragments. — Argive Style 128, 130, 134, 138, 141, 148, 151, 152

Vase Fragments. — Local Style 156, 159, 164

Vase Fragments. — Corinthian Style 167

Vase Fragments. — Early Attic, Cyrenean, Red-Figure, Black-Figure, and Megara

Ware, etc 173, 177, 183

Vase Fragments. — Vases in Relief 180

Vase Fragments. — Various Argive Types (in color) 91, 134, 145, 147

Vase Fragments. — Argive Style : Class III. (in color) 135, 150, 153, 158

Vase Fragments Geometric, Argive, and Local Types (in color) . 153, 154, 157, 165

Vase Fragments. — Local Type (in color) 161

Vase Fragments. — Fragments of a Polychrome Kylix (in color) 179

Vase Fragments. — Inscriptions Incised on Vases 185

Bronzes. — Fragments of Statues, Statuettes 194

Bronzes. — Statuette

Bronzes. — Animal Figurines

Bronzes. — Animal Figurines

Bronzes. — Animal Figurines

Bronzes. — Animal Figurines

Bronzes. — Animal Figurines

Bronzes. — Animal Figurines 205, 207

Bronzes. — Animal Figurines, Straight Pins 205, 206

Bronzes. — Straight Pins

Bronzes. — Straight Pins

Bronzes. — Straight Pins

Bronzes. — Straight Pins .• * •

194
197
199
200
201
203

210
215
220
224

XXVIJI

»

Lxxxni.

LXXXIV.

LXXXV.

LXXXVI.

LXXXVII.

LXXXVIII.

LXXXIX.

XC.

XCI.

XCII.

XCIII.

XCIV.

xcv.

XCVI.

XCVII.

XCVIII.

XCIX.

c.

CI.
CII.

cm.

CIV.

CV.

CVI.

evil.

CVIII.
CIX.

ex.

CXI.

CXII.

CXIII.

CXIV.

cxv.

CXVI.

CXVII.

CXVIII.

CXIX.

CXX.

CXXI.

CXXII.

CXXIII.

CXXIV.

cxxv.

CXXVI.

CXXVII.

CXXVIII.

CXXIX.

CXXX.

CXXXI.

CXXXII.

cxxxni.

CXXXIV.

CXXXV.

CXXXVI.

CXXXVII.

CXXXVIII.

PLATES

Broxzes. — Straight Pins ,• ""^

Bkoxzes. — Straight Pins, Safety Pins 235

Bkonzks. — Safety Pins 240

Bkoxzes. — Safety Pins 242

Bkoxzes. — Safety Pins •^^^

Bkoxzes. — Safety Pins, etc. ; Needle, Finger-Rings 247

Bkoxzes. — Finger-Rings and Bracelets 250

Bkoxzes. — Decorative Rings 2i)2

Bronzes. — Decorative and Structural Rings 259

Beoxzes. — Structural Rings, etc. ; Beads, Pendants, Mirrors 263

Bkoxzes. — Mirrors 265

Bronzes. — Mirrors 265

Bronzes. — Mirrors 265

Bkoxzes. — Mirrors 265

Bkoxzes. — Mirror 266

Broxzes. — Mirrors 266

Broxzes. — Diadems, etc. ; Disk 266

Broxzes. — Disks 268

Broxzes. — Disks, Binding-Strips 269

Bronzes. — Binding-Strips, Ornamented Bands, Coatings 270

Bronzes. — Coatings 271

Bronzes. — Coatings, Rims, Plate 271

Bronzes. — Plate, Cut Ornaments 272

Bronzes. — Plate with Inscription. From Photogi-aph 273

Bronzes. — Plate with Inscription. From Drawing 273

Bronzes. — Figures, etc. ; Leaves, Thongs, Plates 274

Bronzes. — Plates, Platters 275

Bronzes. — Plates with Inscriptions 277

Bronzes. — Plates, Platters 277

Bronzes. — Platters, Saucers 278

Bronzes. — Saucers 279

Broxzes. — Saucers 281

Bronzes. — Saucers, Bowls 283

Bronzes. — Bowls 284

Bronzes. — Bowls, Suspension Vase, etc. ; Pitcher, Jars 285

Bronzes. — Jars, Basin 286

Bronzes. — Cauldron, Bosses, Horizontal Handles 287

BRONZE.S Horizontal Handles 288

Bronzes. — Horizontal Handles 289

Bronzes. — Horizontal and Vertical Handles 292

Bronzes. — Vertical Handles, Various Ornaments, Fragments of Large Tripods . . 293

Bronzes. — Fragments of Large Tripods, Small Tripod-Standards 294

Bronzes. — Feet of Standards, Miscellaneous Vessels 296

Bronzes. — Miscellaneous Vessels and Handles, Various Implements and Utensils . . 297

Bronzes. — Various Implements, Sjjits 299

Bronzes. — Spits 302

Bronzes. — Spits 309

Bronzes. — Spits 313

Bronzes. — Spits 315

Bronzes — Spits 319

Bronzes. — Spits, Various Implements and Utensils 321

Bronzes. — Various Utensils and Constructive Pieces 326

Bronzes. — Constructive and Decorative Pieces 329

Bronzes. — Castings 331

Bronze-s. — Miscellaneous Addenda . . . 199, 211, 215, 217 n., 251, 263. 266. 268, 269
Engraved Stones. — Classes I., II 345, 347

PLATES xxix

CXXXIX. Engraved Stones. — Classes III.- v. — Ivories 349,361

CXL. Ivories. — Articles of Ajjparel or of Household Use, Human or Animal Figures, Miscel-
laneous 352

CXLI. Coins. — Mainly Greek 357

CXLII. Coins. — Mainly Roman 360

CXLIII. Egyptian, or Graeoo-Ecjyptian, Objects 370

CXLIV. Egyptian Objects. — From the Heraeum and from Aegina 373

THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES

THE TEREA-COTTA FIGURINES

By CHARLES WALDSTEIN and GEORGE HENRY CHASE

The great bulk of the Terra-cotta Figurines found at the Heraeum belong to what
must be called pre-archaic Greek types. When we consider the find as a whole, we dis-
cover the following significant facts : —

I. The number of terra-cottas dating from the clearly historical periods of Greek
civilization, i. e. the eighth century b. c. and later times, is very small. Out of 2865
figures preserved by us, not counting the ordinary figures of animals and small objects,
which cannot be accurately classified, there are 2557 of pre-archaic style to 308 of
archaic and later types.^

II. Among the terra-cottas of the archaic and later periods, a strikingly small pro-
portion belong to the periods of advanced archaism and technical freedom ; in fact, there
are only fifty-two specimens of the former and two specimens of the latter.

Thus it will be seen that the closest parallelism exists between the main conditions of
the find in terra-cottas and those of the vases, bronzes, and other objects ; namely, the
absolute preponderance of " prehistoric " material, the absence of works of the later Greek
periods, and the fact that in the layers which we excavated, hardly any object is syn-
chronous with the erection of the Second Temple or of a later period.^

The bulk of the find in terra-cottas was made in the black layer about and below the
foundation walls of the Second Temple, as well as in the deposits on the southeast and
southwest slopes of the Second Temple terrace.^ But this general statement must be
qualified by the following significant facts : —

1. We can assert as practically established the fact that no terra-cotta figurines were
found beneath the surface of the upper or Old Temple platform.

2. Nearly all the specimens of the archaic and subsequent periods were found on the
southern slope and the southeast corner and slope of the Second Temple (not in the
black layer about the foundations of the Second Temple).

3. No prehistoric Greek specimens were found within the large West Stoa (one speci-
men of a draped female figure, belonging to the archaic period, was found here), and
none at all on the site of the Roman Building.

The fact that no terra-cottas were found on the site of the Old Temple, as it jyre-
sented itself to us for excavation, may lead us to any one of three conclusions : (1) that
our terra-cottas belong to a later period than that marked by the site ; or (2) that the
custom of offering such figurines did not exist at the time when the temple was built —

' Cf . the Table, p. 9. elsewhere (cf. Homolle, ' Donarium ' in Daremberg et

2 Cf. General Introd. vol. I. pp. 37 fE. Saglio, Diet, des Ant. Gr. et Rom. II. pp. 363 ff., esp.

8 The custom of burying the smaller objects dedicated p. 371, note 130). In the case of the Heraeum, these

in temples, often apparently with great care (cf. the find offerings seem to have been used as "dry rubbish" in

of terra-cottas made by Orsi at Terravecchia near Gran- leveling up about the Second Temple, just as the offer-

michele in the Province of Catania, Mon. Ant. VII. pp. ings upon the Acropolis which were demolished by the

201-274, esp. pp. 212 ff.), is one which has been illustrated Persians were later used in leveling that site,
by a large number of excavations upon Greek soil and

4 THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

that itfwas an aniconic period ; or (3) that the site in question was not the natural reposi-
tory for such votive offerings. We are inehned to one of the latter views.*

The two other points, while they show that the main sites excavated about the Second
Tenijjle were pre-archaic Greek, and that the Argive period of the Heraeuni marks
the change in the entrance from the west side to the south slope, also show that the main
bulk of our terra-cottas belong to the pre-archaic period.

With such a mass of material before us, even in the selected specimens which we brought
to Athens, our first care was to find some principle of classification. Two courses seemed
open to us : We might classify our figures either according to their f(nm and style, (u-
accorduig to their decoration. On mature consideration, the former method has appeared
preferable, especially as a classification by decoration must confine itself almost entirely
to plastic decoration — the paint having disaj)peared entirely from many of our figures.
Moreover, no systematic chronological development could be estiiblished on the decora-
tive pruiciple only. At the sjime time, the principle of classification by decoration has
seemed to us a sound one, and we have employe^ it as a secondary principle for dis-
tinguishing a few classes," and for drawing distinctions within one dass.^

Class I. — Such, then, being our j^rinciple, our first class, which we have called " Prim-
itive Argive," consists of a great number of very rudely modeled figures, to which, in
fact, the term " modeled " can hardly be applied. They are really nothing but a small
liunp of clay, elongated, then pinched in the middle to indicate a waist, the residting
projection above forming two stumpy aims, while another pinch at the top indicates the
head. This head soon develops into the well-known bird-like head, in which the beak-like
nose is formed by a compression of the clay between the two fingers of the " modeler." *
These are the characteristics of the earhest specimens.^ Later, two disks are plastered to
the sides of the " beak " to represent the eyes," a lump of clay is added to form a kind of
pilos or cap,' or a strip of clay wound about the head fonns a stephane,* while in many
figures one or more short strips of clay are added to the back of the head to represent
the hair * (exceptionally the hair is indicated in a few early specimens by grooves at the
back of the head). So one sometimes finds — though this is quite exceptional — a fig-
ure in which the artist has tried to imitate nature more closely, in which two lumps of
clay are added to the front of the figure to represent the breasts ; '" the fall of the dra-
pery in front is rudely reproduced by one or more grooves," or a cutting across the
" beak " forms a rude mouth. '^ But even in the most advanced figures of this class,
the development is exceedingly slight, and the body always remams essentially a rude
lump of clay."

Class II. — A distinct advance is made when the rude standing figure is converted into
a seated one.'* The technical change, indeed, is not great ; the standing body is simply

' Cf. General Introd. vol. I. pp. .39 ff. ' Cf. No. 3.

'^ Such, for instance, as the Mycenaean and the Bipy- * Cf. Nos. 4, 6, etc.

Ion classes, in which the influence of vase painting is ' Cf. No. 4.

very apparent. lo Cf. No. 8.

" Cf. p. 11. 11 Cf. No. 9.

* It should be noted that this lack of modeling is '^ Cf. Nos. 9 and 10.

partially accounted for by the fact that nearly all our '' We might have subdivided this first " Primitive "

figures are female (cf. p. 13, note 6). The drapery of class into three minor classes, according to the differences

Buch figures in the early stages does not admit of fine dis- enumerated above. But we find it desirable at this

tinctions in modeling, such .as the indication of the legs, stage not to confuse by too minute classification, leaving

the torso, and its articulations. it to future inquiry to accentuate these, or even to estab-

Cf. No. 1. lisli further distinctions.

• Cf. Nos. 2, 3, 5, etc. " Cf. Nos. 12 ff.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION 6

bent at the middle and supported by two stumpy legs,' a process whieli prevails down to
the latest period of this class. Even in the most advanced specimens, the employment of
a separately made chair as a support is rare. But although this change is of little impor-
tance technically, it is of great importance historically. It marks the change in the con-
ception of the goddess which is represented in the traditions of Argos by the story of
Pirasus and his seated figure of Hera dedicated at Tiryns." Now it is a striking fact
that, aside from the Heraeum and Tegea (of which we shall speak later), Tiryns is the
place where these seated figures have been found in greatest nimibers. We have there-
fore ventured to call the figures of this class " Tirynthian Argive," and we believe that
they represent roughly the period of the supremacy of Tiryns in the Argive plain.^

In these " Tirynthian Argive " figures, we have a long and complicated development
of the drapery ; while the figures themselves, although constantly increasing in size,
remain, with very few exceptions, a mere oblong piece of clay, bent forward into the
seated posture, and the heads still have the " bird face." This development of the
drapery even affects the standing type, and we find in our later standing figures a tend-
ency to elaboration which corresponds closely to the development in the seated types.
The various steps in this development are exceedingly interesting, and we shall revert to
them later. Suffice it here to say that, for practical purposes, we have divided our
" Tirynthian Argive " class into three subordinate groups, basing our distinctions upon
the greater or less elaborateness of the ornamentation.''

The next step in the development of this type of terra-cotta figurines is the change
from the " bird face " to the human face, with all the features carefully distinguished.
But before we take up this class of " Advanced Argive " figures, we must speak of two
intermediate classes, which we have set apart by reason of their decoration as well as
their form and style. We mean the Mycenaean and Geometric classes.

Class III. — The " Mycenaean " terra-cottas differ from those of the Primitive and
Tirynthian Argive classes in that they show a quite different technique, both in regard
to the fineness of the clay and in regard to ornamentation. A careful comparison of the
Mycenaean figures with the preceding classes, moreover, brings out the following facts :

(1) They are numerically very weak — there are only sixty-three fragments of Myce-
naean types among our selected terra-cottas, and of these ten are fragments of animals.'^

(2) Frima facie, the schematic outline of these figures, ending below like the foot
of a vase, and above with the ;;o/o.s-, like the neck of a vase," the whole crossed by round
or pelta-shaped body and arms,' is much less naturalistic than the figures of the primi-
tive and Tirynthian Argive classes. On the other hand, the detail workings of the
body, such as the indication of the breasts," show far greater knowledge and skill in
modeling than we find in Classes I. and II. Both these facts would seem to indicate
that we are dealing with a later class of figures. Moreover, the color decoration shows
the same use of glaze color, applied in a similar manner, that we find in Mycenaean
vases. We thus consider this class of terra-cottas an intrusion into the general and con-
tinuous scheme of Argive terra-cottas, which began and ceased during the period of our
first and second classes, but which, strangely enough, was but very little influenced by
the Primitive and Tirynthian Argive styles, and exercised Httle influence on them."

1 As it happens, the most primitive specimen of the » Cf. the Table, p. 9.

seated type which we found (No. 12) is provided with a » Cf. No. 67.

separate four-legged chair, but this is exceptional. ' Cf. Nos. 65, 67, 70.

a Cf Pans II. 17. 5, and General Introd. vol. I. p. 44. « Cf. especially No. Go.

« Cf. General Introd. vol. I. p. 44. ' See, however, our remarks on No. 70.

* Cf. p. 11.

6 THE tp:rra-cotta figukines

The peculiarities of this Myeeuaeau style, we believe, are due to the fact that it was
esseutially a developuient from vase pauitiug, perhaps even the work of the Mycenaean
Ke/ja/icu's, not of the coroplast proper.' We believe this for these three reasons : —

These fijjiires are never found, to our knowledge, except where there are also Myce-
naean vases (whereas our " Primitive " figures were found together with all classes of

vases).

The conventionalization of the figure, notiibly at head and foot, points to ceramic art.

The use of glaze color is certainly borrowed from vase painting.

In this matter of the use of glaze color, we have come to a question which requires
much greater amplification, and which Avill lead us much further afield. In the figures
of Classes I. and II. (as also, to a less extent, in the later classes), the whole figure was
usually covered with a white, chalky slip, and upon this was applied a simple line deco-
ration in red and black.^ This white slip, owing to its flaky character, has in many
cases been entirely lost,^ and is often preserved only in cracks and holes.* The isolated
instances in which figures of Classes I. and II. have a glaze color applied directly to the
clay ® seem to us to point to an introduction of this specifically Mycenaean technique to
contemporary specimens of those classes. Indeed, we have a number of specimens in
which the white coat is used for the upper part of the body, while the lower part is
given a solid color, applied directly to the clay," and this is common in the later, " Ad-
vanced Argive " specimens.' The use of the white slip, however, appears to have been
the specifically coroplastic method, which obtained throughout all periods down to the
latest times ** — a fact which strongly confirms our contention that these terra-cottsis (in
which the color is applied directly) were made imder the influence of the /cepa/ieu?-"

Class IV. — The single female figure (No. 75), which we have assigned to a distinct
" Geometric " class, seems to us to warrant this distinction by reason of its peculiar decora-
tion, which, with its bands of geometric ornaments, divided by straight lines, is very similar
in plan to the decoration of the large Geometric vases which form this class. Its position
in the series is determined by the fact that the face was evidently of the primitive " bird-
faced " type. With this figure we have grouped another distinctly Geometric specimen
(No. 76), a horse of the type so common upon the covers of Geometric vases.'" The two
specimens do not represent the entire influence of the Geometric style upon our terra-
cottas. Traces of that influence are to be seen in a number of other figures, especially
among the animals and small objects," but the two which we have placed together are
the only ones which are so distinctly Geometric in character as to warrant a place by
themselves. In fact, though at Olympia a large number of Geometric animals (espe-
cially horses) have been found, it is a noteworthy fact that we can hardly identify any
plastic representations of the human figure with this period. It appears to us that this

» Cf. General Introd. vol. I. pp. 45 ff. s Q{ Martha, in tlie introduction to his Calalogue ries

' Cf. Xos. 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, etc. Figurines en Terre Cuite du Musee de la Societe Archio-

« Cf. Nos. 1, 2, •3, 5, 9, etc. logique d'Athenes.

* It is this perishability of the white slip, doubtless, » This matter of the interaction of vase painting and

that led Schliemann to speak so often of " nupainted " coroplastic art has never been carefully worked out.

terra-cottas from Tiryns (cf. Tiryns, pp. 150 if.). In the The early Tanagra "TrairoSfs," for instance, show distinct

light of our discoveries, there can be no doubt that nearly traces of the Geometric influence. The white Athenian

all, if not all, the figures from Tiryns were originally lekythi, on the other hand, seem to be a result of the ap-

painted. plication of coroplastic technique to vase painting.

= Cf. Nos. 10, 21, 25. 10 Cf. Rayet et Collignon, //i.sV. de la Ceramirjue Grecque,

« Cf. Nos. 4, 24. p. 33, fig. 21.

' t;f- P- 7. n Cf. Nos. 248, 272.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION 7

arises out of the constructive nature of that style, which is essentially decorative and
conventional — in so far un-naturaHstic and opposed to plastic art.

Class V. — A very marked advance in the development of the terra-cotta figurines
found at the Heraeum from the earliest primitive type onward is made when once the
" bird face," which obtains in all the classes hitherto mentioned, is superseded by the
human head.' This type we have called "Advanced Argive." The figures of this class
are plainly a development from our second, Tirynthian Argive, class. Even in the most
advanced specimens, with very few exceptions,' the bodies of these figures are essentially
the same flat oblong which we found in the figures of the Tirynthian Argive class. The
heads, on the other hand, are of archaic type, with wide, staring eyes, large ears placed
high, the mouth often having the well-known archaic smile.'* Most importjint of all,
these heads, almost Avithout exception, were made in moulds. Here, then, we see the
beginnings of that use of moulds which later became the prevailing mode, and revolu-
tionized the manufacture of terra-cottas. Another characteristic of this class of figures
is the tendency to elaborate ornamentation, of which we shall have more to say later.*

In tlie colored decoration of the figures of this class, also, we find again the two pro-
cesses which we have before noted. Thus, while the use of the white slip as a basis for
decoration in color is always retained for the upper parts of the figure, and in many
cases is used for the entire figure as well,^ in the large specimens the color is often
applied directly to the chiton, usually a red stripe at the top, and dark brown for the
rest of the garment."

It is also a noteworthy fact that in these figures the seated type prevails almost exclu-
sively. Indeed, the only standing figure which we have ventured to place among the
advanced Argive specimens differs from them so widely that we have even doubted
whether it ought not to be placed in a category by itself. This is No. 107, a figure
which again illustrates the influence of ceramic upon coroplastic art. This figure has
traces of a human head. In the upper part of the figure there is a certain degree of
naturalness, but the lower part of the body is emphatically conventionalized, without
any attemjit at naturalism. The roundness is so complete that it at once suggests
mechanical work, such as the turning of the potter's wheel. The use of the wheel is still
further confirmed by the application of the brush in making the accurate parallel hues
in groujjs of three, and the broad line at the waist around the cylindrical body. The
ornamentation, as well as the structure of the figure, thus points to the influence of the
Kepa^evs, belonging to the period of the fully developed Argive-Linear,^ as the Myce-
naean terra-cottas showed the influence of the Mycenaean Kepafievs- We have placed
it among the advanced Argive figures on the ground that it has a human head and a
conventionalized body,* and that the decoration would mark it as belonging to about
the period to which we must assign our advanced Argive figures.

Class VI. — Our next class, " Figures under Oriental Influence," consists of a smaU
number of figures which are marked out as a separate category by their subjects — two
lions, heraldicaUy grouped, winged female figures like the so-called Nike of Archermus,''

I Cf. Nos. 77 £f. ' Cf. Nos. 86, 90, 91, 92.

- Figures like Nos. 90 and 91, in which the bodies ' Cf. pp. 126 ff.

have a considerable thickness and there is some attempt ' It should be noted, however, that the conveutionali-

to represent the waist, are extremely rare. zation in this figure is quite different from that which we

8 Cf. Nos. 93 ff. have seen in the Mycenaean figurines.

4 Cf pp iQ £f_ ^ Cf. Collignon, Hist, de la Sculpture Grecque, I. p. 136,

5 Cf. Nos. 79 and 80. %• 68.

8 THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

severul figures of the Egyptian Bes, and a niiniher of representations of the Sphinx.'
With these we have grouped a small figure of a horseman,'- which is certiiinly of Egyp-
tian manitfacture. It would of course have been jjossible to catalogue these figures
under our next class of archaic figures, as they are all archaic in style ; but it has seemed
to us more desirable to collect in one category the specimens which distinctly show the
influence of the E;ist, just as in vases this influence is recognized in the so-called Corin-
thian vases. It is the analogy of the history of vases, moreover, in which the Corinthian
style foUows the Argive style, that has led us to place this category immediately after
the class of advanced Argive figures.^

Class VII. — With the beginning of the historical Greek period, the art of terra-cotta
making becomes more dependent upon sciUjjture, and from this time on, its history is bet-
ter known and more easily traceable. To the beginning of this archaic period we must
assign a number of figures rudely made by hand,* which, although they still preserve a
high degree of conventionalism, manifest an endeavor on the part of the coroplast to imi-
tate more closely the forms of the human body. Their conventionalism, moreover, is the
conventionalism with which we are familiar in the early statues of Greek art (the ^da^a),
beginning with the Nicandra statue from Delos.° We have therefore classed these
figures, and those immediately following them, as " Early Archaic," but have subdivided
them into two groups : —

Group a. — Hand-made Figures. These we regard as in a certain sense a transitional
type from the earlier, hand-made Argive figures to the moulded figures of the archaic
period proper.

Group 6. — Mould-made Figures. The archaic period proper begins with the intro-
duction of the use of moulds for the whole figure, the second step — the modeling of
the heads of the advanced Argive figures being the first — toward the developed terra-
cotta figurine of later centuries. Here we have, at the beginning of the class, a very
interesting transitional specimen," in which we have a moidd-made torso, decked out
at the shoulders with two disks,' such as are common in the primitive and advanced
Argive tyi)es.* After this we have a long series of both seated and standing figures,
hi which we can trace, as in the work of the sculptor, the struggle of the artist with
his material, the gradual advance in the representation of the folds of the chiton," the
development of the arms from mere stumps to well-modeled members of the body,'"
which are raised to the breast," and carry attributes.'- The final period of this de-
velopment corresponds to the period of the well-known female figures on the Athenian
Acropolis.'^

As to color technique, we find in the archaic terra-cottas the same two opposing influ-
ences which we have noted in our earlier classes. The great majority of our archaic

1 Cf. Nos. 108-116. 8 It shoultl be noted, liowever, that this figure is almost

Cf. No. 117. without a parallel in our finds. For tlie most part, these

» Here, too, might be placed Nos. 207-213, which archaic terra-cottas were very little iiifliiencea by the Ar-

also show traces of Oriental influence ; but it seemed give type, although the two classes must have existed

better to catalogue them among the archaic heads, for side by side for a considerable period,

in them it is the archaic, rather than the Oriental ele- ^ Cf. Nos. 153, 157, 163, etc.

ment, which is most characteristic. lo (jf ^o. 157 with No. 148 and No. 154.

* Cf. Nos. 118-131. a cf. Nos. 153, 155.

» Cf. Collignon, Hist, de la Sculpture Grecque, I. p. 120, '2 qj jJj, jgg g

^S- "^- " Cf. Collignon, Hist, de la Sculpture Grecque, I. pp.

•Cf.No.l32. 341 ff..flgs. 17011. / ' IP

' Cf. p. 10.

NUMBER OF kSPECIMENS IN EACH CLASS 9

figures show luimeious tiaees of the white shp, which we have described as the typically
coroplastic! method of decoration ; ' but some have paint applied directly to them, at least
in parts.^

Class VIII. — Of terra-cottas belonging- to a later age than this early archaic period
we have but few specimens, and these are almost exclusively heads of figures and votive
busts, in Avhich, owing to the very gradual development of the archaic style, no sharp line
of demarcation can be drawn between early and later specimens. We believe, however,
that the forty-two specimens ^ which we have included in an " Advanced Archaic " class
will be found to mark a higher stage of development than is attained by any specimens
of Class VII.

Class IX. — Finally, we come to the last group, which, as has been siiid above, is re-
presented by a remarkably small nundier of specimens. In regard to Nos. 23J) and 240,
there can be no doubt that they belong to the best period of Greek terra-cotta work,
and we have not hesitated to place them as " Figures of Free Style," in a separate class.

The figures of animals and of varicms small objects are in general so rudely modeled
that they do not lend themselves to any classification based uj^on style."* We have
therefore been led to adopt the manifest principle of classification according to subject,
and thus to disthiguish two further classes, — " Animals " (under which we include fig-
ures of men and women seated upon animals) and '• Various Objects."

So much for the principles upon which we have based our classification, and the gen-
eral development of the manufacture of terra-cottas at Argos, as represented by our finds.
But, as we have already suggested, these classes are by no means of ecpial importance.
Nothing, indeed, is more instructive than the table of the numerical strength of the
classes, which is as follows : —

NUMBKK OK SPECIMENS IN THE VARIOUS CLASSES.

I. Primitive Argive .... 122 VII. Early Archaic .... 249

II. Tirynthian Argive . . 19G1 VIII. Advanced Archaic ... 42

III. Mycenaean 63 IX. Free Style

IV. Geometric ..... 2

V. Advanced Argive . . . .409 Animals 715

VI. Figures under Oriental Influence 15 Various Objects 433

That is, of 2865 specimens, not counting animals and various objects, 2492, or over
85 per cent., are figures of the flat-bodied type, with either the " bird face " (2083 speci-
mens) or with the archaic head which is its successor (409 specimens). It is the pre-
ponderance of this type which justifies us in calling these specimens distinctively Argive.
They have been found, it is true, in other places, nottibly at Tiryns^(as we have recognized
by our qualification of a certain class of them as Tirynthian), at Haghios Sostis (Tegea),«

1 Ct. Nos. 132 135 140, etc. glo"- ^"o"* ^^«"'- f^dl' Ins. II. pp. 72-70, pi. vi.; Martha,

-' Cf. Nos. 137 138 163* etc. C"'' ''«•' ^'ff- ''" ^^'"- d'Alhbxes, Nos. 541 ff. These Tegeaii

8 Cf Nos! 227-238.' ' figures present the closest parallels to our Argive types.

* The onlyTxceptioii whicli we have made to this rule They occur with human as well as witli " bird faces," aiid

is in the case of Mycenaean and Txeometric animals, the later specimens are often very elaborately decorated.

where the decoration leaves no possible doubt as to their They were found in such numbers as to preclude the

, theory that they were imported from Argos. vV e must

'' "^"cf Sehliemann, Tirym, pp. 149 ff., figs. 76-90. couch.de, therefore, that the art of the coroplast passed

« Cf . Lenormant, Gaz. A rch. 1878, pp. 42-48 ; Pervano- through much the same development .at Tegea as at Argos,

0

10 THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

and spoiaflifallv elsewhere.' But nowliere have they been found in such nund)eis or
exhil)itini; sueli a dearly marked development as at Argos. They are hardly found at
all at Mycenae." We feel justified, therefore, in giving them the distinctive name of
" Argive."

But if these Argive figures form the great bulk of our find in terra-cottas, they also
present the most serious and ditticult problems of all our figures. How, for insfcvnce,
shall we designate the great mass of plastic ornament which is so characteristic of the
later " advanced " type, and also, to some extent, of the earlier specimens ? In the pre-
liminary })ublication of the Heraeum finds, it was suggested that the elaborate orna-
ments upon the shoulder of the Argive figures might he bunches of flowers, having
some reference to Hera Antheia.^ But further consideration has convinced us that, for
the great mass of our figures, this view is untenable. In the first place, the large orna-
ments for which this interjiretation was suggested * are ])lainly developed from the small
roiuid bosses of earlier figures."^ The beginning of this development is very plain in
one specimen," where the wedge-shaped ornament at the shoidder is no more than an
elongated boss. Now in many later specimens ^ this boss develops into a regidar fibida
of the " f oui'-leaved clover " type,* which Helbig '' proposes to identify with the Homeric
ikt^.^" Moreover, in one fragment " we have the most evident attempt to represent a
bronze fibida of the usual "bow" shape ; '^ while with the elaborate ornaments like

or (wliat seems to us more probable) that the coroplasts Primitive standing figures, no ornamentation .2

of Tegea were strongly influenced by those of Argos, and Primitive standing figures, one necklace •....•)
that there was an intimate connection between these two ''ri'"it>ve sitting figures, no ornamentation .... 1

„i / c t>. 1 „ r u f vxTT rt of\i*-\ n^ xi. Primitive sitting figures, one necklace .... 2

places (cf. Kidgeway, J. H. b. XVI. 118961, p. 99, on the „ • . ■ -,,. /. .

, ,., .„ ,7 ,■ ^ r, . 1 nmitive sittmg figures, two necklaces 8

close connection between legea and Argolis); Curtius, as Primitive heads o

Ridge way remarks, pointed out {Gr. Gesch. I. p. 156) Advanced sitting figures . . . . . . . .1

that Nauplius is represented as the servitor of the king Advanced heads 2

of Tegea. We may also poiut to the fact that the Warriors 11

priestess Chrysis sought and found refuge at Tegea after Animals 6

leaving the Heraeum (Pans. III. o. 6). ^"""*' 7*^ ^'f, **«* 'P^^^^^'y * """t*"^-

,.„, ,,, T ^..T., , r ragment of a Mycenaean vase.

' At liathos, on a sj)ur of Mt. Lycaon (cf. Bather and

Yorke, J. H. S. XIII. [1893], p. 228;; in Cyrenaiea (cf. Several of the figures have pins of tlie "dumb-bell"
Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xl. 1); at Thisbe in Boeotia (cf. shape (cf. No. 84), while the "clover-leaf" type (cf. stir-
Arch. Anz. 1895, p. 220, 4) ; one or two specimens were pro) also occurs. One of the advanced heads has a cala-
foiind by the English School at Phylakopi in Melos. thos and a double taenia, closely resembling Nos. 101-
There are a few specimens very similar to ours (all with 104. We thiuk it right to draw atteution to the fact
human faces) in the museum at Syracuse, but the Sicilian that this beehive tomb, even if it was disturbed, contained
terra-cottas are for the most part of a far less primitive no object later than the Mycenaean perio<l. In so far,
character than those of Argos ; cf. the figures from the presence of the " Tirynthian Argive " terra-cottas
Agrigentum (cf. Kekule, Ant. Terrakotten, II. pp. 17, 18, would place them not later than the Mycenaean period,
figs. 21-27), from Gela {ibid. p. 22, fig. 47), and the '' Cf. Waldstein, Excavations of the American School at
specimens from the vicinity of Terravecehia near Gran- the Heraeum of Argos, 1892, p. 20. Cf. No. 52, where
raichele, published by Orsi (^Mon. Ant. VII. pp. 239 ff., the ornament certainly suggests a mass of flowers,
figs. 31, 32). Finally, a number of vases from Cyprus * Cf. Nos. 83 and 93.
in the British Museum, of Geometric style, are decorated ^ Cf. Nos. 27, 28, 40.
with figures very similar to our advanced Argive type ; * Cf. No. 43.
they are placed on the neck of the vase, and hold in ' Cf. Nos. 64, 90, 91.

one hand a small jug which served as a spout to the « cf. Montelius, La Civilization Primitive en Italic, pi.

^**«- xxi. 286-289 ; Furtwangler, Olympia ; Ergehnisse, IV.

^ A tray in the Central Museum at Athens (numbered pi. xxi. 360.
3071) contains a number of figures of the type of our » Cf. Das Horn. Epos aus den Denkmalern erlautert, 2te

primitive and advanced Argive specimens, which came Aufl. pp. 280 ff.

from a tholos tomb near Mycenae. Dr. Tsountas in- "> But et StuAniczka., Beit, zur Geschichte d. Gr. Tracht,

forms us, however, that the roof of this tomb had fallen Ahh. d. Arch.-Epig. Seminars d. Universitiit Wien, VI. p.

in and the contents had been disturbed, so that no sure 114, footnote.
conclusions can be drawn from them. The tray con- " No. 82.

**"•* '- Cf. Montelius, he. cit. pis. i., iv., v., viii., ix.

THE ARGIVE TYPE 11

No. 84, we may compare fibulae found in our own excavation,' and others published
by Montelius.^ It thus appears evident that these ornaments are intended to represent
simply the pins by which the Doric chiton was fastened at the shoulder, whether this
be the straight pin {TrepovT}), or the fibula of the clover leaf or bow form ; and we have
therefore had no hesitation in so designating them in our descriptions. There is room
for doubt, perhajjs, in the specimens which have only the simple round boss, whether
this boss is meant to represent a fibida of the eXtf type or a simple straight pin. We
have used the term " pin," therefore, to include both fibulae and wepovai.

The bands across the breasts of our figures* are in many cases evidently meant to
represent necklaces, and we can perhaps distinguish in some cases between the laOfiiov,
or close-fitting necklace, of Homer ^ and the 6pp.o<;,^ or long necklace. Certamly the
many cases in which we find bands ornamented with pendants " can be meant for nothing
but necklaces. But very often our band extends only from shoidder to shoiUder, and
appears to have some intimate connection with the pins which we have just discussed.^
Schliemann * called such ornaments simply " bands," whUe Perrot," in describing a figure
very simdar to No. 34, calls the ornament " a sort of scarf." In the later development,"*
when the figures are adorned with a large number of these bands, the lower one is
usually so wide, and is stretched so straight from shoulder to shoidder, that there can be
no dovibt that it is the fold of the Doric chiton." Moreover, in specimens like No. 30,
the band is plainly the fold of a garment arranged like the ifiaTtov m later works.'" It
must be said, however, that even in fairly early specimens the " bands " often become
subordinated to a general principle of elaborate ornamentation, so that it is impossible
to assign a given ornament to one class or the other, to say categorically, it is a neck-
lace or it is a fold. In the most advanced Argive specimens '* we find a further com-
plication in the elaborate plastic ornaments across the breast, which seem to be made
in imitation of lace or metal adornments attached to the fold itself, or possibly of long
chains, such as the women of modern Greece wear on feast days. But even if they are
such, they are plainly developed from the earUer necklace and simple fold, and these
are the most characteristic forms of decoration of the Argive type. It is the constant
recurrence of these bands which has led us to adopt, as convenient subdivisions of our
Tirynthian Argive class, the following categories : '* —

1. Figures with slightly developed plastic ornamentation at shoulder (no decorative
bands).

2. Figures with considerably developed plastic ornamentation (one band).

* Cf . p. 242, No. 852. ^Pl^<" '' *H>' i^oAf Sdpfi irepiKoXX^«j ^aav

2 Loc. cit. pis. xvii. and xviii. '"'^'''' xpi'^^o,, Tc^^oimXoi is ii „,K^^ ^

8 Of "W 97 ff tTT^Bfaiv ci/xi^' aTraKoiai iXait-Ktro, Savfia iS(ff6ai.

« Cf. Nos. 27 and 36. Compare also Od. xviii. 300 : — " Ct. Nos. 40, 42, 80, etc.

ia0iJ.iov fjueiKfy Sepiwav, irepi/caXAfS SyaA/ua. ' Cf. Nos. 28, 34, 37, 40, 41, etc.

And Schol.:- ^ C(. Tiryns, -p. 156.

Ue^iov he^h. 6 rpdxv^os. foflM'o. »5- Tep.Tpaxi)X.ov «<(<rMO. ^ Cf. Perrot et Chipiez, Hust. de I Art, VI. p. <50.

■„,piwtl^\(y^iiyo•', ov jk^Vto. K,>af,i,fiard nva iKKpifii/Mfva. The figure is No. 344, taken from Schliemann, Ttryns,

(tot SAAojj- irepiTpoX'iX""', ^"^f ""^ irap((r8^ia- Siafepei Je tov p. 359, fig. 159.

ipfiov. rh fify yap irpoaix""-^ ''<? Tpax^^V) ^ '' optios KexiiAa- l" Cf. Nos. 86, 93.

ffTai. " Cf. Studniczka, loc. cit. pp. 6 ff.

6 Cf. Hym. H(m. v. 10 (Gemoll) : — '^ cf. Nos. 163, 164, 175.

Sfipp 5' i.ijL<p' awaXv "a) rrT^fltirii', ipyvpiotaiy " Cf. Nos. 90 and 91.

gpMO.T. xpv<r^oic/iK6,T,.,oy, ohi T.p aBra. " For the advanced Argive terra-cottas no such dis-

^npai Koaixfi<xBvy xp^^^MT"""- tinction seems necessary, as they are practically all of

. ,.,.,... „o the elaborately ornamented type.

And tbid. in. 88 : — •"

12

THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

3. Piguies with elaborate plastic oinamentation (two or more bands).

It will be found, in general, that increasing elaborateness of ornamentation at the
shoulders of these figures corresponds to the multiplication of bands, and that both
advance with the growth of perfection in technique.'

It remains to note the other decorative elements, which, although they are not of
sufficient imi)ortjince to form a basis for classification, yet display a very considerable
development in our series of figures, — namely, the earrings, the hair, and the head-
dress. Of the earrings not much need be Siiid. They begin comparatively late in the
series (the small size of the earlier figures naturally ])recludes the use of such ornaments)
with much-decorated " bird-faced " figures, and develop from the sinqile disk to the disk
with a central boss," the rosette,' and even the disk with pendant.*

The development of the hair is more complex. In the earliest figures, as we have
before stated," the hair is not represented at all, or at best it is marked by a few par-
allel grooves at the back of the head or by two or three strips of clay attached to the
back of the head and falling to the shoidders, most usually notched or twisted. Then
one or two strands are brought forward over the shoulders," while a corkscrew curl is
added to each side of the forehead.^ The use of the simple mass to represent the hair
as it falls to the shoulders ** seems to be a later development. It is employed almost
exclusively in the most advanced heads," Avhere the front hair is usually represented
by two notched bands,'" or by large curls which leave between them a wide parting."
In a few cases we find over the forehead a row of small, separate curls, similar to those
commonly given to archaic heads m stone.'"

In the headdress we find a development very similar to that which we have noted for
the hair. Very early in our series, as we have already pointed out,'^ we find a smiple
band of clay woiuid about the head to represent the stephane. This is often so broad
and high that it might more properly be called a polos or Stephanos.'* To this is
often applied a single boss,'° or a double boss,'" or even a number of bosses in a row,
with perhaps a double boss in the middle.'' In one case ''^ the edge of the stephane is
pierced with holes, apparently to receive metal ornaments. But the stephane (stephanos,
polos) is not the exclusive headdress of our figures. As the coroplast came to model
larger and taller figures, he evidently began to feel the need of a more stately headdress
to correspond to the elaborate adornment of the body. Thus we find that in the later
figures the most common headdress is the high, bell-shaped calathos.'" This is usually
bound about the bottom Avith a taenia, and is often decorated at the top with bosses.'''"
Most remarkable, of all, however, are the horn-like adornments which are the final deco-

' It is not always possible to use the number of bands
as an absolute criterion, for there are cases in which
other decorative elements, such as applied layers of clay,
representing the garments (cf. Kos. 56, 60, 61), or the in-
fants which the KoupoTp6<pos figures hold (cf. Nos. 37, 57,
58, etc.), take the place of tlie bauds. But, for the most
part, the distinction of the classes according to the num-
ber of bands upon the figures will be found to have been
carried out with considerable strictness.

- Cf. No. 53.

» Cf. Nos. 54, 104.

* Cf. No. 94.

■• Cf. p. 4.

« Cf. No. 26.

' Cf. Nos. 25, 45, etc.

8 Cf. Nos. 42 and 51 (which arc of the Tirynthian
Argive class), where the mass is crossed by grooves.
« Cf. Nos. 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, etc.
"> Cf. Nos. 94, 97.
" Cf. Nos. 101-104.
'■^ Cf. No. 105.
IS Cf. p. 4.
"« Cf. Nos. 40, 53.
'•' Cf. Nos. 7, 33, 53, 96.
'« Cf. Nos. 44, 97.
" Cf. Nos. 40, 42, 98, 99.
'» Cf. No. 54.
i» Cf. No. 94.
2« Cf. Nos. 98, 99.

WHOM DO THE FIGURES REPRESENT? 13

ration of this later type.' These consist of a strip of clay, l)nl<;in<>- slightly at the
extremities, j)laced about the calathos in such a way that the two ends rise above it in
front. A boss is sometimes added to each end for further effect," and between the
" horns " a disk or rosette is quite usual.^ We are inclined to regard these " horns " as
an attempt to represent plumes of some sort, although we know of no parallel cases.*

Another point which naturally arises in connection with these " Argive " figures is
the question. Whom do the figures represent ? Now the most striking fact about them
(as, indeed, about the human figures in general) is the great preponderance of female
forms. In the Avhole find of terra-cottas, there are but sixty-six figures which are male
beyond a doul)t, and of these forty-eight belong to the Avell-known type of the mounted
warrior, and eight to the type of the Egyptian Bes.' This fact would naturally lead
us to the conclusion that our female figures represent the chief goddess of Argos, Hera,
and many arguments can be brought to support this interprefcition. Thus, the great
majority of our Argive figures are seated, and we know from the Pirasus story and
from Pausanias's account of an early image of Hera, as well as from his account of the
statue of Polycleitus, that Hera was conceived at Argos as a seated divinity. The head-
dresses which we have noted upon our figures, stephane, polos, Stephanos, and calathos,
belong to the regular wardrobe of Hera ; " while as a goddess of childbirth ' she could
be represented with an infant in her arms. But such arguments as these are extremely
fallible ; and for the early time, especially, we certainly cannot postulate any such fixity
in the functions and attributes of the goddess as such statements imply. The proof of
this fact is not far to seek ; for in Tegea, where, as we have already stated,* we find
figures exactly similar to all classes of our Argive terra-cottas, these figures were dedi-
cated to Demeter." The headdresses that we have mentioned are found in the Tegean
figures, as in those of Argos, and they are by no means the exclusive property of Hera.
The KovpoTp6(f)o<; figures are much better explained as human mothers,'" especially as Hera
(and the divinities of the Argive plain in general) is rarely represented with an infant
in her arms,*' and the epithet KovpoTpo^o'i for Hera rests upon very doubtful authority.'-
Again, the groups of two seated females," while they might be taken as Hera and Hebe

1 Cf Nos. 100-104. '" t)ii the analogy of the woman vvitli an infant on her

2 Q^ j^o 203 back (No. 39), the woman kneading bread (No. 24), and
' Cf Nos. 100 104. the performers upon niiisical instruments (Xos. 21, 22,
■• Mr. De Cou suggests that these adornments may be 23). This is the interpretation which we are inclined to

borrowed from the headdress of Isis, and that the disk or favor for these KovpoTpi^o'i figures. A third possibility,
rosette may then represent the sun. If this theory be tliat these figures are nu)diacations of the Oriental As-
correct, we should then find in these figures another tarte, seems to be excluded by the fact that they bear
trace of Oriental influence. such close resemblance to the Argive type, and are plainly

'- It may be said that the early numbers of our scries only a development of it.
are so rude as to be practically sexless. But the early " Cf. O. Miiller, Handhnch d. Arch. d. Kuiist, § 3i>3, 1;

development of the hair and the ornaments, which points and Tsountas, -Efvf^fpU 'Apxaio\oyiK-li, 1888, p. 170.
distinctly to female figures, as well as the great pre- "^ Suidas, s. v. -O^ripo,, gives the verses : —

ponderance of ft'male figures in the later types, make it KKvOi iioi fvxotiLfi"f. Kovporpitpt. ihs 5* yvva'Ka,

practically certain that our early figures, also, are meant r-hvif fftuv im^yaadai (piKirriTa Kal (vfrii',

to represent females. ,^^^^ .^jj^ .

'• Cf. for the polos, the well-known head from Olym- ' ' _ /^ «. ,

pia, Bcitticher, Olympia, p. 237, fig. 44 ; for the stephane, "^ ^ _ .

Overbeek, Kitnstmythnlogie, pis. ix., x.; for the Stephanos,

ibid. vol. III. Hera, Miinztafel ii.; for the calathos, tW. Bernhardy (cf. Suid. ed. Bern. II.' p. 1101) refers

Miinztafel i. Nos. 1-9. Kovporpitptp to Apollo. Athenaeus (XIII. 592) refers the

T Cf. on Hera Eileithyia, Oeneral lutrod. vol. I. p. 8. verses to Sophocles, and says the poet calls on Aphro-

8 Cf. p. 9. note 6. '''*"■

» Cf. Lenormant, Gaz. Arch. 1878, pp. 44 ff. " Cf. Nos. 59-02.

14 THE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

or Hera anti Eileithyia, seem to us, to judge from the analogy of similar groups in later
times, to be better t<iken as representiitions of the Earth-mother and her daughter, the
later Demeter and Kore.' In the case of these Argive terra-cottas, therefore, we can
only siiy that they prove to us the existence at the Heraeum, in very early times, of a
cult of the primitive female divinity, the real " great mother of the gods," Avhether we
call her Ge, or Demeter, or Aphrodite, or Cybele, or Hera, or perhaps even Athena or
Artemis. She was early conceived as a seated figure, and this conception strongly influ-
enced the ideas of later times, when men began to call her Hera, and to reproduce her
image in wood and stone. Finally, the use of exactly the form that is employed to repre-
sent the goddess for figures that are certainly human '" proves conclusively that we are
here deaUng with one of those early types which are already familiar to us in the seated
figures from Branchidae, the " Apollo " figures from all over the Greek world, the
standing types of the Acropolis, and many other works.

We have dwelt thus at length upon the " Argive " figures both because they form
the most importiint and characteristic part of our find, and because this type has never
heretofore been subjected to the carefid study which it deserves, and Avhich, fortunately,
our numerous finds of early figures in so unbroken a series enabled us to make.

The remainder of our finds belong, for the most part, to well-known types, and can
be dismissed in a few words. Of the Mycenaean figures, the greater part belong to
the common type with round or pelta-shaped bodies. The large bidl's or cow's head is,
we believe, unique in terra-cotta, although this subject is common enough in Mycenaean
art in other materials.* The paucity of figures of this class of terra-cottas at the
Heraeum is very striking, in view of the large numbers of them that were found at
Mycenae and at Tiryns, and suggests the explanation that these figures were not regarded
as appropriate offerings at this particular temple. The Argive style, in fact, had become
invested with a hieratic character, and was regarded as the proper object of votive
dedication at the Heraeum.* The same remark holds true of figures of Geometric
style, of which the paucity is very striking, in marked contrast to the early figures of
Boeotia, which are distinctly Geometric.'^

So, too, even our 283 figures of the Archaic class foi-m a strikingly small proportion
of the find, when we consider the prevalence of this class on other early sites." Here,
indeed, the figures themselves seem to show that these archaic terra-cottas are not a
natural Argive product. We do not mean to say that they were not made at Argos.

> Cf. the argument, pp. 22 f. 6 Cf. Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xvii. 3 ; Jamot, B. C. H.

« Cf. Xos. 21-24, 39. XIV. (1890), pp. 207 ff., flgs. 1, 2, 6, and pi. xiv. ; Mar-

« Cf. the parallels cited on p. 23. tha, Cat. de.i Fig. du Mus. d'Athmes, Nos. 213 S. These

* So at Athens, in early times, the fashion seems to figures are interesting as examples of coroplastic art

have been for figures of Athena of archaic type (cf. developing on lines parallel to those which it followed at

Winter, Arch. Am. 189,3, pp. 141 ft.). At Corcyra the Argos, yet differing from Argive art in many particulars,

popular offering was apparently a figure of Artemis (cf. In Boeotia, as at Argos, the flat, conventional body of the

Lechat, B. C. //. XV. [1891], pp. 1 ff.). At Tegea the " bird-faced " type was retained long after the advent of

Argive type was later superseded by an archaic hydro- the archaic style of head. In marked contrast to the Ar-

phoros type (cf. Pervanoglou, Nuove Mem. deW Ins. II. give figures, the staiuliug type is, in Boeotia, the prevail-

pp. 74 f.). In Sicily archaic figures carrying a pig are ing one, and the ornamentation is almost entirely painted,

found in great numbers (perhaps connected with the not plastic. The teclinique, too, is ceramic, rather than

cult of Demeter and Kord ; cf. Li^nard, Gaz. Arch. 1880, coroplastic, i. e. the paint is applied directly to the clay,
pp. ir, ff.; Caylus, Rec. d'A,it. vol. VI. pi. xxxvii.). On « Cf. the excavations cited in note 4, and especially

the subject of "fashions" in terra-cottas, cf. the re- those conducted by Orsi in Sicily — at Megara Hyblaea

marks of Paris upon the terra-cottas of Klateia, B. C. (cf. Mon. Ant. I. p. 689, esp. pp. 913 fl^.), and at Terra-

H. XI. (1887), pp. 405-444. veechia (ibid. VII. p. 201, and e.sp. pp. 21(i ff.).

MYCENAEAN AND AECHAIC FIGURES. ANIMALS. VARIOUS OBJECTS 15

The large number of replicas ' would prove that most of them were made there, if such
proof were necessary ; but they seem to be the product of outside influences, rather
than the result of native development.^ So we find a number which show traces of the
schools of Rhodes and of Cyprus.^ So, too, the great majority of these archaic figures
are standing types, whereas the conception of Hera which prevailed at the Hemeum was,
as we have seen, that of a seated figure. Moreover, a number of these archaic figures
are shown by their attributes to be representations of goddesses in no way connected
with Hera, or even hostile to her. Such are the figui-es of Artemis and Aphrodite.*
For the rest we can only say that the archaic figures without attributes may be meant for
sfcitues of Hera, and in many cases, doubtless, were so thought of by the donors ; but in
many others they may have been meant for priestesses or even persons unconnected
with the cidt of the goddess, who offer their own image to her. We are agaui deaUng,
that is to say, with a type, and all attempts to dogmatize at this stage on the subjects of
these figures are futile."

The animals display all the variety usually found in temple offerings. They include
horses (both with and without riders), bidls, dogs, pigs, bears, cocks, and birds, and
even some less common ty|)es, such as the centaur, the serpent, the tortoise, the monkey,
and the bidl attacked by a lion. It does not seem possible that even the hvely imagina-
tion of the Greeks can have thought of any very definite association of all these animals
with the goddess. But few of the animals represented are sacrificial, so that the idea
that they are " substitutions " ® for actual sacrifices is in most cases excluded. At
best this explanation can hardly apply to more than the cows,' the rams, and the pigs.
In most of our figures, therefore, we are inclined to see only examples of the cheap
kind of offerings which were sold at the entrance to the temple, — offerings whose value
depended not so much upon their intrinsic worth as upon the spirit of the donor.

The same must be said of most of the " various objects " which we have catalogued in
our last class. The rough pear-shaped weights * and the cones," — which were probably
meant for use upon the loom,'" — the spools," and the rude oven ^- — probably from a
baking scene — are not inappropriate offerings to a female divinity like Hera. So, too,
the dish of cakes '^ and the numerous fragments of tables " are doubtless to be regarded
in the light of banquets offered to the divinity. The flowei-like disks,^^ which occurred in

' Cf. Nos. 141, 144, 148, 149, 177, 188, 200, 231. Myth. p. 410 : " Doch ist der Typus eiu so allgemeiiier,

2 Cf. the analogy in the proportion of black-figured dass er audi fiir andere Gottheiten, ja aueh sterbliche,

vases to those of the Argive-Linear style, pp. 60, 174. die Votivgabeii darhringen, benutzt wurde."

^ Cf. Nos. 207-211, 212, 21.3. ° Cf. Perrot et Chipiez, Hist, de I'Art, VI. p. 818.

* So we interpret the figure holding a bow and a ' It is interesting to note that tlie large Mycenaean

deer (No. 179), and the figures which have in their hands bull's or cow's head (No. 72) has a hole in the top, which

a hare (Nos. 176-178), or a flower (Nos. 166, 174), or a may have been meant to receive a bronze axe (cf. the

fruit (Nos. 172, 173, 197), or a dove (Nos. 166-171, 199, references given in the catalogue, p. 23).

200). Some of these, to be sure, may be connected with 8 pf, jjog, 290, 291.

the cult of Hera, as the figure with the wreath (No. » Cf. Nos. 283-285.

175) probably is. Thus we know that Hera as Eilei- i" Pottier and Reinaeh (La Necrople de Myrina, pp.

thyia was represented with bow (cf. vol. I. p. 8) ; and 248 ff.) explain these cones as cakes "by substitution,"

the fruit of Nos. 172, 173, and 197 may be a pome- and give the literature of the subject. The older inter-

granate (cf. Philost. Apoll. Tyan. TV. 28 : v l>oa S^ fi.6ini pretation of them as loom-weights seems to us to be pre-

<t,VT5iv ry 'Hp? <pifrai). But such attempts are certainly ferable.

far-fetched, and if we consider the wide distribution " Cf. Nos. 286-289.

of these types (see the references under the separate '^ Cf. No. 279.

numbers), the connection with Hera does not seem prob- ^» Cf. No. 267. Cf. also the mould, No. 277.

^We. '^ Cf. Nos. 268-270.

6 Cf. Furtwangler, 'Aphrodite,' in R«scher, Lex. <l. '^ Cf. Nos. 281, 282.

10

THE TKRRA-COTTA FIGURINES

siitli muuHers, have reference, peiliaj)s, to Hera Antheia. But the aijpiopiiateness of
the foot with a siindal ^ (which seems too elaborate to have been part of a human fig-
ure), of the object which we have called a tree," of the whorls ^ and the rings,* it is
impossible to see. Here, then, we doubtless again have examples of small, inexpensive
offerings, which were turned out by the score by the coroplasts, and served to Scitisfy
those among the poorer classes whose means did not permit them to jjresent more elabo-
rate olferings.

But these, after all, are points of minor importance. The chief interest and value of
our find of terra-cottas lies in the fact that tliey reveal to us — in the figures of the
" Argive " classes — the existence of an artistic tradition wliicli began long before the
period of the distinctly Mycenaean civilization, and continued unbroken for centuries
after it. Tliey thus strengthen us in the position which we have been led to take from
a general survey of the whole result of our excavations.

A detailed catalogue of the Terra-cotfci Figurines follows. Upon tlie Plates (XLII.-
XLVIII.) the figures iu parentheses refer to the numbers of this catalogue.

I. PRIMITIVE ARGIVE.

Fig. 2.

1. (Plate XLII. 1.) Rude standing figure, modeled by hand, — a simple strip of clay,
pinched together at the middle to form a waist and a stumpy pair of arms (now broken), and
pinched at top into a pointed head. No traces of color. Height, 5 cm. Dark red clay.

Cf. Seldiemann, T'lrynn, p. 150, No. 78.

i2. (Fig. 1.) Similar figure, arms broken. To each side of the nose is fixed a
Inni]) of clay, to represent the eyes. The bottom is rounded to
J^*' form a base. No trace of color. Height, 4.5 cm. Light yellow
11 clay.
^ 3. (Fig. 2.) Similar figure with a lump of clay attached to

eacli side of tlie nose to represent the eyes, and another lump on
top of head, to form a sort of i)ilos or cap. The figui-e is attached
Fig. 1. *° ^ hAne and possibly formed part of a group. No traces of

color. Height, 5 cm. Dark red clay.
Cf. Schliemann, Tiri/ns, p. 153, No. 82.

4. (Figs. 3 and 4.) Similar figure, with lumps for eyes and a
strip of clay wound about the head, forming a stephane.
Below this stephane, at back, three strips of clay are
applied to represent the hair. The figure .stands on a
plinth and may liave formed part of a group. Tlie
body is painted brown ; the face is covered with a white
•slip. Height, 5.5 cm. Clay, reddish yellow.

5. (Fig. 5.) Similar figure, wearing stephane. Tlie
body is pierced by a round hole, apparently for the

Fig. 4. purpose of suspending the figure. No traces of color.
Height, 6.5 cm. Red clay.

6. Fragments of two similar figures with holes for suspension.

7. (Plate XLll. 6.) Primitive figure, right arm broken. Eyes, the usual

lumps. The stephane has a boss added in front. Traces of white slip. Height, 6 cm. Clay,
light yellow.

a (Fig. 6.) Primitive figure, which originally had two lumps for eyes, now lost. The figure
is remarkable for the two lumps of clay wliich are evidently meant for the breasts, although
" Cf. No. 276. » Cf. No. 280. Cf. No. 294. * Cf. No. 292.

Fig. 3.

TIRYNTHIAN ARGIVE

17

tliey are i)lacecl very low. Color, red, shading to black (apparently from burning).
Yellow clay.

9. (Fig. 7.) Similar figure, with the usual lumps for eyes. The
represented by a cutting across the " beak." The ver-
tical grooves in the lower part of the figure seem to
represent the folds of the chiton. No trace of color.
Height, 5.5 cm. Light yellow clay.
. 10. (Fig. 8.) Standing male figure with stephane.
The eyes are not indicated, but the lower part of the
"beak" is drawn out to form a beard, and the mouth
is represented by a sliort cutting. Body and stephane
are painted red. Height, 5 cm. Yellow clay.

11. One hundred and eleven fragments of figures similar to Nos.
1-9, showing the same development of hair and stephane, but no devel-
opment of drapery. They are all of small dimensions, njade by hand, of rather
generally show traces of a white coat, with simple line patterns applied in red and

Height, 6.6 cm.
mouth is rudely

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

coarse clay, and
black.

II. TIRYNTHIAN ARGIVE.

GROUP 1: SLIGHTLY DEVELOPED PLASTIC ORNAMENTATION (NO DECORATIVE

BANDS).

12. (Plate XLIII. 1.) Seated female figure, simplest form. The figure is made in the
same way as No. 1, but it is slightly bent in the middle, and to the back is applied a four-legged
support (cf. p. 5, note 1). There is a simple stephane on the head, and the feet are represented by
two lumps applied to the bottom of the figure. White slip, traces of red on stephane. Height,
4.5 cm. Dark yellow clay.

13. Seventy-five fragments of figures similar to No. 12, exhibiting no adornment other than
stephane and slight development of hair. They are usually covered with a white
coat, and decorated with red and black lines.

14. Fragment of figure similar to No. 12, broken at waist, and at neck and left
shoulder. Above the waist are two holes for inserted arms, with fragments of
arms still in place. Traces of white. Height, 6.5 cm. Clay, reddish yellow.

15. (Fig. 9.) Bearded seated figure, broken at waist and lacking arms. Eyes,
the usual lumps. Round pilos-like cap. Mouth, a deep cut, and beard marked
by four vertical grooves. White slip. Height, 6.5 cm. YeUow clay.

16. (Fig. 10.) Seated male figure in high pilos, with strap passing under
chin. The figure has a band across the mouth, plainly for holding

a flute, which is now broken away. The ai8<Ha are represented by a roinid lump of
clay. Traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Red clay.

Cf. for headdress, Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 159, No. 93:
Furtwiingler, Jiihrhir/i, 1887, p. 202, No. 8: Fnrtwiingler,
0/i/nipi(i, Erriebnis»e : JJic Bronzen, pi. xvii. 288.

17. (Fig. 11.) Seated figure with feet extended. Part
of face, both arms, feet, and legs of chair missing. The
fio-ure has a stephane with boss, but otherwise is unadorned.
A strip of clay over each temple forms the hair. White
slip. Height, 8 cm. Length, 6.5 cm. Yellow clay.

Cf. Schliemann, Tiryns, ]>. 159, No. 91.

18. Two similar figures, badly broken.

19. Similar figure, with band over mouth, api)arently for holding flute. Traces of white coat.
Height, 5 cm. Length, 6 cm. Yellow clay.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 10.

18

TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

20. Simifer figure, broken at waist, legs of chair also broken. At left side, near feet, are traces
^ of a smaller figure, also broken at waist. No traces of color. Height, 5 cm.

Length, 6.5 cm. Yellow clay.

21. (Fig. 12.) Flute plaj'er of uncertain sex. Right arm and right half of

, flute broken away. With the exception of the face and the flutes, the figure is

entirely covered with dark red paint. Height, 7 cm. Light yellow

clay.

.i

22. (Fig. 13.) Performer on the syrinx — the " bird-faced '

Fig. 13.

t

i^H type, with simjile stephane. The nature of the Pan's pipe is clearly

J^B indicated by a cross strip at top and bottom of the instrument.

|9| Broken at bottom. Height, 4.5 cm. Red clay.

Fig 12 ^3. (Fig. 14.) Similar figure with double flute. Stephane

adorned with a boss. Red stripe indicates the flute strap. Height,

5.5 cm. Red clay.

24. (Fig. 15.) Woman kneading bread. She wears a stephane, and has a lump of clay
attached to each shoulder, to represent dress-pins (Trcpoi-ai).
Small disks of clay represent the dough in the pan. Traces
of white on arms of woman and on pan, of red on stephane,
of brown on woman's body. Height, 6 cm. Clay, reddish
yellow.

Cf. Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 149, No. 76. The motive is
very ancient — it occurs in the oldest sculpture of Egypt ; cf.
Perrot et Chipiez, Hist, de PArt, I. p. 74, fig.
48, and p. 662, fig. 448.

25. (Plate XLH. 3.) Standing female
figure, showing an attempt at more careful re-
presentation of the hair. Under the stephane there is a large curl over each eye,
and an oblong strip of clay at the back of the head, now mostly broken away.
Stephane, red ; hair and body black. Height, 8 cm. Red clay.

Cf. Schliemann, Tiryjis, pi. xxv. k.

26. (Fig. 16.) Flute player (flutes now missing), showing further development
of hair into two strands in front of each shoulder, and four curls across forehead.
There is also an attempt to represent the feet. Traces of white slip. Height,

Fig. 16. 8.5 cm. Clay, dark yellow.

Fig. 15.

GROUP 2 : CONSIDERABLY DEVELOPED PLASTIC ORNAMENTATION (ONE BAND).

27. (Plate XLII. 4.) Standing figure, with close-fitting necklace (cf. p. 11) extending to
nape of neck, and bosses at shoulders, to represent TrepoVai. The figure has a stephane. Traces of
white. Height, 7.5 cm. Red clay.

28. (Plate XLII. 12.) Similar figure, with wide band stretched from shoulder to shoulder,
surmounted by round bosses (cf. pp. 10 f.). The hair is represented by curls across the fore-
head, bound with a taenia. White slip, traces of red lines on band and down left side. Height,
11 cm. Light yellow clay.

29. Forty-three fragments of figures similar to Nos. 27 and 28, adorned with one necklace only.
Almost all have the stephane, and show some develo])ment of the hair. They also have very
considerable traces of white coat and ornamentation in red and black.

30. (Plate XLII. 2.) Standing figure, arms, head, and feet broken away, with narrow band
which passes over left shoulder and under right arm. About the neck are traces of a close-fitting
necklace. Slight traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Yellow clay.

Here the band seems clearly to represent the fold of an outer garment, an-anged in the manner
of the later himation (cf. the Acropolis statues, Mvnees iTAtheiiex, pis. ii. and iii. ; Heuzey, Fif/.
Ant. pi. xii. 4 ; and our own Nos. 163, 164, and 175). The oblique band is very similar to that
of the primitive vase in human form from Hissarlik, Schliemann, Ilios, p. 343, No. 235.

TIRYNTHIAN ARGIVE 19

31. Two fragments of similar figures, with l)ainls passing from left shoulder to right side.

32. (Fig. 17.) Standing figure without stepliane. The hair is formed by curls arranged about
a centre. The arms and all the upper part of the body were enveloped in a thin
layer of clay, which formed a sort of shawl (now preserved only on right side).
No traces of color. Height, 7 cm. Gi'eenish yellow clay.

33. (Plate XLIII. 2.) Seated female figure with stephane, similar to No.
12, but decorated with a necklace from shoulder to shoulder. The eyes are not
indicated plastically. The stephane has a boss. The feet are indicated by two
projections. Covered with white slip, marked with red and black horizontal
lines on chiton and chair. Height, 9 cm. Red clay.

Cf. Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xl. 1 (from Cyrenaica).

34. (Plate XLIII. 3.) Similar figure, with ends of necklace enlarged into
■n-epovai. The figure has no separate support, but is held upright by two legs
attached directly to the back. Covered with white slip, traces of red lines at
neck and waist. Height, 9.5 cm. Red clay.

Cf . Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 157, Nos. 87 and 88 ; and on the whole series of seated figures, the
figures from Tegea (Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Mus. d'Athhie.% Nos. 541, 542 ; and Lenormant,
Gaz. Ardi. 1878, pp. 44 ff.).

35. Four hundred and ninety-one fragments of figures similar to Nos. 33 and 34, with stephane
and single necklace, both with and without separately made chairs. They all show the same sys-
tem of decoration in red and black lines on a white ground, with occasional use of color applied
directly (for the bodies). Clay, usually red or yellow.

GROUP 3: ELABORATE PLASTIC ORNAMENTATION (TWO OR MORE BANDS).

36. (Plate XLII. 5.) Standing figure with two necklaces. The hair was formed by four
notched strands at back of head, and shows traces of a stephane. Hair, eyes, and body painted
black, face and breast natural color of the clay. Height, 6.5 cm. Dark yellow clay.

37. (Plate XLII. 11.) Similar figure with two necklaces and ir^pofaL as KovporpotfxK (with an
infant in her arms). The head of the child is broken away. White slip, traces of red on neck-
lace, on infant, and on lower edge of chiton. Height, 7.5 cm. Red clay.

Cf. p. 13.

38. Six almost identical figures carrying infants, both with and without necklaces.
39. (Fig. 18.) Standing female figure, carrying a child on her back; he sits

on her shoulders and grasps her around the head. She wears the customary
stephane with boss. Hair, two strands over eyes. General traces of wliite.
Height, 5.5 cm. Gray clay.

Cf. the figure given by Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. iv. 4, which has a child both
at front and at back.
J^ ^^^ ^- (Plate XLII. 10.) Standing female figure of usual type in stephane,
^^H ^m with one double and (originally) two single bosses. She wears a close-fitting
^^%-Mf necklace with pendant, and long double necklace across shoulders, between two
Fig 18 round pins. Plentiful traces of white slip, and of red lines on stephane and neck-

laces. Height, 8 cm. Dark yellow clay.

41. (Plate XLII. 13.) Similar figure, but without stephane. Tlie hair was originally long
curls, now broken away. She has three necklaces, consisting of a twisted band between two plain
ones, and double bosses represent the dress-pins. The fold of the chiton between the legs seems
to be represented by a slight indentation, but this might be due to a defect of the clay. The
body is painted black. Height, 7.5 cm. Gray clay.

42. (Plate XLII. 7.) Similar figure in high stephane with three bosses. Hair, simple mass,
crossed by horizontal grooves. Long necklace with three pendants across breast. Large round
pin on left shoulder ; the one on the right is broken away. The feet are carefully indicated by
wedge-shaped projections, and the figure stands on a plinth. White slip, with traces of red on

20 •** TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

necklace, pii», liair, and stephane ; body, from waist down, black. Height, 10 cm. Dark yellow

clay.

43. (Fig. 19.) Fragment of figure with two necklaces and pecnliar form of pin on riglit

shoulder ; tliis consists of a wedge-shajjed i)iece of clay, and is plainly

only an elongated form of the round i)in of earlier numbers ; it forms

a transition, however, to the elaborate pins of later numbers. Ilair

two large curls, surmounted by stepliane. Traces of white. Height,

5 cm. Vellow clay.

44. (Fig. 20.) Similar female figure, with elab-
orate applied ornaments. She has a stephane with
double boss, bound about the bottom witii a taenia.
The hair is represented by four spiral curls over Fig. 19.

forehead, three long curls at back. Four neck-
laces (one twisted, one with pendant), and under them (appearing at left .side)
two more bands, which can hardly be anything but an attem])t to rej)resent
the fold of the chiton. On tlie right shoulder is an elaborate j)in, consisting
of two cross-bars and two bosses, with traces of a third cross-bar (tyi)e of
No. 84). The feet are marked with three gi-ooves each. A wide band of
clay, broken at both extremities, appears under right arm, and there are
traces of a similar band under left arm. These may have served to form a
loop for suspension, for the figure could never have been intended to stand.
White slip, with red lines on face and breast ; stephane, taenia, and body red :
Fig. 20. hair black, black band at waist and at bottom of chiton. Height, 9 cm. Clay,

dark yellow.

45. (Plate XLII. 8.) Similar figure, with deep indentation in beak, which brings out nose
and chin. The figure wears a simple stephane. Hair, two large curls over forehead, six notched
strands at back. There are three necklaces (simple band between two notched bands), with flower-
shaped irtfrnvr} ou left shoulder. Face and necklaces show thick white slip; the body has horizontal
red lines. Height, 13.5 cm. Clay, greenish yellow.

46. (PivATK XLII. 9.) Similar figure with the same indentation for mouth. The hair con-
sisted originally of thick twisted braids (two pieces only are preserved). Four necklaces — twisted
band between two plain ones, toppe<l by waved band. The fibulae were elaborate ; each consisted
originally of two large bosses of three concentric circles, with small bosses between. Thick white
slip on face and necklaces, narrow red line at waist. Height, 11.5 cm. Clay, reddish yellow.

47. Thirty fragments of figures similar to Nos. 40-46, with two or more necklaces. They are
all crudely made, often without trace of color, although all ])robably had at least the usual white
coat with line decoration.

48. Fifteen fragments of bodies, broken below waist, so that it is impossible to determine
scheme of decoration.

49. (Plate XLII I. 6.) Seated figure with stephane (broken at front) and two necklaces ; also
originally with pins at the shoulders. The hair is treated as a single mass over each eye. Cus-
tomary white slip, some traces of red horizontal lines on neck (to represent another necklace?),
necklace, waist, and lower part of chiton. Height, 12.5 cm. Clay, red.

50. (Plate XLIII. 7.) Similar figure with four necklaces (three plain bands and one twisted
band), seated in wide chair. Hair is treated as one single, large curl on top of head. White slip.
Height, 9.5 cm. Dark red clay.

Cf. Schliemann, TlrynH, ]>. 156, No. 86.

51. (Plate XLIII. 10.) Fragment of similar figure, broken at waist and right shoulder, with
three necklaces (a i)lain band between two twisted bands), ending on each shoulder in two round
bosses. Tiie mouth is distinctly marked by a straight groove across beak. The figure has earrings
consisting of one boss applied to another, and stejjhane. Tiie hair is treated as a single strand
over each eye, notched in front, as a mass at back, criss-crossed with vertical and liorizontal
grooves, and notched at sides of head. Traces of wliite. Height, 5.5 cm. Dark yellow clay.

TIRYNTIIIAN ARGIVE 21

52. (Fig-. 21.) Upper part of female figure, with a remarkable brooch on right shoulder —
a large spiral, adorneil with rosettes and bosses. (In this single case, it
seems possible that this ornament is of a floral nature, and has some connec-
tion with Hera Antheia; ef. j). 10.) Hair, a large mass, which covers head
and shoulders, hatched with horizontal and vertical grooves. The earrings
have tiie form of rosettes, witli raised bosses in the centre. Traces of white.
Height, 5 cm. Red clay.

53. (Plate. XLIII. 8.) Similar figure, elaborate decoration. It has six
necklaces, four plain and two twisted bands ; the lower one passes around
the back. Earrings in the forms of double bosses. The stephane also has
a large boss. The hair is treated as a long notched curl over each eye, with five spirals at back of
head. Traces of white, with red on stephane. Height, 7 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

54. (Plate XLIII. 9.) Elaborate figure, broken at waist ; left arm and right forearm missing.
The figure has no necklaces, but a deep groove runs across the breast and around the shoulders
anil back, to mark the edge of the chiton. The stephane is pierced by three holes, i)robably
intended for inserted ornaments. Earrings in the form of rosettes. The hair consists of two bands
above forehead, filled with irregular lines of small holes, — a not altogether unsuccessful attempt
to indicate the texture of the hair. Below these bands the hair falls in spiral curls (originally
there were two wiiich fell in front of shoulders, and four at back), which remind one strongly of
metal work. The treatment of the body at the waist marks a style which is not constructively
that of terra-cotta figures, but is more like the technique of beaten metal. On the shoulders
are fibulae in the form of four-leaved clovers (cf. p. 10). Some traces of red on chiton and on
stephane. Height, 8.5 cm. Gray clay, now black from burning.

55. Five hundred and seventy-seven more or less broken seated figures of the type of Nos.
49-53, with two or more necklaces, usually with stephane and pins. Some traces of decoration in
red and black lines on a white ground, with occasional application of paint directly to the clay.

56. (Fig. 22.) Upper part of "■ bird-faced" figure, broken at waist. Hair,

single wavy curl above forehead. The figure is entirely wrai)ped in a sort of

• shawl, which rises to a point over the head. Thick white slip ; traces of red

and black on fragment of back of chair. Height, 6.5 cm. Yellow clay.

Cf. No. 32 and the figure from Tegea, Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Mtis.

/ 'A fr^<^e«es, Nos. 554-558.

t^ « 57. (Plate XLIII. 4.) Seated female figure, holding infant (heads of both

^^ ^, figures missing). The seated figure is of the regular Tirynthian type, with

a necklace from shoulder to shoulder. The child is an oblong lumj) of clay,

with a groove at bottom to mark the feet. Some traces of white. Height,

Fig 22. ^ '""• •^^'^ clay.

Cf. p. 13.
Sa Fragments of seven similar figures, all of the regular " bird-faced " type, to which a lump of
clay is added to represent a child. Some traces of white. Clay, red to yellow.

59. (Plate XLIII. 11.) Fragment of female figure, broken at neck and waist, on wide seat,
which was evidently intended for two figures. The fragment preserved wears a waved necklace of
two bands, and was doubtless of the " bird-faced " tyjie. In her laj) she holds an object like a
broad roll or band, marked with five grooves, which evidently extended to the other figure of the
group. Slight traces of white, with red on taenia and black on the body of the woman. Height,
6.5 cm. Length, 8.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

60. (Plate XLIII. 5.) Female figure from a similar group (the seat is hei-e broken close to
the fio-ure, but was plainly intended for two figures, as it shows no traces of legs at the point of
breakao-e. The face is of the usual "Tirynthian Argive" sort, with a single mass of hair over
each eye. The entire figure is wrapped in a mantle (cf. No. 56) meeting in front, which rises to a
point above the head. In the lap are traces of a roll or band, similar to that of No. 59. Traces
of brown on hair and lower part of chiton. Height, 8.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

00

TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

Fig. 23.

61. (Fig. 83.) Similar female figure from right hand side of group. The mantle is here
broken at the back, while in front it leaves the neck and shonlders bare. The
figure has a simple stephane and a single necklace, adorned with three bosses.
Wliite slip, traces of red on necklace. Height, 6 cm. Clay, reddish yellow.

62. Fragment of a similar group of large size (only left hand figure preserved,
broken at shoulder and at lower right hand corner). In the lap is a fragment of
a broad band, similar to the bands of Nos. 59 and 60. General traces of white.
Height, 11 cm. Red clay.

The interpretation of these groups is an interesting problem. So far as we can
judge, both the figures were feminine, for in Nos. 59, GO, and 62 we have the left
hand figure of the group, and in No. 61 the right hand figure, and these are all
feminine. Moreover, the traces of the second figure, preserved on the seat of No.
59, point to a female rather than to a male figure. This fact at once declares against the theory
that we are here dealing with a representation of Zeus and Hera, a sort of [c^jos ya/ios (such as the
group given by Overbeck, Kunstmythologie, Hera, fig. 4 a, from Gerhard, Ant. Bildwerke, pi. i.),
which we should most naturally expect to find at a sanctuary of Hera.^ The association of Hebe
with Hera, as she was later associated with her in the group of Polycleitos and Naukydes, seems
hardly probable at the early date to which we must assign these groups. We are reduced, then,
to the view that we have here an early form of two female divinities like the later Demeter and
Kore. (For another very primitive group of these goddesses, cf. Heuzey, Fiff. Ant. pi. xiii. 3 ;
later examples are pis. xviii. bis. 3 ; xxiv. 1. Cf. the same author's article, ' Groupe de Demeter
et Kore,' in Mo?i. grecs 2)ub. par V Assoc, pour V encouragement des etudes grecques en France,
1876.) The roU may then be the symbol of the bond between the two goddesses.

63. Four hundred and thirteen fragments of bodies of the early seated type — lower parts only
preserved. They usually show some traces of the white coat, and often are decorated at the lower
edge and at the waist with simple line patterns in applied red and black.

64. Two hundred and fifty-nine detached heads of the " bird-faced " type, with round lumps
for eyes, and (usually) simple stephane. Traces of the white coat are common, and the stephane
is often red.

III. MYCENAEAN.

65. (Fig. 24.) Fragment of female idol of the usual Mycenaean form
round body — broken at waist and neck. Ornamenta-
tion in wavy lines, brown to black. Height, 4.5 cm. Fine
yellow clay.

Cf. Schliemann, Mycenae and Tiryns, pi. C, fig. m.

66. Nine fragments of similar figures, same clay, same
ornamentation.

67. (Fig. 25.) Female figure with arms raised (pelta-

shaped body.) Ornamentation in red
lines. Height, 8 cm. Fine yellow clay.

Cf. Schliemann, 3Iycenac and Tiryns, pi. B, figs, e and f.

68. Thirteen fragments of similar figures, same clay, orna-
mentation in red, changing to brown and black.

69. (Fig. 26.) Female idol with arms (two applied strips of
clay) crossed below breasts, which are also represented plastically,
disks. Broken at top and bottom. Ornamentation in red lines. Hei
Fine yellow clay.

Cf. Schliemann, Mycenae and Tiryns, pi. C, fig. 1.

1 The Heraea mentioned by Pans. (II. 24. 2) probably whole subject, cf. ihid. pp. 177-181 ; Roscher, Lex. der
had some relation to the Up),! yd/ios (ef. Daremberg et Myth. I^ p. 2008; Fiirster, Die Hochzelt des Zfm u. der
Saglio, Did. des Ant. ' Hi^ros gamos,' p. 179). On the Hera, Breslau, 1867.

Fig. 25.

by applied
ght, 5.5 cm.

ftG. 26.

Fig. 27.

GEOMETRIC 23

70. (Fig. 27.) Body of Mycenaean figure with arms raised, broken at top and bottom. The
breasts are connected by a crescent-shaped band (meant to represent a neck-
lace ? cf. No. 36, and the Tirynthian Argive figures generally). Usual wavy
hues, shading from light to dark brown. Height, 3.5 cm. Reddish yellow
clay.

71. Twenty-six fragments of Mycenaean ware, so broken that the exact
form cannot be determined ; same fine clay,
with ornamentation in wavy lines.

72. (Fig. 28.) Large bull's or cow's head, broken at neck and
minus horns. Ornamentation in light red, straight lines on fore-
head and nose, circle around eyes and end of nose, hatched lines

^^ on horns, filling of double squares on cheeks, and

y|k^^ peculiar ornament at back of neck (Fig. 28 b). In
£l^^L the middle of the forehead is a vertical hole, possibly
^^JF^^ meant to contain a bronze axe or some other orna-

^ ment (cf. Schliemann, Mycenue, p. 218, figs. 329, 330 ; and the large silver head,
Fro. 28 b. i^id- P- 216 f., figs. 327, 328). The theory of Perrot
(Mstoire tie V Art, VI. p. 822), that this axe symbolized
the axe used to slaughter the victim, seems to us probable. Height,
8 cm. Width, 10.5 cm. Fine yellow clay.

73. (Fig. 29.) Body of horse, broken at legs and neck. Line orna-
mentation in brown, shading to black. Length, 7.5 cm. Fine yellow
clay.

74. Nine fragments of other animals, much broken, same clay, same ornamentation.

Fio. 28.

Fig. 29.

IV. GEOMETRIC.

75. (Fig. 30.) Rude round-bodied figure, overladen with ornamentation. It presents many
analogies to the elaborate Tirynthian Argive figures. The nose was
originally of the " beak " type. The eyes are incised triangles. Ear
very large, witli large pendant. The hair was a large mass, now broken
away. A single band passes from the neck wider each arm, and there
are two simple necklaces, which carry a large brooch, broken at lower
edge. On the shoulders are " clover-leaf " pins, with five bosses each.
The decoration in color is Geometric (Dipylon), in red paint, sliading to
black. It consists of horizontal lines, zigzags, and dots below waist, of
dots alone on necklace, pins, and brooch. Height, 12.5 cm. Reddish
yellow clay.
Cf. pp. 6 f.

76. (Plate XLVIII. 13.) Geometric horse, legs broken. The deco-
ration is entirely in straight lines, except at shoulder, where there are two
curved lines. This horse is very similar to the horses which are so com-
mon upon the covers of Geometric vases (cf. Rayet et Collignon, Histoire
de la Ceramique Grecque, p. 33, fig. 21), and perhaps came from a vase.
Color, lustrous black. Height, 9 cm. Yellow clay.
Among the other animals of Class IX. several show traces of Geometric influence in their deco-
ration, but in none are these traces so pronounced as to justify their transference to the Geometric
class.
Cf. p. 6.

Fig. 30.

24

TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

V. ADVANCED ARGIVE.

eyes wide and staring,
traces of two necklaces.

Till" body
General

i.s still a
traces of

Face of

Fig. 31.

31.) Seated female figure, varying from primitive type only in that the head has
eyes, nose, and month carefully modeled. The face is of pronounced archaic
type — mouth turned up at corners,
mere oblong piece of clay ; it shows
white. Height, 7.5 cm. Clay, red.

C'f. Schliemann, Tiryiix, p. 160, No. 95.

78. (Fig. 32.) Similar figure, broken at waist, and lacking right ai-m.
marked archaic type — eyes, protruding masses. Ilair, single
long curl over each shoulder, topped by stephane with (originally)
seven small bosses. The breasts were modeled separately and
ap])lied, as is evident from depression to receive right breast. In
the hand, the thumb and the fingers are distinguished, and a hole is left between
them (for holding an object ?). Traces of white, of red on stephane. Height,
8 cm. Red clay.

79. (Plate XLIV. 2.) Seated figure, which shows some attempt at model-
ing the body. The swell of the breast is quite well reproduced, the hair is
moulded with the face, the ear is fairly well given, although placed too high.
The stephane has long ends behind, and thus forms a sort of taenia. The dress-
pins are of the usual " boss " type. The band is here plainly a necklace, for the fold of the chiton
is reproduced at the neck. There is no chair, but only two legs attached to the back of the figure.
Color, white, with red on necklace, at waist, and on lower edge of chiton. Height, 12 cm. Light
yellow clay.

80. (Plate XLIV. 1.) Flat-bodied figure (head missing), seated in elaborate chair. She wears
three necklaces — the second has three pendants, and the third ends in small round pins. On
the back and arms of the chair are round bosses. Ground color, white ; the shorter necklaces are
red ; the long one has oblique lines ; back of chair, vertical lines ; arms of chair, horizontal lines ;
bosses, radiating lines ; broad band at waist and below knees — all red. Height, 8 cm. Yellow
clay.

Cf. Martha. Cat. ties Fuj. du Mus. d'Athenes, No. 731 ; and the statuette from Thisbe, now
in Dresden, Arch. Anz. 1895, p. 220, 4.

81. (Fig. 33.) Fragment of seated figure, broken at neck and
below waist. Simple necklace with pendant, followed by twisted
necklace, and wide band, which is probably here the fold of the
chiton. The fragment on the right shoulder is part of a large
fibula. The figure is interesting as showing the method of attach-
ing the head in these advanced Argive figures; the body was
drawn out into a wedge-shaped projection at the top, upon which
the head was fitted ; the joint was then covered by a necklace in

. front and by the mass of the hair behind. This figure also shows
the legs of chair attached directly to tlie figure. General traces of
white ; slight traces of red on orna-
ments. Height, 12 em. Clay, red.

82. (Fig. 34.) Fragment of right
t'iG. 33. shoulder, with fibula of the usual

bronze type (cf. p. 10). The figure
has two twi.sted necklaces, and the fold of the chiton is distinctly
marked by an applied band of clay ; to this is affixed the fibula in
form of a semicircle, with two pairs of rings for decoration. Slight traces of white, and of red
on fold. Height, 4 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

ADVANCED ARGIVE

25

Fig. 3C.

Fig. 35.

85. (Fig. 37.)

83. (Fig. 35.) Body of figure, which shows greatest development of fibula. This here consists

of a long bar, decorated with rosettes, and with cross-bai's of
dumb-bell shape. Four bars and three rosettes are preserved,
and this is probably the original number, as
the pin begins to narrow considerably at the
points of breakage. The ends undoubtedly
curved forward, as in No. 84. The figure has
two necklaces (one twisted) and distinctly
marked fold. Traces of white on neck, neck-
laces, fibula, and back, of red on fold and on
cross-bars of fibula. Height, 12.5 cm. Clay,
red.

84. (Fig. 36.) Fibula of most elaborate
type, broken from its figure. It has three
cross-bars and two rosettes, and curves for-
ward at the ends. Ground color white, cross-bars marked with
red and black criss-cross lines, rosettes with radiating red and black lines ; lower tip red. Height,
7 cm. Clay, yellow.
Cf. pp. 11, 242.

Head and left arm of seated, flat-bodied figure, with an infant on her arm
(only legs and feet of infant preserved). Of the hair, only a single mass,
with horizontal grooves, is preserved over the left temple. The figure wears a
necklace with three pendants. General traces of white, red lines below neck-
lace, red band at infant's knees. Height, 8 cm. Red clay.
Cf. p. 13.

86. (Plate XLIV. 3.) Large seated female figure, broken at neck and
at left lower edge. She held an infant in her arms, of which traces are pre-
served only in her lap. Elaborate adornment with double necklace, which
carries two pendants at the sides, double waved band, double straiglit band,
and wide fold. The pins, strangely enough, are only small disks, as in the
earlier types. Left arm disproportionately short. The chair was made
Traces of white, with applied red on upper body and child. Lower body is painted
red horizontal lines. Height, 18 cm. Yellow clay.

87. (Fig. 38.) Similar KovpoTp6<j)Oi figure with large infant on left arm. The
infant's head is missing. Both woman and child are entirely enveloped in a thin
layer of clay, which includes the back of the chair as well (cf. Nos. 56 and 60) ;
but a break on the
right side shows that
the figures were com-
plete before the appli-
cation of this layer.
The woman has a
necklace with pen-
dant, which was entirely hidden. The
child wears the chiton, with small,
round pins at the shoulders. The
woman's face is round, witli protrud-
ing eyes. The hair is treated in
notched strands. Traces of white, of
red on shawl. Height, 7.5 cm. Yel-
low clay.

88. (Fig. 39.) Bust of very large
seated figure, with three necklaces

Fig. 37.

separately,
brown with

Fig. 39.

•26 TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

(plain necklac* between two twisted ones), double waved band and wide fold. On the back are
traces of hair treated as a mass, and of back of chair. General traces of white, with red on fold.
Height, 12 cm. The entire figure must have been fully 40 cm. tall. Red clay.

Similar large fragment, with three necklaces and wide fold, topped by two

narrow bands with round pendants. Traces of
white, fold red. Height, 10 cm. Yellow clay.

90. ( Plate XLIV. 4.) Torso of seated figure
with very elaborate adornment. About the neck
runs a simple necklace decorated with a line of
holes, followed by a twisted chain with large pen-
dants, wliich are decorated alternately with grooves
|E*'^f ** ^1 and rows of holes. The chiton is a distinct layer

'^ T '^ ^ , . ^ ^ > '^ ^B of clay. From shoulder to shoulder, over the

chiton, runs a waved band, adorned with fine
holes ; between the turns of this band are rosettes
(an imitation of lace ? or should we find here a
|.j^. ^y trace of the metal ornaments found by Schlie-

mann, which were intended to be sewn to the
garment? cf. p. 11). The pins ai-e of the "clover-leaf" type, with double bosses in the centre,
and single bosses on the leaves. At the back are traces of curls, and two notched bands are
stretched from shoulder to shoulder over the chiton. General traces of white on neck and neck-
laces, body brown. Height, 8 cm. Clay, light yellow.

91. (Plate XLIV. 5.) Similar elaborate torso. The chiton is a separate layer of clay. Two
twisted necklaces. Over the chiton in front is stretched a waved stripe, decorated with incuse
disks (such as are found in ceramic ware) followed by a line of pendants, with similar incuse
disks, bosses at top and notches at bottom (cf. p. 11). The pin is similar to that of No. 90, but
larger. Behind, there are traces of curls and a line of pendants from shoulder to shoulder. Traces
of brown paint on chiton. Height, 8 cm. Clay, yellow.

92. One hundred and eighty fragments of figures similar to Nos. 77-91. The plastic decora-
tion is throughout very elaborate ; the painted decoration consists sometimes of red and black lines
on a white ground. Sometimes this treatment is applied only to the upper part of the body, and
the lower part is given a solid brown color, applied directly to the clay.

93. (Plate XLV. 11.) Head and shoulder of advanced Argive type. The headdress is broken
away. The hair was a row of curls over the forehead, topped by a notched mass, with the usual
simple mass at the back, now broken away. The figure has two close-fitting necklaces with three
pendants, followed by three larger ones (one of them twisted), decorated at the shoulder with a
pin of the round boss type. The fold of the chiton is represented by two narrow bands ; it was
held by a large fibula of tlie usual elaborate kind, of which only the upper part remains. White
slip, red on ornaments. Height, 12 cm. Yellow clay.

94. (Plate XLV. 13.) Similar head and shoulder, color well preserved. Close-fitting necklace
with pendant, followed by three others (simple band between two twisted bands) and double waved
band. The pin is placed altogether too high, so that it can only be intended for ornament, —
possibly as a pendant to the necklace. Disk earrings with pendants. Hair, two masses above
forehead, with horizontal grooves, large mass at back, notched at sides of neck, The headdress
consists of a calathus, bound by a wide taenia. The ground color is white ; black is found on
hair (except at sides of neck), above the eyebrows, and inside of eyes; in radiating lines on ear-
rings, in dots on pin and waved band ; red appears in radiating lines on earrings, in dots on pin
and waved band, and in two wide streaks above and below close-fitting necklace. All the colors
are carelessly applied, and seem to be meant simply to enliven the figure, without much regard to
its anatomy. Height, 12 cm. Clay, yellow.

95. (Plate XLV. 2.) Head of advanced Argive type, with double stephane. The hair consists
of four loops over forehead, single long curl at each side. Ground color, white ; traces of red on
hair. Height, 5.5 cm. Gray clay.

ADVANCED ARGTVE 27

96. (Plate XLV. 4.) Similar head, with stepiiane and boss. Hair, two notched strands over
forehead, topped by two masses with horizontal grooves ; single strand over shoulder. Simple
disk earrings. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Yellow clay.

97. (Plate XLV. 8.) Similar head ; has stephane with double boss, bound by a taenia. Hair,
two notched strands over forehead, and mass at back. Double boss earrings. Traces of two
necklaces. Ground color, white ; stephane, red ; hair, brown. Height, 6 cm. Yellow clay.

98. (Plate XLV. 9.) Head of advanced Argive type, in high calathus with three bosses and
double taenia. Hair, two masses over forehead, wedge-shaped mass at back. One earring is pre-
served — a simjjle disk. Traces of one plastic necklace, with pendant and boss, and of two painted
necklaces, red. Ground color, white ; hair, black ; red stripes on calathus, necklace, and neck.
Height, 9 cm. Yellow clay.

99. (Plate XLV. 5.) Similar head. The calathus has three bosses and is bound by double
taenia. Hair, two notched strands, topped by two masses over forehead, large mass at back.
Plain disk earrings. White slip ; taenia, red ; hair, black. Height, 7 cm. Clay, yellow.

100. (Plate XLV. 7.) Head of advanced Argive type with high calathus, fronted by two
plumes (cf. p. 13) with a disk at the base. Hair, notched mass over forehead, topped by wide
strands, which extend to shoulders. Earrings, large disks. A wide band represents the fold of the
chiton. White coat ; traces of red on brows, earrings, side hair, and fold. Height, 8.5 cm. Dark
yellow clay.

101. (Plate XLV. 10.) Similar head, plumes broken away. Double taenia. Hair, two notched
masses over forehead, topped by large curls, mass at back. Plain round earrings. Traces of
necklace. White slip ; hair, black ; red on taenia. Height, 9.5 cm. Red clay.

102. (Plate XLV. 1.) Similar head, calathus small, plumes large. Double taenia. Hair,
two large curls over forehead, mass at back. Kosette earrings. General traces of white. Height,
7.5 cm. Clay, gray.

103. (Plate XLV. 6.) Similar head. The plumes are here connected behind the calathus,
and the one that is preserved is adorned with a disk. Double taenia. Round earrings. Hair,
large curl over each temple, mass at back. Traces of necklace with pendants. Slight traces of
white. Height, 11 cm. Clay, dark yellow, shading to red.

104. (Plate XLV. 12.) Similar head, with large rosette between plumes, which here, also, are
connected behind calathus. Double taenia. Rosette earrings. Hair, mass over forehead and at
back, topped by two large curls. Slight traces of necklace with pendant. White slip ; hair black ;
red on necklace. Height, 9 cm. Dark yellow clay.

105. (Plate XLV. 3.) Head of advanced Argive type. The features are very sharp and dis-
tinctly archaic, — indeed, it may be a question whether this head ought not to be placed in the
" Archaic " class. The eyes are wide and staring, mouth accentuated, in that the region separating
the mouth from the cheeks and the chin is here defined by a round hollowing, which at the same
time gives hardness. Hair, tight curls over forehead, treated in a conventional manner, like

inverted wave pattern, spirals at back, now broken. Simple band about hair, traces
of another ornament (perhaps calathus) on crown of head. Simple earrings. Traces
of white on face ; hair, black. Height, 4 cm. Clay, yellow.

106. Two hundred archaic heads, similar to Nos. 93-105, always showing the
same tendency to elaborate headdresses.
_^ — ^_ Here, too, we have placed (see p. 7) — -

I ^B 107. (Fig. 41.) Body of standing female figure, broken at neck. The body is

^^^m ^ perfect cylinder ; in fact, it seems to have been made on the wheel. The hair was

a simple mass at back, red. The ornamentation consists of a broad stripe at waist,

and four series of three fine red lines below waist — very similar to Argive-Linear

work (see p. 3) in vases. Height, 8.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

Fig. 4L Cf. for round body, Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. ix. No. 3 (from Cyprus).

28

TERKA-COTTA FIGURINES

VI. FIGURES UNDER ORIENTAL INFLUENCE.

Fig. 42.

108. (Fig. i'2.) Plaque with heraldic lions, broken at right lower corner. The position of the
_ lions is very schematic ; each rests one fore paw on a pedestal, and raises the

other liorizontally, so that the two raised legs meet for their wliole length.
The tail is curved over the hack. Tiie heads turn and look backward. The
surface is treated ratlier superficially, and the muscles are but little developed.
No trace of color. Height, 10 cm. Chiy, red, in many places burned black.
The Lion gate at Mycenae is strikingly similar to this plaque, as well as
some Mycenaean gems (for instance, the one published by Tsountas, 'E(^. 'Apx-
1888, p. 175, 2 ; pi. x. 2). Between the two lions of our plaque probably
stood a pedestal or altar (the upper edge can still be made out) similar
to those of the gate and the gem. Tlie plaque would seem to belong to the
end of the Mycenaean civilization. On the whole subject of heraldic animals,
see Curtius, ' Uber Wappengebrauch n. Wappenstil im gr. Alterthum,' in his
Gesammelte Abhamllungeii, II. pp. 77-115, pi. i. (cf. with our plaque
especially Nos. 8 and 11).

109. (Fig. 43.) Upper part of winged female figure, broken at waist. The face is badly worn,
but plainly archaic. Three notelied strands of hair fall to each shoulder.
The head is surmounted by a stephane. Arms akimbo, — the hands held
sickle-shaped objects, badly worn. Hair, red ; red bands on stephane,
body, and wings. Height, 7 cm. Yellow clay.

This figure is very similar to the Delos statue (^B. C. 11. III. [1879],
pp. 393-399, pis. vi. and vii.), and, like it, was undoubtedly a running
figure with one knee touching the ground. In terra-cotta, we have
similar figures in Martha, Cat. des Fifj. dii Mus. d'Athhies, No. 9, and
in Dumont et Chaplain, Les Ceramiques de la Grece Propre, II. p. 229,
No. 46. These are both explained as goi'gons, and that is the interpreta-
tion we are inclined to give to our figure. On the subject of running
figures, cf. Curtius, ' Die knieenden Figuren d. altgr. Kunst,' in Gesam-
melte Ahhandlnngen, II. pp. 116 ff. pi. ii., and Gerhardt, 'Uber die Fliigelgestalten der alten
Kunst,' in his Gesammelte Akad. Ahhandlungen, I. pp. 157 ff. pis. ix.-xii.

110. (Fig. 44.) Fragment of a similar figure, running to riglit, badly broken. All that
appears is the body, with arms akimbo, a small part of right wing, right
leg to knee, and left leg to middle of thigh. But the figure is plainly
an archaic running figure. Traces of white ; some red on chiton.
Height, 5.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

Cf. No. 109.

lU. (Fig. 45.) Squatting male figure, type of the Egyptian Bes,
broken at knees. The figure is that of a dwarf with
hands placed on the abdomen, which is abnormally
developed. Hair, a mass with horizontal grooves.
No trace of color. Height, 6 cm. Red clay.
The wide distribution of this class of figures may be seen from Orsi's note on
the find at Megara Hyblaea, Mon. Ant. I. p. 838, note 1. Cf. the figure there
given, pi. vi. 4. The development of this type is traced by Heuzey, 'Sur
quelques representations du dieu grotesque appele Bes par les Egyptiens,'
Comptes liendus de l' Academic des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1879, p. 140.

112. Six replicas of No. Ill, all more or less broken. Same clay, some traces
of white coat.

113. Similar figure of smaller
Heiglit, 5 em. Dark yellow clay.

Fig. 43.

size, feet broken away. No trace of color.

EARLY ARCHAIC

29

114. (Plate XLVIII. 1G.) Fragment of large sphinx, broken at middle of body. The figure
is very rude, consisting of no more than a head and neck ( in full face), set upon a winged body
(whether of a lion or of some other animal it is impossible to determine). The technique is most
interesting, for all the surfaces of the face ai'e plane surfaces, and appear to have been made with
a knife or some similar tool ; this is true, too, of the wing. Moreover, there are no traces of paint
on the head or on the wing, whereas they are plentiful on the other parts of the figure. It
appears, then, that the figure was finished and painted, and at some later time the surfaces which
show the knife, marks were formed by cutting away the original contours. The paint, which
appears on legs and body, is I'ed. Height, 11 cm. Yellow clay.

An interesting head for comparison is published by Tsountas, '1C<)!). 'A.px^. 1892, p. 13, pi. iv. 4
and 4" ; cf. also the poros heads from the Acropolis {Bev. Arch. XVII. [1891], pp. 304 ff. j)l. x.),
which, some have held, were made by a workman during the noonday rest, exactly as our figure
may have been remodeled.

115. (Fig. 46.) Small sphinx, head missing. The head was apparently feminine, for two
locks of hair appear in front of each shoulder. No traces of color. Height,
4.5 cm. Clay, light yellow.

116. Fragment of similar sphinx, only front
leg, body, and beginning of wing preserved.
Traces of white. Height, 4.5 cm. Clay, brown.

117. (Fig. 47.) Small figure on a horse, gal-
loping to left — plaque, stamped on both sides.
Rude modeling, but with some attempt at repre-
senting muscles of horse by means of grooves.

Surface, green enamel. Height, 6.5 cm. Light, sandy material.

This figure is stamped as Egyptian by its enamel. Moreover, Professor
Petrie, in his Naukratis (p. 14), speaks of " figures of light, friable,
sandy ware " — a description which applies exactly to our plaque ; and
Professor Ernest Gardner informs us tliat some of these figures were exactly similar to ours. There
can be no doubt, then, that we have here an imported article, as is also the case with a sniall
fragment of similar material and glaze — the lower portion of a squatting figure, very much like
the type of the Egyptian Bes, Nos. 111-113.

Fig. 40.

I'u,.

VIL EARLY ARCHAIC.

118. (Fig. 48.)

Fig. 48.

GROUP A: HAND-MADE FIGURES.

Standing male figure, both legs, left arm, and right forearm missing. The
figure presents many analogies to primitive Argive figures — the eyes
are round lumps, the nose is almost a beak, and the hair consists of four
strands falling to the shoulders behind and a wavy curl on top of the
head. Yet the mouth and chin are plainly indicated, and there is some
attempt at modeling in the body, which produces something the effect
of the early Apollo figures. The body is covered with a thick white
slip, with applied red on hair, red lines at breast and waist, and red
hatchings on legs (meant to represent pattern on chiton ?). Height,
11 cm. Clay, red.

119. Fragment of seated male figure, broken at hips. The upper
part is a mere wedge, to which was attached a face in front, and a mass
of hair behind. The aiSoIa are roughly represented, but far too high.
Slight traces of dark brown on left arm, back of head and lower abdo-
men. Height, 9 cm. Clay, straw.

120. (Fig. 49.) Standing female figure, rudely modeled by hand,
but showing an attempt to distinguish the features of the face. The

so

TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

Fig. 49.

Fig. 50.

nose, now broken, was di.stinguisheil from the chin ; the eyes are incised circles ; the hair is a

series of notched strands falling to shoulders. The arms are raised
to the breasts, and three grooves at the end of each mark the fingers,
(ieneral traces of white. Height, 8 cm. Light yellow clay.

121. Standing female figure with remarkably long neck, broken at
waist, arms missing. Face very rude, nose very much like a beak,
but distinguished from chin, mouth not indicated. The breasts are
rudely applied lumps. Eyes, two incised circles. Hair consisted of
notched mass at top and strands down the back (now broken off).
White color is preserved in circles of eyes. Height, 10.5 cm. Clay,
reddish yellow.

122. (Fig. 50.) Standing female figure with nose and mouth care-
fully distinguished. Eyes, however, are lumps — a reminiscence of
the earlier types. Hair, nine notched strands, spreading over shoul-
ders. A slight groove from shoulder to shoulder marks the fold of
the chiton. The forearms (now broken off) were extended forward.

Three grooves extend from waist to bottom of chiton on each side, doubtless to represent folds.
The ground color is black, covered with yellow dots, even on the parts of the neck above fold of
chiton ; between the grooves, on the lower part of the figure, are hatchings of light yellow. Height,
11.5 cm. Clay, grayish yellow.

123. (Fig. 51.) Rudely made figure with round body ; head, right arm, and left forearm miss-
ing. Traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Red clay.

This figure stands in the same relation to the two preceding figures that the
statue of Cheramyes (cf. Collignon, Hist, de la SculjHure Grecque, I. p. 163,
fig. 73) does to the Nicandra statue {ibid. p. 120, fig. 59). It is an attemjit to
vary the monotony of the square, board-shaped body by another form, which,
however, is equally summary and untrue to nature.

124. (Fig. 52.) Rude round figure of a pregnant woman, head, arms, and
feet broken away. The feet were attached to two stumps
inserted in the lower part of the figure. The edge of the
chiton below the neck is carefully indicated by a deep cutting.
White slip. Height, 9.5 cm. Yellow clay.

Representations of pregnant women are not uncommon in
all periods of Greek terra-cottas ; cf. Schliemann, Bericht iiher die
hungen in Troia im Jahre 1890, pi. i. 3 ; Dorpfeld, Troia, 1893,
Schone, Gr. Eeliefs, p. 67, No. 142, pi. xxxvi. { = Bull. 1868, p. 54, No. 20) ;
Stephani, Compte Rendu, 1865, pp. 193, 194, pi. vi. 6 ; Ant. du Bosj^hore
Cimmenen, II. p. 91, pi. Ixix. 7. But all these figures are plainly intended for
caricatures, whereas our figure, as a temple gift, can hardly be anything but a
thank offering for a successful childbirth. It is appropriately dedicated to Hera
as 'ElKfidvia. (Cf. Hesych, s. v. ElXeiOvlar "Hpa iv 'Apyei, and on the whole sub-
ject, Roscher, Lexicon der Mythologie, ¥. pp. 2087 ff.

125. Forty-four fragments of figures similar to Nos. 118-122, mostly bodies of the o-aits type,
roughly made by hand. A few show traces of applied plastic ornamentation. The painted orna-
mentation is simple ; it consists principally of lines and dots, usually in red and black, although
there are a few cases of applied white (to mark the girdle), and one figure has two purple bands
falling from the girdle in front. The only pattern is found on the right side of one figure, where
we may suppose the fold of the Doric chiton to be : —

Ausqra-
p. 101 ;

Fig. 52.

:^3C^:

EARLY ARCHAIC

31

126. (Fig. 53.) Torso of female figure of coarse clay, round-bodied type. On the riglit slionl-

^^^^^^^^^^ der is an elaborate fibula of the " clover-leaf " type, and the left shoulder

I^^^^BJBJl^l^^ shows traces of a similar fibula. At the back are traces of strands of

T^^^^^^^^^^^M hair, and also of an applied band wiiich was stretched from shoulder to

^K^^^^j^HBf shoulder. The ground color is red, covered by a black coat, with

^^^^^^^^^f^ applied yellow lines at waist and neck, and yellow dots on fibula.

^^^^H^ Height, 6 cm. Clay, yellow.

^^^^r^ 127. Similar torso, forearms (which were extended) broken off.

Pie 53 Traces of four strands of hair at back, and of one strand in front of

each shoulder. Fold of chiton represented plastically and decorated

with " laufender Hund " pattern in light brown. The entire body is covered with a light brown

coat, to which is applied dark brown on bust and arms. Dark brown stripe at waist. Height,

5.5 cm. Yellow clay.

128. Third torso of similar style, arms broken. Fold of chiton moulded in the clay, both at
front and back. Traces of long necklace from shoulder to shoulder behind. Hair was six notched
strands. Fragment of large fibula on left shoulder. Ground color red, changing to black (appar-
ently from burning). Applied white on neck and fibula ; white line at waist. Height, 5 cm.
Dark yellow clay.

129. Fragment of heavy, seated figure of coarse clay (similar to the clay of Nos. 126-128),
broken at neck and below knees. The woman leans forward and rests her elbows on her knees.
The forearms are broken off. Color, black, with red lines at u])per edge of chiton and at waist.
Traces of large fibula at left shoulder. Height, 8.5 cm. Yellow clay.

Here, too, we may place, as a transitional type —

130. (Plate XLVII. 3.) Bust and head of rudely made figure of archaic style, with a mod-
eled head. This figure presents striking analogies to the advanced Argive figures ; it has a low
stephane, six large curls, large earrings, and a close-fitting necklace. Yet it is a real archaic
figure ; the body was of the same type as Nos. 126-129. Paint applied directly : pupils of eyes,
hair, and body, black ; brows, brown. Height, 6.5 cm. Yellow clay.

131. Fragments of four replicas of No. 130, with varying amounts of plastic ornament. Three
have necklaces, the fourth is broken close to the neck. One has marks of a long necklace from
shoulder to shoulder at the back. Two have applied earrings, while of the others, one has the ear-
rings represented by circles sunk in the clay, the other has none at all. The hair consists in
three cases of curls ; in the other it is a mass. All show marks of having had a stephane. The
system of color is the same in all — body, solid color, in one case black, shading to red ; in the
others, black ; necklace, a row of dots ; pupils of eyes, brows, and hair, same color as the body —
in one case red, in the others, black. One figure has a black dot in the centre of each earring.
Height, 3.5 cm. to 6.5 cm. Clay, yellow, except one figure, which is of gray clay.

GROUP B: MOULD-MADE FIGURES.

132. (Fig. 54.) Fragment of standing female figure, broken at neck and
waist, arms missing. The modeling is careless. The fig-
ure is interesting only because it has at the shoulders round
pins similar to those of the early and advanced Argive
styles (cf. p. 8). General traces of white. Height, 4 cm.
Clay, red.

133. Fragment of similar figure, without pins. The lower
body is no more than a squared lump of clay ; the arms
are stumps. Fold of chiton represented by a slight groove.
Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

134. (Fig. 55.) Moulded female figure, broken at neck and above knees.
She wears a sleeveless chiton— the upper edge plainly marked by a depres-

FiG. 54.

Fig. 55.

32

TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

sion '

Fig. 56.

Fig. 57.

Fig. 58.

■and necUace with pendant. At each side of neck, one or two curls of a long lock of hair.
The arms fall close to the sides. The relief is very flat, but there is an
attempt to represent the breasts. No trace of color. Height,
7.5 cm. Clay, dark red.

135. (Fig. 56.) Badly worn figure of similar make, no orna-
mentation. At height of shoulders, two supports were fixed to
the back to hold the figure upright (cf. the Argive seated fig-
ures). Traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Yellow clay.

136. Three fragments of similar figures, all showing remains
of supports at level of shoulders. They all show traces of white
coat. Heights, 4.5 cm. to 8 cm. Yellow clay.

137. (Fig. 57.) Lower part of large moulded figure, in very
high relief (broken at waist). The chiton hangs in a long
straight fold between the legs (cf. Miisees d'Athhies, pi. v.).
Anns are pressed close to sides. Color, bright red ;
arms, pink. Height, 10 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

138. (Fig. 58.) Similar fragment in lower relief, with line ornamentation in pur-
ple (simple vertical lines, joined by horizontal and criss-cross lines ; at sides, rude
horizontal lines only). Height, 6 cm. Clay, reddish yellow.

139. Fragments of three similar figures in low relief, arms always at sides. In two
cases, the toes are modeled rather carefully.

140. (Fig. 59.) Moulded figure, broken at neck. Hands still at sides.
From the waist down, the figure is a mere case, in which all the forms
disappear, but there is an attempt at representing the feet. Above the
waist, the modeling is summary, but fairly accurate. The breasts are
clearly brought out, as are also the lower edge of the chiton and the indentation of
the girdle (cf. Musees d'Athenes, pi. x.). The figure stands on a
narrow plinth, which was included in the mould. White slip, with red
bands around lower part of chiton. Height, 7 cm. Clay, gray.

141. Exact replica of No. 140, similarly broken, decorated with red
bands. Height, 7 cm. Clay, gray.

142. Very similar figure, but not replica. The proportions are
slightly smaller than those of No. 140 and No. 141 ; the figure may have
been made from a mould which was itself made from No. 140 or No.

141 and shrank in baking.^ It shows only traces of white. Height, 7 cm. Red clay.

143. (Fig. 60.) Fragment of similar figure, broken at waist. The hair is represented by
notches and falls to shoulders. The ear is too high, as is usual in
archaic work. The edges of the chiton at neck and waist are dis-
tinctly marked. Traces of white, of red on chiton. Height, 4.5 cm.
Red clay.

144. (Fig. 61.) Fragment from the same mould as No. 143,
minus face and broken at knees. This figure shows not only the
lower edge of the fold of the chiton, but also the indentation of the
girdle. Arms held close to sides. Slight traces of red. Height,
7.5 cm. Red clay.

145. Upper part of similar figure in high calathus (broken at
waist). Fold of chiton and indentation of girdle well marked. Color,
white ; traces of red on calathus. Height, 5 cm. Clay, red.

146. Small fragment of similar figure, broken at waist and below
knees. Behind each hand (arms still hang close to sides) a small hole, possibly for
suspending the figure. Traces of white. Height, 4.5 cm. Red clay.

147. (Fig. 62.) Similar figure, showing wide border all around, where the clay ran over the
' Cf . Martba, Cat. des Fig. du Mus. d'Athines, p. xxiii, on the subject of " sunnoulages."

Fig. 59.

Fig. 62.

EARLY ARCHAIC

33

Fig. ()4.

Fig. 63.

edges of the mould. Arms hang close to sides. Edges of chiton marked by grooves at neck and
waist, also at sides. The hair is represented by grooves, worked after the figure left the mould.
Slight traces of red. Height, 8.5 cm. Dark yellow clay.

148. (Plate XL VI. 5.) Figure from the same mould, with stephane added. Traces of white
on face, of red on chiton. Height, 8.5 cm. Yellow clay.

149. Fragment from the same mould as Nos. 147 and 148, broken at neck and knees.

150. (Plate XLVI. 14.) Bust of large standing figure broken at waist. High round stephane.
The hair is carefully represented by curls in low relief over forehead, and three long curls in front
of each shoulder. The eyes are remarkably long and triangular. Traces of white, of red on left
side. Height, 10 cm. Gray clay.

151. (Fig. 63.) Somewhat similar fragment, broken at waist, face badly broken. Edges of
chiton very plainly marked, also edge of girdle. Hair,
large mass at back. Ears, remarkably large. No traces
of color. Height, 10 cm. Red clay.

152. Fragment of similar figure, broken at waist and
neck. General traces of white. Height, 7 cm. Red
clay.

153. (Plate XLVI. 1.) Rudely modeled figure, with
arms bent at elbows, hands touching shoulders. No
attempt at representing details. Traces of white.
Height, 7 cm. Yellow clay.

154. (Fig. 64.) Fragment of figure with arms simi-
larly bent (broken at neck and above knees). Very
careless modeling. Traces of white. Two red lines at waist, one at neck.

Height, 7 cm. Greenish yellow clay.

155. (Plate XLVI. 6.) Standing figure in stephane, with hands raised to breast. All the
lines are remarkably deep ; they seem to have been made with a pointed instrument. Hair treated
in notches. Two grooves mark the lower border of chiton. No trace of color. Height, 8 cm.
Clay, dark red, shading to black.

156. Two fragments of very similar figures, with hands raised to breasts (both broken at neck).
One has white slip, with red horizontal lines, one at upper edge of chiton, three at waist, two at
lov/er edge of chiton.

157. (Plate XLVI. 2.) Somewhat more advanced archaic figure, showing an attempt to
represent the folds of the chiton. The figure wears the stephane, and the arms are represented
as bent at the elbow, although the forearms are mere stumps. Traces of white coat. Height,
8.5 cm. Red clay.

158. Fourteen fragments of similar figures, mostly lower parts with folds in low relief. One is
an exact replica of No. 157.

159l Figure very similar to No. 167 — folds of chiton fairly well given

(broken at neck). The arms hang slightly forward, and are entirely

given in the moidd. Traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Clay, reddish

yellow.

/ ? l^^H ^^- Fragment of left side of archaic figure — forearm and hand

k^K S 4.^^^^! "•rasping edge of chiton preserved — with fairly careful reproduction of

^B 1 ■ T^^m folds. This figure is not flat at back, but hollow, with thin walls, corre-

^ 1 ■ -^^m sponding to the later technique. No traces of color. Height, 8 cm.

Red clay.

161. (Fig. 65.) Lower part of archaic figure, showing still greater
development of folds of chiton. Here, not only the vertical folds which
fall from the arm are brought out, but tlie folds between the legs are also
fairly well reproduced. The modeling of these folds is softer than in
most of the other figures of this class, giving an impression of gi-eater
Fig. 65. freedom. This may partly be due to the fact that this was perhaps made

34 TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

when the mould itself was somewhat worn, and the lines, therefore, not so sharp. No traces of
color, lleiglit, 8 cm. Light yellow clay.

162. Two fragments of similarly drajjed figures. One of them is painted a bright red ; the
other shows a veiT plain thumb-mark at the back.

163. (Plate XLVI. 3.) Figure of the " Spes " type, broken at neck and at knees. The
hitnatiou falls from right shoulder and j)asses under right arm. The chiton was doubtless indi-
cated in color. Right hand raised to waist, and pierced by a hole for an attribute (perhaps a
flower?). Left hand holds edge of himation. The folds are very carefully indicated. Himation,
red — color applied directly to clay. Height, 8.5 cm. Yellow clay.

Cf. Winter, 'Die Terrakotten von der Akropolis,' Arch. Am. 1898, pp. 140 if., esp. figs. 5,
11, 15 ; Lechat, ' Terres Cuites de Corcyre,' B. C. H. XV. (1891), pp. 1-112, esp. p. 79, No.
74, pi. viii. 2 (the specimen there mentioned had a hole in the hand, exactly as No. 163 lias) ;
Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xl. 2 (from Cyrenaica) ; Martha, Cat. des Fig. du 3fus. d'Athhies, No.
733 (provenance unknown, but probably Greek). The best short discussion of the " Spes " figures
is that of Orsi, in his publication of the Megara Hyblaea terra-cottas ; see Moti. Ant. I. pp. 924 ff.

164. (Plate XLVI. 10.) Fragment of figure similar to No. 163 — broken at neck and waist.
Same arrangement of himation, same careful adjustment of folds. Right hand raised to waist,
left doubtless grasped edge of garment. Slight traces of white. Height, 5 cm. Light yellow clay.

165l Fragment of archaic figure, broken above waist and below knees. The folds are hastily
indicated. The left hand hangs somewhat forward and holds an apple. At the back is a very
plain thumb-mark. Traces of white. Height, 6.5 cm. Dark red clay.

166. (Plate XLVI. 9.) Aphrodite of archaic type, broken at neck and knees. Folds of chiton
barely indicated. Both hands are raised, the right, carrying a dove, to breast ; the left, with
flower, below it. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Clay, reddish yellow and very fine.

167. Fragment of similar figure, only left hand with dove and right hand side of drapeiy pre-
served. Traces of white. Height, 4.5 cm. Fine yellow clay.

168. (Fig. 66.) Similar Aphrodite, broken at neck and above knees. Right hand, raised to
breast, carries dove ; left grasps edge of sleeve of himation. Traces of white. Height,
7 cm. Dark red clay.

169. Similar figure, badly broken. Right holds dove, left raised edge of hima-
tion. The folds of the himation are carefully given. On the shoulders, traces of
three locks of hair. Traces of white. Height, 7 cm. Clay, reddish yellow.

170. Fragment of similar figure, broken at neck and waist. Right hand holds
dove. In front of shoulders, four notched strands form the hair. Traces of white.
Height, 6 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

171. Second fragment, broken at neck and just below breasts. Right holds
dove. Traces of white. Height, 2.5 cm. Fine yellow clay.

Cf. on all these figures, Nos. 166-171, the marble statue in Lyons (^Gaz. Arch. 1876, p. 133,
pi. xxxi.) ; also the terracottas, Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xii. 5 ; Orsi, ' Megara Hyblaea,' 3Ion.
Ant. I. p. 925, pi. vii. 11; Michaelis, Arch. Zeit. 1864, p. 137, pi. clxxxii. 1; Martha, Cat. des
Fig. du Mus. d'Athines, No. 433.

172. (Plate XLVI. 4.) Figure of usual archaic type, broken at neck and at knees. The figure
wears the chiton, with a thick fold between the legs, and over it another garment (xitwi'iVkos ?)
reaching to the knees (cf. the statue, Musees d'Athenes, pi. v.). Both hands are raised in front
of body, the left below the right, and each holds a fruit. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Clay,
light yellow and very fine.

Cf. p. 15 ; Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xl. 2 ; Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Mus. d'Athenes, No. 736.

173. Very similar fragment, broken at neck and thighs. Left hand holds a fruit ; attribute of
right uncertain, but probably also a fruit. Traces of white. Height, 5 cm. Fine yellow clay.

174. Fragment of archaic figure, broken at neck and waist. Left hand at breasts, holds flower.
Traces of white. Height, 4 cm. Red clay.

This type is very common; cf. Orsi, 'Megara Hyblaea,' J/on. Ant. I. p. 924, pi. vii. 4, pi.
viii. 3 ; idem, ' D' Una Citta Greca a Terravecchia presso Granmichele in Provincia di Catania,'

EARLY ARCHAIC 35

ibid. VII. pp. 230 ff., pi. iv. ; Clarae, Miixee de ScuIpUire, pi. dcxxxii. J. 1449 H ; Lechat,
'Terres Cuites de Corcyie,' B. C. H. XV. (1891), p. 30, No. 7, pi. i. 2 ; p. 33, No. 14, pi. i. 8.

175. (Plate XLVI. 8.) Fragment of archaic figure, broiien at neck and at waist. She
wears the himation falling from right shoulder to left side, and holds in front of her, with her
right hand, a wreath. Traces of red on himation. Height, 4.5 cm. Clay, yellow and fine.

Cf. the statue from the Acropolis (Collignon, Hht. de la Sculpture Grevque, I. p. 353, fig.
178), which holds a wreath in the right hand and a jar in the left; Orsi, ' D' Una Citttl Greea
a Terravecchia presso Granmichele in Provincia di Catania,' 3Ion. Aiit. VII. p. 234, fig. 24 ;
Kekule, Ant. Terrakotten, II. p. 9, fig. 4. It seems not unlikely that this figure has reference to
the cult of Hera Antheia.

176. (Plate XLVI. 7.) Standing figure in chiton (edge at neck and waist, with folds at
shoulder and below girdle carefully rendered). Broken at neck and at knees. Right hand holds
a small animal (probably a hare) ; left grasps edge of sleeve of chiton at breast. At back are
marks of a thumb and two fingers. Traces of white. Height, 11 cm. Dark red clay.

Cf . the fragment of a pores statuette, Salzmann, La Necrojmle de Camiros, pi. ix. ; Bernouilli,
Aphrodite, p. 38.

177. Fragments of two replicas of No. 176, showing the same finger-marks at back. Traces of
white. Height, 7.5 cm. and 8.5 cm. respectively. Same clay as No. 176.

178. Twenty fragments of figures similar to Nos. 176 and 177, principally small bits of drapery.
Dark red clay.

179. (Plate XLVI. 11.) Similar archaic figure, broken at neck. She wears chiton with
thick fold between legs, and long overgarment like that of No. 172. Both hands hold attributes —
right, an animal (stag?), left, bow (cf. p. 15). The break at the left shoulder is interesting, as it
shows the method of manufacture by layers — the outer layer is of much finer clay than the inner
(filling) layer. Traces of white. Height, 11.5 cm. Fine, light yellow clay.

Cf. Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xviii. bis. 1 (from Thespiae) ; Stephani, Compte Rendu, 1872, p. 161,
pi. iii. 4 (from Kertsch ; the figure looks as if it had come from the same mould as No. 179) ;
Lechat, ' Terres Cuites de Corcyre,' B. C. H. XV. (1891), p. 48, No. 37, pi. iii. 2 ; p. 51, No. 40,
pi. iii. 1 ; Berlin Museum, 6831 (Attica) and 6262 (Thespiae) ; Syracuse, large terra-cotta room,
case III. (Megara Hyblaea).

180. Four fragments of figures similar to Nos. 166-179, attributes indistinguishable on account
of breakage. Traces of white. Clay, fine, varying from yellow to red.

181. Eight fragments of drapery veiy similar to that of Nos. 166-179, but belonging to hollow
figures with thin walls. Traces of white slip ; slight traces of red. Heights, 4 em. to 13 cm.
Clay, light yellow to red.

182. Basis of large statue of archaic type, with fragment of the figure from the knees down.
The feet are carefully modeled and fairly correct. The bottom is pierced by a round vent. The
chiton was red. Height, 7 cm. Height of plinth, 2 em. Length, 6 cm. Width, 5 cm. Clay,
reddish yellow.

183. Six fragments of similar bases, usually with traces of feet only. General traces of white.
The dimensions vary from 3 cm. X 3.5 cm. to 5.5 cm. X 7.5 cm. Clay, light red to yellow.

184. (Fig. 67.) Very rude seated figure, broken at bottom. The figure varies
little from the standing type, except that it is slightly bent at the middle and has
two supports behind (cf. No. 135). The arms, which are resting on the knees, are
little better than two stumps. On the breast is a pendant. The upper part forms
a rude stephane. The figure hardly appears to be modeled at all, yet the surface
shows plainly that it was. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Red clay.

185. Similar figure with supports behind. She wears stephane and necklace
with pendant (these made in the mould), and long veil falling to shoulders (a
separate piece added after the figure was complete). Traces of white ; three red
lines on bottom of chiton. Height, 10.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

i'lG. 07. jgQ Third fi<>ure of the same sort with arms bent at elbows, and hands raised

to shoulders. Traces of white. Height, 8 cm. Light yellow clay.

36

TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

68*) Seated figure, very summary modeling — only feet, hands, and features
brought out at all. The figure rests on a high plinth, whicli was moulded with
it. The hair is a simple baud above forehead. Slie wears a stephane, from which
a veil falls over shoulders. Solid, pierced only by air-vent. Traces of white.
Height, 8 cm. Dark red clay.

188. (Plate XLVI. 12.) Replica of No. 187, only that plinth was made lower.
Traces of wliite, of red on lower part of chiton. Height, 7 cm. Dark red clay.

189. Similar figure, but not from same mould. Modeling very summary.
Traces of white. Height, 6.5 cm. Red clay.

190. Similar figure, but with liigli polos instead of stephane. Traces of red.
lleiglit, 8 cm. Red clay.

191. Similar figure, seated on wide chair (broken at waist). Here, also, the
veil covers the hair and falls to shoulders ; cf. No. 187). White slip. Height,
6 cm. Red claj'.

For all these carelessly modeled figures, cf. Heuzey, Fig. Ant. pi. xi
et Chipiez, Hist, de F Art, III. p. 425, fig. 299 ; Kekule, Ant. Termhottcn, II. p. 9, fig. 3 ;

Fig. 68.

Perrot
Martha,

Cat. des Fig. du 3£iis. d'Athenes, Nos. 227 £E. ; Panofka, Terrakotten des A". Mus. zu Berlin,
p. 12, pi. ii.

192. (Fig. 69.) Hastily modeled seated figure, wrapped in flowing chiton, under which, how-
ever, the outlines of arms, hands, and breasts are carefully brought out.
The figure is pierced by an air-vent. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm.
Reddish yellow clay.

Cf. Gerhard, Ant. Bild. pp. 338 ff., pi. xcv. 1, 2 (Sicily); also in stone,
the seated figures, discovered at Branchidae by Newton (^Discoveries at
Ilalicarnassns, pp. 530 if., pis. Ixxiv., Ixxv.), and the archaic statue in the
National Museum at Athens (Kavvadias, No. 6 ; 'E^. 'Apx- 1874, p. 480, pi.
ixxi. Aa and A/3^.

193. Four fragments of similar figures, not, however, from the same
mould. Slight ti-aces of white ; some red on chairs, feet, and chitons. Clay,
yellow and red.

194. Similar figure showing an attempt at reproducing the folds of the
chiton where it falls across the breast. Arms still at sides, hands resting
on knees. Fragments of two supports at back. White slip with red lines

Height, 6 cm. Yellow clay.

figures, not from same mould. Traces of white ; one figure has red lines

Fig. C9.

on arms and breast.
195. Two similar

(criss-cross pattern) on breast and above knees. Height, 6 cm. and 7.5 cm. Clay, yellow.

196. Lower part of large seated figure on high plinth, with considerable treatment of the folds
at sides and between legs. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Dark red clay.

197. (Plate XLVI. 16.) Figure similar to No. 192, but with much better treatment of folds
across breast and at waist. The outlines of the legs are also well brought out. The bauds rest on
arms of chair, and both hold round objects (probably apples ; cf. Nos. 172, 173, and p. 15). The
figure is pierced by an air- vent. Traces of white. Height, 7 cm. Dark red clay.

198. (Plate XLVI. 13.) Similar figure, with careful, though stylistic representation of folds
by deep vertical lines, from breast to feet. Hands at knees ; fingers rudely indicated. The figure
has an air-vent. Red line at neck. Height, 6.5 cm. Clay, light yellow and very fine.

199. (Plate XLVI. 15.) Similar figure without indication of folds, but with right hand raised,
holding a bird to breast. Left hand rests on left knee. The throne on which she sits is carefully
distinguished. Traces of red on chair. Height, 6 cm. Clay, light yellow and very fine.

Cf. Nos. 166-171; KeTcule, Ant. Terrakotten, II. p. 10, fig. 10, p. 11, fig. 13 : also figures in
Case VI., large terra-cotta room, Syracuse.

200. Fragments of five replicas of No. 199, all solid. Traces of white, with red on chair. Fine,
liglit yellow clay.

EARLY ARCHAIC 37

201. (Fig 70.) Hastily modeled figure of a child, broken at waist. On her right arm she holds
a small doll. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 em. Red clay.

202. Thirteen small heads belonging to the type of Nos. 198 and 199. They
are flat at back, of pronounced archaic style. The hair is usually a mass falling

g_ ^I^H *'' shoulders, slightly notched over forehead, with polos or stephane. General
^^M^^^ traces of white. Heights, 2.5 cm. to 5 cm. Clay, fine, ranging from yellow to
red.

203. Three very similar heads, not, however, flat at back. The features are
archaic. Hair, mass. One head has the polos. Traces of white, of red on polos.

liG. lO. Heights, 3 cm., 3.5 cm., and 4 cm. Clay, light yellow to red.

204. Lower part of crouching male figure with hands (disproportionately large) on knees. The
figure corresponds very closely to one from Megara Hyblaea (cf. Mon. Ant. I. pi. vi. 5), and was
undoubtedly a satyr or silenus. Traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

205. Lower part of squatting figure, probably a satyr, broken at waist. Hands rest on knees.
Traces of white, sporadic bits of red. Height, 4.5 cm. Light yellow clay.

There is a similar figure in Syracuse, large terra-cotta room, Case IH., from Megara Hyblaea.

206. Rude seated Pan — hollow figure, which probably served as a vase. Modeling very flat, only
face, arms, and syrinx brought out. Slight traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

207. Head of archaic type, hollow, with vase orifice at the top. The hair seems to be held close
to the skull by a veil. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Red clay.

208. (Plate XLVH. 13.) Very similar head, also with orifice at top, and casque-like hair-
covering. Traces of white. Height, 6.5 cm. Red clay.

209. Eight fragments of similar heads, badly broken. General traces of white. Yellow clay,
shading to red.

These heads (Nos. 207-209) have the marks of the Rhodian ware as described by Heuzey ( Cat.
des Fig. du Mus. du Louvre, p. 220), " la machoire inferieure osseuse et developpee a I'exces, ce
que nous appelons le menton cfaloche ; de gros yeux triangulaires, dont la paupiere superieure est
seule arquee." They are jirobably, therefore, imported, although a few may be local imitations.
Cf. Heuzey, loc. cit. pp. 229, 230 ; Kekule, Ant. Terrakotten,U. p. 12, fig. 16, and p. 18, fig. 34 ;
Winter, Arch. Am. 1893, p. 147, No. 28 ; Orsi, ' Megara Hyblaea,' 3Ion. Ant. I. ]). 805.

210. (Plate XLVIL 15.) Head of pronounced archaic type — eyes set obliquely to nose,
mouth raised at corners. The headdress is very high, a sort of tiara (the kydaris ?), and from it
a veil falls to the shoulders. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Clay, light yellow.

211. Three very similar heads, all with same headdress and veil. Slight traces of white.
Heights, 5.5 em., 5.5 cm., and 7 cm. Yellow clay.

These heads (Nos. 210 and 211) again resemble very closely a Rhodian type (cf. Heuzey, Fhj.
du Mus. du Louvre, pi. xi. 2), which is found pretty generally distributed in the basin of the
Mediterranean — in Greece, in Sicily, in Italy, and even in Phoenicia.^ Yet they show some di-
vergences, for instance, the eyes are not set quite so obliquely as those of the Rhodian figures,
and they are not so narrow ; so that they are probably of local manufacture, imitating Rhodian
work, like the Syracusan figures mentioned by Heuzey.^

212. (Plate XLVIL 14.) Archaic head, with elaborate treatment of the hair. This consists
of two rows of curls over the forehead, moulded in the form, then a row of elaborate applied spiral
curls, with eight curls at the back (now broken), the whole topped by a double, twisted taenia.
The eyes are wide and very long, nose in two planes, mouth straight, ending in a pad of flesh at
each corner ; a deep furrow extends from cheek-bone to chin on each side of nose. Traces of
white. Height, 5 cm. Yellow clay.

213. (Plate XL VII. 12.) Large archaic head, very similar to No. 212. Same type of face.
The hair here consisted of a row of scallops moulded in the form, with a row of applied curls above
and large mass behind. The figure had large earrings, now broken. Traces of white. Height,
8.5 cm. Light yellow clay.

These two heads (Nos. 212 and 213) differ greatly from the Argive type. Their nearest
1 Cf. Ilouzev, Cat. des Fig. du ^fus. du Louvre, p. 240. = Jbid. p. 227, n. 3.

38

TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

analogy in the HA'aeum finds is the bronze bust, 5, pi. II. 1, 2 ; and in terra-cotta, the head pub-
lislied by Cesnola, Coll. of Cypriote Ant. II' pi. xv. No. 117 (cf. the sculptures, ibid. Ir pi. xciii.
Nos. 622 and 623 ; pi. xcvii. Nos. 662 and 663). We are inclined, therefore, to regard these two
heads as imported.

214. (Platk XLVII. 4.) Head of archaic style, with very sharp features. The hair is an
applied mass at back, marked with notches and bound with a taenia. The ground color is greenish
yellow, to which red was applied on eyes, cheeks, and brows. Hair, red, shading to black. Height,
4.5 em. Yellow clay.

215. Small, very rude bearded masque, slightly chijjped at sides. Eyes and mouth marked by
wide grooves, beard by coarse vertical lines. No trace of color. Height, 5 cm. Red clay.

216. (Plate XLVII. 8.) Archaic female masque, original edge all around. The hair is
moulded in masses. Hole for suspension above forehead. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm.
Light yellow clay.

217. Large votive head, broken at right side and at neck. The hair is a row of round bosses,
surmounted by stephane with suspension hole. Modeling sui^erficial. Traces of white. Height,
9 cm. Dark red clay.

218. Very similar head, almost replica, broken at neck, left side of face chipped away. Traces
of white. Height, 7 cm. Clay, dark red.

219. Right side of large votive head, with treatment of hair in four lines of zigzags. Narrow
stephane. Traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Dark yellow clay.

220. Similar fragment, with large round earring. Hair modeled as a mass, topped by stephane.
Traces of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Light yellow clay.

221. (Plate XLVII. 9.) Similar masque with stephane. The hair is treated as short curls.
Hole for suspension in front of stephane. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Red clay.

222. (Plate XLVII. 6.) Small masque with very high stephane, broken at neck. Ilair,
a line of notches above forehead. Customary hole for suspension. No trace of color. Height,
4 cm. Light yellow clay.

223. Three replicas of No. 222, same clay.

224. Small bust of hasty workmanship, original edge preserved all around. The hair is a
simple mass. Hole for suspension. No trace of color. Height, 8 cm. Greenish yellow clay.

225. (Plate XLVII. 10.) Archaic masque in high stephane, broken only at upper right hand
corner. The hair is treated in two rows of loops. Traces of white. Height, 6.5 cm. Clay, straw.

226. Eight fragments of archaic masques, similar to Nos. 221-225, both with and without
stephane. The suspension hole is common. General traces of white. Yellow clay.

VIII. ADVANCED ARCHAIC.

227. (Fig. 71.) Upper part of standing figure with high
stephane (broken at waist). Hair, a simple roll below stephane.
At the shoulders were two projections (now broken off), which
doubtless served to suspend the figure. Some traces of white
coat. Height, 9.5 cm. Reddish yellow clay.

228. Very similar smaller figure, broken at waist. This figure
also has stephane and projections at shoulders. Two strands of
hair fall in front of left shoulder, one in front of right. Traces of
white. Height, 6 cm. Yellow clay.

229. Lower part of seated figure with hands on knees. The
figure is hollow, like the later terra-cottas of free style. The
folds of the chiton, however, are still represented in a stiff, archaic
fashion. The color is well preserved — white slip, with traces of
applied red. Height, 5 cm. Clay, reddish yellow.

230. (Plate XLVII. 11.) Votive head, hair treated in waves
above forehead, and in notches at sides. Stephane, pierced by

suspension hole. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Dark red clay.

Fig. 71

ANIMALS

39

231. Three exact replicas of the preceding, same traces of color ; same clay.

232. Seven heads similar to No. 230, but not replicas. Same treatment of hair ; stephane with
hole for suspension. General traces of white. Height, 4 cm. to 5 cm. Clay, light yellow to red.

233. Twenty-three fragments of similar advanced archaic heads, much mutilated, but probably
all votive heads. General trace of white. Clay, usually red ; one or two specimens are of yellow clay.

f234. (Fig. 72.) Head of advanced archaic style, solid. Hair
treated as a simple mass. Traces of white. Height, 3.5 cm. Light
yellow clay.
235. (Plate XLVIL 1.) Similar head, solid. Hair, mass. Traces
of white. Height, 4.5 cm. Clay, light yellow.
^^ ^^ 236. (Plate XLVH. 2.) Similar head, solid. Hair, mass, but
treated in waves over forehead. Traces of white, of red on hair.
Height, 4.5 cm. Dark yellow clay.

237. (Plate XLVH. 5.) Similar head, solid. High coiffure, treated as a
mass. Traces of white. Height, 4 cm. Dark red clay. ^'<'* '^^•

238. (Fig. 78.) Head of similar style. Hair, wavy curls over forehead, and at sides of neck ;
mass at back under veil. Traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Clay, reddish yellow.

IX. FREE STYLE.

239. (Plate XLVIL 7.) Fragment of large votive head, broken at left side. The whole
treatment is in large surfaces, free from archaic restraint ; the mouth has the natural curve, the
outlines of the eye are correctly given, even to the lapping of the upper lid over the under. A
ridge down the middle of the face seems to show that the head was made in two pieces. Traces
of white. Height, 8.5 cm. Red clay.

This head, in spite of its fragmentary condition, seems to us to represent the great style of the

fifth century, and has inherent traces of the influence of some large
statue. The peculiar marking of the hair, undercut and thus
relieved from the face, and falling on either side in a mass of curls
(here boldly sketched, though not elaborately modeled), is closely
analogous to the Argive coin in which a copy of the Polycleitan
Hera has been identified. It also suggests a comparison with the
newly identified marble head in the British Museum (see General
Introd. to Sculpture, p. 23). We are thus encouraged to consider
this terra-cotta head as immediately related to the great Polycleitan
Hera. Cf. Waldstein, ' The Argive Hera of Polycleitus,' J. H. S.
XXI. (1901), pp. 30 ff., especially pp. 43, 44, and fig. 2.

240. (Fig. 74.) Votive bust, broken at neck, but with original
edge at waist. The folds of the chiton and of the long veil which falls over the shoulders and the
arms are all given with perfect freedom and naturalness. The figure is covered with a white coat.
Height, 9 cm. Clay, reddish yellow.

X. ANIMALS.

241. (Plate XLVIII. 7 and Fig. 75.) Group, representing a bull attacked by a lion. The
lion grasps the bull around the shoulders and bites him in the neck. The bull is plainly exhausted ;
his head sinks to dhe side, and one of his hind legs is curled up under him, while the other is
stretched straight out behind, as in the well-known Acropolis group. The execution of the group
is fair — the anatomy of the bull's head is quite well given, and the muscles are fairly well
brought out. The fore legs of tlie lion are too long, otherwise he is well modeled ; his mane is
formed of a number of round disks, close together. Technically, it may be noted that the bull
seems to have been made complete (his tail curls over his back), and the lion was then " applied,"
so to speak, to him. White slip ; black lines on forehead of bull and front legs of lion ; red

40 ... TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

streak at lion's inotith, extending across the bull's neck (probably a representation of blood).
Length, 10 em. Height, 5 cm. Clay, light yellow.

The motive of a bull attacked by one or more lions is one of the oldest, and one of the com-
monest in Greek art. In Mycenaean times, we find rejiresentations of this subject on gems
(cf. Tsountas, 'E.^. 'Apx- 1888, p. 177, No. 25, pi. x. ; ibid. 1889, p. 166, No. 18, pi. x. ; Perrot
et Cliipiez, Ifist. de VArty VI. p. 771, pi. xvi. 21) ; and on an ivory plaque from Sparta (Z?. C.

II. II. [1878], p. 213, pi. xvi. 4). In archaic art it is very common ; cf. for example, the frieze
of the temple of Assos (Clarac, Musee de Sculpture, II. pi. cxvi. B, No. 5) ; the Lycian relief
(Clarac, op. cit. II. pi. ccxxiii. No. 189) ; the relief from Marsala {Arch. Zcit. 1872, pp. 133,
134, pi. li.) ; group from Myra (Fellows, Discoveries in Lyciu, p. 197) ; relief from Xanthus
(^ibid. p. 174) ; frieze from Aezani (Le Bas et Waddington, Vpi/aye Arclieologique en Grece et
en Asie J/iwcMre, atlas, under ' Asie Mineure,'pl. xiv.) ; and especially the Acropolis group (B. C
IT. XIII. [1889], p. 139, and Eev. Arch. XVIII. [1891], p. 137, pi. xiv. bis.). The motive is
also common in branches other than sculpture in stone ; cf . the shield from Amathus published
by Cesnola (Cyprus, pi. xx.) ; the tripod from Vulci (Braun, Annali, 1842, pp. 62 ff. ; Mon.

III. pi. xliii.) ; and the oenochoe (Gerhard, Avs. Vus. II. p. 134, pis. cxxii., cxxiii). In terra-cotta,
I know of no examples except two reliefs — one in Berlin (Gerhard, Ant. Bild. p. 317, pi. Ixxviii.
2), the other in Palermo (Kekule, Aiit. Terrakotten, II. p. 82, pi. liv. 2).

Of all these groups, the Acropolis one approaches most nearly to ours. In both, the bull is

,. plainly exhausted and overcome ; the hind legs even have the

^^^^^^^j w same position in both — that of the " split," and the decoration

^^^^^V J^^^ in red stripes is common to both. In fact, it seems probable

^^^^^^k '^^'^'^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^'' gi'oiip ^^s copied from a work of sculpture similar to

WH^Mk ^^tr tlie Acropolis group, and dates from about the same time, i. e.,

^^^ ^ the first half of the sixth century B. C.

— 242. (Plate XLVIII. 11.) Fragment of a centaur, top of

head, legs, and horse's body missing. The break at buttocks

shows plainly that the figure was a centaur. He has a long, pointed beard, in which a triangular

hole marks the mouth. The left hand is pressed against the left hip ; the right was apparently

raised. White slip. Height, 6.5 cm. Light yellow clay.

Cf. the figure from Liuiniti, Arch. Anz. 1889, p. 88, E.

243. (Plate XLVIII. 6.) Horse carrying a woman of primitive type. She faces the horse's
right side, and no saddle is represented. Eyes and breasts of woman and eyes of horse are
applied disks. White slip, with applied red lines on neck, waist, and knees of woman. Height,
6.5 cm. Red clay.

Reinach, in a study of female figures associated with horses {La JVecropoIe de 3Iyrina, pp.
401 ff.), comes to the conclusion that " Ton pent hesiter entre Eos, Selene et Aphrodite, mais sans
exclure la possibilite d'une autre hypothese." At Argos, a figure like No. 243 is much more likely
to be associated with Hera iim-to? (cf. Paus. V. 15. 5), but this cannot be regarded as anything
more than a conjecture.

244. (Plate XLVIII. 2.) Mounted warrior of the ordinary primitive type. Face, a beak,
with disks for eyes; high helmet. He has no shield, but extends his arms to the sides of the
horse's head. Traces of white. Height, 7.5 cm. Red clay.

245. (Plate XLVIII. 4.) Similar warrior, with large shield on left arm. Only neck and
shoulders of horse are preserved. Traces of white. Height, 9 cm. Red clay.

246. (Plate XLVIII. 3.) Similar warrior, no part of horse preserved. The warrior wears
a peculiar helmet, the effect of which resembles that of the American "cocked hat." White slip.
Height, 7 cm. Light yellow clay.

247. Forty-five fragments of similar figures, all more or less broken. They usually show traces
of a white slip. Clay, usually red.

For this very common type, cf. Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Mus. d'Atkenes, Nos. 602, 603 (from
Tegea) ; Jamot, B. C. II. XIV. (1890), pp. 217 ff. (Tanagra figures) ; Cesnola, Coll. of
Cypriote Antiquities, IIP pi. Ixix.

ANIMALS 41

248. (Plate XLVIII. 8.) Horse with pannier on each side, bound by straps which pass
around neck, under belly, and under tail. Ornamented with black lines across breast, black dots
on straps. Length, 7.5 cm. Yellow clay.

Cf. the horse with a basket on his back found at the sanctuary of the Kabiri (Welters, Ath.
Ifitt. XV. [1890], p. 358).

249. (Plate XLVIII. 10.) Horse's head of good style. The forelock is carefully brought
out, and even the wrinkles over the eyes. Traces of white. Height, 5 cm. Clay, light yellow
and fine.

250. (Plate XLVIII. 12.) Small animal (dog?), legs broken. The eyes are holes bordered
by raised rims. Traces of white. Height, 3.5 cm. Yellow clay.

251. (Plate XLVIII. 1.) Bull's head of good style, complete except right horn. Traces of
white. Height, 6.5 cm. Clay, red.

252. (Plate XLVIII. 5.) Similar head, horns broken. Traces of white. Height, 6.5 cm.
Clay, red.

253. (Plate XLVIII. 17.) Bull's head in profile, good workmanship. Traces of white.
Height, 5.5 cm. Dark yellov^ clay.

Cf. the large finds of similar bulls at the sanctuary of the Kabiri (Wolters, Ath. 3fitt. XV.
[1890], pp. 355 ff.).

254. (Plate XLVIII. 24.) Serpent's head of good style. Body, black ; head, green, bordered
by maroon line ; eyes and nose touched up with black. Length, 5.5 cm. Yellow clay.

255. (Plate XLVIII. 9.) Small dove with young under her wings. Traces of red. Height,
2.5 cm. Red clay.

256. (Plate XLVIII. 23.) Cock, practically unbroken. White slip, traces of red on comb
and wattles. Height, 7 cm. Yellow clay.

257. (Plate XLVIII. 14.) Small human-headed bird, with ring for suspension. The face is
archaic, with high coiffure, two braids falling over right shoulder and one over left ; mass at back.
Traces of white with applied red. Height, 5 cm. Dark yellow clay.

Cf. Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Mus. d'At/ienes, Nos. 241, 242, 964 ; Kekulc, Ant. Terrakotten,
II. p. 26, figs. 63 and 64 ; Heuzey, Fir/, du 3Ius. du Lonvre, pi. xiii. 6. We agree with Heuzey
(loc. cit. p. 11), in regarding this figure as a Siren or Harpy, borrowed by the Greeks from the
Egyptian representation of tlie soul.

258. (Fig. 76.) Cock, broken at neck. The background is cut away all around, and the

plaque is pierced by two holes for suspending it or for fixing it upon
a background. Traces of white. Height, 5.5 cm. Dark red clay.

This type is very common. Cf. Martha, Cat. des Fig. du Mus.
d'AtJienes, Nos. 11-13; Dumont et Chaplain, Ceramiques de la
Grcce Propre, II. p. 229, No. 45; Girard, ' Sur Quelques Nccro-
poles de la Grece du Nord,' B. C. H. III. (1879), p. 217, No. 2 ;
Stephani, Compte lieiuhi, 1868, p. 71, pi. iii. 14 ; Rayet, Cat. de
la Coll. d'Ant. Gr. de M. O. liayet, p. 8, No. 30 ; there are similar
^^' ' specimens in Syracuse.

259. (Plate XLVIII. 19.) Dog's head, broken at neck, which is decorated with a twisted
collar. The modeling is very careless. Traces of white. Height, 6 cm. Clay, red.

260. (Plate XLVIII. 18.) Rude ram's head, broken at neck. Traces of red. Height,

5 cm. Light yellow clay.

Cf. Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 106, fig. 22.

261. Bear's head, broken at neck, very rude eye and mouth marked by long grooves. Traces
of red. Height, 5 cm. Gray clay.

262. (Plate XLVIII. 15.) Head of griffin, broken at neck. The mouth is wide open. The
hair is represented by notches above the forehead and at sides of neck. Traces of white. Height,

6 cm. Red clay.

263. (Plate XLVIII. 20.) Squatting pig, fore legs (which were extended horizontally)
broken. No trace of color. Height, 6 cm. Dark red clay.

42

TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

264. (^1'latk XLYIII. 21.) Sitting monkey, arms broken. No trace of color. Height,
9.0 cm. Light yellow chiy.

Cf. Martha, Cut. des Fig. du 3his. d'Athhies, No. 100; Frohner, Collection Burrc, No. 4G4.
It is probal)le, from the position of the arms and from a remnant of some object on the left
shoulder, that our figure held a spear in the right hand, and carried a shield on the left arm —
the attitude of a similar figure from Megara Hyblaea in Syracuse (vase room, central case).

265. (Plate XLVIII. 22.) Tortoise, head missing. Traces of white. Length, 4 cm. Dark
red clay.

266. Six hundred and forty-six fragments of animals, similar to the types here described, all
more or less mutilated.

XL VARIOUS OBJECTS.

Clay, rwldi^h yellow.

267. (Fig. 77.) Fragment of dish with cakes. Length, 6 cm.

^^ ^^^^^ Undoubtedly an offering " by sub-

^^B^^^^^^ stitution " to the gods ; cf . Pottier and

^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Reinach, La Nicropole de Myrinu,

mKKt^K PP-246ff.

^ '■ "' 1^^ 268. (Fig. 78.) Table, legs broken

iQ iiiy-*"^ close to top. The edges are grooved

*"■ to form an ornamental pattern. On

liG. 77. ^jjg table, thin strips of clay, applied

irregularly, seem to us to represent food (cf. No. 267). Traces

of white and some red. Length. 7.5 cm. Yellow clay.

269. (Fig. 79.) Top of a table, legs broken. At each corner is a boss, meant, possibly, to
represent a bronze nail-head. Top painted with cross-lines and round
dots in maroon, shading to black. Length, 5.5 cm. "Width, 5 cm.
Yellow clay.

270. Forty-eight fragments of similar tables, mostly small, flat pieces
of tops, with incised patterns of parallel and criss-cross lines. They are
usually painted solid red, but a few have the reg-
ular white coat, with applied red and black lines.
The lai'gest fragment measures 7.5 cm. X 6 cm.
Yellow clay.
271. (Fig. 80.) Fragment of bed, legs broken. The sides are covered with
incised patterns ; on one side, in the centre, meander, and at sides, criss-cross.

No traces of color. Height, 3.5 cm. Length,
4.25 cm. Width, 2.75 cm. Yellow clay.

272. (Fig. 81.) Armchair, legs and back broken,
a hole at the end (to receive a bronze nail-head ?).
Traces of a seated figure in the chair. Decoration
in straight and zigzag lines, brown to black. Height,
5 cm. Length, 6 cm. Width, 4.5 cm. Light yellow
Fig. 81. "'^y.

Cf. Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 148, pi. xxiii. fig. c. ;
Furtwangler, Samm. Sahourqf, II. pi. cxliv. 3 ; Man. Ant. VI. p. 107, pi. iv. 9 ;
ibid. p. 129, pi. V. 10.

273. Similar armchair, containing fragment of a female figure of the seated,
flat-bodied type, legs and back broken. One arm has a round boss at the end.
Decoration in brown criss-cross lines on back of chair. The body of the woman was painted
black. Height. 7 cm. Length, 6.75 cm. Width, 5 cm. Dark yellow clay.
Cf. No. 272.

Fig. 80.

The arm has

Fig. 82.

VARIOUS ORIECTS

43

274. (Fig. 82.) Leg from a siinihir chair or from a table, with ornamental nail-head, decorated
by eight radiating grooves, with a boss at the centre. The end is painted red. Height, 4.5 cm.
Clay, yellow.

275. Fifty-two fragments of similar legs, all decorated on the ends, usually with a boss or a

rosette or radiating lines. They
usually show traces of white
or red color. Lengtii, 2 cm. to
8 cm. Clay, yellow or red.

276. (Fig. 83.) Foot with

sandal. The sole is a separate

piece, and there is an elaborate

No trace of color. Length, 6 cm. Yel-

,^-^^

Fig. 83.

I'iG. 84.

Fig. 85.

bake-shop scene.

bow on the instep.
low clay.

277. (Fig. 84.) Terra-cotta mould. The objects repre-
sented come out more plainly in the impression (which is
here given) than in the mould itself ; but they are difficult

to determine with certainty. Two are plainly shells, one seems to be a pear, another a fig, another
a nut. Length, 4 cm. Width, 2.6 cm. Clay, yellow.

The objects represented in this mould make it appear probable that the mould
was used for making offerings of food, " by substitution," to the goddess. Cf. No.
"267, and tlie reference there given.

278. (Fig. 85.) Small set of three large-handled vases, set into one another.
They served no practical purpose, but were simjily a votive offering. Traces of
white. Height, 6.25 cm. Dark red clay.

Orsi, in his article ' Megara Hyblaea ' (JMon. Ant. L p. 874), quotes a case of
two stamni set into each other in a
grave (No. cxciii. of his enumera-
tion).

279. (Fig. 86.) Fragment of a
All that is preserved is a portion

of the long table, with two boards upon it, each car-
rying a cake of dough. On
the base, beside this table,
traces of three figures of prim-
itive type. Traces of black.
7.5 cm. Yellow clay.

Cf. the bake-shop scenes in Athens, Martha, Cat. tZe.f Fkj. du 3hts.
cVAtheucs, Nos. 39, 40, published by Kourouniotes, 'E.^. 'Kpx- 1896, pp.
201 ff., pi. xi.

280. (Fig. 87.) Small tree (?) with seven projections about main stalk
(to represent branches?). White coat, ornamentation in red and black
lines. Height, 7 cm. Clay, reddish yellow.

281. (Fig. 88.) Two flower-like disks, fastened together by the stems.
One is painted solid red, the other has cross-lines in red,

shading to black : stems, dark red. Length, 5 cm. Yellow clay.
J- 282. Twenty-two fragments of similar disks. Tiiey are

Blk^^B^^^ all painted, usually in maroon and black, sometimes in
W^^^^^^^P solid color. Length, 1.5 cm. to 5 cm. Yellow clay.
* ^^^^^H 283. (Fig. 89.) Four-sided cone, perforated at the top.

^^^^m Ornament, a wide stripe in dark red to black, on each face.
'^^^r Height, 5 cm. Red clay.

Fig. 88. Cf . p. 15, note 10.

Fig. 86.

Height, 4.5 cm. Length, 10 cm. Width,

Fig. 87.

L-^'

.a-j^aK^'

/

44

TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES

/

l-IG. 'Jl.

284. (Fig. 90.) Similar perforated cone ; on each side, six horizontal lines. Color, light red,
shading to dark red, brown, and black. Height, 7 cm. Yellow clay.

285. Thirty-one similar cones. Decoration is rare, and is never more than a
sinii)lt; scheme of line ornament. Height, 3.5 cm. to G.5 cm. Clay, yellow to red.

286. (Fig. 91.) Large spool. On one face, a stamp, consisting of curved lines,
I'adiating from a centre. Slight traces of red. Height,
4 cm. Diameter, 5 cm. Clay, greenish yellow.

287. (Fig. 92.) Similar spool. On one face, an ani-
mal (cat or dog), stamped in deep lines. Traces of white,
lleiglit, 5.5 cm. Diameter, 5.75 cm. Yellow clay.

288. Forty-nine similar spools, with sim^jle designs,
usually a single circle or simple rosette ; two have a Greek

Fig. 90. cross. They almost never show traces of color. Heights,

3 cm. to 5 cm. Diameter, 3 cm. to 4.5 cm. Clay, light yellow to red.
289. One hundred and seventy-eight plain spools, sometimes rounded

at the ends. Almost no traces of color. Heights, 2.25 cm. to 6 cm.

O Diameters, 2.25 cm. to 6 cm. Clay, light yellow to red.
290. Large pear-shai^ed weight (probably loom-weight), perforated
4.5 cm. from top. The bottom, which is flattened, is pierced by three
holes, ajjparently unconnected, and another hole, parallel to the axis,
enters at the side. On one side, at bottom, is stamjied an anthemion.
No trace of color. Height, 14.5 cm. Greatest diameter, 7 cm. Dark
yellow clay.
291. Twenty fragments of similar large weights, perforated at top,
P „2 ^^^ with one to five holes at bottom, but without decoration. No traces

of color. Height, 7.5 cm. to 13 cm. Clay, usually red.

292. Eight whorls of the ordinary type, all plain except one, which has four radiating grooves
on one side. No decoration. Diameters, 2.75 cm. to 5 cm. Clay, yellow to red.

Cf. Schliemann, Tiryns, pp. 147 ff. ; Mycenae and Tiryns, p. 77.

293. Three objects in the form of a Greek cross with rounded ends, pierced by a hole at the
centre. No color. Lengths, 4.75 cm., 5.5 cm., 6.5 cm. Clay, red.

294. Four small rings with notched edges. They are painted red. Diameters, 2.75 cm. to

4 cm. Red clay.

Cf. Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 148, No. 73.

,NOTE.

It is to be regretted that these pages were in type before the appearance of Hadaczek's two articles, ' Zur
Sclimuckkuust des altgriecliisclien Mittelalters ' and ' Die Fibel des Odysseus, Helikes und Kalykes ' {Jahres-
hefte d. oester. arch. Inst, in Wien, V. [1902], pp. 207 ff., and ibid. VI. [1903], pp. 108 ff.), so that it was
impossible to give definite references to the Argive figures which he mentions. We are pleased to note that
his conclusions as to the dress of these figures are substantially in agreement with our own, as expressed on
pp. 10 ff. and passim.

The Argivk Heraeum

Plate XLII

10(40)

12(28)

1 1 (37)

TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. - PRIMITIVE AND TIRYNTHIAN ARGIVE TYPE: STANDING FIGURES

Thk Argive Hrrakum

Plate XLIII

10(51)

TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -TIRYNTHIAN ARGIVE TYPE: SEATED FIGURES

The Argivk Hkraeum

Plate XLIV

P:^

4(90)

5(91)

TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -ADVANCED ARGIVE TYPE

Thk AReiivF. Meraeum

Plate XLV

11(93)

13(94)

TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -ADVANCED ARGIVE TYPE: HEADS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate XLVI

12(188

14(150)

15(199)

TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -EARLY ARCHAIC TYPE

Thk Argive Hkraei'm

Plate XLVII

12(213)

1 3(208)

TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -EARLY ARCHAIC TYPE (Nos. 3. 4. 6, 8-io, 12-15);
ADVANCED ARCHAIC TYPE (Nos. i, 2, 5, 11); FREE STYLE (No. 7)

Thb Argive Hkrabum

Plate XLVIII

22(265)

24(2541

21 (264)

23(256)

TERRA COTTA FIGURINES. -ANIMALS

-.•'

THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS

THE TERRACOTTA RELIEFS'

By CHARLES WALDSTEIN and JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN

The Terra-Cotta Reliefs form a portion of the interesting finds among the ohjects of
the lesser arts which the excavations at the Argive Heraeum has yielded. The greater
number of them were found during the first season in 1892, in what we termed the
" black layer " below the foundation walls of the Second Temple. Though we are not
justified in saying that this black layer ran continuously round the foundations of
the whole Temple, earth of this consistency, containing objects of the same character,
was found at so many points in the filling for the Second Temple that a certain degree
of continuity may be assumed. Still, at times, the black earth was found in greater
thickness and the objects in greater profusion ; so that we were led to use the term
" pockets." Other specimens were discovered, chiefiy on the south and southwest slopes,
in the third layer of earth which had been massed as filhng for the Second Temple ; so that
on the whole, the provenience of all these objects may be designated as the filling below
the Second Temple. The chronology of all objects found in this filling would thus be
fixed in the one direction as being prior to the year 423 B. c. The other hmit cannot be
determined in the same way by the conditions of excavation ; especially as objects mani-
festly belonging to widely different periods were found together in this filling. We may,
however, anticipate and mention one fact which will necessitate fuller explanation on
some future occasion, namely, that none of these terra-cottas were found on the same
level as the Mycenaean walls erected on the bed-rock below the filling. Further points,
in so far as they can now be determined, will be noted as we examine each individual
fragment.

The terra-cotta reliefs will be considered in two groups : first, those that ornamented
flat objects of terra-cotta — plaques, tiles, innakes, bricks, etc. ; and, secondly, those that
evidently formed parts of terra-cotta vessels or vases decorated ui relief. We shall in
this chapter confine our study to the former group.

These plaques (Plate XLIX.) are ten '-' in number ; they are all, with the exception of
Nos. 9 and 10, in a more or less fragmentary condition.

1. Winged figure to right, legs in profile, head and body en face. Upper left corner missing.
Length, 0.14 m. ; width, 0.085 m. ; thickness, 0.008 m. Found on the Second Temple Terrace.
2-4. Rectangular reliefs, bordered by incuse circles, the centres of which are raised, inclosing

two square fields. In each field, a winged figure running or flying to left.

2. Length, 0.07 m. ; width, 0.085 m. : thickness, 0.026 m.

3. Length, 0.10 m. ; width, 0.085 ni. ; thickness, 0.027 m.

4. Length, 0.117 m.; width, 0.073 m. ; thickness, 0.023 m.
All these were found in or back of the South Stoa.

5. Form similar to No. 2, rectangular field. Two men facing each other with uplifted arms.
Leno-th, 0.096 m. : width, 0.086 m. : thickness, 0.031 m. Second Temple Terrace.

' This chapter, descriptive of them, is here reproduced = An eleventh fragment, similar in form to No. 2, but

as published in the American Journal of Archaeology with only a foot showing in the field, was too much muti-

(vol. II. 1898, pp. 173-186), with slight corrections and lated to be published,
additions.

48 THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS

6. Part of a rectangular relief,*i-epreseiiting a bearded man in a chariot, driving a quadriga.
Length, 0.085 m. ; width, 0.087 ni. ; thickness, nearly 0.01 ni.

7. Fragment with similar subject, only one horse, mnch smaller and less well preserved.
Length, 0.0G9 m. ; width, 0.43 m. ; thickness, 0.01 m. Both Nos. 6 and 7 from the Second

Temple Terrace.

8 a and b. Two fragments from the same relief. Incuse circles as in No. 2, bordering square
fields. Also a rosette with eight leaves.

(a.) Fore part of Centaur to right, holding a branch. In the field, rosettes formed of four leaves
and four diamonds alternating.

Length, 0.091 m. ; width, 0.079 m. ; thickness, 0.018 m.

(b.) Lower portion of a kneeling figure to left.

Length, 0.067 m. ; width, 0.056 m. ; thickness, 0.02 m. Found back of the South Stoa.

9. Small square relief, well preserved. Above, an extension pierced by a hole. In the field, a
lion to right.

Length, 0.05 m. ; width, 0.045 m. ; thickness, 0.014 m. From east of the Chambers on the
Second Temple Terrace.

10. Small rectangular relief. Two women in a chariot to right, driving a quadriga. Upper
part pierced by a hole.

Length, 0.054 m. ; height, 0.046 m. ; thickness, 0.01 m. Pi-obably found back of the South
Stoa.

All these plaques, with the exception of No. 8, are made of a fine reddish clay. No. 8, however,
is made of a very coarse greenish yellow clay, in which small stones are visible.

The question what purpose these plaques served is not easily determined. There are
two classes of ancient metal relief work : rejMiisse, or beaten work, and pressed, or
stamped work. The stamped work, especially in soft and thin gold, was evidently made
from a mould * upon which the thin metal was pressed. The use of so brittle a material
as clay, however hard the baking may have made it, and however thick such brick-like
plaques as Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 may be, would be strange. Still it is not impossible that
the examples just mentioned may have served that purpose. All these reliefs are influ-
enced to some degree by the style suggested by metal work. It is not impossible that
they may have served as " backing " for a thin coating of metal. But this is not likely,
because for this the same objection of the softness and brittleness of the material might
be adduced. Moreover, there is no trace whatever on their surface that such a covering
existed. And, considering the peculiar adhesive effect the oxydization of bronze exerts
on extraneous objects (many vases being found at the Heraeum to which bronze objects
were stuck fast), it is inconceivable that no traces of such a covering should have been
found. A specimen of a mould in terra-cotta was found at the Heraeum, 0.11 m. in
length, 0.7 m. in width, and about 0.01 m. in thickness, flat on one side and curved
on the other. In the flat side were several holes of varying shapes, sunk to a depth
of several millimetres. A cast taken from this mould showed a series of objects, one
of which undoubtedly represented a moUusk, the murex, or purple shell, so common on
Mycenaean vases. The artist has made the common mistake in representing this shell
sinistral instead of dextral ; he has also made the anterior canal too wide. Whether the
others represent nuts, fruit, or seeds of various shapes, we cannot decide. The nearest
analogies to such a mould are found in Naucratis,' and the so-called " cake-stamps "
{Naukratis, I. p. 45, pi. 29), which are clearly of a very late date. Mr. Cecil Smith

' See a good instance of this in the bronze mould in the ^ Cf . also Evans, J. H. S. VII. p. 44, and Introduc-

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, published by H. Stuart tion, p. xliv.
Jones, J. H. S. 1896, p. 323.

RELIEF NO. 1 49

informs us that there are in the British Museum, thus far unpublished, stamps of a
similar shape to ours, but none with the same subject. The presence of the murex
might point to a somewhat early date for our mould, but there is no further clue to the
date.

That all these plaques are ex votos is the only natural explanation of their existence at
the Heraeum. Nos. 9 and 10 certainly serve that purpose, as the holes in their upper
parts for hanging them up show, and Nos. 1, 6, and 7 can hardly be anything else.

The technical method seems to have been the same in all, namely, that the clay was
stamped while soft, and afterwards fired. Nos. 8 and 9 present the peculiarity of being
treated with a sharp knife after firing, in order to express details and to emphasize lines ;
this is apparent from the knife-marks on the surface of the clay, and from the fact that
in several places the outlines have been trimmed down, leaving a fainter line at the back
of the relief.

No. 1. — This relief is especially interesting in that while, as we shall see, it manifests
Hellenic elements, it has traces of Oriental influence more strongly marked than the
others. In fact, we may say that the terra-cottas in relief manifest the ' Oriental ' charac-
ter in far greater proportion and pronouncedness than is the case with the terra-cotta
figurines in the round. While we found but few specimens among our many hundred
figurines which bore clear traces of Oriental influence, the proportion of terra-cotta reliefs
which show this influence is very large, and, as in No. 1, this Oriental character is clear
and pronounced. This is a very significant fact, strengthening, as it does, our convic-
tion, based upon much testimony from other quarters, that Greek sculpture in the round,
the statue of pure art, is a specifically Greek development ; while Oriental influences only
find their way into Greece through the channels of decoratim art, especially through
ornamental vessels in ceramic art and metal work.

The subject represented is, at first sight, quite simple. It is a nude, winged figure.
The upper part of the body, as well as the head, is in fidl face, while the lower part from
the waist downwards is in profile. This want of unity in composition is the rule with
reliefs, as well as figures in the round, of this early period. Such inconsistency in atti-
tude, by a curious effect of conventionalism, survived long after the artists had advanced
beyond this point of archaic awkwardness. Ceramic art is a case in point, since not till
after the Persian wars was this conventionality abandoned, and instances in sculpture are
too numerous to mention.

The head ' is surrounded by a mass of hair, which falls down to the shoulder on both
sides in a heavy, ribbed mass, while over the forehead it Hes in waves. On the left eye
is a slight indentation which at first sight seems like an iris, but which on a careful
examination proves to be merely accidental, no such hole being apparent in the other
eye. The nose is flat and the mouth hard and straight, a slight effort being made to
model the lips and chin. The scheme of the hair is strikingly like that of the Melian
or the Tenean Apollo.

The wings present this peculiarity, that they grow directly from the breast, in front of
the shoulders, which they entirely conceal. The arms are comparatively thin, a result,
perhaps, of the difficulty the artist found in dealing with several different planes, the
arms being drawn behind the wings.

Whether the figure is male or female is difficult to decide, but it is more probably the

> The head of this figure resembles slightly that of the female Centaur on the Relief Vase in the Louvre. Cf.
De Ridder in B. C. H. 1898, pis. iv. and v.

50 THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS

former. When it is carefully exaininetl, the traces of a very short wavy chiton can be
discovered, at a slight distance below the waist. Female figures in archaic art are never
represented, as far as we know, hi a chiton of such shortness. Though there are many
points of difference, a coni2)arison of this plaque Avith the bronze relief from the Acro-
polis' induces us to beheve that our figure is male.

The thighs are large in proportion to the body, with careful modeling of the mnscles,
especially about the knee. The nates are small in proportion to the thighs, a peculiarity
seen also on the Selinus Metope of Heracles and the Cercopes. The legs from the knee
downwards are extremely thin, similar to those of the Tenean Apollo. In fact, our relief
seems to afford a mixture of the exaggerated muscularity of the Selinus Metope and the
slimness of the Tenean Apollo.

The attitude of the figure is not necessarily that of one walking, but is due rather to
the inability of the artist to represent the legs and feet from the front. What the hands
hold is clearly not a wreath, but a conventionalized flower or branch. This forms part
of the action itself, since each hand holds an end of the ornament, and it thus becomes a
sort of contaminatio of a plant and scroll ornamenting the background, introduced at
the same time into the action of the figure itself. This action is, in reality, a reminis-
cence of the well-known " Thierbandigerschema," ' of which the Persian Artemis,^ falsely
so called, is a good example. The winged figure in this connection was one of the types
adopted by the Greeks, and was remodeled to suit their own peculiar needs, since, though
the Hellenic character of the Persian Artemis is now established, no one denies that the
original type was a foreign importation. The addition of the wings seems to be a fea-
ture of the later archaic art,* since they are certainly unknown as attributes of the human
figure in Mycenaean or Geometric art, nor do we find them on the "Island Stones." °

The mythological significance of the relief, if such it has, is not clear to us. We can
only say that it is a winged figure treated in an ornamental manner. We use the term
" ornamental " advisedly, with a more literal signification than is generally given ; for
one of the most peculiar and striking features of this representation is the action of the
figure. The winged " genius " is holding in both hands a mere ornament, a decorative
design, which certainly is no implement of use, nor has it any special significance. But
the use made of it here is quite distinctive and original. It is as if the decorative feeling
of the modeler of the plaque had been so strong that it obtruded itself into his represen-
tation of a human figure, becoming an integral part of the attitude and action, at the
expense of the logic of representation, as far as the human figure itself is concerned.
This introduction of the ornament seems to point to two customs in the decoration or
framing of scenes and representations of figures on vases, bronzes, terra-cottas, etc. ;
namely, the continuous scroll or other ornament bordering these scenes, as with a frame,
and the introduction of ornaments into the field or background, which the Germans have
called " Flillornamente." Such framing bands and " FuUornamente " are the composite
motives which appear to have led the artist to introduce this new form of ornament into
the field of this reUef .

We have had occasion to cite the " Persian Artemis " as an analogy to our figure. A
direct repetition of the motive of our plaque may be found on a bronze plaque from

1 J. H. S. 1893, p. 259, fig. 26 (Bather). ■£</>. "Apx- 1891, pp. 34 f. Cf. Langbehn, Flugelfiguren,

2 E. Curtius, Gesammelte Abhandlungen, II. pp. 110 ff. etc.

(' Wappengebrauch uiid Wappenstil im Alterthum'). ^ We have just heard from Mr. Hogarth that winged

' Studniezka, Kyrene, p. 155. human figures which he considers to he of ' ^lycenaean '

* Milchhofer, Anfange der Kunst, p. 86 ; Tsountas, style have recently been discovered by him in Crete.

RELIEFS 2-5 51

Dodona,' but of a manifestly later date. Here, however, the ornament has heen treated
in a precisely sunilar fashion, the ends of the scroll l)ein<>- held in each hand. In spite
of the lateness of the Dodona plaque, a quasi-Oriental influence may easily be detected.
A similar position of hands may be noticed on the Euphorbus plate."

An almost exact duplicate of our figure may be found on the gold hormus from
Camirus.^ Though the centaur, with whom our figure invites comparison, has no wings,
the most striking similarity of style is noticeable when we compare the two. The treat-
ment of the hair, body, nates, and legs is identical. The wings are supplied by the Arte-
mis on the same jewel, and, moreover, present the same peculiarity we have commented on
before, namely, that they grow directly from the breast, concealing the upper part of the
arm and shoulder. Our figure, in fact, might almost be composed by a combination of
the centaur and the Artemis on the hormus. This jewel, which is certainly Rhodian,
exhibits more than any other work known to us so marked a similarity of style and
technique with our plaque as to suggest some very close connection between them.
More than this we do not venture to say, since it has not yet been determined whether
Rhodians were influenced by Argives, or vice versa. It may well be the case that the
Rhodian types are derived from Argos, since Camirus, according to legend, was a colony
of Argos, founded by the Heraclid Tlepolemus,* and was counted as one of the towns
of the Doric Hexapolis. The presence, also, of the Argive alphabet in Rhodes is well
known. (Cf. the Argive lambda on the Euphorbus plate.) As a last comparison, we
might mention a relief somewhat similar in style, but probably earlier, found at Aegina.'
This relief exhibits the greatest similarity in the treatment of the hair. That it is Pelo-
ponnesian and not Aeginetan seems fairly evident.

In summing up, we may say that, while our plaque exhibits Hellenic features, espe-
cially in the modeling of the figure, the spirit of the composition and the introduction of
the wings are distinctly of Oriental origin. Moreover, we find absolutely no Mycenaean
or Geometric elements, but those which are characteristic of the early Corinthian vases.
We are forced, however, to assign our relief to a slightly later date than those vases
which exhibit this " Thierbiindigerschema," since the conventional and decorative treat-
ment of the ornament of our plaque, admittedly without a meaning, is certainly later
than this schema, not earlier. Therefore Ave may assign it approximately to the begin-
ning of the seventh century b. c. Even in the best period of Greek art, such a deco-
rative solecism may be met with, as, for instance, in the beautiful red-figured vase of
astragalus shape, signed tvpi(TKo<; eVoteo-e, in the Papa Giulio Museum at Rome.

Nos. 2-5. — These are all of similar technique, and evidently contemporaneous. Frag-
mentary as they are, we have still enough to show that their dimensions were from 0.10
to 0.12 m. long and 0.7 to 0.9 m. wide. Of aU our rehefs, these show the metal influ-
ence in a most marked manner, the incuse circles being probably an imitation of the nail-
heads used to fasten bronze sheathing to wood, while the division into fields, as well as
the technique, finds its parallel in the series of bronze reliefs from Olympia," Dodona,'
the Acropolis,* and the temple of the Ptoan Apollo.^ The subject of the reliefs Nos. 2-4

' Carapanos, Dodona, pi. xviii. fig. 3. ' Carapaiios, Dodona, pis. xvi.-xviii.

2 Salzmann, Necropole de Cameiros, pi. liii. ; cf. also « /. H. S. 1892-93, p. 249 (Bather) ; Wolters, Atken.

pl_ xxvi. Mitt. 1895, p. 473.

8 ii,i,i_ pi 1. s 5 c. H. 1892, p. 348, pis. x., xi. (HoUeaux).

* Diod. IV. 58 • V. 57 ■ Find. 01. vii. A survey of such reliefs is given by De Ridder in his

6 Stais, 'E.^. -Apx- 1895,' p. 263, pi. xii. monograph, " De Ectypis quibusdam aeneis, quae falso

8 Furtwiingler, Olijmpia, IV. (' Die Bronzen ') pis. voeantur Aegino-Corinthiaca."

XXXVII., XXXVlll.

52 THE TERRA-COTTA RELIEFS

is the same : two winged figures moving iaj)idly to the left in the usual " knielaiif-
schema." ' What the objects are they hold in their hands cannot be determined with
certainty ; that in the right hand is paralleled by a similar object in the hands of the
figures on the terra-cotta reliefs from Sicily " of later style. Kekule, however, refrains
from defining these objects. That in the left hand resembles an axe. To identify these
figures as gorgons seems impossible, and we must be content merely to term them winged
daemons. They are similar in style to the reliefs from Olympia,' which contain figures
called by Furtwiingler " Daimons," retracting the view he had previously expressed in
Roscher's Lerlcon* It is impossible to tell whether the figures are male or female,
though the latter seems more probable considering their similarity to the figures on the
relief previously cited, which are certainly female. It may be here noticed that these
figures bear a strong resemblance to the " Nike of Archermus," but with the same differ-
ence that we shall jilainly see when we compare them with gorgons. Such monsters,
wliile generally represented in the " knielauf-schema," ' have always the body in profile
and head en face, and in the case of our figures both head and body are represented in
profile. Moreover, our figures are not holding the usual bird or animal. Only one relief
in terra-cotta of similar technique, though of different subject, is known to us ; " it repre-
sents the Persian Artemis in profile, holding a bird in each hand. The incuse circles
are precisely similar to our reliefs, and a rosette there is similar to those on No. 8.
Though little connection may be assumed between the Persian Artemis and our daemons,
we see that the same Oriental influence was at work at the time of their manufacture.

No. 5. — What the subject of No. 5 represents is extremely doubtful, and several inter-
pretations are open to us. It might be a boxing match, if such be the correct identifica-
tion of the two Olympia reliefs (Olympia, IV. pis. 39, 703, 704 a ; cf. also Furtwiingler,
Bronzefunde, p. 91), or the similar group on the Geometric vase of Copenhagen.'' A
certain similarity may be detected if we compare our relief with a group on the well-
known Tripod vase from Tanagra in Berlin.* Save that no traces of a wreath can be
discovered, the scene on our relief further resembles one of the Ptoan reliefs already
cited {B. O. H. 1892, pi. xi. 3 ; No. 45 in De Bidder, op. cit). Again, were it not for
the lack of the tripod, a connection might be assumed with the scene on the mould in
the Ashmolean Museum we have already referred to. Perhaps we might recognize in
it the a/cpoxei/3to-/Aos or the preliminaries of the wrestling match. Instances of this have
been identified in several monuments.'' Or perhaps the action of our relief may be only
a salutation. More than this we cannot say.

In style there is a closer analogy between this relief and bronze relief work than is the
case with Nos. 2, 3, and 4. The treatment of the figures is precisely identical with that
of the above-mentioned Ptoan relief, both in the hair and in the build of the bodies.
The profiles, too, are similar. Thus the question of dating our plaques becomes much

' Ciirtius, ' Die Knieenden Figuren der Altgriecliischeu Society, 1882, p. 2, where, in connection with Arist. Eth.

Kunst,' Winckelmanm Programm, 1870 (Gesam. Abhand. Nic. III. 1. 17, p. 1111 (Bekk.), the following illustrations

II. pp. 116 ff.). are mentioned : A vase in the possession of the late Camille

2 Kekule, Terracotten von Sicilien, pi. Iv. Lecuyer at Paris, a relief in Clarac, Mmee de Sc. II. pi.

» Olympia, IV. pis. 39, 699 a, p. 102, No. 1. 184, No. 55 ; Krause, Gymnast, und Agorxistik, II. pi. x.

* Ibid. I. p. 1709, s. V. Gorgonen. 29. Cf. also Vase Catal. Brit. Mus. III. E. 78, as well as
= Milchhofer, op. cit. p. 86, fig. 56. Gerhard, Ant. Bildw. pi. 89, also Baumeister, Denhnaler,

• Lenormaut, Arch. Zeit. 1866, p. 258, pi. A. I. p. 502, fig. 544. I have recognized another represen-
' Furtwangler, Arch. Zeit. 1885, p. 137, pi. viii. tation of snch a scene in a vase in the Mnseuui of Fine
« Loeschcke, Arch. Zeit. 1881, pi. iii. Arts, Boston, which 1 hope soon to publish.

' Waldstein, in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological

RELIEFS G-8 53

simplified. For, though we cannot say with absohite certainty whioli of the two is eavHer,
the fact that tliey are contemporaneous (at least they would both belong to tlie same
decade) is too evident to be doubted. These bronze reliefs belong approximately to tlie
beginning of the seventh century, which gives us a similar date for our rehefs.

No. 6. — This design here seems rather more advanced in style. The subject of a char-
ioteer in his chariot was not only common through Egyptian and Assyrian art, but was a
favorite theme throughout the whole Mycenaean period, as is shown by the grave-stelae
found by Schliemann at Mycenae. We owe the introduction of the quadriga to the
Dipylon period, from which certain features of our relief are evidently derived, namely,
the connection of the pole to the wagon by a rope or staff extending from the dashboard.'
The dvTvi has the usual curved form seen on Egyptian wagons, and the wheels are of the
common type found on most of the Dipylon chariots. A counterpart of this group may
be found on the Frangois vase,^ the figure of Zeus in his chariot at the marriage proces-
sion of Peleus and Thetis. In fact, we are in a position to date this relief between the
Dipylon period and the Francois vase. Its Hellenic origin need not be questioned ; there
is certainly no trace of Ionic influence.

No. 7. — The technique of No. 7 is vastly inferior. It has also suffered far more from
abrasion. This makes it difficult to decide whether one or two persons are represented
in the chariot, more probably only one. Doubt also exists as to whether the charioteer
is holdmg the reins or is in the act of shooting an arrow, and from the curious posi-
tion of the body with regard to the chariot, a certain similarity may be deduced with the
marble relief^ from the Acropolis of the figure mounting a chariot. At all events,
the chariot shows the same influence as No. 6. Its chief peculiarity lies in the fact that
but one horse is represented, which fact must be assigned to the incompetence of the
artist, since never, in Greek art, does a chariot of this form, drawn by one horse, occur.

Nos. 8 a and b. — That these fragments fit together is fairly evident ; but unfortunately
the sides of the fracture, owing to the soft texture of the clay, have been considerably
worn away, and thus the breaks, while following the same lines, do not coincide exactly.
Still, the foot in the upper right-hand corner of a is the continuation of the leg of the
figure in b. Aside from its peculiar technique, to which we have already called atten-
tion, its chief interest lies in the seeming irregularity. Portions of three fields are pre-
served, two of which are separated by the same incuse circles met with in Nos. 2, 3, 4,
and 5. The rosette of a falls beneath the field of b, being used instead of an incuse
circle, as we found in the case of the Lenormant plaque from Mycenae. It is impossible,
however, to tell the general form of the relief, how many fields it contained, or what
subject is represented. As in the case of Nos. 2 to 5, the connection between this and
the metal reliefs is obvious.

The centaur, the chief figure of the relief, is represented with a horse's fore legs plainly
visible, though their lower part is missing. This type of a centaur with the fore legs
of a horse is later than that with human fore legs.* When exactly the later type was
introduced cannot be determined, there being no distinct dividing line between the two
types, which often appear side by side.'' On archaic gems," however, only the later type
occurs. Evidently the two styles continued together for a considerable period. So far

1 Helbig, Das homer. Epos, p. 141, note 3, fig. 83. Cf. ' For example, on the frieze from Assos, Clarke, In-
Furtwangler, Arch. Zeit. 1884, p. 108, pi. viii. 4. vestigations, etc. pis. xv., xx. See also on a Cyrenean Vase,

2 Wiener VorlegehUUter, 1888, pis. ii.-iv. Arch. Zeit. 1881, pi. xi.

» Collignon, Hist, de la Sculpture Grecque, I. fig. 194. « Rossbach, in Arch. Zeit. 1883, pi. xvi. fig. 16.

* Roscher, in Reseller's Lexicon, II. p. 1076.

54 THE TEURA-COTTA RELIEFS

as can be judged from other nionumettts which ilhistrate the later type, we are justified
iu regarding our rehef as one of the earUest examples of that type.

To restore the kneeling figure is impossible. It suggests faintly the " knielauf," but
that can hardly be the action. The position of the legs resembles to a certain degree
that of the figure on the metal relief from Olympia.* As no trace of a bow or arrow can
be found on our figure, its reconstruction as an archer is impossible. Apart from the
carefulness of detail, the di-ess of the figure is a most interesting feature. The figure
wears a broad belt, and above it the fines of the chiton are indicated by incisions in the
clay. No trace of any lower garment can be discovered. Whether this, as well as the
fact that the sex of the figure is not indicated, points to any intention on the part of
the artist to denote a close-fitting undei--garment is doubtful. Carelessness is again the
probable explanation. This garb is paralleled by the figures on the Vaphio cups," which
wear the broad belt continued below the waist as a sort of breech-cloth, though the upper
part of the body is left bare. The portion remaining of the third field is so small that
we cannot determine what the figure was. It might be the rear jjortion of a bird, and
the whole a figure of the Persian Artemis type.

While assigning an Hellenic origin to No. 8, we must nevertheless class it among the
works of the so-called Oriental Greek style, of which the Argive-Corinthian is a part.
The incuse circles we have already discussed ; the rosette is a favorite form of decoration
all through the " Corinthian " period, besides occurring on bronze reliefs.^ The orna-
ment above the centaur is characteristic, and may be found on a Melian vase.* Here we
have the use of the ornament in the field as an instance of the horror vaciii so charac-
teristic throughout the " Corinthian " period, a feature which does not obtain in the
succeeding periods. We may, therefore, be justified in assigning this relief to the end
of the seventh century, perhaps a little later. Earlier than the spread of the Oriental
influence it cannot be.

Nos. 9 and 10. — These fragments properly belong together, since both are complete
and illustrate admirably the pinax form. This in itself Avould show their connection
with the Corinthian pinakes ® in Berlin, since the pinax does not seem to have been used
prior to this period. The lion on No. 9 is chiefly remarkable for the enormous size of
his head in proportion to his body. From the absence of any ornaments in the field, as
well as from this peculiarity of head, which strongly resembles tliat of the Hons on " Early
Attic " vases," we should feel incHned to assign this plaque or pinax to a later stage of
the Corinthian period, perhaps about the early part of the sixth century. No. 10, on the
other hand, shows traces of Dipylon characteristics. In spite of the abrasion from which
the rehef has sufi'ered, it is evident that two women are represented, but in a more
advanced style than is characteristic of the Dipylon period ; the horses, however, show
the feeling of Dipylon art. Nothing of the chariot is plain, except that the wheels are
probably four-spoked, though even this cannot be decided. No. 10 is to be assigned to
a later date than the Dipylon period, but probably earlier than No. 6.

> Olympia, IV. pi. 40. * Conze, Meliscke Vasen, pi. ii.

* Tsountas, in 'E,p. *Apx- 1889. ' Furtwangler, Vasensammlung, I. p. 47.

» J. H. S. 1893, p. 240, fig. 18 (Batlier) ; Olympia, « Biihlau, Jahrhuch d. Inst. 1887, pi. iv.

IV. pi. xxxvii. 712.

The Argive Heraeum

Plate XLIX

:•■*':■:*'-

THE ARGIVE HERAEUM.— TERRA COTTA RELIEFS

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

THE A ASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

By JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN

PREFACE

The publication of the Vases and Vase Fragments from the Heraeum has proved a far
more arduous task than I expected when the work was intrusted to me eight years ago.
As the time for committing it to the press approaches, I am keenly conscious of its many
shortcomings, for, in the six years which have elapsed since the completion of the work
and its final revision before going to press, the quantity of new material found in Greece,
which might serve to throw new hght upon many of the problems the vases from the
Heraeum afforded, has increased enormously, and the greater part of it, being as yet
unpublished, has been inaccessible to me. I could also wish that it had been possible
for me to make the final revision of the work in Athens, with the actual material at my
command, since I realize very clearly that many of the points which have presented
themselves to me during the six years since I left Athens must remain all too supei--
ficially treated, owing to incomplete notes and a memory sometimes treacherous. Such
cases, I hope, will not prove of vital detriment to the value of the work.

Two facts must be mentioned to secure a fair understanding of the work. First,
owing to the smallness of the means at my command, I am unable to publish the mate-
rial as I had originally hoped, and consequently have omitted much which, though not
of supreme importance, would have been of distinct benefit had it been possible to retain
it. Secondly, I see very clearly that the enormous mass of material should, to secure the
best results, have occupied the attention of several workers for at least twice the length
of time I have been able to devote to it. Thus the work as it now appears is a small
selection of the total material, and cannot in the strictest sense be called either final or
complete. I have endeavored as far as possible to present, or at least to mention, all the
types and classes that were found; but important omissions must inevitably occur when
over two hundred thousand fragments are to be dealt with. Classes like the Geometric
or Argive should each be treated in as much space as the whole of this volume, if their
elaboration were to be considered final. But the desire to make known to the world as
soon as possible the results of one of the most important modern excavations has induced
us all to hasten the completion of our several tasks, and leave the various finer points to
be more carefully investigated by our successors.

It is a great pleasure, on the completion of my task, to look back on the warm friends
it has brought me, and to thank them for the many and various kindnesses received at
their hands. First and foremost, I wish to thank most heartily my friend and chief,
Professor Charles Waldstein, for the ready help and encouragement he has always given
me, for his keen and intelligent interest in my work, and for the various suggestions and
theories he has outlined for my benefit. The departure from Athens at the end of the
first year's work of Dr. Theodore Woolsey Heermance, who had shared with me the dis-
agreeable task of cleaning and sorting the fragments, deprived me of most valuable assist-

58 PREFACE

ance during the more interesting stage o£ studying and classifying the material ; and I
feel sure that, had it been possible for him to have shared the responsibility of the whole
work with me, the result would have been far more satisfactory. I am indebted to hun
for the Appendix on the inscriptions that have been found on some of the fragments.
Mr. Cecil Smith of the British Museum will always have my warmest gratitude for the
many kindnesses and useful suggestions so ungrudgingly given me during my work iu
London.

Further, I wish to express my thanks to Messrs. Kavvadias, Stais, and Tsountas of the
National Museimi at Athens, for their courtesy and kindness in extending to me, during
my three years in Athens, the utmost privileges of the Museum ; to Professor Wolters
and Dr. Zahn of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens, for putting the material
from the Acropolis and Aegina so openly at my disposal ; and to Mr. David Hogarth,
sometime Director of the British School at Athens, for an opportunity of seeing the
pottery found iu his excavation at Melos. I have also received many valuable suggestions
from Professor Ernest Gardner of University College, London, Mr. Paul Perdrizet of
the French School at Athens, and Mr. Carr Bosanquet, Director of the British School at
Athens.

I must not forget to thank Mr. Gilheron and Herr Rohrer for their careful and pains-
taking work in preparing the drawings and photographs. I am especially grateful to
Janni Papadakis, vase-mender in the National Museum at Athens, who for three years
helped and spared me in every way.

Last of all, I wish to express to my dear friend. Professor Richard Norton, Director of
the American School at Rome, my grateful thanks for reading the manuscript of the
work during its preliminary stage (a labor of love), and for the valuable suggestions he
has given me.

NOTE.

In fairness to this section of the Heraeum publication the following facts should be stated. The manuscript
was delivered to the committee on April 1, 1899. Two years later, in the hope of a speedy publication, it
was revised as thoroughly as circumstances permitted. At the present date (November, 1903) the larger
part has been in type for a year and a half, and any further revision is impossible for many obvious reasons
without a complete rearrangement of the material. That it should not have been possible to consider the
vases and fragments from the Heraeum in connection with the new phases of the Mycenaean era revealed by
the recent excavations in Crete, no one regrets more than the writer.

ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED.

PUBLICATIONS.

AOien. Milt. Mittheilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Ar-

chaeologiscben Instituts, Athenische Abtheilung.
Riim. Mitt. Mittheilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Ar-

chaeologischen Instituts, Roniische Abtlieilung.
Jahrb. Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archaeologi-

schen Instituts.
B. C. H. Bulletin de Correspondance Hell^nique.
/. H. S. Journal of Hellenic Studies.
A. J. A. American Journal of Archaeology.
Re«. Arch. Revue Archdologique.
Gaz. Arch. Gazette Arch^ologique.
Ann. dell' Inst. Annali dell' Institute di Corrispondenza

Archeologica.

Bull, dell' Inst. Bulletino dell' Instituto di Corrispondenza
Archeologica.

Mon. dell' Inst. Mouumenti Inediti dell' Instituto di Cor-
rispondenza Archeologica.

Not. d. Scavi. Notizie degli Scavi (Academia di Lincei).

Mon. Ant. Monunienti Antichi.

Arch. Zeit. Archaeologische Zeitung.

Arch. Anz. Archaeologischer Anzeiger (in Jahrbuch).

'E<))r)/ii. 'Apx- "E^ij^f pis 'Apxi'o^oyiK^ .

Class Rev. Classical Review.

Berl. Phil. Woch. Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift.

CATALOGUES.

Brit. Mus. Cat. Catalogue of the Vases in the British
Museum. Vols. II. and III. by II. B. Walters ; vol.
III. by Cecil Smith.

Louvre Cat. Pottier, Catalogue des Vases du Lonvre.

Berl. Cat. Furtwiingler, Beschreibung der Vasen im An-
tiquarium, Berlin.

Mun. Cat. Jahn, Beschreibung der Vasensammlung Ko-
nig Ludwigs in der Pinakothek ziir Miinchen.

Naples Cat. Heydemann, Die Vasen des Museo Nazio-
nale zu Neapel.

Boston Cat. Robinson, Catalogue of the Vases in the
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.

Ray. et Coll. Hist. Rayet et CoUignon, Histoire de la
C^ramique Grecqne.

Dum. et Chap. Dumont et Chaplain, Les C^ramiques de
la Grfece propre.

Per. et Chip. Hist. Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de I'Art
dans I'Antiquit^.

Myk. Vas. Furtwangler und Loeschcke, Mykenische Va-
sen.

Myk. Thong. Fnrtwitugler und Loeschcke, Mykenische
Thongefiisse aus dem Gebiete des Mittelmeers.

Samm. Sab. Furtwiingler, Sammlung Sabouroff.

Aus. Vas. Gerhard, Auserlesene Vasenbilder.

Baum. Denk. Baumeister, Denkmiiler des Klassischen

Alterthums.
Roscher's Lex: Roscher, Lexikon der Griechischen und

Riiraischen Mythologie.
Daremberg-Saglio, Diet. Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire

des Antiquit^s Grecques et Romaines.

INTllODUCTION

Eakly ill the autumn of 1895, Dr. Heermaiice and I began cleaning the fragments of
vases. These had been brought up from Argos to Athens in small baskets,' and included
fragments varying from a foot square to pieces no larger than a finger-nail. None had
been touched save a few baskets of the first and second year's digging, which had under-
gone a very superficial cleaning two winters before. Every fragment was thickly coated
with a hard crust of dirt, and hydrochloric acid proved the only satisfactory cleanser.
Large bowls were used containing a solution, two thirds acid and one third water, into
which a basketful of fragments was put, stirred round for a few minutes, and then care-
fully rinsed in fresh water to avoid any after-effects of the acid. The fragments were
then sorted, each class in separate baskets, laid out, and a search made for the component
parts of a vase, a task attended with very unsatisfactory results, since in only a few cases
could a vase be reconsti'ucted in anything like entirety.

The number of fragments was enormous. No less than two hundred and sixty-five
baskets, all more or less full, Avere cleaned. Owing to the removal of a good deal of
waste du't and closer packing of the baskets, the total material was compressed into about
one hundred and fifty baskets. Just how many fragments were included is difficult to
say ; some baskets which contained large fragments held perhaps several hundred, while
in others containing small fragments of the Argive and Corinthian classes, the number
amounted to two or three thousand. Roughly speaking, the total number of fragments
was about two hundred and fifty thousand. The final sorting gave the following propor-
tion to the various classes : —

Plain 50 Baskets.

Glazed 30 "

Primitive ........... 2 "

Mycenaean ........... 13 "

Geometric ........... 25 "

Argive ............ 20 "

Corinthian ........... 5 "

Black- and Red-Figured ......... 2 "

Miscellaneous .......... 3 "

150 "

By " plain " are meant all fragments which bore no decoration of any kind what-
ever.- These included a large number of fragments of Mycenaean and Geometric vases,
but the biUk consisted of coarse fragments of wheel-made vases, which might belong to
any period. In " glazed " are included all fragments which had been covered with a
dark brown or black glaze, generally dull, but without other decoration. Some few

1 The baskets were those usually employed in excava- on the rubbish heaps. If, therefore, it had been possible

tions, about 25 cm. in height and 30 cm. in diameter. to preserve all the fragments of such description, which

* It must also be remembered that the bulk of the undoubtedly included a large number belonging to the
fragments found at the excavation had no decoration of " Primitive" class, their number would have been mate-
any kind, and were therefore not preserved, but thrown rially increased.

LOCATION OF THE FRAGMENTS 61

of these belonged to vases of the Black or Red-Figured period, but the bulk bore no
distinguishing characteristics. In addition to the whole number, five baskets contained
vases in an intact or in sHghtly broken condition.

The proportion of the various sites was as follows : —

South West Corner 50 baskets \ S. Stoa

S. E. Side 6 " ( 1894 &

S. Side, outside peribolos wall 3 " ) '95

Old Temple 10 "

Above Cyclopean wall . 7 "

Above Upper Stoa ........ 6 "

E. of chambers 20 "

S. E. of Second Temple . ...... 5 "

W. Building 2 "

N. W. Building 5 "

First year of excavation 30 "

Unknown .......... 6 "

150 "

Baskets of the first year's digging contained fragments from the Second Temple Ter-
race, but no more definite information is preserved. Fragments of every kind were
found in all these places, but certain classes were more common in certain spots than in
others ; for insttmce, on the Old Temple Terrace ' and in the corner of the second platform
below the Cyclopean wall and east of the Chambers, the Geometric fragments were much
more numerous than any other kind, while in the southwest corner (east of the retaining
wall of the West Building) Mycenaean predominated. The Argive (so-called Proto-
Corinthian) style was found in greatest quantities in the southwest corner and on the
Old Temple Terrace. Other classes were divided with comparative evenness all through
the excavation.

Little advantage is to be gained from the knowledge (in the case of the vases, at least)
whence each separate fragment came. Throughout the preliminary stages of the work
the fragments from each spot were kept carefully separate, but this proved impossible
after the task of piecing them was begun. In several cases fragments from the same
vase were found several hundred yards apart. It must be remembered that no apparent
ti-ace of layers which could be chronologically divided was observable in any of the
different finding places, for the pockets where the fragments abounded in greatest
quantity showed that the material had been shoveled in helter-skelter, and it was quite
usual to find Mycenaean fragments near the top and Argive near the bottom. In the
case of vases of any especial importance, the finding place will always be given in the
course of this work.

It is extremely difficult to make a precise estimate of the number of vases which
these fragments represent. The number of vases intact or only shghtly broken amounted
to a little more than a thoustmd. From the fragments about ten vases were reconstructed
almost entirely, about fifty partially so ; while those represented by only half a dozen
fraoroents apiece amounted to between two and three hundred. If we should make the
extremely modest calculation of four or five fragments to a vase, we should have about
fifty thousand vases.

1 Professor Waldstein informs me that to the best of which were clearly labeled " Old Temple Terrace,"
his recollection tliis statement is not correct. My only contained numerous fragments of the Geometric style,
authority for the statement is that several of the baskets,

62 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

In planning this work, I have endeavored, as^far as possible, to model it on Furtwangler
and Loesehcke's Mi/kenische Vasen. The chief difficulty experienced among such an
enormous mass of fragments was in making a collection for publication which should be
representative. In doing so I preferred to err on the side of presenting more fragments
than were absolutely necessary, believing that such a plan was better than presenting too
little, but I have not hesitated to omit types which are universally known.

Roughly speaking, the Heraeum vase fragments cover almost the whole period of Greek
ceramic art from its birth to its decline, a period of perhaps over two thousand years.
It will be further shown how the bulk of this material is characteristic of the Argolid, a
genuine home industry, and that little was imported. The indigenous types represented
are: —

Prehistoric.

Mycenaean.

Geometric.

Argive.

Local (or types which have no prototypes).

Foreign (i. e. imported) types are :

Corinthian.

Early Attic.

Attic Black-Figured.

Attic Red-Figured.

Cyrenean.

Megarean ware.

Roman.

Now, though the list of imported types is larger than the local, the amount of such
material is scarcely a tenth of the latter. The reason for the exclusion of foreign pro-
ducts, especially Attic, will be shown later.

The reader may notice that the discussion and exposition of the various vase-classes
given here differs materially from that given by Professor Waldstein in the Introduction
to this publication. In order that there may be no room for misunderstanding with
regard to this point, I desire to state specifically the reasons for this discrepancy.

After two years' work on the fragments, I had independently reached the conclusion
that the so-called Proto-Corinthian style included more varieties of vase-classes than had
usually been assigned to it, and that it was probably of Argive origin, — a conclusion
which confirmed the views expressed by Professor Waldstein four years before. Also
that the style was an offshoot of the Mycenaean style, and contemporary with the Geo-
metric, having as its chief motives the arrangement of parallel bands so characteristic on
Mycenaean vases. After communicating this view to Professor Waldstein I found that
he not only had reached the same conclusion, but was disposed to regard the style as one
of the links in a chain which went much farther back, as a development of the principle
which he calls " Linear," and which he claims existed in an unbroken sequence from the
earliest times. He has already developed his theory so carefully that I do not feel the
need of repeating Avhat has been better expressed by him in the Introduction. This
is not the place for me to discuss this theory, but simply to define my own attitude
in regard to it.

I agree perfectly with Professor Waldstein in the general application of his " linear "
theory, and accept his views as to the presence of linear motives in the Mycenaean vases,

SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 63

and as to the Argolic origin of the so-called Proto-Corinthian style. I do not, however,
agree with him in his contention that this style can be traced in an inibroken line
throughout the Mycenaean period as far back as the earhest primitive vases, nor do
I accept the general classification he has already outlined. It is, of course, fitting
that in the General Introduction he should have discussed the relation of the Heraeum
vase-fragments to the whole excavation and history of the sanctuary. In so far as
the work concerns myself, it seems to me more suitable, avoiding general theories as
far as possible, to confine myself to a careful classification of the material, omitting
those conclusions which, from my unfamiliarity with all the finds of the excavation, would
not have as stable foundations as those expressed by Professor Waldstein. The classifi-
cation adopted here is the result of careful study of the material for three years ; and
though I am far from claiming that the results reached or the theories expressed
are the only ones possible, I have not hesitated to base the whole of this division of
the publication upon them, since they have forced themselves upon me from the material.
In fairness, therefore, to both Professor Waldstein and myself, I would state that, as I
cannot accept his entire theory, it has seemed to me best to abide by my own exposition
and leave the decision to the judgment of scholars.

As to the classification, I may say that I have endeavored, as far as possible, to hold by
the old rules and to be as conservative as I could ; at the same time, such a large amount of
new material demanded in many cases an entirely new arrangement. But it must not be
forgotten that no classification can be regarded as final ; its main object is convenience ;
and although several groups may be distinguished, they invariably have, in the case of
one group succeeding another, their connecting links, and shde into each other almost
imperceptibly. On the Lake of Geneva there is a threefold division, the Petit, Grand,
and Haut Lacs, each a sej^arate sheet of water ; but one can scarcely draw a straight
line across the lake and say where the Petit Lac begins and the Grand Lac ends. In the
case of our vases, we have the separate classes, but so gradually removed from each
other that we can only emphasize the fact of their division, without being too specific as
to the actual point.

I have tried to treat the vases from a relative, not an absolute, point of view. Unless
it be recognized that the study of Greek vases is a means to an end, not the end itself,
their value is lost. They are not among the grand arts ; in fact, the scanty references to
them in Greek literature show that the vase-painter or potter, while pursuing an honor-
able trade, could not claim to be an artist in the great sense of the word. It is true that
during the earliest periods vase-painting was one of the few forms of artistic expression,
but not the highest form. A civiHzation which could produce the fortresses, the Bee-
Hive tombs of Mycenae and Orchomenos, the gold cups of Vaphio, the golden ornaments
and sword blades of Mycenae, is not to be measured by mere vases of terra-cotta ! Not
but that the vases are artistic ; whatever work a Greek did was never anything else.

As historical documents they are extremely valuable. They respond to the various
influences at work on Hellas from the earliest times, and reflect in a thousand different
ways the life and tastes of its people. It is not a lofty ideahsm we find in them, but a
realism in all its forms. Owing to the crude state of plastic and pictorial art through-
out the periods to which our vases belong, we cannot place them on a level with Attic
vases of the sixth and fifth centuries ; but we can see the steady development towards
the later, finer forms.

For their presence at the Heraeum, where there was only a temple and not a settle-

64 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

ment/ there is but one explanation : they were dedicated to the use of the goddess." In
only a few cases has a dedication been scratched on a vase. It is very probable that such
offerings were those of the poorer classes, who could afford nothing more expensive
than a vase. As the centuries went by, the temple must have become overcrowded
with such a mass of pottery, and the presence of numerous rubbish heaps proves that
there were periodical cleanings out of the sanctuary. Whether such vases were ever in
actual use is doubtful.

From the fact that at the Kabirion in Thebes, potters sat outside the walls of the
Temenos and sold their wares, it is probable that such was the fact at the Heraeum, and
that from the earliest times the pottery of the Argolid was in great demand, and
so cheap and common as to make the introduction of foreign vases rather like bringing
" coals to Newcastle."

At first sight the vases from the Heraeum are somewhat disappointing ; there is
a noticeable lack of strange or beautiful designs, and none of the vases seem to rise
above a common level. But the chief value lies, not in the fragments or vases them-
selves, but in their relation to the results of other excavations, especially those in
Sicily and Aegina. It is Aegina that is shown in the closest relation with Argos, since
many of the more unusual types found at the Heraeum may also be found in Aegina and
nowhere else.

Such a connection forms a valuable contribution to the history of the two states. We
know that it was during the reign of Phidon of Argos that the two came together,
since Phidon had his mint at Aegina. Phidon's date is variously given — b. c. 770 by
Holm,^ 745 by Stais,* while Beloch ° asserts that he could not have lived earlier than the
sixth century. Whether he really introduced the coining of money into Greece, as tradi-
tion relates, is another question. As most numismatists are agreed that this could not
have taken place before b. c. 700," we must either abandon tradition or else side with
Beloch. Holm ^ thinks that he may have introduced Oriental weights and measures into
Greece, and thus the introduction of coinage, which followed shortly after, was attributed
to him. But the main question does not centre about Phidon so much as about the actual
date of the coming together of the two states.

In the recent excavations at Aegina conducted by Stais ^ fragments of the Mycenaean
style were extremely scarce, but large quantities of Geometric and Argive (so-called
Proto-Corinthian) ware were found. Moreover, all the Geometric ware found there
resembles that from the Heraeum much more closely than that from Attica, and several
types occur which can be duphcated only at Argos. It is also most probable that most
of the vases of the Geometric and Argive styles found at Aegina were imjiorted, not
manufactured there. As Argos, through the Mycenaean as well as the later periods, was
one of the chief centres for the manufacture of vases, it becomes almost certain that
after the Mycenaean period she exported her wares into Aegina." Whether Phidon or

1 Dr. Waldstein believes that there was here a primi- ' Op. cit. I. p. 214, Note 3.

live settlement to which primitive cooking-pots, etc., ' Loc. cit. and Pallat, Athen. Mitt. XXII. (1897), pp.

would belong See General Introdnction.vol. i. 265 if.

2 For discussion on this point cf . Cecil Smith, Naukratis, ' As the question of the origin of such styles as the
I. p. 47 ; Furtwangler, Introduction to Geuick, Griechische Mycenaean, Geometric, Argive (so-called Proto-Co-
Keramik, p. 3. rinthian), and Corinthian, which are found in Aegina,

« History of Greece, I. p. 203. Argos, and Attica could not be settled with positive cer-

* 'F,<t>7IIA. 'tipX; 1893, p. 236. tainty from the outward appearance of the fragments

' Griechische Geschichte, I. p. 282. themselves, a microsc()i)ieal analysis of the clav by an

' Cf . Head, Historia Numorum, Introduction, p. 38. expert geologist seemed to offer tlie only solution of the

MICROSCOPICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FRAGMENTS 66

some other man was ruler of Argos at that time is not essential to tiie argument, but
it would seem that Holm and Stais are right in considering him king of Argos and
assigning to him a date hi the first half of the eighth century. That this connection
lasted until the sixth century, when the Argives assisted the Aeginetans in repelling an
Athenian invasion,' the presence of the vase fragments at Aegina would seem to show.

So far as can be judged from the extremely small number of fragments of vases of foreign
(i. e. outside of the Argolid) make, such as Dipylon, Early Attic, Corinthian, Cyrenean, Attic
Black and Red-Figured, etc., it seems probable that almost all the rest were made in the
Argolid. Without doubt all fragments belonging to the Mycenaean style were of such
origin. This I judge from the fact that all such vases bear the closest relation to those
from Mycenae and show none of the features characteristic of other Mycenaean types

difficulty. Accordingly I sent to Dr. H. S. Washington a
number of slierds of the Primitive, Mycenaean, Geo-
metric, Argive (Proto-Corinthian), Corinthian, Black and
Red-Figured styles selected from the following sites : the
Heraeum, Mycenae, Tiryns, Nauplia, Melos, Attica
(Athens, Menidi, Markopoulo, Thorikos), and Eretria.
His report is to appear elsewhere, but we may here men-
tion the following facts quoted from Dr. Washington's
letter, which were given in reply to the following ques-
tions : (1) Wliat is the connection between pottery found
at Argos and Aegina ? (2) What is the connection be-
tween pottery found at Attica, Argos, and other sites ?

(1) " The primitive fragment from Aegina is coarse
and contains fragments of raica-sehist. As this rock is
not found on the island, the presumption is that this
especial piece is of foreign (i. e. extra-Aegina) manufac-
ture. In the Peloponnesus the nearest localities of these
rocks are in the Xiris mountains, and near and soutli of
Doliana towards Sparta; they also occur in Attica. Tlie
Geometric fragments of Aegina are coarse with quartz
and feklspar grains, possibly derived from schist, but no
remains of this or of volcanic rock are visible ; it may be
native. The two Mycenaean fragments from Aegina are
rather coarse, and show fragments of quartz, feldspar, and
augite (a mineral of volcanic rocks on the island), so that
these are almost certainly of native (Aeginetan) manu-
facture.

" The Proto-Corinthian and Corinthian fragments from
Aegina do not differ in any essential respect from the
corresponding specimens of Argos. The Proto-Corin-
thian are much finer than the Corinthian, and I sliould
say that the Aegina Corinthian are rather coarser than
the Corinthian fragments found at Argos.

" Of tlie Argive specimens, the Proto-Corintliian are by
far the finest, though the Corinthian come close to them.
A fragment of a ' local type ' (v. p. 161, Plate LXVII.)
is also dense, as are two of the red-figure style. A prim-
itive fragment is also quite fine, but shows carelessness
in manufacture in areas of coarser material and in the
presence of limestone fragments. The fragment of the
Geometric plate (v. p. 116, Plate LVIII.) resembles the
corresponding one from Aegina, and may possibly contain
a little augite (in very small crystal fragments), which
would indicate an Aeginetan derivation. All the Geo-
metric fragments are coarser than the Proto-Corinthian,
but the Mycenaean are rather better, though less dense,
than the Proto-Corinthian.

" On the wliole, the only pottery which is, one may say,
undoubtedly Aeginetan is the Mycenaean from there, the
Argive Mycenaean being distinctly different. There is
practically no difference between the respective Proto-
Corinthian and Corinthian, and either miglit come from
any good clay bed, and witli the material well washed,
which would tend to eliminate all heavy portions such as
augite.

(2) " Argive, Attic, etc. The fragments of the Myce-
naean style from Mycenae, Tiryns, Daulis, Markopoulo,
and Nauplia are all practically identical with that of
Argos. Tlie Geometric fragments from Markopoulo
and Eretria are coarser and resemble the Geometric from
Argos. The only specimen from Athens (Dipylon) is
also coarse, and contains much feldspar, an evidence of
carelessness in washing.

"The pottery from Melos is quite distinctive in con-
taining fragments of minerals of volcanic rocks of the
island, as well as here and there fragments of tlie rocks
themselves, such as obsidian, etc."

" Pottery is made of decayed rocks in which most of
tlie original and distinctive minerals have disappeared, and
those left are still fiirtlier done away by the washing of
the clay, so that it would be only in the most early and
archaic periods that we should expect to find tell-tale
minerals."

Although Dr. Washington's report is somewhat incon-
clusive, the following conclusions would seem to be jus-
tified: (1) That with the exception of a few fragments of
the Mycenaean style and the Geometric plate mentioned
on p. 116, none of the sherds of the Geometric, Argive
(Proto-Coriiithian), or Corinthian styles are indigenous
to the island, but were most probably imported there. (2)
The Geometric fragments from Attica, except the pure
Dipylon style, resemble very strongly those from Argos.
But these same conclusions do not seem to militate
against the theories advanced on pp. 119 ff. and 103 ff.,
that the Argive (Proto-Corinthian) style originated in the
Argolid, and that the earliest beginnings of the Geometric
style proper are to be souglit for in that locality, al-
though, as stated on p. 104, no attempt has been made to
prove that the Geometric style necessarily originated in
the Argolid, and was taken up by the other states, but
rather that the external influence which probably created
the Geometric style first made its appearance in .4rgos,
and penetrated into Attica in a very short time.

1 Herod. V. 87 ff.; ef. also chapter VII., below.

66 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

such us Tlieran, Cypriote, and those from the^various islands. At the same time, the
complete absence of the first class, lustrous finish of the Mycenaean style, would seem to
exclude Mycenae itself as the only factory. With such a large output of Mycenaean
vases there must have existed a dozen vase factories scattered through the plain.

Though it is a point that admits of much discussion, I am inclined to follow Furtwiingler
and Loeschcke's view that the Dorian invasion proved the downfall of the Mycenaean
civiUzation, and that the Geometric style arose in consequence of this invasion ' and can-
not be traced to the lonians, Carians,- or Egyptians.'^ This point will be further elabo-
rated in the third chapter, but we may anticipate a little. It is only recently that the
connection between the Mycenaean and Geometric styles has been satisfactorily estab-
lished. Wide* has analyzed the survival of Mycenaean elements in the Geometric style
and shown how much more the Island types of the Geometric followed the Mycenaean
than those of the mainland, but his assumption that, owing to the lack of these Myce-
naean features in the Geometric style of the mainland, the centre of the Mycenaean
fabrics lay in the islands is not necessarily true, since these same features can be detected
in the Geometric vases from the Heraeum.

The recent excavations of Fhnders Petrie in Egypt, Cecil Smith and Hogarth in Melos,
and Evans in Crete have thrown new light on the beginnings of the Mycenaean style,
since a large number of sherds have been found there which, though akin to the Myce-
naean, are nevertheless earlier, and have been called " Aegean." These sherds would seem
to show a greater tendency towards a naturalistic or pictorial form of ornamentation than
towards a linear. As yet the connection between them and the Mycenaean sherds of
Greece proper has not been thoroughly established, but it may be assumed that such a
connection exists.

The Mycenaean style in Greece proper would seem to show the following development.
As Professor Waldstein has already pointed out, the earliest Mycenaean fragments show
the embodiment of a Linear principle which would naturally be expected in vases which
succeed the so-called "Primitive " style. In a very short time, owing no doubt to the
maritime character of the Mycenaean civilization, and more probably to the influence of
the Aegean pottery, the tendency to employ a species of pictorial or naturalistic orna-
mentation, especially of marine life, became widespread.

Later again the spirit of conventionality crept in, and in the last days of the Mycenaean
style we find a wealth of ornament treated in a purely conventional and rather flamboyant
manner, but without the introduction of any fresh ideas ; in fact, the general tendency
seems a return to the early Linear feeling. After the Dorian invasion we see this same
linear principle marching off in two different styles, the Geometric and the Argive or
Proto-Corinthian, which flourished side by side in the Argolid for a considerable ])eriod.
During the seventh century the increasing commercial and trading facilities brought
about the introduction of foreign, especially eastern influences, into Greece, with the
result that the Geometric style died out, while the Argive absorbed the new influences,
from which the Corinthian style probably had its origin (see p. 123). Attica in the
meanwhile, after experimenting largely with the Geometric style, had worked her way
into the Early Attic style, and after absorbing the Oriental influence from Corinth through
the so-called Corinthian-Attic, evolved the Black-Figured style which, during the best
part of the sixth century, was the most prominent form of Greek ceramic art.

' Myk. Vas. p. xii. * Athen. Mitt. XXII. (1897), pp. 233 ff. and XXI.

2 Rayet and CoUignon, Hist. p. 32. (1896), pp. 385 ff.

a Kroker, Jahrb. I. (1886), pp. 95 ff.

NATURAL DEVELOPMENT OF VASE-CLASSES

67

A glance at the accompanying figure shows the way in which this development took
place, and how the elementary principle, starting from the Mycenaean style, and working
its way through two separate channels, united again in the Attic Black-Figured style.

Geometric

Mycenaean

Argive I.

Dipylon
Early Attic

Argive II.
Argive V., Coriuthian

So-called
Coriuthian- Attic

Corinthian witli
Attic elements

Black-Figured Style.

It cannot, of course, be said that the progress traced above is absolute, nor can it be
worked out exactly with mathematical precision. It is the result of a careful study of
the progress of ceramic art as illustrated by the two great centres of Argos and Athens,
with especial reference to the vases from the Heraeum. To trace the development of
ceramic art in any given place is, after all, largely a matter of theory, and though I do
not wish to maintain that the theories of development here expressed are the only ones
possible, it is upon them that the whole of this work is based.

As the term " Proto-Corinthian " is now so thoroughly unsatisfactory, I f ally agree with
Professor Waldstein that it should be abandoned, and that, as the Argohd offers greater
claims for being the home of this style (as I shall endeavor to show later), it is best to call
the style Argive. But, as stated before, the use of the term in this part of the publica-
tion is rather more restricted than that employed by Professor Waldstein, since it is here
used entirely with reference to those vases which are post-Mycenaean, and does not
include all the varieties which Professor Waldstein would include under the title of
" Arsfive Linear."

CHAPTER I.

PRIMITIVE VASES.

The pottery representing the " primitive " period, i. e. all pottery (prior to the Myce-
naean civilization) which shows the employment of the usual incised linear decoration, so
common on the various sherds in the lower settlements of Hissarlik, is rather scarce at
the Heraeum. For this fact two explanations are possible : (1) As we have pointed out
before, a large number of fragments, without decoration of any kind, wheel or hand
made, which might well belong to vessels of the earliest periods, were not preserved,
since there was no evidence of any kind to show what their age was. (2) Sites in which
such ware has been found in greatest quantities, such as Hissarlik, Tiryns, Thera, etc.,
were all settlements where the pottery was in actual use by the inhabitants. The
Heraeum was a sanctuary and not a settlement ; and as the cult of Hera was probably
not developed until the Mycenaean period, the custom of dedicating pottery would not
have been general, and hence we should not expect to find many primitive sherds on the
site. If, however, there had been here an early settlement, vases would have been in
constant use, and would therefore not have been found in large quantities, as where in a
sanctuary only there were constant deposits of votive offerings in vases.

Of the plain pottery already mentioned in the Introduction, a great number of frag-
ments seem to have belonged to large pithoi, sunilar to those at Hissarlik. Such large
vases, of coarse unpainted clay, are characteristic of all periods, and may just as well
fall in the later as in the earlier Greek times. Many of them, in fact, are not dissimilar
to common pots used by the people of Greece to-day.

The bulk of this " primitive " ware consists of fragments of yellow or reddish clay
with incised ornamentation, only a few vases being preserved entire. Most of the frag-
ments are hand-made ; but as wheel-made ones are found, no general law can be stated
for the use of the wheel. It is probable that some of the wheel-made prehistoric frag-
ments are older than hand-made Mycenaean vases. Beside the fragments already men-
tioned, a large number of very coarse wheel-made fragments were found, decorated only
with a series of incised parallel lines very close together, evidently made by some pointed
instrument held against the clay as it revolved on the wheel. To date them is impos-
sible ; the nearest analogies may be found in Phoenician ware in the British Museum
and the Louvre.'

Not more than two baskets of the total number contained sherds with incised decora-
tion, and it was extremely doubtful in the case of many of the fragments whether they
could with propriety be classed among the primitive vases. Some, by their similarity to
the vases from Hissarlik, the tumulus at Bos-iijiik in Asia Minor (Koerte, Athen. Mitt.
xiv. (1899), pp. 1 ft'., pis. i.-iii.), and the Cyclades (Tsountas, 'Ecprjfi. 'Apx- 1898, pp. 137 ft".,
pis. ix., X.) seemed to belong to the last of the third or the beginning of the second mil-
lennium B. c. Probably none of them are earUer than the second settlement at Hissarlik,
and the majority contemporaneous with the sherds of the third, fourth, and fifth settle-

' Puttier, Vases Ant. du Louvre, pi. iv. fig. 2.

PRIMITIVE VASES 69

ments. Some, again, though essentially primitive in their technique, show Mycenaean
and Geometric elements without seeming to helong to either style.

No attempt can be made to give anything but an approximate date to the fragments
of the primitive period from the Heraeum. As the primitive vases from the Cyclades
furnish the nearest parallels to many of our fragments, we may date them as Tsountas
does the island tombs, b. c. 2500-2000 ; those which show a more advanced style of
decoration may be placed in the first part of the second millennium B. c. ; but it is
doubtful if any of our fragments to which the term " primitive " can be applied are
later than the beginnings of the Mycenaean civilization.

FRAGMENTS.

PLATE L.

1. Bright red clay, fairly fine. Wave pattern between bands. Cf. Flios, figs. 298, 317.
Koerte, loc. cit. pi. iii. 19.

2. Coarse dark yellow clay with small black stones, hand-made. Probably part of amphora.
Handle missing. Decoration of small circles, evidently done with some instrument like a punch.
To left of the handle, breast-like protuberance.

3. Reddish clay. Hand-made. Same decorations, large circles. Cf. Ilios, fig. 162.

4. Top of oinochoe, of fine dark reddish clay. Same decorations with very small circles, which
extend over the lip.

Fragments of this type were common at the Heraeum. They possess, however, no affinity with
the sieve vases from Troy, as the circles do not go clear through.

Two variations in the type occur; (1) where the circles have a central part left (as in 2)
and (2) where the circle is a complete hole. (3) Similar decoration occurs on ivory
objects from Troy {Ilios, p. 566), as well as from the Heraeum, and on fragments from
graves of the Hallstatt period in Vienna.

Nos. 5-8 are all of a yellow or reddish clay, hand-made and ornamented with scratched lines.
Similar fragments were quite numerous at the Heraeum, and probably belong to the earliest
period. The plastic baud on 5, with its perforated ornament, is a common feature in prehistoric
ware.i Cf. Sohliemann, Jlios, p. 491, fig. 454.

9. Low bowl ; height 0.27 m. ; diameter 0.17 m. Reddish clay. Incised dots on outer edge
of base. Rim has an incised herring-bone pattern. Two holes through edge of base.

10. From shoulder of large vase, coai-se reddish yellow clay. Ornamentation probably ran
round the shoulder like a frieze.

11. Handle of vase, coarse reddish yellow clay, hand-made. Plastic ornament resembling the
knuckles of a hand.

12. Same. Coarse, dark reddish clay, hand-made ; probably burnt. In plastic form, with four
divisions, two large and two small.

Several other similar handles, belonging to large anaphoras were found, which vases, as far as
can be told from the fragments, possessed no decoration whatsoever.

13. Handle, reddish yellow clay, ornamented with a series of V-shaped incisions. Cf. Ilios,

fig. 1000.

14. Reddish clay. Wave patterns incised in similar fashion to 1. In left-hand corner of the

fragment a projection like a button.

152 a and b. Bright red clay, hand-made. Base of tall jar. Around bases plastic mould-

1 This would seem to be one of the earliest examples xxii. (1898), p. 441, note 1 ; B. C. H. xix. (1895), p. 179,

of a snake, wliicli, though common in Mycenaean and later note 6.

times, is probably not of Mycenaean origin ; cf. B. C.H. ^ A fragment very similar to No. 15 has been found

^ ■> -^ l,y YV^ijg at Aphidna (Aiken. Mitt. 1896, pp. 394, 407, pi.

70

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

ing with scratches. Above, narrow band of triangularjndentations and two bands of ray pattern,
incised. The same triangidar indentations occur on a fragment from the Cyclades 'E0j;/a. 'Apx-
1898, pi. ix. 10 and 23.

The following fragments are all wheel made, and belong certainly to a later time,
probably just prior to the beginning of the Mycenaean period.

16. Greenish yellow clay. From base of a vase with tall foot. Double herring-bone pattern
and lines, incised.

17. Greenish-yellow clay, from vase similar to 16. Rays and bands incised.

18. Reddish clay, inside entirely covered with a dark brown glaze. Rays and scratches
incised.

As the technique of this fragment is distinctly Mycenaean and rather advanced, it seems
most probable that it should fall in that period.

19. Light yellow clay, probably from an aryballos. Herring-bone pattern and lozenge contain-
ing a swastika, incised.

20. Bright yellow clay, with black core. From neck of a vessel. Three raised bands, cross-
hatched, inclosing two bands, upper with rosettes and herring-bones, lower with herring-bones
alone.

21. Reddish yellow clay. From neck of aryballos. Plastic tongue pattern on shoulder.

The technique of 19-21 is decidedly more advanced than that of the other fragments^
At the same time it is open to question whether, with the possible excej^tion of 21, they
can be regarded as later than the Mycenaean period.

VASES.

1. (Fig. 1.) Three-legged bowl, two of the feet restored. Hand-made ; height, 0.092 m. ; diam-
eter of opening, 0.08 m. Black clay with brick-red slip, burnt
dark brown. Scratched ornamentation on rim, neck, and belly.
The handle is divided into two twisted divisions, also ornamented
with scratches. On the front, two breast-like protuberances.

This arrangement of scratches is similar to that of 'E<f>r]iJ.. 'Apx-
1898, pi. X. No. 1, but not so regular, and is undoubtedly earlier.
The shape is similar to lUos, Figs. 59 and 1130. (Cf. also
Koerte, loc. cit. pi. ii. 9.) Such vessels have usually been classed
among cooking-pots.
^P «' 2. (Fig. 2.) Vase with long neck, without handle ; height,

1^ _, Ik 0.07 m. Black clay, polished and burnt. The

^^> shape of our vase is similar, tliough a trifle

^^^ j,,jg J more advanced, to a vase from the same place.

Cf. Koerte, loc. cit. pi. ii. 8.
The polishing of the clay is a common feature among primitive vases. It
may be observed on a large number of vases and sherds from Hissarlik, and also
on the vases from Bos-ojiik. Cf. Koerte, loc. cit. p. 25.

^y . ^ 3- (Fig- 3-) Oinochoe ? Neck and handle missing : height,

0.025 m. Black clay, burnt, with incised border on shoulder.
Shape of vase cannot be determined, but it rather recalls the
latter oinochoe type. Similar decoration may be found on a Trojan vase of the
fourth settlement. Cf. also, "Ec^j/ja. "Apx- 1899, pi. ix. 24.

XV. 3), and assigned by liini to his early indigenous Geo- ments in tlie (ieonietric style in Attica are to be found in
metric class. This would seem significant for dating our the Argolid. This point will be discussed more thoroughly
fragment, and also for showing that the pre-Dorian ele- in Chapter III.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE 71

Further, about twenty very small hand-made vases were found, which had no decora-
tion, but were uniformly of a dark gray or reddish clay, showing traces of burning.
They included two-handled vessels, similar to 'Ecft-q/j.. '\px- 1898, pi. ix. 2, and Koerte,
loc. cit. pi. ii. 7 ; several three-handled jugs of similar shape to those on p. 100, and a vase
without handles, similar to Koerte, loc. cit. pi. ii. 9.

A series of vases, which, though not prehistoric in character, seem more nearly related
to the earlier than the later vases, is represented by 4-6. They are all of a very dark
clay, hand-made and burnt black in most cases, some with a decoration of incised lines
running from neck to foot, others without decoration, and chiefly remarkable for a very
brilliant polish, giving nearly the effect of dull jet. These vases are very similar to
several from Rhodes in the British Museum, and it may be questioned whether our vases
are not as are those, a product of the eighth century. At the same time, owing to
their scratched ornamentation, they are more fitly included in this chapter, and if of a
later date are probably the last links of the chain begun in prehistoric times.

4. (Fig. 4.) Aryballos ; height, 0.045 m. Black clay, burnt, with decoration of parallel lines.
Much of the outer surface worn off.

Several others were found at the He-
raeum. An aryballos precisely similar is in
the British Museum (A. case 6, No. 658,
from Rhodes).

5. (Fig. 5.) Aryballos ; height, 0.034 m. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6.
Black clay, with very brilliant polish. Below

handle parallel scratches and a figure shaped like a bow or a crescent.

6. (Fig. 6.) Oinochoe ; height, 0.045 ni. Black clay, polished and burnt, without ornamentation.
Several similar jugs were found.

CHAPTER II.

THE MYCENAEAJ^ STYLE.

The development of the Mycenaean style at the Heraeum finds its parallel in the
Mycenaean fragments from Mycenae and Tiryns. But unfortunately the Heraeiun frag-
ments throw no light on the question whether the Mycenaean style is of Achaean (as is
usually supposed), Pelasgian (cf.J. //. *S'. XVI. [1896], pp. 77 ff.), or foreign origin. That
prototypes of the Mycenaean style exist in the Aegean pottery is now, I think, gener-
ally admitted, and it may well be the case that the beginnings of the civilization are to
be looked for in the Aegean islands, especially Crete. The connection, however, between
the Mycenaean ware at the Heraeum and the Aegean pottery is not easy to establish ;
the earliest elements of the style in the former site are, as Professor Waldstein has
pointed out, distinctly linear in character ; and that, as far as I can judge from the island
pottery I have seen (e. g. Melos), does not seem to be the case in Aegean pottery. If
anything, the characteristics of the Aegean pottery are more naturaUstic than linear.
Perhaps" the most probable explanation is that the Mycenaean style in the Argolid
developed directly from the primitive linear tyjies, and that the influence of the islands
brought about the change to naturahstic forms of ornamentation.

The two great classes of the Mycenaean style, vases with dull decoration {Mattmalerei)
and with luStrous decoration {FirnlssmaJerei), are both represented at the Heraeum, the
former in very small quantities. Although it is usually supposed that " dull" vases are

fz

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

older than " lustrous," certainty on this point is jmpossible. The character of the dull
style is linear and as such more in keeping with the prehistoric motives ; also as the
invention of a lustrous glaze is a distinct innovation in ceramic art, it is probably an
improvement on the " dull " technique. But that the manufacture of dull vases continued
almost as long as that of lustrous vases, is proved by the fact that both dull and lustrous
fragments lay side by side in the same levels.

VASES WITH DULL DECORATION.

Four small vases (to be described later) and about fifty fragments of this style were
found, none belonging to very large vases. To establish a classification with a material
so scanty and unsatisfactory is impossible. Furtwiingler and Loeschcke divide this type
into two classes: (a) vases made of red clay (" Rotthonig ") and (b) vases of pale clay
(" Blassthonig "). Such a classification in the case of the Heraeum fragments proved un-
possible, since the clay ran through the various shades of red, yellow, gray, and green,
and no vital difference in the decorative forms of fragments of red or pale clay could be
distinguished, and the polish, according to Furtwiingler and Loeschcke, a characteristic
feature of class n, was noticeable only on vases of j^ale clay.

It is true that the majority of our dull fragments show a decoration decidedly linear
in feeling, and also that some show a pictorial or naturalistic decoration very similar to
vases of the lustrous style. That the first are the earlier of the two seems probable. At
the same time the difference is not so great as to warrant our assigning the fragments to
different classes, since many fragments bearing linear motives may well have belonged to
vases which also showed pictorial ornamentation and vice versa. The classification of
fragments alone is far more unreliable than that based upon entire vases. Hence, in the
case of " dull " fragments, no attempt has been made to separate them into two classes,
though they have been arranged with a view to the character of their ornamentation, be
it linear or pictorial.

Only the most important fragments are shown in Plate LI. There were many which
bore no decoration, though clearly belonging to the same vases as some of the fragments
here reproduced ; many again bore only a part of a band or stripe running around the
belly. A certain difference can be detected in that in some of the fragments the clay
is covered with a iine slip and in some not. The majority of the fragments show this
feature, which seems to have been a characteristic of the style from its beginning, since
even those vases with the simplest linear decoration show it. As it runs through all the
shades of clay, it offers no ground for classification. The polishing of the surface seems
to have been the general custom. The clay runs through all varieties and colors, from
a very coarse variety with black stones still apparent on the surface to extremely fine
clay, cleaned and polished. The majority of the vases and fragments were made on the
wheel, though a few are hand-made.

FRAGMENTS.

PLATE LI.

1. From bowl with large opening. Form, Myk. Vas. XLiv. 48: height, 0.165 m. ; width,
0.125 m. Coarse pale greenish clay, polished on outside and inside. On inner part of rim series
of three short parallel dashes. Decoration in black, faded. Cf. MyL Thong, iv. 17.

2. From one-handled-cup. Form, Myli. Vas. XLIV. 98: width, 0.118 m. ; height, 0.068 m.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: "DULL" DECORATION 78

Coarse brownish yellow clay with whitish yellow slip on exterior. Dashes on rim similar to 1.
In i-im hole pierced for suspension. Black decoration.

3. Lip and handle of bowl similar in shape to 1: width, 0.112 m. ; height, 0.095 m.

4. Neck and shoulder of jug. Form, Myk. Vas. XLiv. 20 : height, 0.105 m. ; width, 0.125 m.
Coarse reddish yellow clay ; yellowish slip with decoration in violet brown. Cf. Myk. Tliony.
IV. 13.

5. Reddish yellow clay, fairly fine in texture. Pale slip on exterior with violet black decora-
tion. Cf. 'E(^rj/j,. 'Apx- 1899, plate viii. 104 (vase from Syra).

6. Neck and shoulder of jug similar to 4. Fine reddish clay with greenish yellow slip.

7. Fairly fine pale reddish clay, dull polished surface. Three narrow black bands inclosing a
dark red zigzag, and a broader band of dark red ; traces of another zigzag also in dark red.
This fragment is almost identical with Myh. Thong, v. 20.

This use of two different colors, one (in this case the red) added after the first firing, is
an extremely common feature in the Heraeum fragments, and will be analyzed more
thoroughly in a later chapter. No. 7 was the only fragment of the dull finish which
showed its employment.

A few fragments of a very dark red clay with a dark red slip on exterior and interior
and black decoration were found. They are in all respects similar to the vase from
the Bee-Hive tomb near the Heraeum. Cf. Mijk. Thong, xii. 52 ; Athen. Mitt. III.
p. 271.

8. Neck, shoulder, and base of handle, probably from an amphora. Fine greenish clay, pol-
ished, with light brown decoration.

9. From large bowl, similar in form to 31yk. Vas. XLiv. 75, but with single handles, about
25 cm. in height and 24 cm. in diameter. Coarse reddish
clay, which has received a very high polish and presents a
peculiar soapy feeling to the touch. Zigzag band below rim
in dark red, very much faded. (Fig. 7.)

A few other vases and fragments from the Heraeum
showed this same peculiar surface, which otherwise is ^^^ ^

unknown to me. It is probably due to some accident
either in the composition of the clay or the peculiarity of the soil in which it is found.

10. Coarse brownish clay with white slip outside. Violet brown decoration.

All these fragments show a decided " linear " tendency ; the rest (10-16) are more nat-
uralistic in character. The similarity of decoration in 14-16 to vases of the lustrous
finish would warrant our assigning them to a later period. They evidently do not belong
to the earUest essays in dull decoration.

11. Shoulder and handle of small three-handled amphora (form Myk. Vas. XLiv. 35), with

brown black decoration. , , x,- -iao ir

12 Rim and spout (broken off) of a bowl, similar in shape to Myk. Vas. XLiv. 103. Very
coarse brick red clay, with a pale white slip on exterior and interior. Decoration in black, laid on
heavily and badly worn.

13. Shoulder of small jug. Similar technique to 11 and 12.

14. Spiral in black. . ^ , ,. , i j

15. rL of bowl. Fine brick red clay, with bright yellow slip, highly polished ; decoration in

'' This^'frrgment, from the excellence of its technique, as well as the form of the spiral, is clearly
synchronous with vases of the best period of the lustrous style. _ • •, ,„

16. From bowl similar to 15. Greenish clay, with brown decoration. Technique similar to
vases of the later (not the best) lustrous style.

i THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

VASES. *■

17. (Fig. 8.) Height, 0.06 m. : diameter, 0.07 iii. Bowl with high foot, being a cross between a
kylix and a slivphos, one handle missing. Bands and a continuous spiral.

Another vase of exactly the same shape and dimensions, but in-
tact, was found in the same tomb. The surface is completely cov-
ered by a hard incrustation of lime, but as far as can be seen the
decoration is the same as 17.

18. (Fig. 9.) Height, 0.028 ra. ; diameter, 0.066 m. Slight variation of
Myk. Vets. XLiv. 87. Bands on rim, belly, and han-
dle, and row of dotted semicircles.
19. (Fig. 10.) Height, 0.036 m. ; diameter,
0.056 m. Three-legged bowl, handle restored.
Continuous spiral on sides, and on bottom be-
tween the legs a design like an S reversed. Clay
shows traces of burning.

These four vases come from the grave
found April 13, 1894, back of the peribo-

los wall above the South Stoa. The technique is the same in all, a fine yellow clay, highly
polished, without a slip, the decoration in violet black, laid on heavily. All are hand-
made. For photograph of tomb see vol. I. p. 41, fig. 13.

VASES WITH LUSTROUS DECORATION.

The introduction of lustrous paint in the manufacture of Mycenaean vases was revolu-
tionary in its effects. Henceforth all vases exhibit this feature. But as we have said,
on its introduction the dull finish was not at once abandoned, but continued side by side
with the lustrous technique for a considerable period ; just how long it is imjjossible to
say, but certainly until after the best period of the lustrous style.

Until lately Furtwangler and Loeschcke's division of the lustrous style has been univer-
sally followed. This classification has, however, proved inadequate for our vases, and for
those from the Acropolis and Thoricus. A second classification,' proposed by Wolters,
is more satisfactory, and has proved a better standard for arranging ours. But in spite
of its many advantages, it is somewhat unwieldy, so that I have ventured to adopt a
middle course, in order to reconcile both Furtwangler and Loeschcke's and Wolters'
arrangements. The three are here presented side by side.

Wolters.
I.
The same. Only a few frag-

ments of this style were found
on the Acropolis.

HOPPIN.

I.

The same. This class is not
found at the Heraeum at all.

Furtwangler and Loeschckg.
I.

Wheel-made vases of a very
coarse clay, entirely covered with
a fairly dull black slip, on which
the ornamentation is thinly laid
in white and dark red.

This class was chiefly found
in graves iv. and v. at My-
cenae, at Tiryns, and at Thera.

^ This classification has never been published, so far as I know, and has been drawn from the author's lectures.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASSIFICATIONS

75

II.

Vases of coarse clay, covered
with a thin slip of finer clay,
now white (in the case of vases
from the Bee-Hive tomb near the
Heraeuni),nowyellowish brown,
(v. Myh. TJiong. vii. 42 ; Myk.
Vus. p. 21, fig. 7.) The de-
coration is painted on this slip
in dark brown, with the occa-
sional addition of white, as if
an echo of the technique of the
first class.

III.
Fine cleaned clay, with a pol-
ished surface of warm yellow
color. The colors in the deco-
ration run through all shades
from yellow to dark brown. This,
through action of fii-e, becomes
bright red in many cases, which,
especially in vases of the finest
technique, is evidently inten-
tional. Details are occasion-
ally added in white.

II.

No radical change. The main
point of difference lies in the
close connection between II.
and the following class, which
varies from it only in the qual-
ity of the work. The style
throughout is distinctly a natu-
ralistic or pictorial one, there
being no thought of convention-
ality. The vase from Thorikos
is an extremely good example
of the class as a whole.

Cf. 'ZipniJL. "Apx- 1895, pi. xi. No. 1.

III. 1.
Fine clay, with purely pic-
torial ornamentation, precisely
similar to II., save that the exe-
cution is more delicate, which is
natural, seeing that the vases
are uniformly smaller.

The pictorial motives have
become conventionalized. In
proportion, however, the tech-
nique has also advanced and
reaches its highest point in this
division, and may easily be de-
tected by the extreme fineness
of clay and extraordinary bril-
liancy of the glaze. This class
is not the most common of the
Mycenaean styles.

II. 1 and 2.

In the first division of II.
have been included all vases
wliich in the other two classifi-
cations are counted as II.

In the second division are in-
cluded a number of vases be-
longing to Furtwiingler and
Loeschcke, III., and Wolters,
III. 1.

III.

1.

Seeing that vases of this class
differ from tlie succeeding one
only in superiority of technique,
while the principle of ornamen-
tation remains the same, there
seems to be little gain in sepa-
rating them by the boundary
line of a class.

2.

In this division are included
those vases which form the bulk
of III. of Furtwiingler and
Loeschcke. They are the most
common at the Ileraeum. The
clay has become inferior and
the lustre duller, while the orna-
mentation has become conven-
tionalized in the extreme, and
presents a certain mechanical
air. It is only in its technical
features that it differs from class
III. 1.

7G

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

IV.

The surface of the clay is
greenish or a somewhat dull
yellow, occasionally reddish yel-
low, but far duller than the pre-
ceding class. The decoration is
black or yellowish brown, occa-
sionally burnt red, but never at-
tains to the brilliancy of vases of
class III. In the case of vases
with a wide mouth, the interior
is always glazed.

IV. *

1.

In this division are placed
those vases included by Furt-
waii":ler and Loeschcke in III.,
and bv me in III. 2.

2.

rv.

This class remains undis-
turbed as in Furtwiingier and
Loeschcke. Only a few frag-
ments were found at the He-
raeum.

In this division fall all vases
in IV. of Furtwiingier and
Loeschcke. Vases of this type
show a more florid and perhaps
decadent style of decoration.
The ornamentation abounds in
a wealth of detail not seen in the
other classes. It has been found
in fairly large quantities at
Athens, on the Acropolis, and
at Aegina and Thoricus.

It may be noticed that in Professor Wolters's classification the separation of Mycenaean
kistrous vases into two great periods is hinted at, if not expressed. We may commence
by drawing a sharp line between the pictorial and the conventional, since the progression
from natnralism to conventionalism is a greater one than from one plane of technical
skill to a higher. We may therefore keep Furtwiingier and Loeschcke's four classes
and separate them into two groups, I. and II., III. and IV. It will thus be seen that
dividing III. and IV. into two classes each, as Wolters does, and connecting III. 1 with
II., and III. 2 with IV. is somewhat awkward. Also the line between naturalism and
conventionalism is not properly emphasized, since they occur in the same class, which is
clearly impossible if we are to follow a classification based on ornamental development.
By separating II. into two divisions we adhere to the close connection emphasized by
Wolters while confining the principle of naturalism to one class.

With III. we enter upon the second or conventional group, and we divide this into
two classes. III. 1 and III. 2, which correspond to Wolters's III. 2 and IV. 1. Their
connection is too strong (the difference between them being purely technical) to warrant
their being separated as they are by Wolters, while at the same time we are more in accord
with Furtwiingier and Loeschcke, except for the transferring of a small part of their class
III. to II. There seems to be no valid reason for separating IV. into two groups. Cer-
tainly the difference between IV. 1 and IV. 2 (Wolters) is as great, both from a technical
and ornamental standpoint, as between III. and IV. (Furtwiingier and Loeschcke).

The following table will show briefly the results thus obtained : —

FURTWANGLEB AND LOESCHCKE. WOLTERS.

I.

n.
ni.

IV.

I.

IT.
IIL 1

III. 2

IV. 1
IV. 2

HoppiN.

Naturalistic or picto-
rial style.

Conventional stjde.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: EVIDENCE FOR DATE 77

What the chronological ditfereiices are between these varions classes it is difficult to
say. According to Furtwangler and Loeschcke, I. is the oldest; but it is extremely doubt-
ful whether any difference in time exists between I. and II. As I. is found in but few
other places outside of Mycenae, it is fair to suppose that it was a style more or less
local. Judging from the entire lack of this class at the Heraeum, and tlie fact that the
style of ornamentation of II. 1, which is the oldest class of lustrous vases at the He-
raeum, is practically identical with that of I., there seems good reason for sui)posing that
the two are synchronous.

Moreover, the difference between II. 1 and the dull vases is so extremely slight that it
can be detected only by a carefully trained eye, and even then cases occur where the
decision is doubtful. This would show that the lustrous technique at the beginning did
not differ materially from the dull, and is another point in favor of assigning II. 1 to
the beginning of the lustrous style.

II. 2 differs from II. 1 mainly in the technical advance, but this advance is sufficiently
apparent to enable us to see in II. 2 the successor of II. 1. The step between II. 2
and III. 1 is even greater, since the style of ornamentation has radically changed, and
all motives which II. drew from the marine life that played so great a part in the mari-
time civilization of the Mycenaean epoch have become conventionalized and are used
more with a view to their decorative effect than as an attempt to reproduce nature.
Such a change could have come only during the acme of the Mycenaean epoch.

With IV. we see the point to which the bad taste of a decadent art had come. The
wealth of ornamentation, elaborated from a given motive, with the introduction of
foreign motives, illustrated by " Heraldic " designs and those taken from Oriental
embroideries, may be accounted for by this rampant spirit of conventionalism combined
with the increased commercial activity of the age.

A few words may here be said as to the latest results in dating the whole Mycenaean
period. Through the numerous excavations recently conducted on Greek soil, and the
corresponding increase of Greek pottery brought to light, the chronology has been
worked backwards to the fourteenth century. But the excavations of Flinders Petrie * in
Egypt, and the finding, in the towns of Illahun, Tel-el- Amarna, Kahun, and Gurob, of
rubbish heaps containing large masses of " Aegaean," i. e. Mycenaean pottery, may be
said to have absolutely established the date of the Mycenaean civilization, since the
objects of Egyptian workmanship lying in these rubbish heaps, along with the pottery,
can be dated not later than this eighteenth dynasty, circa b, c. 1450. Pseud-amphoras
of Class III. were found in tombs of a date not later than b. c. 1300. The placing of the
acme of the Mycenaean period during the fifteenth century thus accords with the hypo-
thesis advanced by Furtwangler and Loeschcke on the basis of Egyptian wall paintings.'^
As Class IV. was not found by Petrie, we may assume that it is later than b. c. 1300 ; but
there is no reason for assuming that the manufacture of Class III. ceased after that date.
We must also allow at least a hundred years for the development of the Mycenaean
style from its beginning, so that to place the manufacture of dull vases as early as the
sixteenth or seventeenth centuries is permissible. We thus obtain a period of about five

1 For a more detailed account of Petrie's results, v. hm, and Gurob, p. 10, pis. xvji.-xxvi. ; Kahun, Gurob, and
Tel-el-Amarna, pp. 16, 17, pis. xxvi.-xxx. ; Illahun, Ka- Hawara, pi. xxviii.

2 Myk. Vas. p. xiii.

78 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

centuries from the rise of the Mycenaean style to its downfall at the time of the Dorian
invasion, or whatever the upheaval was which led to its decline.

That all the vases of the Mycenaean style found at the Heraeum were manufactured
in the Argolic plain, and not imported from some other centre, seems unquestionable.
Whether the Argolid was the chief centre of the Mycenaean civilization or not cannot
be absolutely affirmed, though the evidence seems to point to this supposition. At
any rate, the amount of vases found at Mycenae, Tiryns, Naupha, and in the various
tombs throughout the plain, is so great that we can safely assert them to be of home
manufacture. That Class I. is found at Mycenae and not at the Heraeum may perhaps
be accounted for by a difference of feiste in the two places. The Heraeum, which was
one of the largest sanctuaries in Greece, must have kept several potters' factories busy
to supply the faithful with the requisite vases for ex votos, and that cerfciin styles
should have been popular there and others not so is not extraordinary.

Several facts may be noticed in regard to our fragments which are significant.
The singular uniformity of all the fragments of the Mycenaean style, both in clay
and technique ; the complete absence of Class I., and, lastly, the equally complete
absence of any foreign variations (e. g. Theran, Melian, Cypriote, etc.) of the regular
Mycenaean types. These facts woidd seem to indicate : (1) That the potteries which
produced the ware found at Mycenae were not the same as those which produced
our fragments ; had such been the case it is scarcely credible that no traces of Class
I. should have been found. (2) That all Mycenaean pottery found at the Heraeum
was the product of one or more particular centres of activity, situated near the sanc-
tuary. (3) That this manufactory reserved its wares exclusively for home consump-
tion, and neither exjjorted its product or imported similar wares. This last assumption
is based on the fact that those particular varieties which are indigenous to some foreign
spots are hardly represented at the Heraeum, and the few exceptions to this rule are
probably accidental. On the other hand, no Mycenaean vase found outside of the
Argolid can be proved to have been manufactured near the Heraeum.

CLASS II., DIVISION 1.

Of this class only a few dozen fragments were found, and no whole vases. Only
a few fragments clearly belonged to the same vases, and the reconstruction of any
vase proved impossible. The characteristics of these fragments are similar to those
of a jug in Athens {Myk. F«s. p. 49, fig. 29) and a three-handled vase from Thoricus
{'E(f>r}iJ,. 'Apx- 1895, pi. XI. 1), though the decoration is extremely simple and monoto-
nous, with no attempt at any elaborate design.

Only a few of the fragments are here reproduced. The technical features are :
very coarse quahty of clay, Avith frequent small stones, varying through the different
shades of red and brown to green ; a thin wash of white, yellow, or red ; ornamen-
tation in violet, brown, or red.

1. (Plate LI. 17.) From belly of vase, form uncertain. Dark red clay, with a darker central
core, and liglit red wash, dark red decoration. Two fishes advancing towards a monster of some
sort whose head and forelegs alone are visible. To identify the cliaracter of the fishes or the
monster is impossible. Cf. Myk. Vas. x. 63, XXXIX. 401a ; Schliemann, Mycenae, Fig. 317 ;
Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, Tier und PflanzenhUder, vi. 47, 48, vii. 3.

2. (Plate LI. 18 a-d.) Four fragments from same vase, form uncertain, clay dark red,

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS IL, DIVISION 2 79

white wash, with faded violet brown decoration. The design cannot be restored, but that the

spiral formed part of it is certain.

3. (Plate LI., 19 a and b.) Two fragments of same vase.
Thick brown clay, yellow wash, brown decoration. Flower
pattern.

4. (Plate LI., 20.) Greenish clay and wash, violet black
decoration, with a greenish tinge. Flower pattern.

5. (Plate LI., 21.) Brown clay, with yellow wash.

6. (Fig. 11.) Fragment of large amphora: height, 0.108
m. ; width, 0.12 m. ; very coarse brick red clay, pale reddish
wash, dark red decoration. (Flower pattern.) The height
of the amphora cannot be determined, but the opening mea-

FiG. 11. sured certainly 13 cm. in diameter. Cf. Myk. Vas. XXL 156.

CLASS II., DIVISION 2.

The fragments of this particular class were far more numerous than those of the pre-
ceding, and are uniformly of a finer character, though the pictorial style of ornamentation
remains the same. They represent throughout smaller vases. The clay is of a better
quality, carefully cleaned, running through all the shades of red, brown, yellow, and
pale green, the decoration generally red or brown. The technical method is the same
in all. Over the natural clay a slip is laid, of very fine red or yellow clay, on which
the design is painted and the surface polished. In some cases the slip is on the inte-
rior as well. Occasionally the decoration is laid on so thickly as to stand out from the
surface of the clay, and be easily friable. Cases occur where a whitish wash has been
applied, as in Class II., 1. Fragments which resemble this class very strongly have
been found in the Bee-Hive tomb near the Heraeum, already referred to.

In only a few cases were fragments clearly part of the same vase and no entire
vases were found. The style of ornamentation is uniformly naturalistic or pictorial,
the motives being taken almost exclusively from flowers, while marine subjects are hardly
used at all. In but a few instances can the form of the vase be determined.

PLATE LIT.

1 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase, form uncertain. Eeddish clay, yellow slip,
red brown decoration. Flower wreath, a is perhaps the best example of Class II. 2 at the
Heraeum. Fragments very similar have been found in Crete ; v. Haussoulier, Rev. Arch. XL.
(1880), p. 359, pi. xxiii., and more recently by Evans at Cnossus. Cf. Arch. Anz. 1900, p. 149,
fio-. 6. Cf. also Myk. Vas. p. 23, fig. 12, and the fragments from the Bee-Hive tomb near the
Heraeum: Myh. Thong, xii. 64; cf. also Myh. Vas. xxvri. 213, 217; A. J. A. VI. (1890),

pi. xxii.

2. Reddish yellow clay, brilliant red brown slip, red brown decoration. Two other small
frao-ments from the same vase were found. This fragment is' an exact duplicate of one from
the Bee-Hive tomb ; v. Myh. Thong, xii. 57.

3. Similar to 1 but slightly coarser clay, slip, and flaky decoration. Probably part of shoulder
of a three-handled vase (form, Myk. Vas. XLiv. 32). A similar smaller fragment, but from a
different vase, was also found.

4. Yellow clay, flaky black decoration. Cf. Myk. Thong, xii. 60.

5. Yellow clay, brilliant black decoration.

6. Double flower. Cf. Myk. Thong, xii. 73 ; B. C. H. X. (1886), pi. iii. 5.

7. Rim of small bowl. Flower ; similar technique to 2.

8. Black border to stalks, changing to red in the centre.

80

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

9. Whitish wash on exterior, with i-ed brown glaze on interior.-

10. l*art of a plate, with branches on the reverse similar to 12. Clay has a peculiar ribbed
surface.

11. Decoration ranging from brown to red. Presents same ribbed surface as 10.

12 a and b. Two fragments from a vase of clay and technique similar to 8. Cf. Myk. Vas.
p. 58, fig. 34.

13. Rim of a large bowl. Clay rather coarse.

14. Grayish clay, evidently burnt. A few other fragments of similar technique and decoration
were found. Cf. Myk. Thong, iii. 10 ; Myk. Vas. xxi. 153, xxvi. 195.

15. Flower pattern in dark red. Polish on exterior and interior.

16. The same.

17. From shoulder of three-handled vase. Arrangement of petals similar to 1. Cf. Myk.
Vas. XXXVI. 376.

18. Dark core in the clay. Decoration in red.

19. From a vase of form 3Iyk. Vas. xliv. 59, probably. Whitish yellow slip. Cf. Myk.
Vas. XIII. 89.

20. Combination of branches (watergrass, perhaps), similar to 12, and snakes or eels.

21. Rosette.

22. Form uncertain. This fragment, as well as several others, shows a peculiar technique,
the addition of a white streak to the decoration after firing, but before glazing. For similar
technique, cf. Myk. Vas. xxvi. 203.

23. Black and red decoration. Uncertain what the complete design was.

24. From a plate. Reddish clay, with yellow slip on obverse, red on reverse. Flower pattern,
the same on both sides in dark red. Cf. Myk. Thong. Xil. 68.

25. Part of plate, with pattern similar to 3, in flaky dark brown.

26. Greenish clay. Cf. Myk. Thong, ill. 9.

27 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase. Reddish clay and decoration. Alternate
buds and flowers. In spite of a certain conventionality of treatment, and indifferent technique,
the resemblance of these fragments to those from Therasia (^Myk. Vas. xii. 78) justifies their
position in this class.

A considerable number of fragments representing three-handled vases similar to
Myk. Vas. vii. 45, ix. 52, were found. This seems to have been one of the favorite
shapes of this class. As a rule, ornamentation is introduced into the space above the
scallops.

Fig. 12 a and b. Fragments of large bowl which measured 45 cm. in diameter. Form uncer-
tain. Whether it had a foot is
doubtful, so that the height cannot
be estimated. Coarse reddish clay
(thickness 0.012 m.), with a yellow
slip, more reddish in tone on the
inside. Decoration in light and
dark red.

On the outside (b) a row of tall
leaves, separated by stalks ; on the
inside, on rim a variety of " tongue
pattern," with a milled border. In

field two fishes and an eel.
Fig. 12.

This plate is perhaps the most

interesting specimen of Class II., 2. The form is unknown to me in any other vase. It

varies from the regidar plate type in that the subject is different on the two sides. The

pattern on the rim is clearly a very early instance of the " tongue pattern " so common

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS IIL, DIVISION 1 81

in later vase-painting. Cf. M;ik. Vas. xxxiv. 344. The leaf pattern on the outside is
only a symmetrical arrangement of the design on Myk. Vus. xxxii. 314. The species
of the fishes (perhaps carp) remains douhtful, but the naturalness of the drawing is an
advance of No. 1 on Plate LI.

CLASS III., DIVISION I.

We now cross the great bridge wliich divides the Mycenaean style and find that
the old naturalism has given place to conventionalism. But this is not the only dif-
ference between Classes II. and III. ; technique itself has made great progi*ess. The
clay used is generally red or yellow in color, of a fine clear quality, carefully cleaned
from impurities. The quality of the decoration is more lustrous and glossy, while in
the best specimens the glaze takes on an intense brilliancy. The style of ornamentation
changes, and certain motives used occasionally in the previous classes now become the
favorites, such as spirals, etc. The old plant and marine motives with a few exceptions
(e. g. the murex) have disappeared, and those which are now prominent are paralleled
in other forms of Mycenaean art in stone and metal.

Though the conventionalism of Class III. follows the naturalism of Class II., and
in this sense is a later style, we are not to assume that the manufacture of Class II.
ceased. In fact there is positive proof that the two flourished side by side, since in
the Bee-Hive tomb which we excavated (cf. p. 91 ff) were found vases of both classes.
Such a radical change as that from naturalism to conventionalism is not the work
of a day ; it must have extended over a long period. But such a fact does not argue
against a classification based on ornamentation, where a difference of time is not
necessarily demanded.

Nor should the relation of III. 1 to III. 2 be misunderstood. We cannot regard
them as two absolutely distinct and unrelated styles. I do not for a moment intend
to imply that for a certain period of years Mycenaean potters continued to manufacture
vases of a certain " hall-marked " excellence and then suddenly began to go down
hill. What we call III. 1 is undoubtedly the best work of a certain period of Myce-
naean ceramic art ; III. 2 is the general average of such a period. As the best work of
a given period is only a small proportion of the whole, the small amount of III. 1 com-
pared to III. 2 bears this out. III. 1 bears the same relation to III. 2 that the work
of Euphronios, Hieron, Duris, and Brygos does to the mass of red-figured vases
produced in Athens prior to the Persian wars ; it is the best ceramic art of the time.

The fragments reproduced on Plate LII. are not all that were found, but the
number was not large, and those represented illusti-ate the group. The technique of
all the fragments is substantially the same, the clay red or bright yellow (more often
the former), the decoration varying from red to brown, with black occasionally used
and the glaze of surpassing brilliancy and fineness. The favorite ornaments seem to
be the spiral and the murex.

The majority of the fragments are rims of two-handled bowls or kylixes similar in
form to Myk. Vas. xliv. 76, 83.

28. Rim of bowl. Decoration shades from brown to red. Part of a spiral row, spirals uncon-
nected. Cf. Myh. Vas. vin. 46.

29. Rim of one-handled bowl. Clay extremely delicate. Outer band of spiral brown, inner
bands red. Cf. Mijk. Vas. xxix. 258. Both form and decoration seem to be the same as on the
vase in Cassel. Arch. Anz. 1899, p. 57, fig. 1.

82 THE VASES AND VASE FKA(iMENTS

30. Rim of bowl. Spiral chain. »

The majority of the fragments of this class bore the decoration of spirals, in chain
or single. Most of the fragments were extremely small.

31 a-C. Tln-ee fiaginent.s from rim of a bowl. Reddish clay, with bright yellow slip and
red decoration. For the toothed edge of c, cf. Myk. Vas. xxiii. 171.

The murex or piu-i)le fish ornament is extremely common. It is curions that we
cannot trace its origin to an earlier class, since it does not occur in Classes I. and
II. Even in Class III. it is impossible to trace any preliminary steps unless we recognize
one of the early essays in the cup from lalysos ; * that, however, seems rather too
conventionalized for a prototype. The arrangement of the pattern varies, the most
common being a row of double murexes as in Myk. Vas. xxxi. 297, or else they are
laid diagonally on their sides.

32. Rim of bowl. Series of murexes placed diagonally to the line of the rim. Cf. Myk. Vas.
vili. 47. Decoration bright red and technique extremely fine.

33. The same.

34. Clay a trifle coarser than is usual in this class and appears burnt. Glaze extremely
brilliaut. Undoubtedly part of a large vase, as the murex is far larger than is usual.

Various Designs.

35. Rim of bowl. Series of parallel zigzags, decreasing in size towards the base. Cf. Myk
Vas. XXX. 273.

36. Greenish clay. The design cannot be reconstructed. The nearest similarity lies in two
fragments of Class IV. (^Myk. Vas. xxxvii. 378, 379), and it is possible that we may have here
as there the combination of a spiral and a ray.

37 a and b. Two fragments from same vase. Net ornament. Cf. Myk. Vas. xx. 146.

38. The same.

39. Rim of bowl. Undoubtedly a suggestion of a guilloche. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiv. 337 ;
xix. 134.

40. Rim of bowl. Probably a design similar to Myk. Vas. xxx. 280.

41. Rim of bowl. Cf. 3fyk. Vas. xxxi. 288.

42. Fine red clay, with whitish slip, red brown decoration. Similar pattern to 37, save that
a cross is placed at each corner of the mesh.

43. Similar clay and slip. Half circle at corner of each mesh.

CLASS III., DIVISION 2.

Class III. 2 forms the bulk of all Mycenaean pottery, no matter where found.
Though the largest class of all, it is, as a whole, uninteresting save in regard to its
bearing on contemporary art. There is little exercise of skill on the part of the
potters, who seem to have been contented to turn out large numbers of vases varying
little in form or decoration.

The class differs principally from its predecessor in that the quality as a whole is
decidedly inferior. The clay is coarser and not so carefully cleaned, varying in shade,
red and yellow predominating. The decoration is of many colors, the different shades
of red and brown being the favorites. The paint also is of a very inferior quality, and
on many vases has almost entirely faded. The glaze is generally dull, and never reaches
that lustrousness so characteristic of the preceding class.

In the arrangement of the fragments, the order adopted by Furtwiingler and

' Oaz. Arch. 1879, pi. xxvii., also in Myk. Vas. ix. 56.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS IIL, DIVISION 2

88

Loeschcke has been followed, since the general succession of our fragments differs in
no great degree from that of other Mycenaean fragments. Only a few of the Heraeum
fragments are here presented, but they illustrate all the principal types and the gen-
eral development of the ornamentation.

The condition of the fragments was extremely bad. Out of the whole class we
succeeded in reconstructing only three vases, one of which coming from a small tomb
had almost all the fragments preserved. Another half dozen had about half their
fragments remaining, and twenty or more were represented by perhaps a dozen frag-
ments apiece. More than a hundred were represented by from two to five fragments
apiece. What the total number of vases represented by the fragments was, is impos-
sible to say, as no calculation can come near the truth ; the number certainly ran
into the thousands. As a rule where several fragments from the same vase were forth-
coming, only one or two are here given, unless the scheme of ornamentation was not
plain. As so many cases occurred where fragments of identically the same clay and
technique clearly belonged to different vases, the relation of several fragments to one
vase has been ignored, unless their common origin was clearly shown by a joining or
otherwise.

The field in which ouv fragments lie is practically covered by plates xvii. -xxxv.
of the Mykenische Vasen. The fragments corresponding to plates xxv. and xxvi. we
have already assigned to Class IL 2. It has proved impossible in all cases to follow
Furtwangler and Loeschcke's arrangement exactly, and such variations as are introduced
are justified by the demand of the particular frag-
ments under discussion. I have endeavored to
discuss the natural sequence of the ornamentation,
i. e. to treat the conventionalizing of naturalistic
motives first and the linear ones last, since we
find the Mycenaean style as a whole passing from
linear to naturalistic motives and through the
conventionahzing of the latter, rececUng to linear
themes again, as illustrated by Class IV.

Fig. 13. Amphora, from 3Ij/k. Vas. xliv. 45 ;
height, 0.33 m. ; diameter of opening, 0.105 m.
Reddish clay, with yellow slip and dull black
decoration. Prom a grave back of the peribolos
wall above the South Stoa. Small part of vase re-
stored in plaster.

This was the only vase which allowed a fairly
complete reconstruction. The ornamentation is
shnilar to that of the amphora in Myk. Vnx.
XXVI. 223, save that the central design and the buds of the flower are treated m a
slightly different fashion.

PLATE LIU.
Flower Buds.

1. Rim and handle of bowl. The bud has here been cut in half. Another smaller fragment of

this vase was found.

2. Flower buds in series. Cf. Myh. Vas. xxvi. 218, 220.

3. Flower bud and diamond. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxviii. 24(3.

--^«^^w<s&

Fig. 13.

84

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Circles, Diamonds, etc.

4. Circle ; dotted row outside. Cf . Myk. Vas. xxviii. 229.

5. Same ; dotted row in.side.

6. Handle of bowl. Same as 4, with addition of central dot to the circle. Cf. Myk. Vas.
XXVIII. 237.

7. Rosette in simplest form.

8. Lozenge with central cross ; similar to Myk. Ws. xxvill. 240, save for omission of outside
lines.

9. Diamond chain. Cf. Myk. Vas. ill. 18.

10. Diamond, diagonals inside. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxix. 256.

11. Diamond circle in centre.

Spiral Forms and their Development.

12. Rim of bowl. Another bowl of precisely similar form and decoration is in the Louvre,
Room A, left hand window case (no number given). Spiral in its most elementary form.

13. Spirals in chain, simplest form. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxviii. 242.

Fig. 14. Jug with spout and one handle. Height, 0.135 m. Pale yellow clay, with greenish

slip, faded black decoration. Row of spirals unconnected.
For form, cf. Myk. Vas. XI. 66.

This jug was labeled as coming from the same

tomb as the four small vases of the " dull " finish

mentioned on p. 74. Professor Waldstein informs

me that the label is wrong, as a photograph of the

tomb shows only the four vases already referred

to. It is probable that this jug comes from the

same tomb as Fig. 13.

14. The same. Introduction of ornament (semicircle)
in field. Similar to Myk. Vas. xxviiii. 245, save that
here the ornament is unconnected with the spiral.

15. The same ; greenish clay, with faded decoration.

16. The same ; ornament resembling an E reversed.
^"^- ^*- Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxii. 312.

17. Two semicircles in field. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiii. 319.

18. Double row of spirals, alternating.

19. Similar arrangement of spirals to that of our amphora (Fig. 13). Cf. Myk. Vas. xxix.
256.

20. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxix. 253. Several other fragments of this bowl were found. Its chief
peculiarity lies in the greenish yellow slip of the exterior. The decoration is considerably faded.
Though no fragments fitted each other, it is plain that the scheme of decoration was a row of
spirals, the loops curving upwards and unconnected.

21. Rim of bowl. Reddish clay and red brown decoration.

22. Yellowish clay, pale slip. Stripe on inside. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxix. 255.

23. Shoulder of three-handled vase. Double row of spirals.

24. From a cup of precisely similar form and decoration to one from Nauplia. Cf. Myk. Vas.
XXI. 150, p. 146 ; also xxxii. 302.

25. Rim of bowl ; dull red glaze on interior. Undoubtedly same shape and design as Myk.
Vas. XV. 93.

26. Clay of a bright brick red color. Whether the floral or marine influence is most prominent
here is hard to say, as the movement strongly suggests the arms of a polyp. Cf. Myk. Vas.
XVII. 110.

27. Handle with spirals. Introduction of swastikas.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: FLOWER PATTERNS 86

Flower Patterns.

The flower pattern in Mycenaean art is one of the earliest motives ; we have ah-eady
found it in Class IL 2 (cf. Plate LII. 6 and 7), and similar though not identical plants
may be found on the sword-blades from Mycenae.' A comparison of our fragments
with those in Myk. Vas. xxx. shows many points of similarity, but the progression
towards conventionalization mentioned by Furtwiingler and Loeschcke (p. 60) can hardly
be seen here, since in none of our fragments is the drawing of the pistils, seed-bags, and
leaves at all apparent, and all our fragments have arrived at the conventional stage.
The pseud-amphora is the commonest form, though many fragments of bowls like Myk,
Vas. xxx. 276, were found.

28. Shoulder of pseud-amphora. Two clays together, pale red inside, dark red outside, with a
bright yellow slip. Cf. Myh. Vas. xviii. 124 ; xxx. 266.

29. The same.

30. From belly of a bowl. Cf. Myh. Vas. viii. 43 ; xxi. 157.

31. Rim of bowl. Several other fragments found. Cf. Myk. Vas. xvill. 122.

32. Similar design.

33. Similar design. Top of flower ends in a loop. Several other fragments from the same
vase were found.

34. The zigzag corona of the flower now stands by itself. This is one of the commonest
motives, and may be found on dozens of our fragments. Cf. Myh. Vas. ix. 51.

35. Series of zigzags used as border lines.

36 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase ; another smaller fragment was also found.
Brick red clay, probably burnt. The zigzag pattern is used almost exclusively, and suggests a
transition style to the geometric. The half circles as ornaments in field are used in similar fasliion
to the " Running Dog " pattern. Cf . Flinders Petrie, Tel-el- Amama, xxvii. 41-43 ; Myh. Vas.
XV. 96.

37. Flower branch. Cf. Myh. Vas. xxxi. 286.

PLATE LIV.

Flower Branches.

1. Simple form. Dotted row above and below corona.

2. Flower branch similar to Plate IV. No. 32, corona of zigzags. In field toothed wheel.

3. Similar treatment to No. 1.

4. Interior dotted row omitted.

5. Similar to No. 1. Clay burnt to a dark gray.

6. Lower part in form of two spirals curved like volutes.

7. Waving branch to each side, probably as an imitation of a palm-tree. Cf. Myh. Vas.

xxxL 293.

8. Top arranged in triple form, half circles unconnected.

9. Part of large bowl. Triple arrangement of corona, in elaborate form, combined with the
murex. Cf. Myh. Vas. xxxl 298, p. 61. Whether the murex is paired or single cannot be
told with certainty, but probably the former case is true. This combination is a common feature
on vases of this class.

10. Cf. Myh. Vas. xl 72. Similar, but not as elaborate.

11. Half a dozen other fragments of almost identical clay and technique were found. Those
fragments, however, had different motives, and it seems impossible that so many different themes
should be combined on one vase. Hence no reconstruction was attempted. The arrangement of
the motive here is clearly connected with the flower branch just discussed.

12. For the scroll ornament cf. Schliemann, Mykenae, p. 291, fig. 369, Jahrb. II. (1887), p. 55.
1 Athen. Mitt. VII. (1882), p. 245, pi. viii. ; cf. also the wall paintings from Thei-asia. Myk. Vas. xn. 73, 74.

86 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Murex, or Purple Fish Patterns. *

The murex pattern is generally arranged in series of single ones, or pairs, the tops
touching the border of the rim of the vase. Furtwiingler and Loesehcke's statement,^
" das Ornament wird besonders haiifig an Bechern und Niipfen verwendet, doeh nur an
solchen deren Innenseite ungefirnisst ist," is not correct, since on several of the Heraeum
fragments, with glaze on the ulterior, was this ornament found.

13. Side of a large bowl, form 3fi/k. Vas. xxxi. 297, about 30 cm. in diameter. Height
cannot be determined, but it was probably the same as the diameter. The clay is of a warm yellow,
but with a tinge of red and yellow slip. Decoration changes from black to brown and dark i-ed.
Murices in single series. Several other fragments of same vase were found.

14 a and b. Two fragments of a kylix, yellow clay. Murexes in single series, rosette under
handle. Several other fragments of same vase were found.

15. Rim of bowl. Simple murex combined with another diagonally. Cf. Myk. Vas. vi. 30.

16. Murex laid diagonally. Dark red glaze on interior.

17. Murex arranged diagonally. Cf. Myk. Vas. viii. 47. Dotted circle inside head of murex.

18. Murex laid horizontally. Brilliant dark red glaze on interior.

19. Rim of large bowl. Dotted circle outside head of murex. The zigzag pattern at the side
is curious and suggests the imitation inscriptions found on black-figured work. Cf. Myk. Vas.
XV. 96, XX. 145, XXI. 154.

20. Murices in pairs, points curving outwards. Dotted circle between the pairs. This varia-
tion where the points curve outwards, and the pair combined in single form, is extremely rare.
Cf. Schliemann, Tiryns, pi. xxii. b, Myk. Vas. xxxi. 299.

21. Alternate murex and pistil.

22. Reddish clay, brown decoration. This ornament is pi'obably a development of the nmrex
pattern.

Linear and Textile Patterns.

The conventionalization of the pictorial ornaments now leads to a steady employment
of linear and textile patterns. Whether the latter are really drawn from those used
in embroideries is impossible to say."

23. From a bowl of precisely the same form and decoration as Myk. Vas. xxxii. 306, save
that here the lozenges of the upper row are double instead of triple in form.

24. Alternating larger and smaller arches. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxii. 308.

25. The arches are bounded above and below by circles.

26. Small arches in series.

27. From a large bowl. Suggestion of a guilloche. Cf. 3Iyk. Vas. ill. 21.

28. The ornaments in field here consist of circles whose diameter is broken. Cf. Myk. Vas.
XXXII. 313. Perhaps a representation of a mussel-shell open. Cf. B. C. H. 11. pi. xv. 10.

29. Similar, with the addition of a smaller circle inside the larger one.

30. Ornament resembling a reversed E surrounded by semicircle. Cf. Plate LV. 16 ; Myk.
Vas. XXXII. 304, 307, 312. Perhaps the half of a mussel-shell ; cf. Myk. Vas. p. 61, No. 304.

The principle in the following fragments seems to be the division of the vase into
a series of metope-like squares by vertical lines, the vacant spaces being filled by natural
ornaments conventionalized or else textile motives.

31. Simplest form ot design. Series of semicircles back to back separated by a series of lines,
not quite vertical.

32. Similar decoration. Outer vertical lines bounded by series of loops, which is one of the
commonest motives at this time.

1 Myk. Vas. p. 61, No. 297. a Cf. Myk. Vas. p. 62.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: LINEAR AND TEXTILE PATTERNS 87

33. Semicircles almost contiguous. Between the vertical lines, series of parallel zigzajrs. Cf
Myk. Vas. xxxiii. 317. f & fa

34. Double semicircles in upper right-hand corner with central dots. Cf. No. 29.

35. Vertical lines interlaced by diagonal lines.

36. Double semicircles, large and small. Herring-bone pattern between the vertical lines.
Cf. Myh. Vas. xxxm. 318.

37. Three double semicircles bounded by mussel ornament in series.

38. Interior semicircle in loop form. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxm. 324.

39. Dull brown glaze on interior. Square divided into four triangles by diagonals, with arcs.
Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiir. 316. 8 .r s ,

40. The same ; double semicircles in each triangle.

41. Diamond in square, divided by double semicircles into three sections. Another smaller
fragment from the same vase was found. Cf. Myk. Vas. i. 5, xv. 99, xxxiv. 345.

PLATE LV.

1. Reddish clay with darker core, plastic moiddings on upper and lower edges. Form uncer-
tain, but probably that of a three-handled pyxis with rounded base, as in Myk. Vas. XLIV. 34.
Ornament a variation of the " Running
Dog " pattern (see below) growing out of
the loops already mentioned. Perhaps the
ornament may have been intended for a
guilloche. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiv. 347.

2. Similar clay, but from rim of a bowl. ^ ^^^^^^^H^Ti? ^Sr~^V\ X^^IP!^ i
Perpendicular loop pattern, the ends car-
ried out to a point (as in No. 1) with
rosette in field.

Fig. 15. Bowl. Form, Myk. Vas.
xxxm. 328 : height, 0.104 m. ; diame-
ter, 0.145 m. Light red clay, with warm "^fe ^
yellow slip, circular bands on interior. Sim- p j-
ilar decoration on both sides, three perpen-
dicular series of lines, the outer inclosing a herring-bone pattern, the central one zigzags with a
dotted semicircle on each side. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxm. 327, 330. Numerous other fragments of
precisely this scheme of ornamentation were found.

3. Rim of bowl, reddish yellow clay, continuous zigzag between the perpendiculars and dotted
rosettes. Good technique.

4. The ornament is probably a variation of the palm-tree (cf. Myk. Vas. xxxi. 296). I
have been unable to find another instance exactly similar. Lozenge chain introduced between
the perpendiculars. Another small fragment of the vase was also found.

5. Exactly the same clay and technique as Plate LIV. 11, but it is doubtful whether it belongs
to the same vase. The herring-bone, as on Plate LIII. 34, is here introduced.

6. Herring-bone between the verticals ; one of the commonest Mycenaean motives. Cf. Myk.
Vas. XXXIV. 336.

7. Lozenge chain between the verticals as on 4.

8. Continuous zigzag between the verticals as on 3.

9. The zigzags are here separated. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiv. 340. A common motive.

10. The same, broader lines, verticals in pairs.

11. The same, verticals in pairs, closer together.

12. The lines between the verticals are here treated as on 2.

13. Interlacing diagonal lines between the verticals. This form of decoration is especially
characteristic of the shoulder decoration on pseud-amphoras, or three-handled vases. Cf. Mijk.
Vas. XXII. 159.

88 THE VASP:S AND VASE FRAGMENTS

14. " Running Dog" and scale patterns. Cf. Mi/k: la.s. xix. 136: xx. 146. ^,

15. Red glaze on interior. Dotted scale pattern. Cf. Myk: Vas. x. 62 ; Schliemann, Mykenae,
pi. xiii. 63 ; Dumont and Chaplain, Cer. pi. iii. 19.

16. Scale pattern with dotted circles. Similar in character to Myl: Vas. xi. 70.

17. The same, double lines to each scale. Cf. Schliemann, llryns, fig. 36.
la Scales in branch form. Cf. 3IyL Vas. vi. 32 ; xi. 70.

19. Rim of bowl, another fragment from the same vase also found. Parallels inclosing cross
lines meeting at an obtuse angle.

20. Lozenge chain laid horizontally. Cf. No. 7.

21. The same, chain bounded by an outer line on each side.

22. Similar to 21, the interior pattern a " Running Dog." Another fragment of the same vase
also found.

It is very probable that in 21 and 22 a guilloche was represented. Cf. Myk. Vas. xxxiv. 328 ;
Schliemann, Tiryns, pi. xxvi. c.

23. " Running Dog " pattern. Cf . Myk. Van. xviii. 131.

24. Probably the same pattern. The ends, however, do not overlap. Cf. Myk. Vas. xv. 96.

25. " Running Dog " pattern, simplest form.

26. The same, double pattern arranged vertically.

27. Probably a development of 24. Cf . Myk. Vas. xv. 96 ; xxi. 154.

It is well to consider here the line decoration, or linear principle, which runs all through
Mycenaean decoration from the earliest times. The examples here cited (Plate LV.)
ought strictly to fall in several of the classes already considered ; but as this linear prin-
ciple has a pecuhar bearing on later periods, especially the Argive style, it is best to
treat these fragments for a moment in one special class. Only those fragments have
been selected which afford an example of fine line decoration ; fragments of large vases
with broad lines as their only decoration were extremely common.

Though some line decoration occurs on almost every vase of the Mycenaean epoch, it
is only during this period, when Class III. flourishes, that we find the steady employ-
ment of the fine as well as the heavy fine, used chiefly on vases of the pseud-
amphora type. The shoulders of such vases are generally filled with various motives,
but from the shoulder to the base the vase is ornamented with a series of parallel lines,
heavy and fine. Such fragments were extremely common at the Heraeum. Their rela-
tion to vases of the Argive style will be more fully discussed in chapter iv.

28. Lower part of funnel-shaped vase, of the so-called " lalysos " type. Cf . Myk. Vas. vii.
42 ; XI. 71. The opening runs the whole length of the vase. Fragments of such vases were
fairly common at the Heraeum, and as far as could be seen the only form of decoration on them
was linear.

29. Belly of pseud-amphora.

30. Base of pseud-amphora.

31. From shoulder of pseud-amphora. On shoulder traces of a flower pattern similar to Plate
LIH. 28. The central lines are bordered by a loop pattern, in series.

32. The same. The spii-als are treated in a more naturalistic fashion, which, combined with
the excellent technique, would seem to denote its standing between Classes II. 2 and III. 1.

There still remain several kinds of vases to be mentioned, which, to judge by technique
and style, are certainly not older than Class III. 2, and most probably belong to it.

Vases of a reddish yellow clay, carefully polished, but without decoration. Frag-
ments of these vases were numerous and filled several baskets. Some specimens were
found in the Bee-Hive tomb (see p. 91). Only a few vases could be restored from the
fragments, and represent mostly kyhxes and amphoras.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS IV 89

Another series, which seems to belong to a separate class, was formed by fragments
exactly similar to the one-handled cups from the Bee-Hive tomb. (Of. Fig. 32.) The
clay is generally fine, red or yellow in color, with a brilliant glaze, the rims and feet
being ornamented with bands. The body of the vase is covered with a decoration hard
to describe ; it seems as if the color had been sprayed on the surface of the vase.
Whether this is the same technique exhibited by the vases from Ahki {Myk. Vas.
xvni. 119, 125), I cannot say ; it is not common, and thus far the only similar speci-
mens I have been able to note are from the Acropolis at Athens and Aegina. Just
what position they occupy in the Mycenaean style is doubtful, but the several points of
technique, clay, glaze, and color would seem to assign them to Class III. in the first
division rather than the second.

Of the class of small, hand-made vases, mentioned in Myk. Vas. p. 63, the Heraeum
furnished one intact (Fig. 16) and numerous fragments of others. This is a one-handled
jug (height, 0.065 m.) of hght reddish clay,
with yellow slip, the decoration varying be-
tween black and red. Cf. Myk. Vas. xv. 101,
102, XVI. 108 ; Schliemann, Mycenae, p. 66,
No. 27.

Another vase belonging to Class III. is Fig.
17 ; height, 0.06 m. ; diameter, 0.051 m. Two

legs and handle restored. Greenish clay, with pj^ ^g j-,g. 17.

black bands on body and legs, dots on rim.

The form of this vase is identical with Myk. Vas. xliv. 192, save that the legs do
not turn up at the bottom. Cf. Jahrh. I. (1886), p. 134, fig. 3006.

CLASS IV.

The number of fragments belonging to Class IV. is very small. In only a few cases
were more than three fragments of the same vase found, and even then the design could
not always be reconstructed. The peculiar fact is that the fragments of this class which
we possess do not show the wealth of ornamentation we should have expected. A very
slight study of vases belonging to this class from other localities shows that it is thor-
oughly decadent, with a wealth of ornamentation linear rather than pictorial in charac-
ter. The Heraeum fragments shoAV this linear feature, and even .though the wealth of
ornamentation be lacking, the similarity between them and other vases of the class, in
decoration, clay, technique, etc., is strong enough to warrant our placmg them in Class
IV. without question.

The clay of all our fragments of this class is much coarser than in the previous class,
and is generally greenish in tone. The color has lost the lustre which was prominent
before, while the glaze is generally dull and never rises to the level of that of Class III.
in point of brilliancy. Though the forms of the vases cannot always be determined, it is
safe to say that bowls were the most common. It may also be stated that fragments
of this class which belong to vases with large openings do not always have the interior
glazed {Myk. Vas. p. 63), or, to put it differently, the absence of glaze on the backs of
krge fragments of bowls is no proof that they are not connected with Class IV. In fact,
among the Heraeum fragments of this class, glaze on the back was the exception rather

than the rule. .

As the number of fragments is so few, no attempt has been made to arrange them in

no THE VASES AND VASK FRAGMENTS

chronological order, nor, indeed, conld any siitisfactory classification of ornamentation be
fonnd, since in an over-elaborate style like Class IV. it is a difficult tasE, when deaUng
with a few scattered fragments, to evolve any definite scheme. In the main the order is
based upon plates xxxv. and xxxvi. of the Mykenische Vasen.

33. Pattern similar to Plate LIV. 38. Alternate diamonds in the interspaces of the arches.
Cf. 3Ii/k. Vas. xxxv. 351. Two other fragments of the same vase were found.

34. From side of bowl. Greenish clay. Cf. Myk.
Vas. xxxv. 857.

Fig. 18. Half of bowl. Form, Mi/k. Vas.
xxxiii. 318 ; height of fragment, 0.069 m. ; clay
light red, with warm yellow slip, red decoration
fairly brilliant. Though half of the design is miss-
ing, there can be no doubt that it was somewhat
similar to Mi/k. Vas. xxxi. 296, with a lozenge of
interlaced lines on either side.
*'"• ^^' Throughout Class IV. the " Heraldic " scheme

or " Wappenstil " plays a prominent part and is illustrated by several of our fragments.

35. Similar " Heraldic " scheme. Band on interior just below the rim. Cf. Myk. Vas. XLI.
424.

36. Similar arrangement. Continuation of design to a circle of interlacing lines.

37. Decoration much faded. Evidently a development of Myk. Vas. XXIX. 256 ; cf. Mi/k.
Vas. xxxv. 357.

38. Possibly a development of Mi/k. Vas. xxxi. 296. Though dots are frequently employed
as the groundwork of a design, their use in place of the line is very curious. A somewhat
analogous use occurs in fragments from Tiryns. (Cf. below No. 46.) The " Heraldic " scheme
suggests Myk. Vas. XXXV. 356.

39. Shoulder of pseud-amphora. Ellipse inclosing series of zigzags.

40. Perhaps similar arrangement to Myk. Vas. xxxvi. 376.

41. From a bowl. Band below rim on inside. Similar " Heraldic " scheme to Pig. 18.

42. From a large vessel.

43. Reddish clay, fine technique. Elliptical lines inclosing sei-ies of zigzags curving to a point.

44 a-d. Four fragments from same bowl. Greenish clay, with black decoration. The arrange-
ment of the design is extremely difficult to restore. That a bird was intended seems fairly
evident if a (the head) be compared with Myk. Vas. xxxvi. 364, and C (the wing) with
xxxviii. 383. Perhaps like Schliemann, Tiryns, pi. x. 45.

BIRDS, ANIMALS, AND HUMAN FIGURES.

Though the use of figures, animal or human, is one of the later innovations of the
Mycenaean style and a characteristic feature of Class IV., all vases which show this use
do not necessarily belong to that class. Such figures seem to have been introduced
during the latter period of Class III. Only half a dozen of such fragments were found
at the Heraeum, but no satisfactory explanation of the lack of such fragments is forth-
coming. All except the last (No. 47) belong to Class III.

45 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase. Brick red clay, with dark red decoration.
Two birds, somewhat resembling a wild duck, are represented. Both fragments show an ex-
tremely advanced style of technique and belong to Class III.

46. liear part of base of the well-known " Tiryns " type. The legs and body of the horse are
filled in by dots as in No. 38. An identical use may be found in a fragment from Tiryns (Schlie-
mann, Tiryns, pi. xxi. a).

Fig. 19. Fragment of a large bowl of 34 cm. in diameter. Height of fragment,

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: THE BEE-HIVE TOMBS

dl

0.125 m. ; length, 0.22 m. ; thickness of clay, O.OOG m. Reddish clay, with lighter core and pale

reddish slip, dull red decoration. Upper part of two fishes
represented. Class III.

The arrangement of fishes in a symmetrical series with a

flower branch between them is a natural characteristic of the

third class. The use of crosses instead of dots as decoration

for the body is quite akin to that on plate xi. 48 of Schlie-

mann's Mycenae. A similar arrangement may be noted on a

lebes from Cyprus in the British Museum. (^Excavations in

Fig. 19, Cypncs, p. 35, fig. 66, No. 1038.) Cf. also Petrie, Kahun,

Guroh, and Ilawara, pi. xxviii. 9.

47 Base of a bowl. Reddish yellow clay, with black decoration. Lower part of human figure

with a tree or branch.

This is the only Mycenaean fragment from the Heraeum on which the human figure
occurred. Its treatment is somewhat curious, and savors more of those figures on Geo-
metric vases. However, it seems doubtful whether any Geometric influence can be here
recognized.

Fig. 20 (Form, Myk. Vas. xliv. 63 ; drawing on Plate LXIV. 1.) One-handled jug ; height,
0.054 m. Found at the southeast of the Second Temple. Yellow
clay and slip with decoration varying from black to red. On base
rays, and figure zone on the body ; another figure zone on the
shoulder, and stripes on the neck and rim. Vertical zigzag on the
handle between two perpendicular lines. Intact.

This vase is of special interest, since it shows the transi-
tion between the Mycenaean and Argive styles. Clay and
technique are unmistakably Mycenaean, but the general
scheme of decoration savors more of the Argive style,
since we have an animal zone and a very primitive example
of a ray pattern around the base.

On the shoulder are represented three animals, but so
rudely drawn that it is impossible to identify them. They
have large open mouths, three projections above, which may
represent ears and horns, and a tail almost like an extra leg.
division. Three animals precisely similar are represented on the main zone, inverted.
This inversion gives an extremely curious effect, as the animals thus resemble boats with
their sailors, the ray pattern serving as waves ; but it is plahi that such an effect is acci-
dental. This inversion of the figures is paralleled by two skyphoi from the Heraeum
(v. p. 151), and does not, as far as I know, occur on any Mycenaean vase.

This vase has been assigned to the Mycenaean class purely on technical grounds, for
it shows so perfectly the characteristics of both the Mycenaean and Argive styles that
it is difficult to decide to which class it really belongs. It must be admitted that no
animal on any Mycenaean vase resembles these figures in any way ; but, for that matter,
no similar animal can be found on any Argive vase.

Fig. 20.

Each leg ends in a triple

THE BEE-HIVE TOMBS NEAR THE HERAEUM.
Two tombs were discovered on the 20th and 23d of April, 1894. Both have been
described in the previous volume of this publication, and consequently there is no need
of devoting any time to the consideration of their architectural features. The contents
of these tombs was as follows : —

92

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

TOMB I.

49 vases, 32 entirely or nearly whole, and 17
in fragments.

TOMB II.

Fi-agments of vases.
4 steatite whorls.
1 red agate bead.
1 bronze ring.

3 terra-cotta figurines.
1 terra-cotta chair.
1 island stone.

4 steatite whorls.

I ivory needle.
Glass beads.

The few vase fragments from the second tomb were mostly undecorated, and pei*-
mitted no reconstruction. A few fragments of bones were also found ; but in the main
the contents of the tomb are not worth a detailed consideration.

In the first tomb the results were more gratifying. Three layers were found, the
upper containing bones and four vases (mostly cups), at a depth of 2.79 m. ; the second,
which contained a skull, some calcined bones, and the majority of the vases and frag-
ments, at a depth of 3.28 m. Ten cm. below the second came the last layer, which,
besides a few fragments of bones and a cup (No. 18), contained a small separate grave
near the entrance of the dromos (length, 1.26 m, ; width, 0.4:5 m. ; depth, 0.66 m.).
Through some accident during the transportation to Athens, several of the labels were
lost, and it is now impossible, in the case of some of the vases or fragments, to decide
from which layer they came.

The classes represented were II. 2 and III. 2. No specimens which showed the
advanced technique of III. 1 were found, nor were there any rough pieces which could
belong to II. 1. At the same time there appears to have been no distinction in the
matter of layers, since vases of both classes were scattered about in each layer. Certain
it is, however, that all these vases are products of the same period.

The shapes represented were as follows : —

II jugs with handle. 9 cups with handle.

2 jugs with handle and spout. 4 kylixes.

9 three-handled vases. 1 pseud-amphora.

6 amphoras. 4 vases, represented by fragments, but not

3 cups. permitting a complete restoration.

Jugs with Handle.

1. Height, 0.207 m. Form, Mijl: Vas. xliv. 63. Coarse
reddish clay, without any decoration. Base of handle pierced
by a hole. Intact ; first layer.

Two more jugs (height, 0.235
m. and 0.22 m.) were found in
the second layer, of precisely simi-
lar form and technique. Both had
a small hole at the base of the
handle.

2. Height, 0.155 m. Similar
shape to 1, but with handle a lit-
tle more flaring. Reddish clay,
with a highly polished yellow slip,
without any decoration.
Half of another vase of same form and technique was found.

3. (Fig. 21.) Heigiit, 0.103 m. Same form as 1. Red clay, with herring-bone pattern in a
series of four on the shoulder in red brown.

Fig. 21.

Fig. 22.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: THE BEE-fHVE TOMB

93

One-handled vase with

Another jug precisely similar, but with spirals on the shoulder and plastic boss under the handle
was also found.

4. (Fig. 29.) Height, 0.078 m. Handle missing. Form similar to 1, but rather more rounded
and squat in appearance. Reddish clay, with black decoration laid on very thickly and cracked in
places. Bands and continuous spiral chain on the shoulder, with dots in the field.

Another similar jug with leaf pattern on shoulder was found.

5. (Fig. 23 a and 6.) Height, 0.074 m. ; diameter of cover, 0.075 m.
cover. Form- similar to Myk. Vas.
XLiv. 115, except that here the
foot is lacking. Coarse red clay,
with dark core pierced by two rows
of holes, with a single row in the
cover. The use of this peculiar ves-
sel has never been satisfactorily ex-
plained ; similar examples have been
found at Troy in the fourth city
(Schliemann, llios, p. 557, fig. 11,

96), and at lalysos. {Mt/k. Vas. ii. 15.) According to Furtwiingler and Loeschcke these ves-
sels were used to burn incense or some sweet-smelling powder for sanitary reasons, and this expla-
nation seems very plausible, especially as we find the cover also pierced with holes.

Fig. 23.

6. (Fig. 24.) Height, 0.17 m.

Amphoras.

Form, Myk. Vas. XLIV. 44, except for a slight variation in the
foot. Coarse brick red clay without decoration. The exterior

r-^fJI^^XX has been entirely covered with a white wash, almost entirely
^ \ worn away.

I The principal feature of this amphora lies in the white wash.

' ] This, as is shown by many of our fragments, was a very common
feature, and half a dozen baskets are filled with fragments
showing it. Generally it seems to be employed on vases of
coarse clay, large pithoi or small wheel-made saucers. While
this technique is employed very often on Mycenaean terra-cotta
figurines and later vases (e. g. the white lekythoi), it is ex-
tremely rare on archaic vases (two in Berlin, 1309, 1629), and
I know of no other instance in the Mycenaean style. From its
frequency in our fragments, it may perhaps be considered as a
local fashion.

Another small amphora (height, 0.09 m.) similar in shape, of
yellowish clay with a reddish tinge, but without the white wash, was found in the second layer.

7. (Fig. 25.) Height, 0.105 m. Light red clay, with
yellow slip. Faded black glaze over all, inside and out^
side (except base).

This vase differs from the ordinary Mycenaean am-
phora in that the handles have no connection with the
mouth of the vase. The absence of all decoration and
the presence of the glaze proves that a large part of the
glazed fragments which the Heraeum furnished must
be placed in the Mycenaean period.

a Height, 0.07 m. ; form, Myk. Vas. XLiv. 73.
Yellow clay, with red decoration very much faded.
Second layer.

This vase was identical with Myk. Vas. x. 64, xv.
99, except that around the shoulder ran a series of

Fig. 24.

rnaments similar to Plate LV. 24.

Fig. 25.

94

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Three-handled Vases. j^

Three varieties were found : (a) form, jMijk. Vas. xliv. 25, tall with wide opening ;
(b) form, Mt/k. Fas. xliv. 32 ; (c) form, 3/>/k. Vas. xliv. 33.

9. (Fig. 26.) Height, 0.213 m. Reddish clay, with bhick decoration turning to dark red.
One handle missing. Three pairs of spirals on shoulder, sejiarated by the handles and bands,

heavy and fine. Second layer.

The form of this vase does not quite correspond to Myk.
Vas. XLIV. 25, as the mouth is a little wider and the foot
less pronounced; it lies between forms 25 and 27. When found
it was completely full of ashes, which are probably human.

The upper part of a
similar vase, but much
smaller, was also found.
Shoulder decoration,
interlaced lines.

b.

10. (Fig. 27.) Height,
0.098 m. ; diameter,
0.172 m. ; diameter of
opening, 0.098 m. On
shoulder flower pat-
base, the upper joined

Fig. 26.

Fig.

tern similar to Plate LIT. 6, with dotted rosettes in field. Bands on
with a wave pattern and series of radiating lines on base. The
decoration varies from black to red brown.

11. (Fig. 28.) Height, 0.05 m. ; diameter, 0.185 m. ; diam-
eter of opening, 0.085 m. On shoulder three fishes. Usual
decoration of bands in dark brown. First layer.

Four more vases of this type were found varying in height
from 38 to 84 cm. The decoration was the same in all, a
wave pattern on the shoulder similar to Myk. Vas. viii. 45.

Fig. 28.

C.

12. Height, 0.06 m. ; diameter, 0.109 in. ; diameter of opening, 0.07 m. Dark and light red

decoration, identical with Mi/k. Vas. xxii. 159, save that
^Hflfif-. the stripes on the body run horizontally, not vertically.

gr - i^-Ja*'*- '^ Interlaced lines on shoulder.

%. ^.■-^•■J&^: .:-.,, ^^^ 13. (Fig. 29.) Height, 0.065 m. ; diameter, 0.10 m. ;

diameter of opening, 0.07 m. Brilliant black decoration.
On shoulder double line loop pattern, bands on body in red
and on base spirals in light brown.

The form of 13 is a cross between Myk. Vas. xliv.
32 and 33, being higher in the body than 32, but lower
Fig. 29. than 33.

Teapot-shaped Jugs.

14. Height, 0.13 m. Form, Myk. Vas. xliv. 68. Bands on body and handle and series of
spirals on shoulder precisely similar to Myk. Vas. ix. 54.

15. Height, 0.12 m. Form, practically the same as Myk. Vas. xliv. 15, except that the foot
is flat. Entire vase covered with a dark red glaze except under handle and on the bottom.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: THE BEE-HIVE TOMB

95

Pseud-amphora.

16. Height, 0.115 m. Form, Myk. Vas. XLiv. 50. Ordinary decoration of heavy and fine
bands similar to Plate LV. 29, in red and brown. First layer.

Kylixes.

Four of these were found, of red or yellow clay, without any decoration. Two were of the same
form as Myk: Vas. XLiv. 83 ; one, the same as Myk. Vas. xuv. 82 ; while the fourth probably
corresponded to form 85, but as one side was completely broken away, it cannot be told whether
the vase possessed one or two handles. They were all from 10 to 12 cm. in height and from 11 to
15 cm. in diameter. One (form 82) was elliptical in shape, having a diameter across the handles
of 13 cm. ; at right angles to the handles, 14.| cm.

Cups.
Two varieties of cups were noted (a) without handle ; (b) with handle.

Fig. 30.

17. (Fig. 30.) Height, 0.027 m. ; diameter, 0.07 m. Brilliant red
stripes around body, with another stripe on the rim inside.

Two others of similar shape were found, one a little more rounded at the
base, measuring 43 and 44 mm. in height, 9 and 11 cm. in diameter, with
no decoration whatever.

Two varieties of b were noted : (1) Those with a handle curving upwards, above the rim, and
(2) those with a handle curving downwards, below the rim.

18. Height, 0.06 m. ; with handle, 0.14 m. ; diameter,
0.153 m. Form, Myh. Vas. xliv. 102. Entire vase, ex-
cept base and under the handle, is covered with a brilliant
red glaze.

19. (Fig. 31.) Height, 0.06 m. ; diameter, 0.104 m. Red
clay, red glaze on interior, outside plain.

Three other cups of similar shape but with the rim less
emphasized, were found, two undecorated, one ornamented
with stripes. It is probable that 18 and 19 are direct
imitations of metal work.^

Fig. 31.

20. (Fig. 32.) Height, 0.045 m. ; diameter, 0.113 m.
Form, Myh. Vas. xliv. 87. Red clay, with light red
stippling.

This cup is a good instance of the technique men-
tioned on p. 89. Three more cups were found, all of
the same shape, one showing the same technique, one
with a row of ornaments on the side similar to those on
No. 8, and the third plain.

The terra-cotta figurines and the chair are described in the chapter on Terra-Cotta
Figurines (p. 42).

1 Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, Hl^t. VI. p. 965, fig. 533.

Fig. 32.

96 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

MISCKLLANEOUS VASES.

Of the vases found intact, or partially so, mentioned in the Introduction, by far the
greater part consisted of small, hastily made vases, with or without decoration, the exact
date of which is extremely doubtful. The quality of the clay is distinctly inferior to
that of the Mycenaean vases, and in many respects corresponds to that used in vases of
the Geometric style, so that the majority of them may well belong to that period.

A comparison of the vases without decoration with the decorated vases is the only
means for esttiblishing a date for the former, and in the case of the latter the following
data are available: (1) The most primitive examples (the saucers) show a use of
" didl " color, which, together with their rather hasty technique, may perhaps assign
them to the earlier periods of the Mycenaean style. (2) One small three-handled jug,
which, from its pohshed surface, belongs more properly to the class discussed on p. 99,
had a linear band of '"dull" color. (3) Practically all the jugs, amphorae, and bowls
were made of a coarse clay, mox*e resembling that used in the Geometric vases, and if
they are to be included in the Mycenaean style at all, would seem to belong to the very
latest period. These, I shall endeavor to show later, constitute the real link between the
Mycenaean and Argive styles. At the same time, I do not regard their sequence from
primitive times as existing without a break, and for that reason I do not consider them
as examples of the "Argive Linear" style which Professor Waldstein would consider
them to be. It cannot, however, be assumed that their influence on any particular style
was marked ; they are simply the examples of the low level to which the potter's trade
could sink, and from their large number it is reasonable to suppose they were the
cheapest vases which the devotee at the shrine could buy. Being rough and small, they
were not so easily broken, and were thus in far better preservation than larger vases of
better technique. To assign an exact date to them is impossible, nor can they be
arranged in any exact chronological order, except where the development of the shape
can be readily seen.

Three general types may be distinguished : —

Saucers.

Bowls (with or without handles).

Jugs (with one, two, or three handles).

Sance7's.

Three distinct varieties may be noted : —

a. Plain, hand or wheel made.

b. With central boss.

c. With handles.

a.

1. The most primitive examples seem to be a series of small
hand-made saucers, of grayish or reddish clay, pierced by a
hole near the rim, and varying from 5 to 7 cm. in diameter,
and 2 to 3 cm. in height. Several hundred were found in-
tact or in fragments. The ornamentation is of the simplest
character, consisting of two lines crossing each other at right
angles. Whether they belong to the dull or lustrous Mycenaean
vases is difficult to decide, as the decoration is extremely poor,
Fig. .32 a. ^^^ ^hey are more prf)bably examples of the " dull " technique.

Diameter, 0.05 m. Variety is obtained by increasing the number of cross-lines,

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: SAUCERS

97

wliith vary from two to eight. As a rule the ornamentation is confined to the interior,
but cases occur with the same design on the exterior as well. The earliest of the series
is a saucer of red clay 5 cm. in diameter, with ribbed edges and two incised cross-lines
on the interior. This probably falls in the primitive period.

Similar saucers were found in large numbers at Hissarlik, Mycenae, and Tiryns. In
some respects they resemble saucers from Bos-ojiik (Koerte, Athen. Mitt. 1899, pi. iii,
7) and Syra ('E<^t,/x. 'Apx- 1899, pi. ix. 25).

2. As a development of these we have a series of wheel-made saucers, of reddish
clay (e. g. Fig. 32 b), from 4 to 7 cm. in diameter, of which about fifty were found.
The inner edge of the rim is either sharply defined or rounded, and none have any
decoration. The clay is of a
slightly coarser variety than
that used in the preceding
examples.

1. The earliest examples are
hand-made, of a reddish clay,
without decoration, having
a small boss in the middle ;
they resemble the earliest ex-
amples of class a, save for
their lack of decoration and
the addition of the boss.

2. The wheel-made type (Fig. 32 c) corresponds in character of clay (wheel-made)
and lack of decoration to a, 2. The principal variations lie in the height of the boss,
which in some cases rises above the edge of the saucer. As in a, 2, the edges of the
saucer are either rounded or sharp. A few examples were found with a series of parallel
dashes of pauit (dull) on the rim.

Fig. 32 b.

Diameter, O.CKi'i m.
Height, 0.013 m.

Fig. 3l' c.

Diaraeter, O.Otil m.

Height, O.OKi ni.

Height of boss, O.Oai m.

Two varieties may be noted with one handle, and one with two handles.
The simplest form of the one-handled saucer is hand-made, the edges rolled over
so as to form a curve down to the bottom of the vase, and the handle, of the simplest
form, parallel with the sides. (Fig. 32 d.) This type was extremely common. A varia-
tion is introduced occasionally, where a plas-
tic dab of clay is placed on each side of the
handle along the rim, similar to those on the
shoulders of our terra-cotta figurines (Fig.
32 e) ; this saucer was entirely covered
with a brown glaze, worn away in places. A
few specimens were noted -ndth one handle,
and three plastic dabs of clay, arranged so as
to form a symmetrical scheme on the four
sides of the vessel. While the majority of
these saucers are un decorated, some few are

covered with a didl dark glaze, badly worn.

All the saucers with two handles show these plastic projections on each side ot the

Fig. 32 d.
Diameter, 0.04 m.
Height, 0.012 m.

Fig. 32 e.

Diameter, 0.044 m.

Height, 0.015 m.

98 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

haiulle. Tlie earliest example is haiul-macle, of precisely similar clay and technique to
those first mentioned under a, with four cross-lines on the interior. The Afteel-made
types show a decided advance in execution. They are almost flat (a trifle over a centi-
metre in height, and from six to seven centimetres in diameter), the edges well defined, and
they are made of a dark red clay without decoration. About a dozen specimens were found.
As the quality of the clay resembles more closely the Geometric clay, and as they are
exactly paralleled in shape by several of our bronze saucers, it is certain that they must
fall in a rather later period, perhaps about the eighth century.

Bowls.

The earliest examples of bowls seem to be contemporary with the most primitive
siiucers mentioned above ; they are hand-made, of very rude technique, the sides raised
a trifle. In some cases a small dab of clay is added to the rim to represent a handle.
None have any decoration.

The total number of bowls found was between one and two hundred ; of these a few
are hand-made, but the greater part are wheel-made. Slight variations in the forms may
be detected, but hardly enough to warrant a regular classification.

The hand-made bowls are either plain or decorated, rounded at the base or else
provided with a flat base. None have handles. The decoration invariably consists
of one, two, or three narrow bands encircling the bowl just below the shoidder. A dozen
examples were found where the vase had been covered with a white paint (as in No. 6 of
the Bee-Hive tomb : Fig. 24). On one example a straight or a wavy band had been jjainted
in red ; this was added after the final firing as in the case of terra-cottas, and is easily
friable. None of these bowls exceeded 3 cm. in height or 5 cm. in diameter.

Something over a hundred wheel-made bowls were found, the majority of a coarse
reddish clay, similar to that of the wheel-made saucers. Only a few examples bore any
decoration. The form is generally the same with the following variations. The rim is
either flat, slightly curved, or sharply emphasized as in the saucers ; the profile sometimes
flares sharply outward and downward so that the diameter is greater at the base than at
the opening. As a rule the profile curves inward towards the base, which is flat. The
usual form of decoration consists of one or two broad or fine wavy bands on the shoulder.
The following is the best example : —

Fig. 33. Height, 0.024 m. ; diameter, 0.047 m. Dark clay, seemingly burnt.
On shoulder dark brown wavy band with yellow dots. Similar dotted band on
rim.

This is probably one of the latest of the series, as the clay is more like that
of the Geometric vases in texture and the technique more advanced. It is
probably one of the earliest instances of the Geometric snake. The use of yellow dots seems to be
a peculiarity of the Argolid and will be discussed later.

A few bowls were found, the rims ornamented by three plastic heads of animals,
probably calves.

Fig. 34. Height, 0.026 m. ; diameter, 0.043 m. Red clay.

Further another class may be mentioned of a technique slightly
more advanced, where the bowl is provided with a foot and two large
handles rising above the rim, similar in form to Iluk. Vas. xliv. 16,
Fig. 34. but without any decoration.

THE MYCENAEAN STYLE: JUGS 99

Jwjs.

These numbered over five hundred and formed the majority of all the Heraeuiu vases
intact or partially so. The greater part of them are wheel-made. As usual two classes
of these were observed, those with decoration and those without. The greater part of
the undecorated vases were exactly similar in size, form, and technique to the decorated
vases, but a special class of hand-made undecorated vases existed which demands a more
careful discussion.

I.

"Without Decoration.

These vases all show the same peculiarities. The clay is of a dark red or yellow, the
outside of which has undergone a very brilliant polish, and in some cases through the
action of the fire has become bright red in places. Two shapes are represented. One-
handled jugs or oinochoai and three-handled jugs. All are small, the largest not more
than 12 cm. in heiofht.

We are able to date with a fair degree of certainty the period in which these vases
fall. First, one specimen of the handled jugs had on the shoiUder a wavy band which is
decidedly dull, not lustrous in character ; secondly, other specimens have been found in a
gi-ave at Syracuse along with vases of the Argive style (second period).' Thus we obtain
two termini, which show that these vases were manufactured as early as the Mycenaean
dull period (fifteenth century) and as late as the Middle Argive period (eighth century).

Most of the shapes are similar to those used in the Argive style, only slightly more
primitive in character, and naturally so, seeing that they are hand-made. A very few, which
show the most developed form, are wheel-made and are probably the latest. At the same
time the example from the Syracusan grave is certainly hand-made, showing that the use
of the wheel was not universal even in that period of advanced archaism.

One-/ta)idled Jugs.
Two distinct forms may be noted, those with a circular and those with a trefoil rim
(oinochoe). The latter show a technique more advanced, which fact, together with the
form, assigns them to a later date than the first essays. At the same time it is certain
that the oinochoe with trefoil lip is a form known to the Mycenaean epoch .'^ Further we
find that the body is either round with a handle rising above the rim, or cyhndrical with
the top of the handle level with the rim.

Fig. 35. Height, 0.035 m. Handle restored. On either side is a small boss, perhaps repre-
senting a handle. On shoulder two straight lines and a wavy band in dull
technique.

Several other examples of this same shape were found, but this jug alone pos-
sessed any decoration.

A few examples were found where the neck is slightly longer in proportion to
the body and the handle dropped lower than the rim. Cf. Ilios, Fig. 1140.

1 Tomb 305. Tomb 65 from Megara Hyblaea also by Wide at Aphidna (Athen. Mitt. p. 385 ff. pi. xiv.)

contained a similar vase. The same polish was observed seem to show a similar technique, biit are not so ad-

on a lekythos from the Heraeum (heiglit, 0.05 m.), of dark vanced in form. It would seem fairly safe to assign both

gray clay, the shape ratlier advanced, being that of the our vase and that from Syracuse to the period succeeding

lekythos on p 127 fio-. 54. At Syracuse (tomb 428), a the Mycenaean style.

specimen exactly identical was found along with lekythoi » Vide Furtwangler, Arch. Anz. 1893, p. 9.
belonging to the oriental Argive period. The vases found

100

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

>

Fig. 36. Height, 0.112 in. Found east of the North-
west Jiuihling. The base is thicker in ])roj)orti()i>>*t() tlie
opening than in most of our vases of this type.

Fig. 37. Height, 0.044 m. This would seem to be a
prototype of tiie oinochoe form which is so
connnon during the Argive period (p. 128).
It is the commonest type of these small
vases, and at least forty other specimens

were found. I have noted several other ^^

examples, two in Syracuse (Syracuse, tomb i.-„. .^j

305, and Megara Hyblaea, tomb 65) and
three in the Louvre (Room A, case N, 496, 497, 498) from
Attica. Those from Syracuse and
Fig. 36. Megara Hyblaea were found with

vases of the second Argive period.
Fig. 38. Height, 0.74 m. Oinochoe. Burnt in parts to a brilliant
red. The base is slightly flatter than most of the oinochoai of this type,
but otherwise shows no important variation.

About a dozen oinochoai were found. One example, wheel-
made, was remarkable for the handle rising above the rim and
having two small breast-like protuberances on the shoulder, a
somewhat unusual feature on vases of the Mycenaean epoch. Fig. 38.

Three-handled Jugs.
Twenty or thirty of these were found, but save for the addition of a small handle on
each side of the body they differed in no way from the one-handled jugs already de-
scribed. The trefoil lip does not occur. They are all smaller than the one-handled jug,
the highest not measuring more than 6-7 cm.

(a) those with one handle ; (b)

11.

With Decoration.

Two types may be noted, as in the undecorated jugs,
those with three handles.

Of the one-handled jugs, almost all followed the same type with but slight variations,
the opening being circular and the neck broad or narrow. The trefoil lip was seen only

C. -^„j^ ■ in a few examples. The decoration on all is practically
""' "^^^""^^^^m ^^^ same, lines around the body with a zigzag or wavy

y^W band on the neck in some cases.

"^ Fig. 39. Height, 0.105 m. : diameter of opening, 0.069 m.

(form, Mi/k. Vas. xliv. 65) ; grayish clay with a greenish
tinge, black decoration. On neck zigzag band, with parallel
stripes on neck, body, foot, and inside rim. On shoulder oppo-
site the handle dotted rosette.

This is by far the best specimen of the type and the most
advanced. The clay is not quite so characteristically Mycenaean
as in some other cases, but it cannot very well be included in
the Geometric or Argive classes.

The three-handled jugs were the most numerous, as
several hundred were found, and seem to belong to a later period. The form does not

THE GEOMETRIC STYLE 101

seen, to be Mycenaean while the quality of the clay is decidedly inferior. But as this
pnne^pleot decoration xs practically the same as that already considered, these vases a
properly to be discussed here. The shapes are fairly uniform, though sHght variaticm
may be detected m the height of the neck, size of the handles, fullness of the bod^
separation of the foot from the body, etc. ^

The decoration follows a consistwit scheme, in that the body is reserved for parallel
stripes or bands and the shoulder for other motives, as rays, vertical lines, wavy bands,
zigzags, rosettes, etc. The neck is occasionally ornamented in similar fashion.

Fig. 40. Height, 0.09 m. Coarse reddish chiy, with red decoration. Parallel stripes on body,

with rays on shoulder. Stripes inside rim and on handle. The foot
is separated from the body.

Fig. 40 is a typical example of the class. About half of these vases
have a flat base, without a foot.

Two-handled Vase.

Fig. 41. Height, 0.05 m. Yellowish clay, with
dull brown decoration. Two handles (restored),
with a hole running through the sides ; no open-
ing in the top.

I have been unable to find any example similar
to this vase. It must be regarded as a mere freak
of the potters' art, with no definite ruison d'etre.

Fig. 40.

Fig. 41.

CHAPTER III.
THE GEOMETRIC STYLE.

It would seem at first sight as if vases of the Geometric style were the most nu-
merous at the Heraeum, since their fragments fiUed about twice as many baskets as either
those of the Mycenaean or Argive styles. But as Geometric fragments are generally fairly
large in size, since they belong to large vases, and the Argive fragments extremely
small, it was found that the actual number of vases represented by Argive fragments
was considerably larger than those represented by the Geometric.

For many reasons an intelligent presentation of the Geometric fragments has proved
extremely difficult. Owing to the larger size of the vases, hardly a single one was found
intact, and in no case could more than a third of any vase be reconstructed, though
some vases were represented by several hundred fragments apiece. Although the num-
ber of shapes represented is extremely large, many are so closely allied to each other —
the chief variations being in the number of handles, the shape of the neck, etc. — that,
without the whole, or at least the greater part of a vase, a systematic classification based
upon shapes becomes difficult, if not impossible. Then, too, almost the entire surface of
the vase is covered with a decoration combining many different motives, and in such
a case it was difficult to decide which fragments should be presented and which not,
since there Avas danger, in a classification based on ornamentation alone, of treating sep-
arately motives which belonged to the same vase. Finally, hardly a single new type of
this style was found at the Heraeum ; the decoration on almost every fragment repre-
sented may be paralleled by dozens of vases scattered through the museums of Europe.

The style also presents this peculiarity, that it is far more conservative than any other

102 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

style, and seems less susceptible to progressive ideas. The Heraeum fragineuts, which
probably cover a period of two centuries, are marked by their monotony and consistent
adherence to a general scheme. Types are to be distinguished, of course, but such a
classification as proved practicable with the Mycenaean and Argive styles becomes impos-
sible here.'

The fragments here presented illustrate the development of the various motives so
extensively employed. At the same time this classification has been adopted solely as a
working hypothesis, since the nature of the material forbids even an approach to finality ;
that can only be secured by a classification based upon material larger, more comprehen-
sive, and in better condition than that furnished by the Heraeum.

As the character of the decoration on our fragments is practically identical with that of
Dipylon ware, the question immediately arises whether our fragments were made in the
Argolid or imported from Attica, since no other districts can well claim their manufacture.
Though certainty on this point is impossible, the evidence seems to point to the former
hjrpothesis. Fragments of this style have been found at both Mycenae and Tiryns in
large quantities, showing that the style was a common one in the Argolid. As the
amount of Mycenaean ware found there is so large as to point to a very flourishing
vase industry, there seems no valid reason why Geometric ware should not have been
manufactured there also. Lastly, the clay of the Heraeum fragments is heavy, carelessly
cleaned, and of a yellowish or greenish tinge, whUe that of the Dipylon vases is lighter,
cleaner, and of a reddish shade ; the decoration also of the Heraeum fragments is in
general of a duller lustre and less decided in its character than the Attic.

One of the radical points of difference between the Mycenaean and Geometric styles
lies in the clay, and the difference is especially apparent to the touch. The quality
of the gi-ain in the Geometric is far coarser than in the Mycenaean vases, and never, even
in the best examples, does it attain to the lightness and smoothness of the latter.
Whether this difference results from the employment of clay from a different bed or from
different technical methods in its preparation, I am unable to say. But as the differ-
ence between the clay of Mycenaean vases found in Attica and the Dipylon vases is just
as great as in the case of our fragments," it does not necessarily argue that none of our
Geometric vases were manufactured in the Argolid ; it would rather be a cause for
wonder if they were not made there.

It can hardly be said that the Geometric fragments from the Heraeum throw much
Ught on the vexed question of the origin of the Geometric style in Greece. Up to the
present moment three widely different views have been proposed : (1) the old view,
which has now, I think, been generally abandoned, that it was the result of some Eastern
influence (Egyptian, Carian, or Ionian) ; (2) the view expressed by Furtwangler and
Loeschcke, that the style was the result of the Dorian invasion ; (3) the last and most
radical view, advocated by Wide and Wolters, that the Geometric style is an autoch-
thonous growth, a " Bauernstil," as opposed to the " Herrenstil " of the Mycenaean
civihzation, and the direct result of the primitive forms of decoration, but subject to
some external influence which may have been supplied by some such movement as the
Dorian invasion.

1 Since tlie above was written, Dr. Wide's analysis of same time au effort will be made to mention all the types

the Geometric style has appeared in the Jahrhuch for cited by Wide which could be identified among the He-

1899 (pp. 2G ff., 78 ff., and 188 ff.) and 1900 (p. 49 ff.). raeuni fragments.

It may be readily seen that such an arrangement as that ^ See p. 65, note, on the results of Dr. Washington's

adopted by Wide is out of the question with the material investigations touching this point.
from the Heraeum, for the reasons given above. At the

ORIGIN OF THE GEOMETRIC STYLE 103

From Wide's investigations at Aphidna, his contention that the primitive elements for
the Geonietric style are to be found in Greece seems to be satisfactorily established ;
also, from his analysis of the survival of Mycenaean motives in the Geometric style
{Athen. 3Htt. XXII. (1897), p. 233 If.), it may be easily seen how close is the connec-
tion between the two styles. But neither theory is sufficient to account for the true
Geometric style, which, as he admits himself, does not show the transitional stages of
development which were to have been expected if the style were derived directly from
the Mycenaean.

For the Heraeum fragments it must be said that only a few scattered specimens (e. g.
Plate L. 15, 16, and 17) show the existence of Wide's pre-Dorian elements ; such speci-
mens, however, are more in line with Professor Waldstein's linear theory, and are not
good examples of the " Bauernstil." That a small number of fragments, which, though
Geometric as far as clay and technique were concerned, also show distinctly the sur-
vival of Mycenaean motives, points to a close connection between the two styles. At
the same time, the difference between such fragments and those of the pure Geometric
style is so great that it is difficult to believe that tlie Geometric style could possibly have
originated as the natural sequence of such prototypes.

The need for some decided infusion of fresh ideas is the chief obstacle against the
entire acceptance of Wide's theory. As we can hardly assume that the finished Geo-
metric style is the natural outcome of previous conditions, subject to no outside influence,
we must seek some reason for such a phenomenon, and of all the solutions offered, the
theory of the Dorian invasion seems to my mind the most satisfactory.

While the actual occurrence of such a migration has never been conclusively estab-
lished, it is generally agreed that some great upheaval took place in Greece during the
eleventh century b. c. Certainly all the phases of the civilization which succeeded the
Mycenaean period show a radical change of style, which can hardly be accounted for by
a purely natural and unaided development. It is too much to assume that the people
who brought about such a change were necessarily identical with the people of the
" Hallstatt " period, though the similarity between objects of that period and the Geo-
metric style is extremely striking. As the Geometric style is found at the Heraeum
practically full-grown (as is also the case in Attica), it remains to be seen whether some
external movement can account for its growth.

Now, granting for the moment that the Geometric style could have developed in
Attica along the lines laid down by Wide, the same can hardly be true at Argos ; were
such the case we should certainly expect to find a steady and continuous development
from primitive or Mycenaean times. The Hnear theory for the origin of the Argive
style can hardly apply here. Since an autochthonous gro^vth can scarcely account for
the style at the Heraeum, some external influence is absolutely necessary. It would
seem that at a time when the Mycenaean civilizjition in the Argolid was on its decline
there appeared a new influence, which effectually finished the Mycenaean civilization,
and brouo-ht in with it no new elements (since almost aU of them had been in use
before), but a new and radical combination of those elements. Seeing that these ele-
ments are linear, and thus characteristic of all peoples during the primitive stages of
their civilization, it matters little who these people were, though they may weU have been
the Dorians; the main point is that they brought with them a new style, or new arrange-
ment of motives already in use. It is hard to see how any other explanation can account
for the rise of the Geometric style in the Argolid ; with Attica the case is not so evident.

104 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

We have alreiuly pointed out that, ext-ept for a iW sHght techniial differences, the
Geometric style in the ArgoUd is practically identical with that of Attica. If we assume
that Wide's theory of an autochthonous development for the style in Attica is true,
and that some external influence created the style in the Argolid, we are confronted hy
a most surprising contradiction of facts, — that two different influences at work in two
different places siiould produce substantially the same results. Theoretically such a case
might be possible, but not practically ; one iuHuence must be responsible for both styles.

Therefore it does not seem difficult to assume that this external influence (if Dorian it
be) was felt in Attica as well as Argos. Such a theory would supply the lacuna, which Wide
admits, in the comj)lete development of the style, and does not preclude the existence of
an earlier, primitive Geometric style in Attica. Although the Attic historians always
claimed that Attica had never been overrun by the Dorians, the legend of Codrus shows
that she was not untouched by their movement, and there seems no reason why the legend
of the movement of some tribe against the Attic frontier should not be symbolical of a
steady movement from the Peloponnesus along the shores of the Saronic gulf to the very
confines of Attica.

To assign a chronology to these events is impossible. They cannot have taken place
at once, but were probably spread out over half a century. But while by this reasoning
the Dipylon style is shown to be slightly younger than the Argive Geometric, it is not
implied that the former is the result of the latter, but that it is the result of the same
principle as the latter which first made itself felt in Argos, and finding the conditions in
Attica practically the same, naturally accomplished there the same results.

The relation of the Geometric style to the Argive, with which it is closely connected,
will be discussed in chapter IV.

In the Argive Geometric fragments three distinct types may be detected : —
I. The earliest or transitional stage from the Mycenaean.

II. Purely Geometrical style.

111. The introduction of animal and human figures, genre scenes, and development of bands of

figures.

CLASS I.
TRANSITIONAL STAGE.

Fragments of this class were not very numerous, and, as no vases were preserved entire,
they do not lend themselves to a satisfactory arrangement. Two variations of this class
were noted, — fragments of distinctly Geometric clay with Mycenaean ornamentation,
and fragments of Mycenaean clay Avith Geometric ornamentation. At the same time the
scheme of decoration is treated rather from a Mycenaean than a Geometrical standpoint,
and it cannot be assumed that these fragments are the result of the new influence; it is
most probable that they mark the low ebb to which the Mycenaean style was sinking, as
the fourth class lustrous finish declined. The difference in the clay would seem to show,
either that at the end of the Mycenaean period some change had been made in the })re-
paration of the clay, or that for some reason it was taken from different beds. How-
ever, in view of the similarity in clay of all Geometric vases, wherever found, it seems
more likely that the difference between it and Mycenaean clay lies solely in the manner
of preparation.

If, therefore, this change in the preparation of the clay took place before the Dorian
invasion, the Geometric style is simply the supplanting of the Mycenaean motives by
purely Geometrical ones.

GEOMETRIC STYLE: EARLIEST EXAxMPLES 106

Wide has endeavored in his article on the survival of Mycenaean motives in the Geo-
metric style {Af/u'}i. Mitf. XXIL [1897], p. 233) to trace the development of the vari-
ous motives which had their origin in the Mycenaean style during the later period. I
cannot, however, agree with his assertion that the centre of the Mycenaean activity lay
in the islands. Wide bases this claim on the supposition that the vases which show this
connecting link between the Mycenaean and Geometric styles have been found only on
the islands. Such a supposition cannot now be entertained, since not only are many of
these types to be seen on our fragments, but also on vases recently found in Attica. Of
the motives mentioned in Wide's article, the following occur at the Heraeum on various
fragments mentioned below. (The page references are from Wide's article.)

Toothed wheel and star (p. 235, fig. 3).

One-haiidled-jug (p. 237, fig. 5). Numerous fragments of jugs with precisely similar decora-
tions wei-e found. Also several handles with a plastic snake.

Amphora (p. 288, fig. 6). Fragments of similar amphoras were extremely numerous at the
Heraeum. Dozens of fragments belonging to rims showed a lozenge chain, with or without a cen-
tral dot. Equally numerous were the lozenge chains formed by interlacing lines, the rhomboids
(single) and " Running Dog " patterns.

(P. 238, fig. 7.) Several fragments from the shoulder of a vase showing similar decoration were
found. The form is uncertain, but as the base of a spout was apparent, it is probably a jug similar
to the Mycenaean ones with one handle. The clay is coarse and of a dark red color. The decora-
tion on both shoulder and belly consists of a net pattern (not a meander, as in the Munich vase),
the spaces filled by rosettes or dotted lozenges. Under the base of the spout is a leaf pattern.

(P. 240, fig. 8.) Circles with cross in the centre, arranged singly in pairs or in series, were
among the commonest types on the Heraeum fragments.

(P. 244, fig. 14 a.) Several fragments with this motive were found.

(P. 246, fig. 17.) At least a hundred fragments from the rims of large bowls showed this com-
bination of a wave pattern and dotted circles.

The preceding enumeration of the various types is valuable as showing the occm-rence
of Wide's types at the Heraeum. The following fragments are here introduced to show
the use of Mycenaean motives on a Geometric clay. It must be remembered, however,
that the difference in clay is hardly perceptible in the plate ; m all these fragments it is
generally greenish or yellowish in tone (sometimes reddish), coarse in quality, and not
very carefully cleaned, never possessing, except in a few cases, the smooth surface so
characteristic of Mycenaean clay.

PLATE LVI.

1. Fragment of a large vessel, probably an amphora. Coarse yellow clay ; decoration varying
from dark to light brown. Checkerboard and circles.

The quality of the decoration resembles the Mycenaean more closely than does that of any other
fragment. We have here the circles (as in Wide, loc. cit. p. 244, fig. 14 a) with the Geometric
checkerboard. Both are treated in a slightly freer fashion than we shall find usual. Several other
similar fragments were found.

2. From a bowl. Reddish clay, with a yellow slip. Spirals in dark red.

3. The same. Red glaze on interior, bright red decoration.

4. The same : coarse yellow clay. Red decoration.

2-1 show the employment of purely Mycenaean motives on Geometric clay.

5. From rim of large bowl. Greenish yellow clay, with bands on interior below nm ; brown

decoi-ation very faded.

The Mycenaean spiral is here preserved intact.

6 Greenish clay, with light brown decoration. Combination of zigzags and Mycenaean flower
branch (cf. Wide, loc. cit. p. 242, fig. 12 «). Fragments with this combination were very numerous.

106 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

7. Light brown clay, with polished surface. Lustrous brown glaze on interior.

Tills fragment is extremely curious, since beside the zigzags it has the eye, nose, and hair of a
human face with a rosette beneath. A similar instance is unknown to me.

8. From large vase, probably an amphora. Dark yellow clay, with decoration varying from
greenish brown to black.

9. From rim of amphora. Gi-eenish clay.

10. From a large bowl. Brick red clay, with red glaze on interior. Red decoration faded.
Rosette and zigzags.

Fragments similar to 8 and 10 were very numerous (certainly a basket full) and seem to con-
stitute the earliest essays in the Geometric style proper. While the clay is coarse, it has been covered
with a whitish slip (as in Mycenaean vases) and the decoration applied rather thinly without any
lustre. Some of the fragments had a dark brown glaze on the interior, which, together with their
size, seems to show that they belong to amphoras or bowls. Outside of the Heraeum this ware is
not common ; the nearest approach seems to be a variety found at Syracuse. On none of these
fragments was any decoration found which included the human or animal figure, the established
scheme being straight lines and zigzags. In fact, on Argive Geometric vases the use of the zigzag
seems to be carried to a far greater extent than in Attic work.

Besides the motives already mentioned, we find wavy lines (for rim and shoulder), rays,
rosettes, lozenges (entirely black), and a single zigzag Une used exclusively on the rims
of bowls.

Further, we may mention a number of fragments (chiefly handles and necks) which
seemed to belong to amphoras similar to those in Jahrbiich, XV. (1900), p. 51, fig. 107,
the only decoration being a wavy band on the neck and stripes on the body and handles.
These fragments evidently belong to Class I.

CLASS II.

PURELY GEOMETRICAL TYPES.

Fragments with purely Geometrical ornamentation foimed the bulk of this style at the
Heraeum. The vases are almost entirely covered with a brown glaze (in the case of
bowls the glaze is also used on the interior), with a series of parallel bands running
round the body, which in many cases formed the sole decoration. The principal mo-
tives are placed on the shoulder, neck, or rim, and consist generally of a meander pattern
arranged singly or in series. These meanders are formed by single lines, or by double
lines with a series of short parallel cross-lines, straight or diagonal, between them, which
give the effect of shading. In some cases the cross-lines are omitted. Other motives
are : —

Zigzags, singly or in series. These are either drawn in a single line or else double, with a
shading of cross-lines as in the meander patterns.

Checkerboards. These are treated in a variety of ways. The simplest form is a series of
squares, alternately black and plain (i. e. the natural color of the clay). Variety is secured by the
insertion of a lozenge into the plain squares, or else shading the black squares by a network of
lines.

Hays. Generally in series around the base or rim. These are either in outline, black, or of
interlaced lines. In some cases the rays are drawn in double outline, with a row of dots between
the lines.

Wave pattern. Generally a single broad line, sometimes with the addition of a dotted row on
each edge. This, an original Mycenaean motive, eventually develops into the Geometric snake.

Lozenges. In their most elementary form as a rhomboid, such as is found on Mycenaean vases
of the fourth class. Generally in the Geometric style we find them in chain, with or without a

THE GEOMETRIC STYLE: HUMAN FIGURES 107

central dot. Owing to carelessness or hasty teclinique the chain often resembles a series of
ovals.

Net pattern. In many cases this is notliing but a lozenge chain in paraUel lines, the whole
giving the motive its net-like appearance.

Circles. Generally two or more concentric circles, with a central dot, singly or in series, some-
times connected, sometimes not.

Kosettea or stars. GeneraUy treated in series, either as an independent band or el.se as a border
to the wave pattern. Cases occur, especially in plates, where the rim is surrounded by a border
of leaf or flower petals, with a sliading of lines.

Pot-hooks. As in early Attic work.

" Running Dog." Generally used on the rims of bowls.

Gnilloches. Generally on the base of a vessel with a tall foot.

Swastikas. As ornaments in field.

Dotted lines. Used as a variation of the plain circular band.

Since none of these motives are new in the Geometric style, and as no peculiar combi-
nations of them occur on our fragments, none are given in our plates. All these motives
may be found on vases where " animal " motives are introduced ; at the same time a
large number of fragments show clearly that this animal decoration does not occur on a
great part of the vases.

As practically none of the vases are preserved intact, any list of the various forms
found must be incomplete. Roughly speaking, the following shapes were represented by
fragments : —

Amphoras. One-handled jugs (^oinochoai).

Bowls (skyphoi). Plates.

Bowls with a tall foot. Cups with one handle.

The rarer forms will be discussed later when dealing with their fragments.

CLASS III.
THE INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL MOTIVES.

The third class of the Geometric style is by far the largest, not only at the Heraeum,
but in almost all the other places in Greece where the style is found. The introduction
of the human or animal figure must have taken place at an early period, though hardly
at the very beginning of the style. It is true that we find these figures in the fourth
class of the Mycenaean style, but their treatment differs materially from that usual in
the Geometric period. Moreover, the Geometric types which are certainly the oldest,
such as the transitional types found on the islands (cf. Wide, loc. eit.) and those more
recently discovered in Attica and Corinth, exhibit pure Geometric decoration, with no
traces of a human or animal motive. At the same time, no great chronological distinc-
tion can be demanded between Classes II. and III. of the Heraeum fragments, since the
scheme of ornamentation, except for the introduction of human or animal figures, is
practically the same in both.

The variations of the different motives in Class III. are numerous, but their develop-
ment seems fairly clear. We find two distinct groups.

1. Where the motive is treated simply with few, if any, ornaments in the field.

2. Elaborate' treatment of the motive and wealth of ornaments in the field.

By all general laws of art, fragments in the second division are younger than those in
the first, since the horror vacui, as exemplified by other styles, is the result of a realiza-

108 THK VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

tion of the fiuulamentol principles of art, without the abihty to attain the end desired.
Exceptions may be found, since some fragments show a decided lack of ornaments in the
Held combined with a technique extremely advanced, but such fragments are not so com-
mon as to warrant the reversal of our order. We must either assume that they are
exceptions to the rule or else that they are merely advanced specimens of the first
division, contemporaneous with the second, but still, through conventionality of taste,
adhering to the earlier prmciples.

The choice of subjects in both divisions is the same. While the greater part of the
vase is occupied by purely Geometrical decoration, the key-note of the ornamentation con-
sists of one of the following types : —

A. Birds.

a. In friezes (water birds).

b. As the principal subject, singly or in groups.

£. Horses,
a. Singly or in frieze.
h. " Heraldic " scheme.

C. Men.

a. In frieze.

b. " Heraldic"" scheme.

r. " Genre " scenes (hunting, rowing, fighting, etc.).

D. Women,
a. In frieze.

E. Miscellaneous.

Deer, dogs, and other animals, usually in frieze, but often introduced as ornaments in field.

A. Birds.

The bird as a motive of decoration is not only the most common one in the Geometric
style, but there is good reason for assuming it to be the earliest of the motives included
in Class III. It is found on many fragments which through their primitive technique
appear to belong to the earlier period of the style, where the other animal motives are
wanting. We find it as a common feature on Mycenaean vases of Class IV., though
ti'eated in a different fashion, showing that the motive is not original in the Geometric
style. But as the smiilarity between the earliest type of the water bird frieze in the Geo-
metric style and the band of vertical zigzags common on the rims of Mycenaean bowls
is so marked, there is reason for supposing that while the bird itself was borrowed
directly from the Mycenaean fourth class, its arrangement in a frieze was suggested by
the use of the zigzag band.

Fragments having this water bird motive were extremely nimierous, belonging to the
rims of small bowls around which ran a frieze of birds.' The earliest examples are mere
zigzag lines, the later more elaborate, the figure of the bird being shaded by cross-lines,
and the head and beak more sharply defined. Ornaments in field are then introduced,
principally dots, rosettes, and zigzags. Soon after the introduction of the frieze the bird
itself becomes the real subject of decoration, but rapidly 2)asses to the position of an
ornament in field itself.

Some slight differences may be detected in the various birds, but it is of little use to

' As oil a skyphos said to come from Mycenae (^Jahrh. the Geometric vases from the Heraeiim, there can be no
XVI. [1899], p. 8.5, fig. 43). From the close similarity to doubt that the vase referred to comes from the Argolid.

THE GEOMETRIC STYLE: BIRDS AND HORSES 109

try and itlentify them with any particular species. As some have a tuft of feathers at
the back of the head, they may perhaps represent cranes or herons.

PLATE LVI.

a.

11. Rim of bowl ; black glaze on interior.

This is the commonest type of the frieze, and was found in very large quantities at the Heraeum.
The tyj)e is too common to cite any further examples.

12. Rim of bowl ; dark brown glaze on interior. Treatment of bird more elaborate, the body
being shaded by cross-lines, zigzags in field.

13. From large bowl with dark brown decoration on interior. Brown decoration rather faded.
Stars in field ; above zigzag band and meander.

The birds are shaded as in 12, the tails sharply defined. It is noteworthy tliat the birds are
alternately large and small,i a feature I have not observed elsewhere. The use of the star as an
ornament in field is by no means usual.

14. Birds treated rather freely. Checker square in field.

15. The birds are here represented with heads down, feeding ; this type, though by no means
rare, is not as common as the type that is represented by 11-13.

b.

In Group b the water bird becomes the chief feature and is generally treated in a
simple fashion, the bird standing alone in the centre of a panel formed by vertical and
horizontal lines. A transitional type from a was observed in the case of several frag-
ments from the neck of a large vase (probably an amphora) where a row of birds was
represented, each one separated from the other by two patterns, one consisting of two
upright lines with horizontal lines between and the other a vertical guilloche treated as a
silhouette. The techniipie was poor and the birds drawn as silliouettes without any
shading. Other cases were observed where the panel was bounded by rows of horizontal
zigzags one above the other.

16. From a bowl about 17 cm. in diameter ; height cannot be determined. Dark red clay.
Bi-illiant black glaze on interior, black decoration. Several other fragments found.

The bowl seems to have been divided into four panels, the intervening spaces being filled by a
meander pattern (not visible on 16). The birds are treated as silhouettes. The ornament in
field is a common one in this style.

17. From a large vase. Brick red clay, with decoration varying from black to brown. The
birds are more elaborately treated with stars as ornaments in field (cf. No. 14). From several
other fragments belonging to the same vase it seems probable that the birds were the principal
theme, the rest of the vase being ornamented with purely Geometrical motives.

The ornaments in the field on most of the fragments of type b are lozenges, zigzags,
concentric circles, stars, etc. The treatment of the water bird as an ornament in the
field will be discussed later.

B. Horses.

One of the most characteristic features of the Geometric style is the fondness for
representing horses, either singly, in pairs ("Heraldic" scheme), or attached to a wagon.
The horse in Greek art was a well known feature before this period ; one recalls the
grave stelae, and the sword blade from Mycenae. Also on Mycenaean vases of the
fourth class the horse may be found, although not so often as to assume that the animal

1 A bowl from Boeotia {Jahrh. XIV. [1899], p. 83, fig. 40) shows two large and two small water birds, which are
arranged in a panel, and not, as here, in a frieze.

no THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

was a great favorite with the Mycenaean potters. To account for its popiihirity during
the Geometric period is difficult. From the Homeric poems we know what a part was
played hy it in tlie Mycenaean civilization, so that we cannot assume a sudden increase of
popularity for it during the later period. The chief point of difference lies in the fact
that during the Mycenaean period the horse is always used as a yoke-animal, never as a
beast of burden. In the Geometric period we find frequent representations of the horse
as a mount as well as a beast of burden. A very superficial study of the Mycenaean vases
shows that the drawing of animals was more or less tentative, with rather unsatisfactory
results. Of course the Vaphio cups show that it was possible for the Mycenaean artists to
reproduce animals with wonderful accuracy, but then the toreutic art of the Mycenaean
period is far in advance of that of the vase painter. Hence we can only assume that an
increase of skill in drawmg on the part of the vase painters was responsible for so many
representations of horses on Geometric vases. Being a common factor in the life of the
period, it could not be ignored. But it is certain that the horse did not become popular
until the Geometric style was firmly estabUshed, since it is not found on the earliest vases
of the style.

a

18. From rim of large bowl. Dark red clay, with brown glaze on interior. Head and rear part
of two horses. On the inside, below the rim, a band of vertical and horizontal lines crossing each
other at right angles. No ornaments in field.

Numerous other fragments having a single horse, or a band of them, were found, but
all in bad condition, showing in most cases only the head or hind-quarters of the animal.

19. Part of the foot of a large bowl. Red clay, with darker core, lustrous black and brown
decoration. Frieze of horses, with rays, stars, swastikas, etc., as ornaments in field. Below, two
zigzag bands (shaded). Separated by a moulding appears what may be another similar frieze.

Though the shape of the base cannot be determined, it is probably a large bowl mounted on a
tall foot, somewhat similar in character to one in Athens {Jahrh. XIV. [1899], p. 81, fig. 37), but
with a taller foot.

The majority of the fragments with a frieze of horses had a wealth of ornaments in
the field. The type of horse was generally the same in all, the only difference lying in
the quality of the execution. One fragment (without ornaments in the field) showed a
frieze of horses grazing.

20. Greenish clay, with dark brown decoration. Horse in panel. Duck, meander, swastikas,
and zigzags as ornaments in field. Above, zigzag band (shaded).

The treatment of the horse by itself in a panel is not as common as in the case of the
birds. Only a few other similar fragments were found. The bird is here used as an
ornament in the field. Whether the zigzag which falls from the bird's beak is intended
to represent a worm is uncertain. It is of frequent occurrence, not only on the Heraeum
fragments but on Geometrical vases found elsewhere.

b.

The representation of two horses facing each other in the so-called " Heraldic " '
scheme is of common occurrence on vases of this style. The symmetrical arrangement
of motives in this same scheme was a characteristic of the Mycenaean fourth class. The
usual arrangement called for the figure of a man between the two horses ; however, it is

' For a discussion of the "Heraldic" scheme, see Curtius, ' Wappengehrauch und Wappenstil iin Alterthiim,'
Gesamtnelte Abhandlungen, II. pp. 110 S.

THE GEOMETRIC STYLE: HORSES AND MEN 111

certain from other fragments belonging to the same vases as 21 and 22 that the space
between the liorses was occupied by ornaments in the field, and fragments from other
vases show this same peculiarity.

As the treatment of the horse is that peculiar to the style, no further comment is neces-
sary. Only a very few fragments showed a lack of ornaments in the field ; the greater
part have a very elaborate series of ornaments, with many variations. In each panel
(the group is almost invariably in panel form) five spaces may be found, two above and
two below the bodies of the horses, and one between them. The filling of the latter
space by a human figure will be discussed later. The most usual ornament in the spaces
above the bodies is a simple meander or zigzag, sometimes combined. Besides these we
find rosettes, lozenges, squares, crosses, circles, etc., in fact, all the common Geometric
themes. Water birds are occasionally introduced, singly or in a row.

The space beneath each body is usually occupied by a fish or a water bird ; the other
Geometric motives are often used, but by no means with the same frequency. In case
the space to be filled is a very large one, half meanders, crosses, rosettes, etc., are em-
ployed as filling around the body of the fish or bird.

21. Reddish clay, with red brown decoration. Noticeable is the object beneath the horse's belly,
a shaded half circle with lozenge chain. Several other fragments of this vase were found.

22. Coarse greenish clay, with greenish brown glaze on interior, and brown decoration. Row of
water birds above on a dotted meander. Between the hind legs a water bird, between the fore
legs a vertical " Running Dog " pattern. Beneath the belly a square containing a rosette. Sev-
eral other fragments of this vase were found.

C. Men.

Although the human figure is introduced into Mycenaean vase-painting, its use there
is not very common. As the earliest examples of Geometric vases do not employ it, there
is good reason to believe that not until the later period of the style was its use at all
universal. Once introduced, however, its development was rapid, and in the latest
examples of Geometric ware we find the human figure as the chief motive of decoration.

Among the Heraeum fragments this motive plays a large part. At the time of its
introduction the use of ornaments in the field seems to be firmly established, and frag-
ments with human figures, but without ornaments in the field, are rather scarce. Such
cases as do occur are marked by an advanced technique, which forbids their belonging to

the earlier period of the style.

a.

Whether the introduction of the human figure in the " Heraldic " scheme between two
horses is earlier than in the frieze cannot be told. The former is by far the more com-
mon, and on the Heraeum fragments is the most usual motive. The general type is
always the same : a nude male figure, in profile, holding a horse with each hand,' either
by a halter, or else grasping the horse's nose. Such variations as occur lie in the dif-
ferent ornaments in the field and in the treatment of the man and horse — either less
or more advanced.

PLATE LVII.

1. Light reddish clay, with decoration in light brown. This is probably one of the earliest
instances of the type, the figures being hardly more than a series of straight lines such as a child

might draw.

2. From a large vase. Dark red clay, with brilliant dark red decoration. Here the hips and

1 Ann. delV Inst. 1872, tav. d'agg. I. 1; Jahrb. XIV. (1899), p. 34, fig. 12.

112 THE VASES AND VASE FKAGxMENTS

legs of the man are treated more naturally, and the distinction between the nose and chin sharply
emphasized.

3. Clay and technique similar to Plate LVI. 19, but rather more advanced in style. The legs
are here extended beyond their natural length, and the calf is sharply marked. Meanders as
ornaments in field.

4. From a very large vase, perhaps an amphora. Reddish clay, with dark red decoration. At
least a dozen other fragments belonging to this vase were found, showing that the horse and man
were treated in panels, and the rest of the vase ornamented in the usual Geometric fashion. Tlie
head of tlie man has a very curious headdress, and the neck riiliculously lengthened. Such exag-
geration is not common. Fish as ornament in field.

It sometimes occurs that a man and one horse are represented in a panel, the man
leading the animal. As such cases generally have a corresponding group on the other
side of the lines bounding the panel, it cannot well be called a (jenre scene, although
the " Heraldic " idea does not appear so prominently.

5. Reddish yellow clay, with dark brown decoration. Here a distinct profile is given to the
man. For the object in his left hand, which may be a staff, I know of no parallel instance on
Geometric vases.

6. From a bowl ; reddish clay, with dark red glaze on interior, red decoi-ation, fairly lustrous.
Rim sharply separated from the shoulder. Wave pattern on rim.

In spite of the extremely archaic appearance of tiiis fragment we cannot but assign it to the
later period. Tlie eye of the figure is clearly defined, and an attempt is also made to show the
fingers. It is vmcertain whetiier the object in the figure's left hand is a whip or a halter.

b.

The use of the male figure treated singly or in a frieze is not as common on the
Heraeum fragments as on the Dipylon vases.

7. Rim of bowl. Dark red clay, with lustrous dark led glaze on interior. Clay shows traces of
burning. Frieze of men to right ; the right-hand figure holds a kithara in his hands.

That the object in question is really a kithara ' would seem certain. That held by the terra-
cotta figurines from Keros (^Athen. Mitt. IX. p. 156, pi. vi.), which is thought by Koehler to be
the sambuka, is jirobably the earliest instance of a lyre in Greek art. This fragment, however,
would seem to show one of the earliest instances of a lyre in vase painting.

Friezes of men, especially on the rims of bowls, were quite common at the Heraeum,
and were found on numerous other fragments.

Another type, though found on but a few fragments, in bad preservation, is a frieze
of warriors, the shield^ covering the entire body, and the two spears projecting diagonally
upwards from the shield on each side of the head.

8. Rim of bowl ; greenish clay, with black decoration. The figure undoubtedly formed part of
a frieze.

This fragment is probably one of the later essays ; the nose and chin are siiarply defined, and
the eye is incised. The body seems to be covered with a cloak.

9. Reddish yellow clay, with lustrous brown red decoration. Bodies of two men joined together ;
double axe and stars in field.

At first sight it would appear that the artist had tried to represent some monster of the Geryon

' Cf. the fragment from Amyklae (yaAr-6. XVI. [1899], preserved, wliieli had a pattern of dots below the rim.

p. 84, flg. 42), and an early Attic vase, Baum. Denkmaler, Judging by the skyplios from Eleiisis ('^<prin. 'Apx- 1898,

p. 1948, fig. 2078. pi. V. 1), it seems most probable that the shield was of the

' One or two of our fragments showed round shields, Boeotian type, which is fairly common on Geometric

as on a vase in Athens (Jahrbuch, XIV. [1899], p. 197, vases. Cf. Jahrb. XIV. (1899), p. 85, fig. 44.
fig. 61). Several had only the upper part of the shield

THE GEOMETRIC STYLE: GENRE SCENES 113

type. The most probable explanation is that two figures, one behind the other, were represented,
and that tiie artist, having no knowledge of perspective, got decidedly mixed in his drawing. The
double axe is quite a common ornament in field, but whether tliere is any connection between this
ornament and the Labyrinth in Cnossus (the house of the Double-axe, according to Evans) is
decidedly problematical.

c.

Fragments representing rjmre scenes at the Heraeum were comparatively scarce. As
a rule the technique of such fragments is slightly better than the average. That such
should be the case is not surprising, since in a style like the Geometric the introduction
of (jenre scenes would come only after the treatment of the ordinary motives had been
thoroughly developed and some new treatment was demanded.

10. From a large bowl ; reddish clay, with lustrous dark brown decoration on interior ; decora-
tion a brilliant brown.

A battle scene is evidently represented. The central warrior is preparing to shoot an arrow,
and it may be presumed that the other two figures are about to do the same. At the right of the
fragment is the foot of a fourth warrior. On the left an arrow as an ornament in field.

The treatment of the bow is precisely identical with that on the fragment of the silver
vase from Grave IV. at Mycenae (Tsountas, 'E(f>r}ix. 'Ap)(. 1891, p. 19, pi. ii. 2), and
the Mycenaean sword blade from the same grave {B. C H. 1886, pi. ii. 3, 4). This
would show that during the Geometric period the same bows were employed as in the
Mycenaean epoch. A comparison of the figures on the large Dipylon vase in Athens
{Mon. delV Inst. IX. pis. 39, 40) shows that the arrow which seems to pierce the figure
with the bow is supposed to be girded to the side ' in heu of a quiver.

11. Reddish clay, with lustrous red brown glaze on interior. Lustrous black decoration.

That a boxing match over a tripod as the prize of the contest is represented is the most prob-
able explanation. At first sight it would appear that the left-hand figure is holding out some
object to the other, but a closer examination shows that the object in question is really the figure's
arm (since the fingers are denoted) very badly drawn. Similar contests are rare on Geometric
vases. Cf. the bowl in Copenhagen (^Arch. Zeit. 1885, pi. 8, 2), where a similar contest without
the tripod is represented. (This fragment has already been published by Laurent, B. C. H. 1901,
p. 150, fig. 3.)

12. Reddish clay with red brown decoration. Man in chariot driving. As three tails are vis-
ible, it seems probable that a quadriga was represented. Two other fragments showed the same
scene, but not enough of the chariot to draw any conclusion as to its form.

13. Brick red clay, with brilliant black glaze on interior, black decoration. On the right the
upper part of some animal ; in centre, a man about to shoot an arrow (as in 10) ; and on the left
the prow of a boat, with the back of one of the rowers. Fishes as ornaments in field near the boat.

This fragment, as far as technique is concerned, belongs to a class which will be considered
later. It is the only fragment found at the Heraeum on which a ship ^ was represented. The
treatment of the boat, however, differs materially from the usual boats found on vases of this
period. Only a portion of the bow is preserved, but it is plain that the stem of the vessel did not
end in a sharp point, as in the modern ram, but was shorter and blunter. Also, the line of the
bulwark curves backward instead of directly towards the bow. (Cf. Rayet et Coll. Hisl. p. 29,
fig. 20 ; Baumeister's Benkm. p. 1597. fig. 1658.)

No other fragments which could properly be uicluded under the head of genre scenes
were found.

1 Whether this is a sword is extremely doubtful. XVII. (1892), p. 285 ff. The prow of the galley on one
Ct. Athen.Mitt.XVU. (1S92), p. 219, fig. T- Onaskyphos fragment seems to be somewhat similar to that of the
from Eleusis CE<l>vi^. 'Apx- 1898, pi. v. 1 a) the warrior galley on a skyphos from Eleusis ('E^t,/*. 'Apx- 1898,
seems to be armed with both sword and quiver. pi. v. 1).

2 For discussion of this motive, cf. Pernice, A then. Mitt.

114 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Z>. Women.

The female figure is treated in but one way on the Heraeura frag-ments — as part of a
row of similar figures in a frieze. Though numerous fragments were found containing each
a single figure, it is probable that such figures are only part of the regular row. All the
figures followed the sjime type, and varied only in a few minor details. They are draped
(no instance of an undraped figure, as on the Dipylon vase in Athens, already referred
to, was found), and held a branch in their hands. From the waist to the feet outside of
the garment are di-awn one, two, or three parallel lines. No satisfactory explanation of
these Unes is forthcoming; they are not always used on Attic work, but on the Heraeum
fragments no female figure is represented without them.

14. From a small jug. Dark yellow clay, with dark brown decoration. The surface of the clay
has been dented in a rather curious way, perhaps intentionally.

It is uncertain whether the two figures here are inclosed in separate panels, or whether the ver-
tical lines separate two friezes ; the latter is more probable. This is one of the earliest fragments
on which the female figure occurs.

15. Dark yellow clay, with black decoration. The heads are here seen en face, the hair forming
a large bunch on either side of the face.

16. Similar clay and decoration. Heads are in profile, the nose and chin sharply defined. Cf.
fragment in museum at Argos (Jahrh. XIV. [1899], p. 86, fig. 45).

In 14-16 the figures are treated entirely as silhouettes. We now find a series of fragments in
which a pattern of squares or lozenges is marked on the skirt of the dress.

17. From a large bowl about 31 cm. in diameter. Dark red cla}', with lustrous black decora-
tion, burnt dark red in places. Inside the rim, series of four narrow and two broad parallel bands,
the upper bands separated at intervals by vertical lines.

On rim, in centre a male figure jumping, behind him a water bird and lower part of a male and
female figure ; to right, five female figures carrying branches, and traces of a sixth. Below,
meander pattern. Lozenges, stvastikas, and rays as ornaments in field.

That a dance is represented here seems probable. It is certain that two rows of women were
represented, that on the left led by a man. The ancient form of dancing is paralleled by the dances
in modern Greece, where a row of women join hands with a man at the head. The jumping figure
(cf. similar figure on the Copenhagen vase) and the water bird are probably used as ornaments in
field to divide the two groups. The women have the usual series of tails, with a lozenge pattern
on the skirt. The row ends at the side in a symmetrical fashion, as the left-hand figure of the row
holds in her right hand an inverted branch ; and on the extreme left of the fragment the lower part
of a similar branch may be detected. It is probable that the man leading the left-hand group also
held a branch in his hand, as in 19. The treatment of the water bird is curious, a circular space
in the body being filled by a swastika.

18. Dark gray clay, with brown decoration. Double lozenge pattern on the skirt. The eyes of
the figure are denoted. The right-hand figure is probably the end of the group, as she does not
hold a branch in her left hand.

19. Dark gray clay, with black decoration. Inside, lustrous black band. Checkerboard pat-
tern on skirt. As in 17 the row of women is led by a man who, together with the woman, holds
the usual upright branch, with the addition of the inverted branch in the woman's hand.

20. Dark gray clay, showing traces of fire. Black decoration and black glaze on interior.
Dotted square pattern on skirt. It is doubtful if any tail is indicated. The object to the right
seems to be the fore legs of a horse.

21. Red clay, with black decoration. The skirt is very thin at the waist, and flares sharply
outwards like a bell. Two tails are indicated.

THE GEOMETRIC STYLE: MISCELLANEOUS TYPES 115

E. Miscellaneous.
Besides the animals already mentioned, we find others (generally deer) which are in-
variably treated in two ways — either as ornaments in the field, or else as a subordinate
frieze. In many of the friezes, horses, birds, deer, etc., are combined.

22. From a large vase. Dark red clay, with lustrous red brown decoration ; on interior, lustrous
dark brown glaze. Frieze of deer to right, with zigzags as ornaments in field. Above, meander
pattern.

As horses in the Geometric style invariably have long tails, it is certain that these are not
horses. To represent the animals looking over their shoulder is the usual type. Variations occur
where the four legs of the animals are bent sharply under the belly. (Cf. Copenhagen vase.)

23. Dark red clay, with brilliant red glaze on interior, decoration in dark brown. Horse and
deer.

The deer is treated here as an ornament in field. It might be considered to be a foal, but the
short tail is rather against such an assumption.

24. Light reddish clay, with black decoration. Lizard ^ or scorpion as ornament in field. What
the other object represents is doubtful.

25. Light gray clay, with black glaze inside. Fishes and water bird. Whether this fragment
belongs to a plate or the bottom of a shallow bowl is doubtful.

The animal on Plate LVII. 13 may be a panther. No case of a dog occurs on any
of the Heraeum Geometric fragments.

othj;r miscellaneous types.

The common origin of all the fragments previously considered seems fairly certain.
A small number of fragments were found which seem to^orm a class by themselves, and
are much more closely related to pure Dipylon ware, being of a finer, cleaner clay, and
with a decoration more lustrous and careful than the preceding fragments. It is pos-
sible that they may be simply examples of the best Geometric technique at the Heraeum
rather than Attic importations. But beyond emphasizing the difference which exists
between them and the other Geometric ware at the Heraeum, I do not venture actually
to attribute to them an Attic origin.

All these fragments show a use of purely Geometric motives, the human or animal
figure occurring but seldom. What period to assign them to is hard to say ; on techni-
cal grounds they seem of later manufacture, but from theu- style and a comparison of
ware recently found in Attica they seem to belong to the earlier period. To this class
belongs the fragment with the boat, Plate LVII. 13.

PLATE LVIII.

1. From rim of bowl. Reddish clay, with lustrous black decoration, brilliant black glaze on
interior. Rim ends in a moulding, and the line between rim and shoulder is sharply defined. Me-
ander pattern. On each corner a dotted circle. Several other fragments of this vase were found.

2. Brick red clay, with red brown decoration ; glaze on interior varying from black to red.
Usual Geometric decoration. Several other fragments of this vase were found.

3. Cover. Reddish yellow clay, with brilliant black decoration. Probably belonged to a vase
similar to one in Herakleion in Crete (Jahrb. XIV. [1809], p. 37, fig. 15).

4. Dark red clay, with very brilliant black decoration, burnt red in places. Lower part of water

bird frieze.

Several other fragments from different vases of exactly similar technique were found. Tlie con-
trast between the red and black is so conspicuous as to appear intentional.

1 Cf. Jahrb. XIV. (1899), p. 84, fig. 42.

IIG THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

5. From rim of small bowl. Yellow clay, with Llack decoration, and black glaze on interior.
Technically this fragment was one of the finest of this style found at the Heraeum.

6. Base of a pithos-shaped vase of light red clay. The shape is unusual. One exactly similar
has recently been found in Attica.

The fragments and vases which now follow, which belong to the regular Cieometric types already
discussed, present certain peculiarities which demand a separate consideration of them.

7. From the support of a large vessel. Dark red clay, with red brown decoration. Horse and
double axe.

This fragment seems rather more Boeotian in treatment, though the clay lacks the white stones
characteristic of Boeotian ware.' The horse varies from the usual type, as the mane is composed
of wavy streaks which are drawn down to meet the neck and occasionally do not touch the neck
at all. As several other fragments exactly similar in technique were found, it is clear that 7
formed the support of some vessel, probably divided into legs, as on several of the fragments
the edge of the leg was sharply defined. Two other fragments which may belong to the same
support were legs, with two broad diagonal lines drawn from each corner crossing each other in
the centre.

8 a and b. Two fragments of a cover ; diameter, 0.376 m. ; height, 0.038 m. Dark gray clay,
with black decoration. In the centre a large wheel with a deer ; in the vacant spaces, the whole
bounded by lines, lozenge chain and zigzags. On the side an ada])tatiou of the "■ Running Dog "
pattern, the ends connected together, and triangles as ornaments in field. As no decoration or
glaze exists on the interior, it seems certain that it was a cover. Covers as large as this in the
Geometric style are unknown to me.

9. Tray. Length, 0.18 m. ; width, 0.11 m. Brownish clay, with the inside entirely covered
with a reddish brown glaze. The decoration is placed on the outside, and consists of zigzags on the
sides and water bird friezes on the bottom, separated by zigzag sand lozenge chains. Missing por-
tions restored in plaster.

10. From similar plate ; handle.

11. From similar plate ; corner.

9-11 are the most important examples of about twenty fragments which belonged to
trays or plates of precisely the same form and design. They are slightly narrower at
one end (the restoration of 9 is not quite exact) and are provided with a handle at each
end. Several fragments showed a meander pattern at the base.

Their principal interest lies in the fact that very similar trays have been found
at Aegina and nowhere else." At Aegina, however, all the trays found were reefcmgular,
and did not show a different diameter at either end. As the microscopical analysis of
these trays (cf. p. 65, note) made by Dr. Washington shows the presence of augite,
which was found in the trays from Aegina, and is a characteristic feature of the island, it
would seem fairly certain that these particular trays were imported from Aegina. If
this be true, in these trays we have the only authentic instance of an importation from
Aegina into Argos, since, according to Dr. Washington, all the Geometric fragments
from Aegina which were examined by him are identical A\4th those from the Heraeum,
and show none of the distinctive features of the island. Moreover, they would seem to
be the only instance of a local fabric in Aegina, which until now has not been demon-
strated. (Cf. Loeschcke, Athen. Mitt. XXII. [1897], pp. 259-264.) They furnish, at any
rate, a conclusive proof as to the i-elation between the two states, which we have already
assumed to exist (cf. p. 64). I do not, however, agree with Stais in assigning them to
the end of the seventh or the beginning of the sixth century ; from a comparison with
the other fragments of the Argive and Geometric styles found at the Heraeum, they
seem to my mind at least a century earlier.

1 Jahrb. III. (1888), p. .327. " "£0.,^. 'Apx- 1895, p. 262 S., pi. xii.

THE GEOMETRIC STYLE: AMPHORA 117

12 a and b. Two fragments of a pinax. Greenish yellow clay, with brown decoration faded

a. Length, 0.10 m. ; width, 0.085 m.

b. Length, 0.62 m. ; width, 0.10 m.

The design, as far as it can be restored, consists of two female figures bounded by four elliptical
bands, and the usual Geometric ornaments in field ; outside of the ellipse a row of water birds.
The dimensions of the pinax cannot be estimated.

13. Similar clay and technique. Undoubtedly belonged to a pinax whose ends were slightly
curved. Water birds in panels. Edges are
toothed like a saw.

(As 12 and 13 were taken from a photo-
graphic plate with a slightly different scale,
they are slightly smaller than they appear.
The difference between this scale and that of
the other fragments on Plate LVIII. is 6 to 5.)

There still remain to be considered a
few vases which are either intact or else in
such condition as to make their form cer-
tain.

Fig. 42. Amphora. Height, 0.495 m. ; di-
ameter of opening, 0.235 m. Part of neck, one
handle, and various parts of the body supplied
in plaster.

On edge of rim, zigzag band ; on neck, verti-
cal and horizontal series of zigzags bounding a
panel of interlacing lozenges with a black cen-
tre. Below, narrow band of vertical zigzags and
double crosses. Handles in fine plastic bands.
Below each handle a lozenge.

A. Horse and rider to right. The rider
(bearded, with three strokes to denote his hair)
clad in a short chiton, which seems to be
tucked up around his waist, holds in his left
hand the leading rein and in his right hand a
whip ; chiton ornamented with vertical lines.

The horse is more carefully drawn than usual, with the eye clearly defined. No signs of a mane
can be detected. On either side of the horse, a fish with a single vertical meander along the body.

B. Exactly the same, save that the horse has no rider.
On base, single meander pattern.

This amphora was the only large Geometric vase the Heraeum yielded which could be
restored almost entire. That it is one of the latest examples of the style .seems proba-
ble, since the body is not entirely covered with decoration and the horse is represented
as a beast of burden, not as in the earlier types attached to a chariot or in the usual •' Her-
aldic " scheme.

A jug was also found intact, 10 cm. in height, of precisely the same shape as Jahrh.
II. (1887), p. 50, fig. 9, with similar decoration to Ann. delV Inst. 1872, tav. d' agg. K.
No. 3.

Several small skyphoi with vertical and horizontal handles, their sides ornamented with
meanders and zigzags, were found.

Fig. 43. Height, 0.18 m. ; diameter at base, 0.28 m. ; at top, 0.21 ui. Red clay, with red

Fig. 42.

%

118 THE VASES AND VASE FKAGMENTS

decoration. Lozenge band at top, usual Geometric motives on body and water bird frieze on base.

Several other fragments found, one of which showed that the sides were arranged in panels con-
taining two horses and man in the " Heraldic " scheme.
Handle in centre, mouldings with dots half way between
handles and edges.

To assign this vase to its proiier place is not easy. It is
almost identical in shape with Aim. delV Inst. 1881, tav.
d' agg. K. 1 and 2, except for the lack of handles. These
are said to have been found on a similar vase from Chiusi
(v. Bull. delV Inst. 1884, p. 178, 179). But no trace
whatsoever of a partition dividing the vase inside into two
cups can be found, so that it is impossible that it shoidd
have been used in the same fashion as the Italian vases.
(For discussion of their use, see Helbig, Das Ilomerischc
Epos"^, p. 361.) Nor is there any reason to suppose that
would be needed on any support handles of a vase.

Fragments representing such supports (cf. Plate LVIII.
Fig- 43. 7) ^gre found.

About two hundred or more fragments belonging to one vase were found. This was
evidently an amphora similar in shape to the large Dipylon vases in Athens/ of a light
reddish clay, burnt in places, and must have measured nearly one and a half meter in
height. No reconstruction of the vase was possible, and the foot could not be found.
The vase was entirely covered with ornamentation, that on the body consisting of a series
of large wheels," arranged vertically and horizontally, separated by panels containing the
usual " Heraldic " motives. Panels again were arranged on the shoulder, and the neck
covered for the most part with zigzag and meander patterns. All fragments showed the
usual Geometric types.

In conclusion it remains to enumerate briefly some of the forms of vases not mentioned
before, which from the evidence of various fragments must have existed at the Heraeum.
The forms are taken fi-om Wide's articles in the Jahrbuch for 1899 and 1900.

Jahrb. 1899, p. 29, fig. 1. This form was represented by numerous fragments of feet,
handles, and rims.

Ibid. p. 34, fig. 11. Several similar handles were found.

Ibid. p. 38, fig. 20. Represented by handles.

Ibid. p. 80, fig. 34. Many fragments, especially of feet, belonged to a similar vase.

Ibid. p. 82, fig. 37. A similar arrangement of double handles was shown by at
least a dozen fragments.

Ibid. p. 205, figs. 71, 72, and the following pages. Large numbers of fragTnents be-
longing to similar jugs, and handles with a cross-piece were found. At the same time
it is impossible to state whether all the combinations illustrated in Wide's article were
found.

Ibid. pp. 214 and 215. A large number of fragments belonging to similar shallow
skyphoi were found, mostly of the type of fig. 100. Some seemed to have a high foot,
as fig. 102.

Jahrb. 1900, p. 53, fig. 113. Most of the fragments representing skyphoi were of this
type or that of fig. 121 on page 55.

Ibid. p. 54, fig. 116 and 117. Numerous fragments of handles were found which
probably belonged to similar skyphoi.

' Cf. Jahrb. XIV. (1899), p. 201, fig. 69. ^ Cf. ibid. p. 199, figs. 65 and 66, p. 200, figs. 67 and 68.

THE ARGIVE STYLE 119

CHAPTER IV.
THE ARGIVE STYLE.

The Argive (so-called Proto-Corinthian) style is not only the most characteristic vase
fabric at the Heraeum, but the one best represented by entire vases as well as frag-
ments, and seems to have been the most popular style in the ArgoUd from this end of
the Mycenaean epoch down to the beginning of the Corinthian style, a period of perhaps
from three to four centuries.

The term " Proto-Corinthian," ' as is well known, was invented by Furtwiingler and
applied by him to certain vases, of which the small lekythoi with human and animal
figures as the chief scheme of decoration are the best examples. Furtwiingler never
intended this name as an exact designation, but used it to show that this class bore a
close relation to the Corinthian style which it preceded.

Since the invention of this term twenty years have elapsed, and in that time the niun-
ber of these vases has increased. Originally not more than half a dozen examples from
Thebes, Tanagra, or Corinth were known, but we now have numerous examples from
Attica, Aegina, Eleusis, Tiryns, Argos, Syracuse, Megara Hyblaea, Southern and North-
ern Italy. To the class identified by Furtwiingler has been added a series of vases the
decoration of which consists entirely of fine parallel lines encircling the body of the vase
and Geometric motives. At the same time the term " Proto-Corinthian," though univer-
sally adopted, has never been considered thoroughly satisfactory, and numerous attempts
have been made to discover the real provenience of the style ; none of the sites proposed
as the original home of the style (Chalcis," Corinth, Sicily, etc.) has yet been univer-
sally accepted. It has been generally believed that the style was the outcome of the
Geometric ware ' and originated about the middle of the eighth century.

It appears to me that the Argolid is the original home of this style, and I venture to
adopt a new system of classification and chronology, which differs materially from that
heretofore offered.* The conclusions about to be stated have been forced upon me after
a careful study of the Heraeum fragments, and while I am far from claiming them to be
the only possible ones, they form the basis for the whole of this chapter. Briefly, the
so-caUed Proto-Corinthian style is Argive in its origin, and a direct offshoot of the Myce-
naean style, being contemporaneous with the Geometric.

Prom the very beginning of the excavations, when it was seen how large a proportion
of the vase fragments was formed by this ware, in 1892 Professor Waldstein asserted
that it was really Argive. Since then Professors Furtwiingler ■"' and Loeschcke" have also
come to the same conclusion. The arguments in favor of its Argive origin are : —

(a) The quality of this ware found at the Heraeum.

(6) The steady development from the earlier periods, especially the Mycenaean.

(a) The style is found in greatest quantities outside of the Argolid, in the Necropole
del Fusco at Syracuse,' and at Megara Hyblaea,* and Orchomenos." The amount fur-

> Bronzefunde von Olympia, pp. 47, 51. given by me in the American Journal of Archaeology,

^ The Chalcidian origin was proposed by Helbig {Dk 1900, p. 441 ff.
Italiker in der Po-Ebene, p. 84). Stuart Jones follows « Berl. Philol. Wochens. 1895, p. 202.

the same view (./. H. S. XVI. [1896], p. 333). ' Athen. Mitt. XXII. (1897), p. 262.

3 B. C. H. XIX. (1895), p. 182. ' Cf. Not. d. Scavi, 1893 and 1895.

* A brief outline of the following has already been » Mon. Ant. vol. I.

» B. C. H. XIX. (189o), pp. 182-188.

120 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

nislied by the three most important excavations in the ArgoHd, the Heraeum, Mycenae,
and Tiiyns, more than equals that of the rest of the Greek world, including the Sicilian
excavations. With such a vast amount found in the ArgoUd alone, it is extremely
improbable that any other state should have been the inventor, or that the importation
of the style should have taken place into a state Avhich during the Mycenaean period
had a flourishing vase industry of its own. Furthermore, as we have already pointed out,
so few types were found at the Heraeum which were clearly made outside of the Argolid,
that we must hesitate before calling any doubtful style a foreign importation. And as
the largest part of the ware found in the Argolid is furnished by the Heraeum, it is there
rather than at Mycenae that the origin of the style must be sought. In Aegina the
style shows the same development as at the Heraeum, but as no attempt has ever been
made to show that Aegina had a vase industry of her own,' and as we know that histori-
cal evidence points to a close connection between Argos and Aegina during the eighth
and seventh centuries, the vases of this style found at Aegina may well have been
imported from Argos.

(6) As far back as 1887, Diimmler ^ had pointed out the fact that fragments of this
style had been found at Aegina in the lowest levels along with Mycenaean fragments,
and the same is true at the Heraeum, though, as we have seen, the presence of definite
chronological levels was not observed. This would show clearly that some vases of the
style are as old as the Mycenaean period. Many fragments of this ware are found at
Aegina as well as at the Heraeum, which bear the strongest resemblance to the Myce-
naean style. Moreover, the steady development of the style from its beginning can be
better traced in the Argolid than in any other site, where the earliest examples are not to
be found. Therefore, as Aegina cannot really claim the origin of the style,^ the enor-
mous quantity of it found at the Heraeum, as well as the steady and complete develop-
ment, would make it reasonably probable that the style originated in the Argolid.

As stated in the Introduction, the all-pervading characteristic of the Argive style is,
as Professor Waldstein maintains, " Linear," pure and simple. We have already seen that
the Primitive and Mycenaean styles were Linear in their origin, and that the latter,
after passing through the pictorial stage when naturalism prevailed, returned in Class IV.
to the Linear principle again, which, as we know from the presence of the broad and
fine bands on the bodies of Mycenaean vases, was never entirely lost.

Practically, therefore, the earliest specimens of the Argive style are small vases, akin
in clay and technique to the Mycenaean style. The question here arises, whether such
vases forai a step beyond the Mycenaean style, or whether they are only the best illus-
trations of a continuous principle which originated in primitive times, and arrived at its
perfection at the end of the Mycenaean period. Professor Waldstein maintains * " that
the Proto-Corinthian development of the Argive-Linear is but the natural development
out of the linear decoration as found in Argive vases at the Heraeimi from the earliest
Primitive vases through the dull-colored vases and the Mycenaean periods. In the two
first periods (Primitive and Dull-colored) this linear decoration is in free-hand drawing,
sometimes with rudest implements and in awkward and grotesque uncertainty of toiuh.
This uncertainty corresponds to the ruder hand-made technique of the ceramist. The

* The plates mentioned on p. 116 and a few fragments ^ Jahrb. II. (1887), p. 19.

of Mycenaean vases are the only vases known which ■' Cf. p. 6o, note.

were surely manufactured in the island ; v. Introduction, * The words in quotation marks are Professor ^A'ald-

p. 65, note. stein's.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: ORIGIN 121

greater accuracy and skill in this linear decoration naturally comes in when the ceramist
himself makes skillful use of the Avheel, and produces such fine specimens of the potter's
craft as are to be found with the rise of the Mycenaean lustrous vases. The parallel
lines ornamenting the lower portions of these are thus firm and accurate. At the same
time the feeling for ' free-hand ' drawing has not died out, and in its turn advances
with the progress of ceramic art during the Mycenaean period, so that when the feeling
and desire fen- naturalism grows, the decoration above the lines reaches a stage of per-
fection comparatively as high in technique in these lustrous vases as is the linear decora-
tion and the ceramic art in the shape and manufacture of the vase itself. In the larger
vases of the Mycenaean period the linear decoration is thus never entirely superseded ;
while in the smaller vases it still maintjiins its predominance through this and all early
periods. At the Heraeum, and we may say in the Argolid, the Linear principle of
decoration, which finds its highest and purest expression in the later Argive (Proto-
Corinthian) vases, had therefore never died out."

This theory of Professor Waldstein's I accept in part, and I agree with him that the
Linear principle was never quite discarded even in the best period of the Mycenaean style.
If it could be proved, as Professor Waldstein thinks, that from the Primitive times to
the close of the Mycenaean civilization a distinct class of vases exists, which, though show-
ing elements of Mycenaean decoration, have as their chief characteristic this same Linear
principle, I should see no objection to accepting his theory entirely. This class I have
not succeeded in finding, and I do not regard the various examples already quoted by
Professor Waldstein as establishing the existence of such a class beyond question. It is
true that there exists a large class of vases at the Heraeum, the date of which is not
absolutely fixed, which show only the Linear principle ; but whatever their date may be,
I do not consider them as earlier than the end of the Mycenaean period, nor do the few
scattered fragments with incised linear ornamentation, which may possibly belong to the
acme of that period (though that point is extremely doubtful), constitute to my mind a
distinct and unmistakable link between the Primitive times and the rise of the Argive
style. It is possible to regard these same small vases as the beginnings of the Argive
style, but only as the poorest examples of it. They show at least that they are the result
of a principle which filtered through the Mycenaean civilization, just as a river flows
through a lake, but which I, for my part, do not regard as a separate entity from Primi-
tive times. Hence the earliest class of the Argive ware is probably an offshoot of the
Mycenaean style. This class I shall call " Early Argive."

We have seen that some great movement (perhaps the Dorian invasion) in Greece
caused a revival of the various Geometric or primitive motives at a time when the My-
cenaean civihzation was dead or dying, but when the Argive style had begun. Under
the new influence the Argive style is quick to respond. Accordingly we find that as
the Geometric style flourishes, the Argive style borrows freely the Geometric motives, but
keeps them subordinate to its characteristic Linear principle of parallel bands as the main
decoration. This is the class " Linear Argive," which forms the bulk of the style at the
Heraeum and is widely represented in Sicily and Italy. The orchnary Geometric motives,
zigzags, meanders, squares, lozenges, etc., are the ones most commonly used, and as the
vases are generally of a small size, these motives are confined to the rims or shoulders,
seldom if ever used on the body of the vase.

That the spread of Oriental influence in Greece caused the decUne of the Geometric
style is universaUy admitted. In the Argolid we find the Geometric style ceasing almost

122 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

abruptly, while the Argive style becomes, as it were, emancipated. The reason is simply
that as this style was confined to smaller vases on which the Geometric motives played
a subordinate part, the introduction of orientalized animals and human figures, together
with the fuller development of ornaments in the field, did not necessarily interfere with its
Linear principle of encircling bands. Again, as it was the distinctive style of the Argolid,
and more popular than the Geometric, it was more easily influenced by the new ideas
from the east. On the other hand, it would seem as if no attemj)t was made by the
Argive potters to adapt the Geometric style to the new conditions, and hence it died
out. In Attica, however, as the Geometric style affords the chief and only ware, some
attempt had to be made to remodel the style to suit the new influence, or else to evolve a
completely different fabric ; accordingly we find the Dipylon style developing into the
Early Attic. It would seem probable that the Phaleron jugs which illustrate this devel-
opment were influenced in some way by the Argive style ; such a theory, however,
lacks actual confirmation.

We therefore find a third class of the Argive ware (Oriental Argive). It is to this
class that the lekythoi in Berlin, London, and the other museums belong, which caused
the invention of the term, " Proto-Corinthian." The period of its production probably
lies in the early part of the seventh century, and it cannot have lasted beyond the end of
that century, since the rise of the Corinthian and Early Attic styles probably supplanted
it; also, no fragments of the style have been found at Naucratis. Cf. Cecil Smith,
J. H. S. 1890, p. 176.

A difficult question is presented by the relation of Class III. to the Corinthian style.
That the latter is directly developed from Class III. I see no reason to doubt. Couve '
has recently denied such a connection absolutely, but as his arguments do not take the
Heraeum fragments into consideration, they carry less weight.

Previous to the excavations at the Heraeum and at Aegina, Class III. was mainly
represented by the small lekythoi already mentioned, but with the material from Aegina
and the Heraeum the class is seen to include numerous larger vases of various shapes,
the lekythoi being in the minority, so that any argument which bases the relation of the
Argive style to the Corinthian on the lekythoi alone possesses little value. It is true
that the lekythoi belonging to Class III., which show the most advanced technique, are
not found in the Argolid, but in Thebes and Corinth. The shape, however, is fairly
well represented at the Heraeum.

Now aU these lekythoi found outside of the Argolid seem to be a finished product ;
they are similar to the Corinthian vases, but vases which show the transitional stages
between Class III. and the Corinthian are wanting. Such connecting links, as far as I
know, are found only at Argos and Aegina, but the quantity of true Corinthian ware
found at both those sites is small compared to that found at Corinth or in other parts
of Greece. As Corinth is universally admitted to be the originator of the Corinthian
style, that point may be regarded as settled.

A survey of comparative history will help us here. We have seen that during the
Mycenaean epoch the Argolid was the great source for the bulk of Mycenaean pottery
found in Greece, just as Athens became the great producer of the Black and Red-Figure
styles in after years. At the time we are considering (the seventh century), Argos had
behind her centuries of skill in ceramic arts, with (presumably) a correspondingly large
commerce. Athens did not begin her commercial activity until the eighth century,

' Rev. Arch. 1898, p. 213.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: ORIGIN. 123

and Corinth, although beginning- at this time to figure as a commercial factor, had not
the previous years of industrial activity. If, then, the question arises as to which soil
the spread of Oriental influence in Greece found most recejjtive, antecedent probabihties
would certainly point to Argos. It would be most extraordinary to find such a finished
product as Class III. originating in Corinth ; as a matter of fact, the real difference
between Class III. and the Corinthian style is simply this — a new influence at work
upon skilled, as opposed to unskiUed labor.

Argos, then, originates Class III. Its wide range does not militate against such an
assumption ; while not all the vases of this class so common outside of Argos are
probably of Argive manufacture, still the bulk of them were most probably exported
from Argos. That they do not exist in very large quantities at Argos itself is no
proof to the contrary ; it may perfectly well have been the case that local taste preferred
the larger, finer vases, while the bidk of the smaller was exported. We know that
during the sixth and fifth centuries the bulk of Attic work was exported to Italy, and
were it not for the cemeteries of Chiiisi, Ruvo, Nola, etc., etc., our knowledge of Attic
pottery Avould be small indeed. At the same time it would have been perfectly pos-
sible for potters in Corinth, Thebes, Syracuse, and elsewhere to make copies of originals
imported from Argos.

Hence it is probable that the importation into Corinth of Argive vases gave the
inspiration to the Corinthian style. The ware evolved by Coruith was really a poor imi-
tation of the Argive, and, owing to a lack of technical experience, the former started
on a much lower plane than the latter. It is worthy of remark that as Class III. develops
at Argos it becomes more like the Corinthian, only much finer in technique. This is not
surprising, seeing that the external influence in both places was the same. The actual
points of similarity between fragments of Class III. and the Corinthian style will be dis-
cussed later.

The question of clay is important, but difficult to define in default of microscopic
investigation. In Class I. the clay is almost Mycenaean ; practically the only difference
is that the clay of Argive vases is lighter. The general treatment of glaze and decora-
tion varies somewhat from the Mycenaean, in that the surface is seldom polished, and
the paint less lustrous and applied less thickly. This is especially apparent in Class II.
Here, however, the general scheme of decoration has advanced beyond all similarity with
the Mycenaean. But though in the earlier classes the clay seems to be similar to that
of the Mycenaean vases, the greatest difference exists between it and that of the Geome-
tric vases, the Argive being of a different color (generally reddish), finer, cleaner, and
lighter. In fact, during the later period of the Argive style, the art of making light
vessels reaches its highest point ; in some cases the clay is almost as thin as a sheet of
very fine cardboard.

Owing to the smaller size of the vases the material is in much better preservation,
and in almost every case the exact form of the vase could be determined. Hence it has
been possible to evolve a classification based on the various forms. All through the
style three shapes are most prominent — lekythos (oinochoe), skyphos, and pyxis ; each
exhibits many variations, which will be discussed later.

The use of some color, red, white, yellow, etc., applied to the vase after the first firing,
is especially characteristic of the Argive style. As it is found in the Mycenaean and
Geometric styles as weU, its use will be discussed more thoroughly at the end of this
chapter.

124

THE VASES AND VASK FRAGMENTS

Fig. 44.

CLASS I.

EARLY ARGIVE.

We may include in this class many of the small jugs mentioned on pp. 99-101. Their
only decoration is encircling- bands with the occasional introduction of a Mycenaean
motive, and as they belong to the end of the Mycenaean period they represent virtually
the first stages of the Argive style. The forms used in this class are not very numerous ;
besides the jugs already mentioned we have examples of lekythoi, kalathoi, and small
saucers, all three akin to various Mycenaean forms. That so few shapes are to be found
is not surprising ; the new style being still an exjjeriment, potters would be likely to
begin with familiar shapes.

Lekythoi.

Only one form of the lekythos w<as noticed ; it is a one-handled jug of about the same form as
Myk. Vas. xliv. 63. It is, however, all through tlie Argive style one of
the most popular shapes, and one which was clearly taken from a Mycenaean
prototype.

Fig. 44. Height, 0.07 m. Southeast of Second Temple. Intact.

This lekythos is the most perfect specimen of Class I. found at the He-
raeum. The clay is of a yellow tinge, and the decoration a lustrous black.
In point of technique it possesses the greatest affinity with Mycenaean vases.
The quality of the clay is of a slightly lighter and thinner texture, and the
scheme of decoration distinctly linear. At any rate, its connection with the
Mycenaean style is so strong as to show that it is certainly contemporaneous
with the later period of that style.

Half a dozen similar vases were found in good condition, and as many more in frag-
ments. The scheme of decoration was the same in all, some, however, having a series of
fine lines beween the broad bands. Several other vases, in shape more like the jugs on
p. 100, were found, on which the linear decoration was apparent, but of extremely careless
execution.

ICalathoi.

These small vessels form a distinct series in the Argive style. Those which show the
most advanced technique undoubtedly fall into Class II. To avoid confusion, they have
been placed together. They seem to have been a common shape, since about fifty were
found, most of them intact.

The earliest examples are band-made, very small (not more than 35 mm. in height or
55 mm. in diameter), with one or two broad bands very carelessly applied. Next, a series
of wheel-made specimens, some without any decoration, more commonly with several broad
stripes. Finally a number of kalathoi, carefidly made with a decoration of stripes in
series of two or three. These last probably belong to Class II. In some cases the rim is

formed of a series of plastic mouldings with dots on them, but with-
out any other decoration on the vase except a glaze on the interior.

Fig. 45. Height, 0.04 m. ; diameter, 0.07 m. Reddish yellow clay,
with dark brown bands on interior as well as exterior. Cf. Ann. dell'
Inst. 1877, tav. d'agg. A. B. 14.i

This kalathos belongs to the second series. Judging from its simi-
larity to the bowl found in the Bee-Hive tomb (p. 95. Fig. 30) and
the style of decoration, we cannot date it as any later than the end of the Mycenaean period.

' A kalatlios of similar sliape but witli purely Geometric decoration has been found at Eleusis ; cf. 'E0»)m 'Apx- 1898,
pi. ii. 17.

Fig. ir,.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: KALATHOI AND SAUCERS

125

The hand-made vases were exactly similar save for a rougher style of execution. Slight but unim-
portant variations in the curve
of the sides were found.

Fig. 46. Height, 0.068 m. ;
diameter, 0.10 ui. Reddish
yellow clay, burnt red at base,
with red bands and dots on rim.
Two bands inside. Found
above the burnt layer on the
west end of Old Temple Ter-
race.

Fig. 47. Height, 0.053 m. ; diameter, 0.093 m

Fig. 46.

Fio. 47.

Fig. 48.

Red clay, burnt bright red at base, with
dark brown bands above, red below. Dark red glaze inside. This
change from brown to red in the decoration is evidently intentional.

Fig. 48. Height, 0.045 m. ; diameter, 0.078 m. Red, clay with
yellow slip burnt red at base. Upper bands black, lower red, evi-
dently intentional. Dots on rim, and five bands inside. A dozen otiier
vases of this type were found.

The last three belong to the later series of the kalathoi,
though the interval between them and the earlier ones is not
g^eat. The technique is far superior and the clay finer. They illustrate the three varie-
ties of the form. Fig. 48 has a certain resemblance to the bowls already mentioned.

Saucers.

Just at this point we place a series of small saucers, of which quite a number were
found. They vary from 3 to 5 cm. in diameter and 10 to 15 nnn. in height, and would
seem to be developed from the Mycenaean saucers (p. 96) witli the addition of Argive
decoration of concentric bands. Extra color (generally red) is added to some of the
bands.

Two types may be detected.

a. Flat base, straight or sloping sides, with a sharply defined rim, flange curving outwards.
A small boss is occasionally found on the
interior, and small projections are often
added to the rim as if for handles.

b. The base is either flat or curved, with
curved sides, no flange to the rim.

a.

Fig. 49. Height, 0.01 m. ; diameter
0.051 m. Light red clay, with black bands
alternating with applied red bands on inte-
rior. No decoration on exterior. Fig. 49.

Fig. 50.

Fig. 50. Height, 0.014 m. ; diameter, 0.028 m. Reddish yellow clay, with black decoration
burnt red in part's. Bands inside with dots on rim. On exterior, below rim, broatl band of applied
red. Boss in centre.

Numerous other similar saucers were found and fragments of others of larger size.
One, of which about half was preserved, measured 12 cm. in diameter and 5 in height.
Clay and decoration were identical.

126

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Fragments of a few others were found, of a very fine thin I'lay, with a brilHant glaze
and arrangement of lines exactly similar to the lekythoi below. These clearly belonged
to Class II.

CLASS II.
LINEAR ARGIVE.

We now come to the class which includes almost all the Argive style, from its begin-
ning in the Mycenaean times down to the rise of the Oriental influence, a period of
perhaps nearly two centuries. Three periods may be noted, though as the transitional
stages between them are so gradual, they will not be used as a basis for classification.

1. The survival of certain Mycenaean motives, still retained from the older style.

2. Pure linear treatment.

3. The introduction of the animal figure and the development of the Oriental influ-
ence. We also find three distinct technical methods, a. The ordinary technique, similar
to that already discussed, b. The application of extra color, c. The contrast obtained by
the action of fire, when half the vase is burnt bright red and half left in its natural
decoration in black or brown.

The principal shapes are : —
Lekythos,
Oinochoe,
Skyphos,
Pyxis,
Aryballos,
Alabastron,
Plate.

Several other shapes will be met with, but such are comparatively rare and Avill be
discussed as they appear.

Lehythoi.

Two varieties of the lekythos may be found, one rather globular in shape (cf. Not. d.
Scavi, 1895, p. 138, fig. 15) and the other {Berl. Cat. pi. v. 102) slightly more devel-
oped. The latter shape is a modification of the former, and becomes very common
during the later period of the Argive style.

Tt/pes.

Fig. 51. Height, 0.065 m. Bands on neck, handle, and body, with pot-hooks on shoulder, and
below a broken wave pattern.

The shape of this lekythos is somewhat similar to the Mycenaean form (v. Myk. Vas. XLiv. 63).
In the wave pattern we still see a survival of Myce-
naean motives. A similar lekythos is at Syracuse
(v. Not. d. Scavi, 1893, p. 473). From the form
and ornamentation this lekythos may be considered
as one of the earliest of Class II. Frasrments of
several other similar lekythoi were found.

Fig. 52. Height, 0.085 m. Part of rim broken
away. Bands on neck, handle, and body, Geometric
snake on shoulder. Decoration in dark and light
brown. Cf. Mt. d. Scavi, 1895, p. 138, fig. 15 ; Brit.
Mis. a. 1061.

This seems to be slightly more advanced in form than the preceding, and Fig. 52.

Fig. 51.

Fh;. o3.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: LEKYTHOI, CLASS II 127

is a common type at the Ileraeum. Half a dozen more examples were found, more or less intact,
and fragments representing perhaps a hundred.

Fig. 53. Height, 0.075 m. On shoulder, two birds with
a scroll between them. Incised lines.

Identically the same form as the preceding. As in the
Geometric style, the birds are the first living subjects in-
troduced on a vase. The heraldic scheme of the birds
suggests the fourth class of the Mycenaean style. Cf.
Myk. Vas. xxxvi. 364. This seems to be one of the ear
liest instances of the incised line.

The chief variation in these lekythoi Hes in the
ornamentation on tlie shoulder. The following types
were noted in the fragments : —

Rayg. These include several varieties. They are either
single, radiating from the centre, or else double, one set
radiating directly from the neck, alternating with a second
set which radiate from a band drawn just around the neck ; rays drawn in outline ; rays composed
of interlacing lines. All have their points outwards.

In some cases a second band of zigzags is added on the body just below the rays.

Checkerboard. This is generally used as a band on the body. The plain squares are occasion-
ally dotted.

Lozenges. As an ornament in field on the shoulder, combined with a ray or pot-hook.

Fig. 54. Height, 0.06 m. Neck and handle restored ; on shoulder ray pattern.

This is an example of the simplest form of this second type, of
which about twenty-five more were found. The majority had a ray
pattern around the base, and the place of one of the broad bands
taken by a checkerboard band. Pot-hooks were occasionally found
on the shoulder instead of rays.

Fig. 55. Height, 0.062 m. Yellowish clay, burnt red on one
side. Circle of dots on rim. Sign like the letter H on handle,
vertical zigzags on rim. On body, frieze of three animals. Below,
rays. Above and below animal frieze, two lines of dark red paint
applied. The vase is intact.

This lekythos represents the most advanced stage of the second type, and can equally
well be considered as the first stage of Class III., or the last of Class II. In fact, it
forms a link between the two, since the animal figure is now introduced, through the
Oriental influence. A dozen more of this type were found intact, and at least a basket-
ful of fragments belonging to similar vases.

The application of the extra dark red Hnes now becomes quite a feature in the style,
and few vases belonging to Class III. are without it. Several lekythoi of this shape,
without any animal decoration, showed this same feature. One was adorned with two
broad bands of brown, on which six alternating thin stripes of purple and yellow had
been applied. A similar instance is at Syracuse (Case VII. No. 2893).

Also several lekythoi were found Avith checkerboards on the body (with applied bands
of dark red between), and a leaf rosette on the neck, similar to those in the Louvre,
V. Pottier, Vases de Lottvre, pi. xxxix. E, 309 ; cf . also 3Ion. Ant. I. p. 824 (from
Megara Hyblaea). Several examples are in Rome (Museo Papa-Giulio) and Florence.
The type seems to be very common.

ff^^

Fig. 54.

Fig. 55.

128 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Oiiiochoai.
Three distinct types of oinochoai are to be noted.

1. Short neck, body slightly curved.

2. Long neck, cone-shaped body.

3. Short neck, square shoulder.

Each type is subject to occasional variations.

Type 1.

Fig. 56. Height, 0.124 m. ; diameter at base, 0.115 ni. Missing portions restored in plaster.

Reddish clay, with dark brown decoration. Three bands of ver-
tical zigzags on shoulder.

This was the only examjjle of the type which was preserved
entire. As few other fragments of similar vases were found,
the form does not appear very common at the Heraeuni.

1 a and b (Plate LIX.). Two fragments from a large
oinochoe, whose height cannot be determined. Reddish clay,
with dark brown decoration. On the neck, an elaborate flower
pattern between vertical "Running Dogs." On shoulder, alter-
nating rays of interlaced lines whose tojjs end in two hooks
with a border of fine vertical lines ; below, dotted lozenge chain.
Several other fragments from the same vase were found.

The pattern on the neck is similar to that on an oinochoe in

Pj, -,; Athens {Jahrh. II. (1887), p. 52, fig. 14) as well as the Analy-

tos jug (Jahrh. II. (1887), pi. iii.), and seems to be drawn from

a Mycenaean prototype. I am unable to find any similar treatment of the ray pattern on the

shoulder.

The form of this vase is a slight modification of Fig. 56, as the diameter of the body is not
so large in proportion to the neck. Only one other vase of exactly this form was found with a
decoration on the body of rays, bands, and checkerboard. The form, however, is quite common
at Syracuse. Cf. Not. d. Scav. 1893, p. 468 ; 1895, p. 153, fig. 38. In the Corinthian period it
becomes a favorite shape.

The few fragments of oinochoai of this form (Fig. 56 and Plate LIX. 1) did not
show any great variety in their scheme of ornamentation. Zigzags, checkerboards, and
rays (especially ou the base) were the usual motives.

Type 2.
This type seems to be the most favorite form of oinochoe at the Heraeuni, judging by
the number of the vases. Thirty or so were preserved more or less complete, varying
between 10 and 15 cm. in height. An equal number had the necks and handles broken
away, but the bodies intact, while the number of fragments belonging to vases of this
form filled several baskets. Something like a hundred necks were found, but in only a
few instances did they fit any of the bodies. The total number of vases represented
must have numbered several hundred.

Fig. 57. Heiglit, 0.165 m. ; diameter, 0.135 m. Handle restored. On neck, two bands, the
upi)er containing a zigzag figure like an N, and the lower a lozenge chain. Both bands are broken
by a figure resembling two triangles with contiguous points. On shoulder. Geometric snake with
Sioastikas, dots, and zigzags as ornaments in field.

This vase is still somewhat allied to the preceding type, save for the lengthening of the neck,
and seems identical in form with an oinochoe from Eleusis ('E</)t7/u.. 'Ap;^. 1898, p. 106, fig. 26).

Fig. 57.

Kk;. .-,8.

THE ARCtIVE STYLE: OINOCHOAI, CLASS II 129

Fig. 58. Height, 0.17 in. ; diameter, 0.12 m. Rim and handle restored. On neck, four bands
of lozenge chains, separated by a broad
band of horizontal zigzags. On shoulder,
rays (interlaced lines), with swastikas as
ornaments in field. Below, checkered band ;
on base, rays. Decoration in bright red
and black.

This is the best specimen of the type that
was found. The form is seen here in its
complete development, the body cone-
shaped, and the neck very long (about
once and a half times the height of the
body).

The technique of all these vases and
fragments is very similar, the clay red-
dish or greenish in tone, with a yellow slip, and the decoration (often very lustrous) in
black or brown, changing to red, in many cases intentionally so. As no two vases have
exactly the same ornamentation, it will be well to consider that more in detail.

As in almost every case, the main body of the vase is ornamented with fine parallel
bands ; the variation occurs in the following places : neck, handle, shoulder, base, and
bottom of the vase.

Heck and rim. The rim as a rule is never ornamented, but is entirely covered on the
outside with a dark glaze. A few fragments were found which showed that the orna-
mentation (lozenge chain) had been carried on to the rim itself. The neck, however,
offers the greatest variety of ornamentation. From over a hundred necks, forty-five dis-
tinct systems of designs were counted, which fall into several classes. The design never
completely encircles the vase, but leaves a vacant space from rim to shoulder, just back of
the handle.

In a few cases the neck is covered with parallel horizontal lines the whole length.
This, however, is not common, and was observed on only a few fragments. The usual
type is a series of broad friezes containing the various motives, separated by the parallel
line system. These figures are either arranged in series of equal width, or else broad
and narrow friezes together. The ornaments in them are always zigzags (vertical or
horizontal), lozenge chains, meanders, rays, or water birds. A few examples showed a
water bird in a panel.

The following represent the most striking examples (Plate LIX.) : —

2. Length, 0.107 m. Reddish yellow clay, with yellow slip. Brilliant red decoration. Meander
frieze bounded above and below by friezes of lozenge chain (interlaced lines). Below, part of a
frieze of N ornament similar to fig. 57.

3. Length, 0.054 m. ; width, 0.045 m. Brick red clay, with yellow slip. Brilliant decoration
in light and dark red. Guilloche.

Reckoning the diameter of the neck as one fourth of the length, we obtain an oinochoe of about
25 cm. in length (the neck being about once and a half times the height of the body). Several
fragments of necks of an even larger size were found, which, together with the size of some of the
fragments from the bodies, shows that oinochoai of a very large size (25 to 35 cm. in height) existed
at the Heraeum. Oinochoai of such a large size are rather rare ; the largest existing specimen
with which I am familiar was formerly at Callaly Castle,' in Northumberland (Forman collection),
and measures 22.] cm. in height, and 21 cm. in width at the base.
1 What has become of this vase I am not able to say. No mention of it occurs in the Catalogue of the Forman Sale.

130 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Shoulder. Less variety was exhibited in the decoration of the shoulder. The usual
motives are, rays (in silhouette, or formed by interlaced lines), radiating outwards
from the neck. A few fragments showed rays pointing inwards ; zigzJigs, vertical and
horizontal, singly or in series ; checkerboard. The shoulder has occasionally a double
frieze, as in Figs. 57 and 58.

Fig. 59. Fragment of oinochoe. Height, 0.057 m. Brick red clay, with bright red decoration.

On shoulder, frieze of birds (lozenges and pot-hooks as ornaments in
field), and a narrow border of vertical zigzags. Usual arrangement
of bands on body. Incised lines freely used.

This fragment represents the latest stage of the oinochoai belong-
ing to Class n., and corresponds to the lekythos on p. 159, fig. 55.
As in the Geometric style, birds seem to be the earliest animate
motives used.

_ £3^ '-^ Handle, Out of over fifty handles, twenty-three distinct

designs were counted. The decoration is almost invai-iably on
the outside of the handle, the inside being left plain. One
fragment showed glaze on the inside. The usual types are, —
Horizontal lines. Meander,

Vertical lines. Geometric snake.

Both combined, Guilloche,

Zigzags, vertical or horizontal. Rosettes.

Herring-bone,

The following are the most striking examples : —

PLATE LIX.

4. Length, 0.087 m. Yellow clay, dark brown decoration, rather thin. A similar meander
exists on the handle of an oinochoe at Syracuse, tomb 344. Cf . Not. d. Scavi, 1895, p. 152, fig. 38.

5. Length, 0.095 m. Light red clay, with yellow slip. Dark red glaze on inside. Guilloche
alternately in outline and silhouette. The same peculiarity may be found on a Mycenaean frag-
ment {Myk. Vas, xxxiv. 339). Another instance occurs on the rim of an amphora found at
Cynosarges by the British School at Athens (J. H. S. XXII. [1902], pi. ii.).

6. Length, 0.069 m. Light yellow clay. Snake and rosettes in black (cf. t/. //. S. XI. [1890],
p. 175; Jahrh. I. [1886], p. 135), very much faded. Incised lines are here used.

7. Length, 0.135 m. Reddish clay. Decoration originally red, but burnt quite black. The
arrangement of a half rosette at the base of the handle is extremely curious.

Base. The decoration on the base is usually confined to a ray pattern. Little
variety is introduced, except in the height of the rays which on the larger fragments
measure as much as three centimetres. A frieze is occasionally added above the rays of
zigzags or some other design. One fragment showed a Mycenaean spii'al chain. In
some cases the line system is continued clear to the base, or a frieze of zigzags may be
introduced in place of the rays.

Bottom. The decoration of the flat surface on the bottom with a design is a curious
feature among Argive vases of this type, and may be also seen on an oinochoe from
Aegina {Athen. Mitt. XXII. [1897], p. 294, fig. 19). The Aegina oinochoe follows
the usual scheme, which is a series of parallel lines crossing each other at right angles.
The other scheme is simply a series of parallel lines across the diameter of the base.
Other fragments showed the fore feet of a horse, scroll and lozenge patterns. On the

THE ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS II., OINOCHOAI 131

bottom of one fragment of the base, the upper part of a human face, similar in character
to the face on Plate LVI. 7, appeared. A similar face occurs on a Ionic hydria in the
Louvre (Pottiei-, Vas. Ant. de Louvre, pi. lii, E 696).

To this type of oinochoe belong a number of vases, which through their decoration
seem to form a class by themselves. About a dozen were found more or less intact, and
perhaps fifty more represented by fragments. These vases were not more than 10 cm.
in height, and are entirely covered with a black glaze, except on the base, where a natu-
ral band of the clay is left on which is a ray pattern. Around the body of these vases
run thin lines of red or yellow, applied after firing, and on the shoulder an incised tongue
pattern, the divisions of which are alternately red and yellow.

The clay of all these vases is of a light yellowish tone, and the glaze varies between
black and brown. The only variety lies in the arrangement of the applied red and
yellow lines, which are arranged in many different ways. The three fragments on col-
ored Plate LXIV. 6 to 8, illustrate clearly the characteristics of this type.

8. (Plate LIX.) Neck of oinochoe. Length, 0.115 in. Light reddish clay, entirely covered
with a lustrous black glaze, on which are added three rosettes in yellow.

No other fragments of this vase were found, but it seems certain that it belonged to a large
oinochoe, entirely glazed, with the usual ' tongue ' pattern on the shoulder. The presence of an orna-
ment on the neck of oinochoai of this type seems unique ; I know of no similar instance.

In Greece itself vases of this type do not seem common. A few similar fragments
were found at Aegina [Athen. Mitt. XXII. [1897], p. 126). Outside of Greece, especially
in Italy, the type appears frequently (cf. Not. d. Scav. 1895, p. 139, fig. 18). Similar
examples may be found in the British Museum and the Louvre.

As a rule the vases were small ; but one exception (No. 8) occurs.

Type 3.

This type differs principally from the preceding, in that the shoulder is set more
squarely to the body, the line between being furnished, in some cases, with a slight
moulding. The shape is not common ; one may be found at Syracuse (from Megara
Hyblaea, tomb 898), and another in Naples (Heydemann, Cat. pi. iii. 130). Few vases
of this type were found at the Heraeum ; not more than five intact
or partly so, and as many more in fragments. The scheme of
decoration did not differ materially from what we have already
discussed ; two of the vases were entirely covered with a dark
brown glaze on which were applied lines of dark red and white.
Others again showed a shoulder pattern of rays or leaves, and on
one fragment the body was ornamented with a " Running Dog "
pattern.

Fig. 60. Height, 0.086 m. Rim and handle restored (rim falsely so, ^-j^, ^

as it should have had a trefoil opening). Light red clay, with red deco-
ration. Leaf pattern on shoulder and body, and applied dark red bands on neck, shoulder, and
body. The oinochoe in Naples, mentioned above, has similar ornamentation.

Miscellaneous Types.

Under this head may be mentioned a few oinochoai which show some slight variations
from the types already discussed. One small jug of greenish clay was found, 5 cm. in
height, which though in shape similar to lekythoi of Type 1, had a trefoil Up ; except

132

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

lii.

for two bands on the body, the jug bore no decoration. The body of another was
also found which beh)nged to Type 2 of the oinochoai, but Avhich had a moulding
around the bottom, so that the base was slightly raised. On the bottom was a wheel
with four spokes, having a square of interlaced lines between each
spoke. Another, which belongs to the same type, is given below.

Fig. 61. Fleight, 0.055 m. ; diameter, 0.062 ui. Rim and handle miss-
ing. Reddish clay, with brown decoration. This vase is more squat and
rounded tlian those included in Type 2, and is paralleled by a Geometric jug
from Eleusis, 'E<^r/,*. 'Apx- 1898, pi. ii. 10.

Further we may mention several small jugs, with a globular shaped
body, neck and handles missing. One in particular (height, 0.65 m.) had a Geometric
snake on the body, and similar shoulder decoration to a jug from Eleusis {ibid. 1898,
p. 102, pi, ii. 5).

Skyphoi.

The bulk of all the Argive fragments found at the Heraeum belonged to skyphoi,
which were presumably the favorite shape. As these skyphoi are usually small and
made of fine clay, they are generally broken, and few were preserved intact. The varia-
tions, however, are few, and the general scheme of decoration is the same in all.

Three distinct forms can be noted.

1. Skyphoi with vertical handles.

2. Skyphoi with horizontal handles.

3. With similar handles to Type 2, but more closely allied to the kylix form.

The interior in every case is covered with a dark glaze.

Type 1.
Fig. 62. Height, 0.069 m. ; diameter, 0.08 ra. Handle and part of rim restored. Dark clay.

Fig. 62.

Fig. 63.

with decoration in black and brown. Arrangement of vertical and horizontal lines on rim, stripes
on handle.

The majority of the fragments of 1 belong to similar vases. A similar one is in the British
Museum, A 548. Cf. also Zannoni, Scavi, XXXVHI. 6.

Fig. 63. Height, 0.077 m. ; diameter, 0.07 m. Reddish clay, vertical lines on rim inclosing
three series of zigzags in a panel ; stripes on handles.

Here the separation of the rim and body is more sharply defined than usual. Both Figs. 62 and
63 are from the Old Temple Terrace.

Skyphoi of Tyjie 1 were not very common at the Heraeum, nor, in fact, is it one of
the usual shapes. It is evidently derived from a Mycenaean shape (cf. Myk. Thong.
X. 49), as there we see the same sharp definition of rim and body. As a rule the

THE ARGIVE STYLE: SKYPHOI 133

skyplioi of both types had a flat base, but some showed a well-defined foot (as iii Fig.
66) ; the presence of the foot seems pecidkr to each type.

Type 2.
Type 2 is the usual form of skyphos found not only at the Heraeum, but all over
Greece, Sicily, and Itiily. The form is that in Berlin Cut. pi. v. 98. Some thirty or so
from the Heraeum (mostly very small) were preserved infcict, while the number of frag-
ments filled several baskets. They vary largely in size, some being as high as 20 to 30
cm., and some measuring less than 5 cm. in height. The only variation in the form lies
\\\ the fact that some are much taller in proportion to their diameter tlian others. The
scheme of decoration falls into two classes.

a Exterior ornamented with the usual linear motives.

b. Entire vase covered by a dark glaze except for a band around the rim on which the various
linear motives are placed. In some cases only the lower half of the skyphos is glazed.

A large number of fragments belonging to skyphoi exactly similar to those published
by PaUat, Atlim. Mitt. XXII. (1897), p. 276, fig. 8, were found. The prevailing style
of decoration seemed to be rays on the base, bands around the centre, and vertical lines
and zigzags on the rim. Rays are almost invariably used on the base, and in only a fcAv
cases are the bands continued down to the base. The chief variations occur on the rim ;
we have rays, zigzags, water birds (Pallat, loc. cit. p. 278, figs. 10 and 11), or a meander
pattern. All these motives are generally included in a panel bounded by vertical lines.
In some cases a smaller panel with a double triangle (as in Pallat, p. 279, fig. 12) is
added at each side of the main panel. The space covered by the handles is usually left
undecorated. Several fragments also showed that in lieu of handles the vase had a
small boss on each side.

The greatest variations occur in the technique. The clay runs through all shades of
red, with a slip that is generally red but in some cases a vivid yellow. The most inter-
esting technical feature is the contrast obtained by subjecting a part of the vase to a
stronger fire, in such a way that half of the vase is black and the other half red. As
the line of separation is very strongly marked in many fragments, Ave can only suppose
that the result was obtained by covering over with moist clay that part of the vase on
which the decoration was to remain black, leaving the other part exposed to the full
action of the fire. The interior, of course, was treated in similar fashion, as the glaze
shows the same contrasts of red and black.

This same peculiarity may be seen on Mycenaean vases, but on them the contrast
obtained is not quite so decided or regular. Outside of the Heraeum this peculiarity
occurs but seldom. A pyxis cover from Aegina (Pallat, loc. cit. p. 306, fig. 24) shows
this same technique, and similar instances occur on a few fragments from the Acropolis
and on a skyphos at Syracuse, Case VIII. No. 2132, the upper part of which is grayish
green, and the lower yellowish red, the line of separation being strongly marked. It is
not clear from Orsi's words (Not. d. Scat'. 1891, p. 415, " due skyphoi neri " etc.), whether
similar fragments have been found there. On the whole, as this technique is met with
but seldom outside of the Argolid,"it is possible that we may detect here a distinct Argive
peculiarity.

The following fragments best illustrate the technique ; the clay is practically the same
in all, — reddish, with a yellowish or greenish slip.

134 THE VASP:S AND VASE FRA(iMENTS

PLATE LXIV.

2. Rays and triangle in dark brown. Bands in red.

3. Zigzags and upper series of bauds in black ; deep red glaze on lower part.

4. Geometric snake, zigzags, and vertical bauds iu black ; upjjcr bauds of rim and below the
main frieze in red.

The introduction of the snake on these skyphoi is rather rare ; no other similar instance
was found at the Heraeuin.

Quite a number of fragments, mostly of skyphoi, of which Plate LXIV. No. 5, is an
example, showed a peculiarity which is probably accidental. These were all of reddish
clay, with a bright yellow slip, but with their glaze and decoration worn off in streaks.
The decoration had assumed a brilliant pink color. Whether this is the result of the
nature of the soil in which these fragments lay, or some peculiarity in the glaze, I cannot
say. A skyphos of precisely the same appearance is at Syracuse (Hot. d. Scav. 1895,
p. 183).

Lastly a small number of fragments, which probably came from the burnt layer of the
Old Temple, though the places where they were found are not specified in any note of
the excavation. These fragments had been burnt almost black, and in such a way that
their decoration, which was originally black, now appears dark red. This is clearly the
result of some action of fire after the vase was completed, and was not intentional.

Besides the motives mentioned above, a few more may be mentioned which were only
found on scattered fragments.

PLATE LIX.

9. Lozenge chain, of interlaced lines. Two distinct rows of lozenges are used combined
together. The upper part of this fragment is black ; the lower, red.

10. Here a second narrow frieze with a lozenge chain is introduced below the meander border.
Similar technique to 9.

11. The panel is here separated from the rim by the Linear system, and contains a fish and part
of a second. Incised lines are used. This is the only example of a fish among the Argive
fragments from the Heraeum.

b.

Fig. 64. Height, 00.72 m. ; diameter, 00.85 m. Eeddish yellow clay, with dark red glaze.

Border, vertical lines, and zigzags on rim, horizontal
stripe on each handle.

This type is too common to need any comment.
Fragments of similar vases were found in large
quantities at the Heraeum.

The combination of Classes a and b is shown by
Plate LXIV. No. 3. Many vases of Class b, espe-
cially the very small ones, have a broad band of
dark red applied to the glaze beneath the rim, or a
series of narrow purple bands.

Type 3.

Skyphoi belonging to Type 3 are not very numerous, only half a dozen being found
intact, and very few represented by fragments. These are very low in proportion to
their diameter, with large handles. The rim is sharply defined, and there is no indica-
tion of a foot. The decoration follows the usual Linear scheme.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: MISCELLANEOUS VASES 135

This shape seems to be more usual in the Geometric style. Cf. Wide, Jahrh. XIV
(1899), p. 214, %s. 96-98, and p. 215, fig. 100.

Fig. 65. Height, 0.047 m. ; diameter, 0.095 m. Red-
dish yellow clay, with black decoration changing to dark
red. Border of zigzags and vertical lines.

Several others were found with their exteriors com-
pletely glazed except for a narrow border along the
rim as in Type 2, Class b. Similar skyphoi are at ^'"^' ^'

Syracuse (Case VII.) and at Naples {Rac. Cum. left-hand case, No. 85184).

Miscellaneous.

12. From rim of skyphos, with a handle arranged as in the ' amphora a colonnette.' On
shoulder, Geometric snake.

This skyphos does not seem to agree with any of the types already mentioned. Although no other
similar fragment was found at the Heraeum, several may be found in Syracuse {Not. d. Scav.
1893, p. 477 ; 1895, p. 176). Such cases are clearly older than the Corinthian style and form a
preliminary step to the 'amphora a colonnette.' Cf. Jahrb. I. (1886), p. 135, fig. 2941; Wiliseh,
Altkorinthischc Tlionindustrie, p. 27.

Fig. 66. Fragment of skyphos. Reddish clay, with black decoration. On the border of rim a

lozenge of interlaced lines and two vertical
lines separating a panel in which the rear part
of a water bird is visible.

A3 no other fragments of this vase were
found, a conjectural restoration based on the
similar vase from Aegina (Pallat, loc. cit.
p. 272, fig. 7) is here offered.

This skyphos belongs to a series of
vases of which several are already known.' Our fragment resembles the vase from Aegina
so closely that it might be considered as belonging to the same vase. The general char-
acter of the fragment is much more in keeping with the Argive style than the Geometric,
and hence I feel no hesitation in classing it with the former style. In spite of vases
of this description having been found at Rhodes, there is certainly no reason for calling
them Rhodian, since they have nothing in common with the style of that name.

Plate LXV. 1 a and b. Five fragments of a large skyphos, height and diameter uncertain.
Fine reddish yellow clay, with brilliant yellow slip, slightly greenisli in places, witli decoration
varying between dark brown and red. Brownish yellow paint lias been applied in some places
after the first firing. No glaae on the interior. From the large size of the vase, together with the
absence of glaze on the interior, the form would seem to be a deinos rather than a skyphos.

An elaborate system of palmettes is here seen, separated from a ray pattern below by the usual
Linear system. The central leaves of each alternate palmette are in brownish yellow. The centres
of each palmette are formed by three lines, the intervening spaces being cut out, and no slip being
left ; and the same is true of the spaces which divide the central petals.

A fragment, almost exactly similar, was found at Aegina (Pallat, loc. cit. p. 279,
fig. 12, p. 280, fig. 12 a), for whose restoration our fragment formed the basis. Prom
the presence of a meander border above the palmettes on the Aegina fragment, it may be

' These are : Syracuse, Ann. delV Inst. 1877, tav. d' agg. fragments from Daphne and Naukratis, Boston, Museum

C D 5; Rome, Villa Papa Giulio, Tliera (Pallat, loc. cit. of Fine Arts, which also has a vase almost precisely

p. 272) ; Louvre (2), Pottier, Vases, pi. xi. A, 290 (both similar from Cyprus (deviations in red),
from Rhodes) ; British Museum, from Rhodes; also similar

Fig. 66.

136

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

inferred that the same motive figured on our vase. The restoration of our fragment
differs materially from that of the Aegina fragment, in that the lower portions of each
pilmette are closed by the line border. It must, however, be said that the restoration of
the tops of each palmette is conjectural, at least in the case of the four-leaved pahnettes.
Symmetry demands that the central lobe of the three-leaved palmettes should be the same
at the top as at the bottom, and for the same reason the two central lobes of the four-
leaved palmette should correspond at the top to the broad base.

In spite of the advanced character of the palmettes, the presence of the meander border
on the Aegina fragment is sufficient to warrant this vase being assigned to Class II.

Sugar- Bowl Form.

The form is akin to BerL Cut. pi. v. 104, and Wilisch, op. cit. pi. i. 11.

Fig. 67. Height, 0.066 m. Greenish clay, with black decoration. Six purple stripes added

on body and shoulder ; rays on base, vertical zigzag borders
on body. Intact.

This was the only example, whole or in fragments,
among the Argive vases, of the sugar-bowl vase, which
is such a characteristic shape of the Corinthian style.
The cover was not found, or could not be identified.

Pyxides.

Fiii. (J7. The fragments of pyxides and their covers filled some-

thing over two baskets. Few of these could be restored
entire. The number of covers found was fftr in excess of the vases represented by the
fragments, — in fact, three or four times as many covers were found. No explanation
for this fact is forthcoming, xniless the covers were intended for skyphoi and other vessels
with a wide opening.

As very few of the covers could be identified as belonging to any particular vase, and
as the variations in their form are somewhat marked, they will be discussed sejjarately.
Two types of pyxides may be noted.

1. Those whose covers rest directly on the rim (Wilisch, op. cit. pi. i. 3).

2. Those whose body is entirely hidden by the cover, like a modern cheese-jar (Wilisch, pi.
i. 4).

Type 1 falls into two divisions.

a. Pyxides with curved or sloping sides (^Berl. Cat. pi. v. 103).

b. Pyxides with straight sides (Berl. Cat. pi. v. 101).

Type 2 falls into two divisions.

a. Sides sloping inward, without moulding.

b. Moulding on base, into which the cover rim fits.

The pyxis seems to be a commoner type in Class II. than in Class III. of the Argive
period. The decoration does not vary to any extent. As a rule the body is covei-ed
with parallel bands, leaving a border at the bottom for a ray pattern, and one, sometimes
two, borders below the rim, which are filled with the usual Geometrical designs. The
interior is invariably covered with a dark glaze, which is never found on the under side
of the cover.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: PYXIDES

137

Type 1 a.
Few vases are represented by the fragments of this type. The only one preserved
whole was 5 cm. in height and 9 in diameter, and was made of a coarse reddish-yellow
clay, without any decoration. The other fragments show a ray pattern at the base and
an incised tongue pattern as a rim border, with the alternate spaces colored very much
yellow or red, faded.

Type 1 h.

To this type belong the bulk of the pyxis fragments. About a dozen vases were re-
stored almost entire. As a rule the vases are rather small, varying from 4 to 5 cm. in
height and 8 to 10 cm. in diameter. The decoration shows generally the following
characteristics : —

Missing portions restored in plaster.

On bottom of pyxis, four series of

Entire side covered with parallel bands.
Border on rim (generally zigzags in series).
Border on base (ray pattern, zigzag or " Running Dog ").
Fig. 68 a and b. Pyxis and cover. Height, 0.182 m.
Greenish yellow clay, with black glaze on interior almost
obliterated. Black decoration faded in parts.

Pyxis. On rim border with Geometric snake. Ver-
tical and horizontal zigzags as ornaments in field. In-
cised dots on snake's body. " Running Dog " pattei-n on

handle. Below, a frieze

of rays at top and bot- Fig. 68 a.

torn alternately (incised
lines) and scroll pattern,
three concentric bands.

Cover. In centre five-pointed star. Border of cover precisely
similar to upper border on the pyxis. On button four pot-hooks.
A similar snake may be found on a Geometric amphora cover ;
v. B. C. H. XIX. (1895), p. 276, fig. 2.

A few fragments of another pyxis (9 cm. in height) of pre-
cisely similar clay and decoration were found. The glaze, how-
ever, was in better condition, and the concentric bands on the
bottom more finely drawn and more numerous.
Fig. 69 a-f. Pyxis and cover, found on Oltl Temple Terrace. Height, 0.13 ra. ; diameter,
0.28 m. Missing portions restored in plaster. Light red clay, with black decoration burnt red in
parts. Glaze on interior varying from
black to deep red.

Pyxis. On edge of rim short parallel
stripes. On rim border of three meanders
in separate panels, with an eight-pointed
star separating them from the handles.
Single meander on the handles. Separated
from the upper border by a checkerboard
and band of " Running Dogs " is the main
frieze, with an elaborate floral pattern, the
vacant spaces being filled by lozenges in
series of fours and flower scrolls. On base
rays. On bottom (Fig. 69 b) lotos pattern
with incised lines.

Cover. Clay slightly redder in tone,
with ornamentation similar to that on the

Fig. 68 b.

Fig. 69 a.

138

THE VASES AND VASE FRACiMENTS

Fi«. 69 b.

bottom of the pyxis, and a ray border. The slip is burnt bright red as far as the ray border and
then changes to a light gray. The button is restored, but the shape is probably correct.

This pyxis would seem to fall in the latter period of the Linear Argive class, at a time when

the eastern influence was beginning
to make itself felt, since the elabo-
rate flower and lotos motives on the
body and cover are certainly derived
from some foreign source. At the
same time the presence of the purely
Geometrical motives is sufficient
warrant for including the pyxis in
Class II.

The restoration of the design is

simple in the case of the body, but

ij^, ^ '^ fl difficidt for the cover and bottom.

V ^>Ja^' « B . / ■^ peculiarity may be noted that on

\ ^'^^ V ^ f^ / the reverse of the body (not shown

in the cut) three flower scrolls
are placed together in the vacant
spaces between the roots of the large
flowers, with no lozenge pattern in
the alternate spaces. Moreover, a
close examination shows that all the
scrolls are not precisely alike, some
ending in a bud. Details of three
of the scrolls are shown in the cut. The ornamentation on both cover and bottom seems to have
followed a similar scheme, and though it cannot be restored with absolute certainty, it is probably
treated in similar fashion to the flower scrolls on the side. A skyphos in the British Museum
(^Athen. Mitt. XXII. [1897], p. 286, pi. vii. 3) shows precisely the same form of lotos or palmette
under the handle. With that exception, I have failed to find a similar instance, nor do I know of
any case where the bottom of a pyxis contains such an elaborate ornamentation as here.

The change in color on the cover finds
its parallel in a cover from Aegina (v.
Pallat, loc. cit. p. 300, fig. 24).

Type 2 a.
Fragments of this type were ex-
tremely scarce, and generally belong
to the bases of these vases. Such
fragments had pure linear deco-
ration.^ The following fragments
alone are worth noticinjr.

13 a and b. (Plate LIX.) Two
fragments of pyxis, a base, b cover.
Greenish clay, black decoration, with
black glaze on interior of pyxis and
cover as well. Around base band of
vertical zigzags ; above oblique parallel
lines. Decoration on cover precisely
the same. Two other fragments of the
same vase were found. Fig. 69 c.

' Several fragments clearly belonged to pyxides similar to Ann. dell' Inst. 1877, tav. d' agg. C I) 9.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: COVERS

139

Fig. 09 d, e, f. f.

Typa 2 h.
Fragments of this type were quite numerous, but all, with a few exceptions, belong
to covers. Fig. 70 shows the profile of one of the bases of the pyxis.
The decoration on both pyxis and cover was always the same, and is
usually more elaborate than on the covers of Type 1.

14 a and b. Two fragments of a cover. Height, 0.046 m. ; diameter,
0.112 m.i Dark yellow clay, with brown black decoration. Ribbed moulding
on corner and plain moulding on base. Vertical zigzags, bounding a panel
in which the rear part of an animal (bull, probably) is seen. Leaf rosette yig 70

on top of cover.

15. Fragment of cover. Height, 0.031 m. ; diameter, 0.088 m. Reddish clay, with red decora-
tion. Simple moulding on corner and base.

16. Top of cover. Diameter, 0.152 m. Yellow clay, with red decoration. Four borders of zig-
zags, tongue pattern, checkerboard and tongue pattern. Dark red color is applied to the tongues
in series of threes and twos.

Other fragments showed the usual Linear motives, one having a frieze of water birds.

CovevB.
The covers which belong to pyxides of Type 1 were so
numerous as to demand a separate discussion. A large
number were recovered almost intact (the knob being gen-
erally broken away) and the fragments filled about a basket.
Some four or five hundred covers were represented, a number far

Fig. 71.

^ exceeding the pyxides found.
Fig. 72. Two types are represented.

Without flanges. These fall into two divisions.

Those which sink down in the centre and whose edges fit directly on the rim of the pyxis.

Those whose edges turn down sharply at the end and fit over the riui of the pyxis (F?.g. 72).

With flanges. These are provided with a small flange just under the edge, which fits
inside the rim of the pyxis, like the cover of a lady's powder box.
The variations lie principally in the angle formed by the upper part
of the cover and the varying distance between the flange and the
edge of the cover. (Fig. 73.)

As all the covers follow a stereotyped system of linear orna-

mentation, none have been included in our plates. Such as
are noteworthy are shown in outline.

' The dimensions of 14-16 are the original diameter of the covers.

T

Fig. 73.

140

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Fig. 74.

Type 1 a.
Only one specimen of this type was found (Fig. 71), 10 cm. in diameter. The entire
surface of the exterior was covered with a black glaze, with a broad band of the natural
clay near the rim.

Type 1 b.

No covers of this type were found intact. The decoration consists invariably of broad
or fine parallel lines, in black and red. On many the two are seen together with a sharp
line of demarcation. The clay is much thinner than in covers of Type 2,
which may account for all being in a fragmentary condition.

Fig. 74 illustrates a type of cover which is equally connected with both
Types 1 and 2.

Type B.
The covers belonging to Ty|ie 2 were by far the most numerous. Though exhibiting
considerable variation in their decoration, the general scheme seems fairly distinct.

Entire surface glazed.

Entire surface covered with parallel lines.

Both combined : i. e. the centre is glazed and the bands are confined to the outer part.

Rays in centre (usually six or eight pointed star) surrounded by bands. Covers showing the
finest technique belong to this type.

Checkerboard on rim.

Zigzags in series on rim.

Tongue pattern on rim. Incised lines used to mark each tongue, with the application of purple,
yellow, or white on alternate divisions.

Knobs.

Nearly a basketfid of the knobs which form the top of the covers was found, and
these also show a surprising amount of variation. As few of the covers were found with

their knobs, a separate treatment is again demanded. These knobs do not seem to be
governed in any way by the cover types, but fall into peculiar tyjjes of their own.

m

THE ARGIVE STYLE: PLATES 141

Three types are represented (Fig. 75).

1. Truncated cone. Double division.

a. Simple truncated cone (1) ; top is occasionally rounded.

of !' cylinder (3^' ""^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^"' ""^^ ^' '^*^"' '"' '"''''*''^ *''"'''^*"^ '"''" ^^^ °' ^ '""*''"'

2. Ball shaped. Double division.

a. Plain (4).

b. Small nipple or projection in the centre (5).

3. Flat. Double division.

a. Inverted cone ; often with a slight sinking in the centre of the flat top (6).

b. Section of a cylinder (7).

The decoration is generally the following : —

Glazed.

Vertical parallel bands.

Rays.

Zigzags.
Checkerboard.
Leaf rosette.
Tongue pattern.

As the available space for decoration is small, these motives are not combined, except
one case where a leaf rosette was bordered by a checkerboard pattern.

Plates.

Fragments of plates were quite numerous at the Heraeum, about two basketsful
being found. While many belong to the Geometric style, the majority of them belong
to the second class of the Argive style. No fragments belonging to the first class were
found, and only a few which belonged to the third.

Two types can be distinguished.

1. Flat base, without foot.

2. With foot.

Of Type 2, three variations appeared.

a. Form similar to 1 save that a small flange runs around the edge of the base. The angle of
the base and sides varies largely, being in some cases a right angle, in others an obtuse angle.
The sides are usually straight, but occasionally curve slightly inward.

b. The flange becomes a decided moulding and the sides are laid back very flat, forming with
the base a line very nearly straight. The rim is also provided with a moulding.

C. The curve from centre to rim is continuous and slight ; the flange being placed around the
centre of the base.

Tyj>e 1.

17. (Plate LIX.) Half of a plate, measuring 0.127 m. in diameter. Dark reddidi clay,
with dark brown and red decoration.

Exterior. On base border of zigzags and bands ; on side two
narrow borders of zigzags and bands.

Interior. Similar decoration, with one zigzag border around the
centre. Fig. 76 gives the proflle.

The other fragments belonging to this type (no plate *"*• '^''•

being preserved entire) repeated the same scheme of decoration, with dots, vertical lines,
or squares in place of the zigzags ; the diameter of these plates varied between 12 and

142

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

15 cm. Another variety, represented by Fig. 77, showed a small moulding on the top
and bottom of the exterior.

Fig. 77.

Fig. 78.

Fig. 79.

Type 2 a.
18 a and b. Two fragments from the same plate (profile in Fig. 78) ; diameter, 0.20 m. Dark
red clay, showing traces of burning. Dark brown decoration on exterior, dai'k red on interior.

Exterior (a). "Running Dog " border around centre and bands; splashes on foot; " Running
Dog " pattern on sides, splashes on rim.

Interior (b). Leaf rosette in centre with a border of alternate checkerboards and eight-pointed
stars. " Running Dog " on sides.

19 a-d. Four fragments from same plate (profile in Fig. 79).
Grayish clay, with black decoration.

Exterior (a and b). Base entirely covered with a black glaze on
which the ornamentation is incised. Series of diamonds radiating from
the centre, each inclosing an eight-pointed star which in turn incloses a
diamond. Alternating with the points of the large diamonds are smaller
ones. On sides bands and " Running Dog " border.

Interior (c and d). The bottom is left the natural color of the clay
with radiating series of diamonds, similar to exterior, in black ; with-
out incised lines. Side pattern same as exterior. On rim, splashes.
Two technical methods are seen on this plate, painted decoration on
interior, and incised on exterior. This, in a way, is paralleled in later times by the combination
of b. f. and r. f. work on the same vase.

Type 2 h.
Other fragments (generally from large plates, 15-20 cm. in diameter) show the usual
motives, checkerboards, zigzags, snakes, rosettes, rays, etc. None present any marked
peculiarities.

Fragments of this type showed no new features in their decoration. Figs. 80 and 81

show the principal vai'iations of the fonn. The plates
were usually of a large size, 25 cm. in diameter. Fig. 80
had bands for its sole decoration, purple being applied
freely.

Type 2 c.
Fig. 82 (profile). Diameter, 0.191 m. Entire, save for
a small piece. On rim vertical lines and just below rim
on exterior Geometric snake (incised lines). ^ Outside and
inside ornamented with concentric bands in series.

This was the only plate which was recovered en-
tire. Fragments of similar plates were numerous,
but all showed the same decoration of concentric
bands.

Fig. 80.

Fig. 82.

^ The exterior was practically identical with the cover
of a Geometric vase from Athens (B. C. H. XIX. [1895],

p. 276, fig. 2), the snake being treated in precisely similar
fashion.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: MISCELLANEOUS FORMS

143

Neck, handle, foot, and one

MISCELLANEOUS FORMS.
Kothona. iBerl. Cat. VI. Ill and 112.)

This form of vase is shown by a few dozen fragments, none of which permitted any
restoration. Furtwiingler, in his catalogue (1100-1107), assigns all the vases in Berlin
to the Corinthian style. The bulk of the Heraeum fragments, however, belong to the
Argive style. One fragment was distinctly Mycenaean in character and another Geo-
metric. Several of the handles showed traces of decoration which would warrant their
belonging to the Corinthian style.

No fragments have been reproduced in our plates, since their decoration difPered in no
way from the usual Argive scheme. Bands encircling the rim, leaving the body of the
vase plain, were the usual type, though lozenge and zigzags on the body were also

found.

Hhiff-Form At-yballos.

Fig. 83. Height, 0.126 m. ; diameter, 0.10 m. Dark red clay,
side restored.^ Around ueck and base, rays. On front side inter-
laced lozenge pattern, with small circles at corners. On one side
double guilloche ; on other (almost entirely gone) a frieze, prob-
ably of animals. About a dozen fragments from similar vases
were found.

The form differs somewhat from Berl. Cat. V. 110.

Several of the smaller vases which clearly belong to the
Linear Argive class show a marked connection with the
Geometric style. The clay in these vases is distmctly that
used in Geometric, not Argive vases. The presence of sim-
ilar vases in other parts of Greece has induced Diimmler -
and Pallat '^ to regard them as imitations of Argive ware.
It seems hardly likely that these small and unimportant
vases should be avowed imitations of the Argive style made
by potters who manufactured Geometric vases ; more probably they are really Argive
vases, the clay for some reason or other being that usually employed in the Geometric style.

Half a dozen complete vases of this kind were found at the Heraeum and quite a

Fig. 83.

number of fragments.

JlKJS.

Fig. 84. One-handled jug. Height, 0.065 m. Lip (probably trefoil) broken away. Coarse
dark red clay, with reddish brown slip, decoration
varying from brilliant black to dark brown. Stripes
and triangles (interlacing lines) on shoulder ; stripes
on neck and handle. On either side of base of the
handle a breast-like protuberance.

Similar examples have been found in Boeotia''
and Tiryns.^ The protuberances seem to denote a
survival of prehistoric characteristics. pj^ g^

Fig. 84. pjg gs. One-handled jug. Height, 0.055 m.

Reddish clay, with polished yellowish brown slip, dark brown decoration. Stripes on neck, handle,
and base, three borders of zigzags and rays (points downwards, inclosing lozenges) on shoulder.

8 Athen. Mitt. XXII. (1897), p. 271.
* Jahrh. III. (1888), p. a53, fig. 32, and XIV. (1899),
p. 53, figs. Ill and 112.

1 That a foot was represented is clear from the rays
around the base and a comparison of an aryballos in the
British Museum from Kameiros, A 1075. Cf. Jahrb. II.
(1887), p. 56, fig. 21.

2 Jahrb. II. (1887), p. 20.

Scbliemauu, Tiryns, p. 400, No. 135.

144 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Some three or four other jugs similar to Fig. 85 were found, also fragments of oino-

choai with the usual zigzag decoration, and a few fragments of skyphoi, with water birds

in panels.

Openwork Vases.

The following fragments form a separate type by themselves, though not found in
very large quantities. They belong to vases of the kalathos form, whose sides are
pierced at intervals by openings, giving the effect of a basket. We have already seen
this openwork principle applied to the supports of Geometric vases ; Argive vases of the
openwork type, however, were probably never used as supports, being far too small and
fragile. Moreover, having a distinct kalathos shape, it is probable that we have here a
separate variety of that form. It seems certain that these were a direct imitation of
metal work, but an imitation which did not arise until after the Mycenaean epoch, seeing
that metal vases of this description are not found in Mycenaean times. In view of their
technique, it is probable that they belong to the early period of Class II.

Two separate forms of openings may be distinguished : (a) either the vase is divided
into a series of legs with a long narrow opening sloping slightly from rim to base (in
some cases these legs are joined halfway, thus giving a double series of openings), or
(b) the vase is divided into two or three sets of triangular openings. Both methods may
be employed on the same vase.

The scheme of decoration is simple, the available space being extremely small. Either
the entire vase is covered with a dull black or brown glaze with parallel stripes of apjjlied
purple, or else to the natural clay parallel stripes are applied, leaving the rim free for a
border of some pattern, zigzag, etc., etc.

20 a and b. (Plate LIX.) Two fragments form a vase 13 cm. in diameter. Height cannot
be determined. Greenish clay, with decoration in black and dark brown. Parallel stripes on sides,
zigzags in series on rim.

This was the best preserved vase of form a. Some half a dozen bases and numerous
fragments were found ; one base showed a rather high foot with ray pattern.

Of form b only a few bases and fragments of sides, in very bad condition, were found.

Instances of such vases outside of the Argolid are not very common. There are three
in Athens (No. 232 from Corinth, No. 10969 from Eleusis,^ and a third) which have the
series of triangular openings ; one in Syracuse (Megara Hyblaea, tomb 640), one in the
British Museum (A 1601), and one from Falisco {Mon. Ant. IV. pi. vii. 17). Somewhat
allied is the kalathos in Jahrl. III. (1888), p. 241, fig. 23. Cf. also Jahrl. VI. (1891),
p. 116, No. 9.

What the purpose of these vases was cannot be told with any certainty.

CLASS ni.

ORIENTAL ARGIVE.

It is a difficult problem to decide how much outside influence caused the development
of the Argive style from Class II. to Class III., and Avhence such an influence originally
came. That the third class developed unassisted by such outside influence is impossible ;
at the same time the elements which are vital to the style, the parallel bands, incised
Hnes,^ ornaments in field and application of color have been seen either in Class II. or else

1 I am not certain whether this is the vase described as the earliest use of the incised line. Several of our

by Skias, 'E<prin. 'Apx. 1898, p. 107, fig. 27. fragments (v. p. 127) are certainly older ; that the incised

'■^ Boehlau is inclined to regard the Larissa fragments line was a foreign innovation in Greek pottery I see no

(A us lonischen unci Italhchen Nekropolen, p. 87, figs. 38-40) reason to believe.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS III 145

in Geometric ware. Although the animal frieze comes into the Argive style (hiring the
end of Class II., it is very common during the middle Geometric period. Clearly it is
some other characteristic which distinguishes Class III. from its predecessors.

This can only be the development of purely decorative patterns, such as the lotos, pal-
mette, etc. Boehlau [op. cit. p. 108) has pointed out that the wreath pattern and dotted
rosette are foreign to the early Attic style while thoroughly characteristic of the Argive
(still termed by him Proto-Corinthian). It is this innovation combined with a wealth of
decoration, incised lines, and recognition of the animal frieze as a principal scheme of
decoration that constitute the elements of Class III. The presence of the curved pal-
mette on the pyxis (cf. Fig. 69), combined with the Geometric motives, marks the transi-
tion stage between Classes II. and III., and also stands as one of the earliest examples of
the palmette with curved stem. Boehlau's analysis of its development [loc. cit.) seems to
be confirmed by our pyxis.

I do not, however, feel that he is right in contending that the Corinthian style cannot
have developed from the Argive, as that would have been a " Riickschritt zur Zeit der
Bliithe korinthischen Handels und Industrie " (p. 114). To my mind this objection can-
not hold, since we know that Corinth possessed no previous ceramic art of her own, and,
as was said before, the chief difference between the Corinthian style and Class III. of the
Argive is that between skilled and unskilled labor, the foreign influence being the same
in both. Why should we seek the direct prototypes of the Corinthian style in Asia Minor,
when the Argive style, with which it has so much in common, lies so close to our hand?
The shapes included in Class III. have all been seen before in the previous classes, no
new shape being introduced. They are : —

Lekythos, Skyphos,

Oinochoe, Pyxis,

Jug, Plate.

Lekythoi.

The lekythoi follow one form (Berl. Cat. V. 102) with little variation, and were rather
small, not more than 6 cm. in height. About twenty were preserved more or less in-
tact, while at least fifty more were represented by fragments. The scheme of decoration
is the same on all, parallel bands inclosing an animal frieze, or else the body of the vase
is adorned with a plant pattern or some other similar decoration.

Although the use of incised lines to emphasize details does not originate in this period,
it is one of its chief characteristics. Whether those vases which belong to Class III. but
do not show this feature are necessarily older than the incised vases cannot be asserted
with any accuracy. It is probable that for a time the use of botli incised and unincised
vases was common, and that the former technique supplanted the latter as the style
became advanced. Certain it is that all vases which belong to the most advanced stage
show the use of the incised line.

The lekythos described on p. 127 properly belongs to a stage between Classes II. and
III. We have there the animal frieze in its simplest form, but without the use of the

incised line.

Fig. 86. (Drawing on Plate LXIV. 11.) Height, 0.043 m. Light greenish clay, with brilliant
black decoration. Part of rim broken away, but traces of a ray pattern are still to be seen.
Dots on neck, ffuiUoche on handle, pot-hooks and rosettes on shoulder. Main frieze : three series
of two concentric circles (with central dot) i separated by a palmette, ivy branch, and gudloche

1 For similar arrangement of circles see Ann. delV Inst. 1877, tav. d' agg. A B 15. There is a similar lekythos in
Berlin, recently acquired.

146

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Fig. 86.

(directly under handle). In field five small circles and a h. Decora-
tion worn away in places.

Tlie form of this vase is slightly plumper than the usual type,
which, combined with the absence of any animal frieze or incised
lines, may point to this lekythos being one of the earliest in-
stances of Class III. In spite of a certain reminiscence of My-
cenaean motives, the palmette and ivy branch are distinctly
characteristic of the later period of the Argive style. More
remarkable is the treatment of the palmette as a separate motive
without any connecting stems. We usually find the })almette
combined with others in a chain and confined to the shoulder as
a piu"ely subordinate motive.

rig. 87. Fragment of lekythos. Height, 0.033 m. Slate-colored clay, extremely fine, being
almost as thin as fine cardboard. On shoulder, dots, rays, and a
row of simple zigzags. Main frieze : four-spoked wheel and part
of a circle with a leaf border inside. In field, bull's head full
front, rosette, dotted circle, and a human head (probably female)
in profile to right. Incised lines on the two heads.

The form of this lekythos is the usual type. It is some-
what allied to the preceding lekythos, in that the main frieze
does not contain a series of animals, but circular motives.
The wheel and the circle are common themes on Geometric
vases. The use of the human head also is similar to that
on the bottom of the oinochoe (v. p. 131).' I know of no
other similar instance on an Argive vase. For the bull's

head see Fig. 8a

Fig. 87.

Fig. 88 1-4. Height, 0.057 m. Found southeast of Second
Temple. Greenish clay, with faded black decoration. On rim, rays with dots in the vacant spaces ;
series of alternating diagonal lines (suggestive of a herring-bone pattern) on handle. On neck
ornaments shaped like an I. Palmette scroll on shoulder, with a hare on the right and some
other animal on the left. Main frieze : in centre a bull's head, full front, with a bird below ;
to left two lions ; to right lion and bull. Incised lines used on all the figures. Intact.

The style of the drawing is so distinctly primitive in its character, that its position as one of the
earliest lekythoi of Class III. seems certain. That the drawing is not careless is proved by the
extremely careful execution of the vase. Stylistically it is closely allied to the lekythoi in Dres-
den,^ the British Museum,^ Boston,* and the collection of Herr von Radowitz.^

Several features may be noticed. The bull is distinguished from the other animals by the shape
of the hoofs and the membrum. The lion at the left (below the handle) has his body adorned
with dotted circles and turns his face to the front as in the Corinthian style. This is probably
one of the earliest instances of this peculiarity, for all the earlier lekythoi show animals in profile.
The bull's head in the centre is probably a mere ornament in field, though apart fi'om the previous
fragment I know of no similar instance on an Argive vase. We find it used twice on the shields
of the Macmillan lekythos^ as a device. The other two lions bear a general resemblance to
those on the Radowitz lekythos.

The ornament on the shoulder (3) shows the palmette scroll in its simplest form, but the addi-
tion of animals, either as ornaments in field or as part of the design, is new to me. That the right-

" Cf. also Plate LVI. 7.

2 Arch. Anz. 1894, p. 33, fig. 37.

' Arch. Zeit. 1883, pi. x. fig. 2.

■• A. J. A. 1900, p. 454, pi. vi.

s Arch. Zeit. 1883, p. 161.

« /. //. S. XI. (1890), pis. i. and ii. p. 169.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS III., LEKYTHOI 147

hand animal is a hare is certain, but the identity of the otlier is doubtful. The assertion is
frequently made, but without positive proof, that in vases of the Corinthian type, especially of ary-
balloi, where two panthers are seen with heads full front together and bodies in profile, that one

panther only is meant, and that by some curious conventionality of ideas both sides of the animal
were to be seen at the same time. In the case of our animals, two legs only are g;iven to each, and
as the left side of the shoulder of the vase has suffered abrasion, it is pos-
sible the animal there had an ear ; in that case one hare was probably
intended, but split in half, and each side aiTanged symmetrically at
each end of the palmette scroll.

Fig. 89. (Drawing on Plate LXIV. 12.) Height, 0.044 m. Neck and
handle missing. Yellow clay, with dark brown and reddish brown deco-
ration, very brilliant. On base of handle, traces of a zigzag with small
lozenges as ornaments in field. On shoulder, leaf rosette ; on body, two
friezes. Main frieze : panther, owl, panther and boar. Dotted rosettes,
halved lozenges, and what may be a scorpion or a lizard,^ as ornaments in
field. Lower frieze : three dogs to right, with a single dotted rosette
separating two of them. On base, rays. Incised lines used on all the figures.

In this vase we have an example of the latter period of Class III., but

Fig. 89.

there are no striking features. The drawing is fair, especially good in the case of the boar.

1 As on Geometric vases. Cf. Plate LVII. 24.

The

148 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

owl belongs more properly to the Corinthian style ; its presence here (I do not know of its occur-
rence on any other Argive vase) is a point in favor of its later origin.

Plate LXIV. 9 a and b. Upper part of jug in form of a plastic male head, with the open-
ing at the back. Height, 0.036 m. Dark reddish clay, with a pale yellow slip, red color applied.
Hair, eyes, and beard expressed by incised lines. Through the head is a hole for suspension.

Tiie type of face resembles slightly that on the figures of the Mycenaean ' warrior ' vase. At
the same time the applied color, use of incised lines, etc., show plainly that the vase belongs to the
later Argive period. What the form of the vase was is uncertain ; ' it may have been similar to a
jug from Cyprus {Berl. Cat. 72 : Baumeister, BenL p. 1951, fig. 2081). At all events, it is prob-
ably considerably earlier than the following vase.

Plate LXIV. 10 a and b. Height, 0.024 m. ; diameter, 0.026 m. Top of lekythos. Greenish
clay. Neck in form of three plastic female heads, with long hair, colored black, red, and blue
respectively. On rim (badly broken), three borders of rays, pot-hooks, and wave pattern.

This fragment is the most perfect of any fragments of this period, and it is fair to assume that
the remainder of the vase would vie with the best specimens of the style in point of execution.
That this fragment belongs to an Argive lekythos seems probable, in view of the ornamentation
of the rim.

The making of vases in ' Anthropomorphic ' form is no new feature in Greek art, but the in-
stances of it in the Argive style are rare. Somewhat allied to it is the Macmillan lekythos, though
the top of that vase takes the form of a lion's head. The use of a human head (generally a
female) on the rims of skyphoi or tops of pyxides of the Corinthian style is well known ; this
feature in the Argive style must mark the last stage of Class HI.

21. (Plate LIX.) Fragment of lekythos, form a trifle more rounded than is usual. Light
greenish clay, black decoration. Warrior, head and fore leg of horse, with a crossed lozenge as
ornament in field.

This fragment is curious in design and differs from the usual treatment. The silver situla^ in
Florence, a Phoenician or Etruscan work of the latter part of the seventh century, presents a sim-
ilarity, which is so strongly marked as to afford grounds for deriving both from some common
influence, though what that influence was cannot be determined with certainty. The warrior on
our fragment wears a helmet, shield, and sword quite in the manner of his fellow on the situla.
The arrangement of the bridle is curious, and I have been unable to find any analogous instance.
The shield device is paralleled by some of our Geometric gems, and may point to our fragment as
belonging to the elder period of Class III.

The vases just considered are the best examples of the lekythoi belonging to Class III.
that the Heraeum yielded. The other vases and fragments did not differ materially from
the types already discussed. Several of the lekythoi partially whole showed a double
frieze of animals on the body, though a few fragments showed the animal frieze on the
shoulder as well. One fragment had a broad border on the body left in the natural
color of the clay, with a pomegranate chain on the shoulder somewhat after the Cyrenaic
style. Several fragments showed the heads of sphinxes, a creature not as usual in the
Argive style as in the Corinthian. As a whole these lekythoi are not superior to the
types found in other parts of Greece.

Oinochoai.

The fragments of oinochoai were more numerous than those of the lekythoi, but the
number of oinochoai preserved whole or partially was small. The technique is rather more

' A head somewhat similar may be found on a Ring- ment, it is fairly certain that ours did not belong to a ves-
form Aryballos in Dresden (^Arch. Anz. 1862, p. 162, No. sel of similar sliape.

25). Although belonging to the same period as our frag- ^ Amelung, Filhrer druch die Antiken in Florenz,^. 199,

No. 221 ; Ingherami, Mon. Etr. III. pis. xix., xx.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: LEKYTHOI 149

advanced, some of the fragments being unexcelled by any Argive vase in point of deli-
cacy and freedom of execution.
Two types may be observed.

1. Exactly similar to Type 1 on p. 128.

2. The Italo-Corinthian form (Wilisch, pi. ii. 16).

Type 1 consisted mainly of small vases, which were fairly well preserved, several vases
being more or less intact ; of Type 2 nothing but scattered fragments were found, and in
no case could any vase be reconstructed. The shape of such fragments was the only
guide in determining their form.

Type 1.
Two varieties of decoration are to be seen.

a. Upper part of body adorned with an animal frieze, the lower containing the usual line deco-
ration.

b. Body of vase entirely occupied by the animal frieze.

a.

Fragments of this type were not very common. The simplest form corresponds in
decoration to the lekythos on p. 127 (Fig. 55), having a frieze of animals (usually dogs)
of the plainest description, without mcised lines and with no ornaments in field except
occasionally a dotted rosette. Some fragments showed two friezes on the body. Where
the single frieze occurred, the lower part of the body was encircled by the usual parallel
bands, or with a ray pattern on the base separated from the animal frieze by a checkered
border or row of zigzags.

As a transitional type between a and b, a small oinochoe may be mentioned. This was
63 mm. in height, of greenish clay, and had around the base a frieze of birds with nu-
merous ornaments in field (slightly more advanced than the Geometric type), the upjjer
part of the body and neck covered with zigzags and parallel lines, all the decoration
being very much faded. Two similar instances are at Syracuse (Cases IV. and VII.;
provenience not stated), both with faded decoration ; that in Case IV. showed traces of
apphed dark red color.

b.

22. Fragment of body of oinochoe. Reddish clay. On shoulder, leaf rosette, purple applied to
the alternate petals. Main frieze : panther (head full front, body in profile) and sphinx to right
(and part of another panther). In field, rosettes, crosses, etc. On base, rays. Dark red color is
applied freely to the figures and incised lines used. Several other fragments very similar to this
were found, most of them belonging to the base and exhibiting the ray pattern, with here and there
a part of the frieze showing the foot of some animal.

23. Fragment of body of oinochoe. Greenish clay. On shoulder, leaf rosette, with alternate
petals in applied purple. Main frieze : panther and sphinx to right facing another sphinx whose
fore paws only are still visible. Rosettes, rhomboids, circles, etc., as ornaments in field. Around
base, row of dots. Dark red color and incised lines used freely on all the figures.

A few fragments of necks were found which showed traces of an animal frieze, in addition to the
usual Geometric designs.

Type, 2.

It is to be reo-retted that this class, which contains some of the finest specimens of the
Argive style, should be represented only by scattered fragments. It may easily be seen
that such fragments as are here presented stand in a close relation to the Corinthian style,
but are vastly better in technique.

150 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Only a few of the fragments are here presented, the others showing merely parts of
legs, arms, ornaments in field, etc. A few fragments seemed to belong to an older type
in that the body of the vase was taken u}) by two, sometimes three friezes, without
incised lines. These were distinctly inferior in technique and included figvires of sirens
as well as sphinxes and panthers. Dark red color was applied but sparingly. Ornaments
in field were not very numerous, though one fragment showed the entire background
covered with small dots.

The size of the vases to which these fragments belong cannot be estimated.

24 a and b. Two fragments of an oinochoe. Yellowish clay with a reddish tinge, lustrous black
decoration. On base rays, and above an animal frieze. On a rear part of horse and goat back to
back ; on b a goat to right. Technique excellent, with free use of incised lines ; no ornaments in
field.

25 a-e. Five fragments of an oinochoe. Yellow clay, with lustrous black decoration. Eay pat-
tern on base, with a narrow rosette border above, separating it from two friezes of animals and men,
with rosettes in field. Incised lines freely used and dark red (now turned brown) applied to the
figures. Technique excellent.

How the friezes were represented is difficult to say ; a and b show a warrior to right holding a
sword in his right hand, a spear in his left hand, and c the head of some animal (perhaps a deer)
below and the legs of another above. Perhaps a hunt of some sort may have been represented.
Whether the bird on e formed part of another frieze or is merely an ornament in field is difficult
to say ; the latter supposition seems more probable. That a and b belong to the same figure seems
probable, though certainty is impossible, there being no point of contact between the two frag-
ments.

Plate LXV. 2 a-c. Three fragments of an oinochoe. Greenish clay. Free use of incised lines
and dark red color applied freely.

a. Lower part of fragment is covered with a black glaze, on which are five parallel lines, two of
yellow inclosing three of red. Above, on a whitish yellow ground (left white in the plate), the body
and legs of a panther to left and the muzzle and fore leg of a deer, the figures being drawn in black.

b. From same frieze. Head and shoulders of a stag feeding to left,^ with traces of a rosette
(alternate dots in red) in field.

c. Above, in whitish yellow on a black ground, fore legs and part of hind paw of a panther to
left. Below, on a whitish yellow ground, head of panther to right and rosettes in field. Red on
rosettes and panther's head.

The true arrangement of these fragments is doubtful ; it seems probable that the base of the
oinochoe (represented by a) was covered entirely with a black glaze, with two friezes above, the
lower white, the upper black, and that the rest of the surface was entirely covered by a black
glaze. The legs of the panther on c are in the same color as the white ground of the vase.

These fragments, which are extremely fine in their execution, differ materially from other vases
of the Argive or Corinthian style in the employment of two distinct backgrounds on the same
vase, and suggests in a way the emj)loyment of two separate technical methods, such as we might
expect to find in Asia Minor, and do find on sarcophagi from Clazomenae. In spite of the
i-esemblance of an Aeolian oinochoe^ to our vase, distinct technical differences exist. The white
panther on the black ground is not drawn in incised lines (which are used to express details oidy),
but the white paint has been applied over the black glaze, probably after the first firing. In that
case the whole surface of the. vase received its black glaze and black figures first, with the later
addition of white figures painted on the black. It recalls in a measure that class of vases which
combine both the black and red figure technique, where one figure is drawn in an incised outline
and another painted in white with incised lines used to express details. But any actual connection
between such vases and our fragments is not to be thought of. Also in spite of the very unusual

' This is one of the commonest motives in archaic ^ Boehlaii, op. cil. p. 99, fig. 48.

vase painting. Cf. B. C. H. XXII. (1898), p. 441.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: SKYPHOI 151

teclmique shown by our fragjuents, the style of drawiug is so unmistakably Argive that no doubts
can be aroused against their position in Class III.

As these were the only fragments found which show this pecuHar double technique,
speculation as to the influence which produced them seems futile. I should feel inclined
to follow Boehlau's lead in sup})osing that the Aeolian ware was responsible, seeing that
the relation between that and the Argive Class IIT. is very close. Whether any Rho-
dian influence (cf. J. II. S. VI. [1885], p. 184) was here at work is extremely doubtful.

Skyphoi.

Fragments and vases of this form Were the most numerous in Class III. The ma-
jority of the fragments belong to large vases and show a style fairly advanced. Being
more fragile than lekythoi, very few specimens were recovered unbroken. The form of
the skyphos is the same throughout, the only variation being in the size of the vase. As
in the case of the shapes just discussed, many fragments show an entire lack of incised
lines and probably belong to an older class. The greater number, however, have incised
lines, with purple, yellow, and red color freely applied. As a rule the bases are orna-
mented with a ray pattern, or parallel bands, the rest of the body being occupied by the
main frieze of animals.

The rim is usually bordered by a Geometric pattern of some sort, occasionally by a
second frieze of animals, narrower than the main frieze. The interior is always glazed
red or black.

26. (Plate LIX.) Greenish clay, with black glaze on interior, nearly worn off. Ray pattern
on base and frieze of sirens ; separated by a checkered band, what appears to be a second naiTower
frieze as a rim border.

27. (Plate LIX.) Greenish clay, with dull black glaze on interior. Rays on base and animal
frieze (cow). Cross as ornament in field.

This fragment is chiefly remarkable for the fact that it is the only fragment found at the
Heraeum on which a cow is represented ; this, in view of the close mythological connection
between the animal and the goddess Hera, is rather surprising.

Fig. 90. Heio-ht, 0.047 m. ; diameter, 0.0G6 m. Upper part with handles restored. Reddish

yellow clay, with flaky black glaze on interior, decoration in
dark brown. Frieze around base of panther and three other
animals (perhaps deer) upside down. Poor execution.

It is probable that two friezes were represented. For dis-
cussion of the inverted fi-ieze, v. Fig. 91.

The fragments just discussed probably belong to the
earlier period. Fig. 90 is certauily very much akin to
the lekythoi on p. 127, and may mark the transition
stage between skyphoi of Classes II. and III. The

other fragments, which were quite numerous, do not dif-

fer materially from the usual types. The drawing of the
animals was distinctly poor; dogs and panthers were
chiefly represented.

Fig. 91. Height, 0.057 m. ; diameter, 0.061 m. From Old

Temple Terrace. Yellowish clay, with dull black glaze on in-

terior, decoration in black and red. Main frieze (upside down) p^^ gj

on base ; three figures, man shooting an arrow at a deer to left,

behind the man a lion with open mouth. Separated by a broad band is a narrow border on the

rim with two vertical dashes on each side. Figures in dark red, incised lines used.

152 THE VASES AND VASE FKA(iMENTS

Fig. 91 forms a companion piece to Fig. 90 .save for the use of incised lines. Throup^h its i)rimi-
tive execution it probably belonj^s to the early period of Class III. But the chief peculiarity of
the two vases lies in the subject being drawn upside down.

This peculiarity is extremely rare in vase painting. We have already seen it in the
case of the Mycenaean jug, Fig. 20, making three from tlie Heraeum. I have been able
to find but one similar instance anywhere else, a small skyphos at Syracuse {An-)i. dell'
Inst. 1877, tav. d 'agg. C D 4, p. 47, No. 13), on which is a frieze of water birds, the
subject being inverted in the same manner. What the object was in doing this is
decidedly obscure ; it can hardly have been accidental.

Several vases of the type found at Syracuse {JVot. d. Scav. 1893, p. 457, right-hand
figure) were represented either whole or in fragments, their execution being decidedly
hasty. Several fragments were found where two friezes were represented, separated by a
checkered band, while a large number belonged to very small skyphoi with a single frieze
and a border of zigzags along the rim.

The fragments of skyphoi which belong to the best period of Class III. are rather
larger in size than those just described. All employ the incised line.

PLATE LIX.

28. Fragment of large skyphos of dark red clay, with dark brown glaze on interior. Dark
brown decoration. On base, rays : above, frieze of animals (panther).

This fragment, though inferior in technique, bears a close relation to the skyphos from Aegina
(Pallat, loo. cit. pi. vii.). The drawing of the panthei', however, is firm and decided, if conventional.
The field is divided by an arrangement of vertical lines, curved and straight, similar to that found
on the neck of an oinochoe from Aegina (Pallat, loc. cit. p. 271, lig. 6).

29. Fragment of a large skyphos, of which several other fragments were found. Reddish clay,
with black glaze burnt red in parts, on interior. Main frieze : head of panther and hind quarter of
horse to right. Double lozenge in field. Above, smaller frieze as a rim border, dog to left ; field
divided by a Geometric triangle scheme.

Although no fragments of the base were found, it seems probable that the base had the usual
decoration of rays, with the main frieze directly above them. Several dozen fragments belonging
to equally large skyphoi were found.

30 a and b. Two fragments from a large skyphos. Dark yellow clay, with brilliant black
glaze on interior ; also on interior, just below rim, three stripes in applied color, the upper two white,
the lower red. Exterior : on rim, border of water birds with sigmas in field. Main frieze :
a, wings, head, and hind quarters of a gryphon ; b, rear part of a bird or a siren, with the back of
a crouching sphinx. Below, upper part of an animal belonging to a second frieze. Red is applied
freely on all the figures. Rosettes, sigmas, etc., as ornaments in field. Several other smaller frag-
ments were found.

That three friezes were represented on this skyphos is evident, though their arrangement cannot
be discovered. One fragment showed the back of a boar and another a helmet with a flying bird
over it. Whether a boar hunt was represented is doubtful ; probably both the main friezes were
occupied by the usual series of animals, sphinxes, gryphons, etc., a male figure (with a helmet)
being introduced among them.^

The style of the fragments represents the best period of the Argive ware. The border of water
birds, so common in the earlier period, is here treated very freely and as carefully as the main
friezes.

A dozen other fragments, from as many different vases, were found, which were very
similar in technique to 30.

31. Fragment of skyphos. Yellow clay, with bright red decoration. On interior black glaze,
' 111 similar fashion to the Argive lekythos in Boston, A. J. A. 1900, pi. v.

THP: ARGIVE style : PYXIDES AND JUGS 153

burnt red in parts. On base, ray pattern. Above, two friezes. Lower frieze, dog to right ; upper
frieze, panther to left. Reversed sigma in field. Red applied on dog's shoulder and belly of
panther.

32. Fragment of small skyphos of coarse dark red clay. Rays on base and fi-ieze above, part
of goat and tail of a bird or siren. Free use of ineised lines.

Several other fragments of this particular skyphos were found, showing that one frieze only was
represented. The style of this fragment is most distinctly transitional from the Argive to the
Corinthian, and is similar to a fragment found at Aegina (Pallat, loc. cit. p. 319, fig. 37). This
pro-Corinthian type was common at the Heraeum, fragments of this kind filling half a basket.
Most of the fragments belonged to bases, and were of a grayisli or greenish clay, with a pattern of
fine rays on the base and a frieze above ; the technique was extremely poor.

Platp: LXV. 3. Fragment of small skyphos. Fine greenish yellow clay, with black glaze on
interior almost entirely obliterated. Heads of two lions facing each other, drawn in black and
red lines.

This fragment for fineness and delicacy of execution is equaled only by the best Attic red-figure
work. The lines of the figures stand out from the surface of the clay as in Attic work, but the
style and the use of the red line are most distinctly un- Attic ; in fact, we have here a fragment of
the Argive style in its most advanced stage and far superior to any Corinthian work. No other
fragment belonging to this vase was found, and its shape is only established by the presence of a
glaze on the back. Although this would argue also for a pyxis, the slight upward curve of the
fragment makes a skyphos more probable.

Pyxides.

Except for the covers, practically none of these vases were found. One fragment of
a pyxis showed two goats facing each other, but the lack of ornaments in field as well
as the style would seem to assign it to the later period of Class II. The large pyxis on
p. 137 may well be a transitional type from Class II. to Class III.

The same proportion between the pyxides and their covers, which we have already
mentioned, held good in the case of Class III., as the covers were quite numerous, while
hardly any pyxides themselves were found. The subject on all was the same, a frieze
of animals on the outside, with or without ornaments in field, and rays radiating from
the centre. The two best examples are given below.

33. Fragment of cover. Polished yellow clay, with dark brown decoration. In centre, rays ;
animal frieze, panther and part of another to right. Careful drawing, free use of incised lines.

34. Yellowish clay. In centre, rays; animal frieze, panther to left with rosettes in field.
Checkered border. Decoration in black with red applied to panther's neck and belly. Incised
lines freely used.

This is one of the best specimens of drawing. It is worth noting, as a curious fact,
that the left-hand part of the fragment was picked up at the Heraeum by Dr. Olcott of
the American School at Rome, in the spring of 1898, three years after the completion
of the excavation, and on being brought to Athens was found to fit with a fragment
excavated four years before.

A small cover was found with a single zone of figures precisely similar to those on an
aryballos from Orchomeuos {B. C. H. XIX. [1895], p. 196, fig. 18).

Jugs (^Kaiinen).

Whether the following fragments are to be included under this head is doubtfid, but

as it does not seem possible to class them as lekythoi or oinochoai, the jug seems the

only possible form. It is probable that the form of Plate LXVI. 3 corresponds more

closely to jugs of the Phaleron type, and if a trefoil lip be assumed, it should by rights

154 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

be classed anionof the oinochoai. No trace, however, of a neck was found, so that the
point must remain doubtful.

Plate LXVI. 3. Two fragments from one-handled jug, similar in form, j)erl]a))s, to one
from Megara Hyblaea (^Mon. Ant. I. p. 811). Dark brownish yellow clay, with fine polished sur-
face. Decoi-ation from black to reddish brown. On base, rays. Main frieze : two sphinxes (back
of liead and fore legs of right-hand figure, lower legs of left-hand figure missing) facing each
other, with an elaborate scroll pattern between them. On the left, tail of an animal (probably a
goat ) ; and on the right, body and legs of another goat. Crosses and rosettes as ornaments in field.
On slioulder, rays (of interlacing lines) alternating with jwt-hooks. Incised lines freely used, and
the wings of the sphinxes are treated alternately in black and natural clay divisions, the latter
ornamented with dots ; the leaves of the palmette scroll are treated in sinular fashion. The glaze
on the body of the right-hand animal and on the right hind leg of the right-hand sphinx is badly
worn.

A certain similarity may be found on a fragment from Athens,^ which is certainly not Early
Attic and is declared by Pernice to be Boeotian. Thei-e two friezes of figures are represented,
sphinxes above and deer below. The figures show a very elementary use of the incised line and
are distinctly more primitive in treatment than the figures on our fragment.

In spite of an apparent similarity, the styles of the two fragments differ considerably. That our
fragments are distinctly Argive I see no reason to doubt. The drawing is precisely the same as
that already seen on our best fragments, and the use of the incised lines shows a very advanced
technical skill. The ornaments in the field are treated elaborately, but are relegated to a very
minor position (except the palmette scroll).

The treatment of the wings on the sphinxes is extremely curious, and I have been unable to
find any similar case ; ^ it differs materially from the Athens fragment. A vase in the British
Museum (A 1323) shows the same arrangement of hair,^ which is gathered in a heavy mass
behind, with incised divisions (as in the case of the Tenean Apollo) and little locks over the fore-
head. The right-hand animal shows no new peculiarity.

So little of the palmette scroll is left that its reconstruction is doubtful. It is certain that four
spirals and three palmettes were represented,* but whether it ended at the bottom in a palmette
similar to that on the top cannot be said. Judging by the palmette scroll on the amphora from
Melos (Rayet and Coll. Hist. pi. ii.), it seems more probable that the scroll here was represented in
similar fashion, with four spirals arranged in cross fashion and a palmette on four sides between
each spiral.

35. Fragment. Greenish yellow clay, with black decoration. Incised lines freely^ used. Two
horses' heads to right, evidently part of a biga. Good technique.

It is doubtful what the form of the whole vase was. The heads are drawn in too large a scale
for a lekythos, and as no trace of a glaze can be found on the interior it cannot have belonged to a
skyphos. The curve of the fragment seems best suited to a small jug, similar in shape to Fig. 86.
The bridle of the horses seems to be the same as that on Plate LIX. 21.

Plates.
Fragments of plates of the Oriental Argive style were very scarce, hardly more than
half a dozen being found.

36 a and b. Two fragments of a plate, diameter uncertain. Reddish yellow clay, with black
decoration on one side, burnt red on the other. The subject on both sides is the same, — a frieze
of panthers, one crouching. The technique of the obverse is better than that of the reverse, the
drawing being more careful.

We see from a that the centre was occupied by a star pattern, but what the outer border of the
frieze was cannot be told.

1 Athen. Mill. XX. (1895), p. 121, pi. iii. 2. « C£. also Not. d. Scav. 1895, p. 186, fig. 87.

"^ The pinax from Rhodes (fi. C. H. XIX. [1895], p. 74, * Cf. Jahrb. II. (1887), p. 57, fig. 23.

fig. 2) is similar save for the lack of dots.

THE ARGIVE STYLE: ALABASTRA AND ARYHALLOI 155

Alabaxtrii.

That the alabastron had its origin during this period and not during the Corinthian
seems fairly evident. What caused its growth is a matter of doubt. It is possible that
it may have developed from the lekythos, since the alabastron resembles strongly a leky-
thos minus a neck and handle, turned upside down. The fragments of this shape were
very numerous, especially those with a scale pattern, but few were preserved whole.

Two types are represented.

1. Form Bcrl. Cat. v. 109, without foot.

2. Form Pettier, Vases du Louvre, pi. 41 E 423, with foot.

Type 1.
Three varieties of ornamentation are seen.

a. Simple linear decoration. Leaf rosette around neck and base, bands, checkered bands on
body. Red lines applied freely. Cf. Pettier, Vases, pi. xxxix. E 32.

b. Same decoration except for addition of one animal frieze, sometimes more, around the base.'
Incised lines are not used on the animals at all. The fragments were numerous, and one vase
(height, 0.074 m.) was preserved almost complete.

C. Body of vase almost entirely covered with a scale pattern, large or small, as in Pettier, Vases,
pi. xxxix. E 309, 319. A red dot is applied to alternate scales. This is the commonest type, half
a dozen vases being found intact and numerous fragments.

The animal frieze occasionally occurs together with the scale pattern.

Type 2.
Only a few scattered fragments of this type were preserved. Half of one vase was
preserved with three animal friezes, very roughly drawn, no incised lines being used.

Aryballo'i.

Although the aryballos is a thoroughly characteristic shape of the Corinthian style, a
number of them were found at the Heraeum which differed entirely from the Corinthian
aryballi in point of technique and had a decoration purely linear in character. This would
seem to warrant their belonging to the Argive period, towards the beginning of Class III.
All show the use of applied color in an advanced stage, and this, together with the form, is
more in favor of their connection with the later period of the Argive style than the earlier.

The earliest instance seems to be an aryballos of coarse red clay, with black glaze on
the shoulder. The rest of the vase is entirely covered with a white wash, almost entirely
worn away, with no traces of other decoration. No case of this peculiarity can be found
in Corinthian vases ; we have already seen it on Mycenaean vases. Cf . p. 93.

Fig. 92. Height, 0.07 m. Neck and handle restored. Black glaze over all, burnt red in places.
On body broad band of dark red color applied, bounded above and below by
two narrow bands inclosing row of dots applied in white.

This type seems fairly common. There are similar examples in
the British Museum (A 1028, from Kameiros), Naples (Rac. Cum.),
and three at Syracuse from Megara Hyblaea (Tombs 784, 941, 980).

Other vases showed either a single broad band of applied red, or a
red band with a smaller white band on each side. One fragment was
found of an aryballos which was divided by incised lines with gore- ^^^^ ^

shaped divisions (like a child's leather ball), the gores being colored
alternately red, yellow, and black.

Specimens precisely similar are in the British Museum (A 1027, 1031).

1 Cf. the alabastra from Orcbomenos. B. C. H. XIX. (1895), p. 192, figs. 16, 17.

156 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMP^NTS

NOTE ON THE USE OF APPLIED COLOR IN THE MYCENAEAN, GEOMETRIC, AND

ARGIVE STYLES.

During the last three chapters, repeated instances of vases having various colors ap])lie(l
to tiieir surfaces have been mentioned, and as this feature is such a prominent one on the
Heraeum vases and so common during the succeeding vase classes, Corinthian, Rhodian,
etc., it seems proper at this point to discuss it briefly.

For this technique no satisfactory term exists. Cecil Smith (-/. H. S. VI. [1885],
p. 184) uses the term " Dorian " and distinguishes between an " Orienfcil " style, i. e. the
use of incised lines and ajjplied purple or red color, and the " Dorian " style, or silhouette
drawing with details in white, a feature common on much of the late seventh century
polychrome work in Rhodes and Asia Minor. It is, however, perfectly certain that ap-
plied color was used by potters of the Mycenaean age, and even earlier, since the pre-
Mycenaean ware found by Flinders Petrie in Egypt [J. II. S. X. [1890], pi. xiv. p. 271)
shows the same polychrome decoration, so common on Egyptian wall-paintings, applied
to the vases themselves. Crete {Mon. Ant. VI. pis. ix. and x.) has also produced a large
amount of similar ware which belongs to the early part of the Mycenaean period. Dur-
ing the Mycenaean period in the Argolid its use would seem to have been fairly common,
since at the Heraeum we find it on fragments of both the dull and lustrous styles, and
Furtwiingler and Loeschcke's Class I. (lustrous finish) also shows that it was extensively
employed. During the Geometi'ic and Argive styles at the Heraeum we find it very
frequently, though it does not seem to have been in general use until the rise of the
Oriental influence in Greece. All these facts would seem to show that this technique did
not owe its origin to the bright-colored fabrics of Asia Minor (especially Samos), though
they were, very probably, instrumental in promoting its growth on Greek soil, and also
that the term " Dorian " is hardly accurate or comprehensive enough, since the origin of
the technique must be looked for long before the Dorian invasion, or, if that event be
denied, before the end of the Mycenaean period.

As a regular sequence of this technique has not been found (so far as I know) outside
of the Argolid, it may perhaps have been a peculiar feature of the pottery made hi that
locality ; since, however, it is a purely accessory feature it can hardly stand by itself as a
separate entity, and the fragments which show its use are not to be separated from
the regular vase-classes to which they belong.

During the Mycenaean period at the Heraeum, only a few fragments of the dull
finish, and of Class III. lustrous finish, show this technique. It is fairly common on
fragments of the Geometric and Argive (Class II.) styles, while with Class III. of the
Argive through the Corinthian style it seems to be an integral part of the decoration.

On Plate LX. the most representative fragments only are g^ven, following the
chronological order of the preceding chapters.

MYCENAEAN.
Didl Finish.
Only one fragment (Plate LI. 7, p. 13) showed the application of dark red color.

PLATE LX.

Lustrous Finish, Class III.
1. Fine dark red clay, exterior entirely covered with a brilliant dark brown glaze, on wliieii is a
spiral in white ; careful technique ; the fraguient belongs to III. 1.

APPLIED COLOR IN CERTAIN STYLES 157

2. Coarser yellowish clay, similar technique. Two circles with a dotted border inside ; or pos-
sibly the heads of a luurex pattern.

3. Fine brick red clay, black glaze on exterior, dark brown on interior. Upper part of pal-
mette pattern applied in yellow.

These were the only Mycenaean fragments ])ossessing any interest. Several others
were found showing traces of white or yellow paint.

GEOMETRIC.

The number of Geometric fragments that show this use of applied color was quite
large, filling nearly a basket. All such fragments invariably belong to the earlier
period of the style rather than the later ; i. e. their decoration (apart from their poly-
chrome feature) is purely Geometric or linear, and in no case of a later Geometric
fragment representing animals or genre scenes did this technique occur. Outside of the
Argolid this technique is seldom found ; as far as I can discover, only a few scattered
Dipylon vases in Athens show it at all.

4. Fragment of an amphora probably. Yellow clay, with a broad glazed band of dark red
covering the rim on the interior, over which two thin white stripes are applied. On exterior, dark
brown glaze. Design applied in white ; on rim, zigzag ; on body, series of zigzags in a panel
bounded by vertical and horizontal lines. On base, rays.

5. Dark red clay, burnt gray on exterior. Dark red glaze on inside, dull black outside, with
design in white, dotted rosette above, and zigzag between horizontal stripes. Several other frag-
ments of this vase were found, also fragments representing half a dozen other vases of similar
technique.

6. Red clay, black glaze on interior ; reddish glaze on exterior and design in yellow, horizontal
stripes and a border inclosing a " Running Dog " pattern. The color is applied thickly.

7. Red clay, with dark brown decoration. On upper border, a dotted lozenge chain applied in
yellow.

8. Fragment of foot of large vase, shape uncertain. Red clay, with red glaze on exterior.
Moulding on base. Broad meander pattern applied in yellow, bounded by broad stripes of yellow
and narrower ones of red. Careful technique.

Plate LXVI. 1. Dark gray clay, with dark brown glaze on exterior. Meander pattern
applied in red, with yellow border. Above, broad stripe of red. Several other fragments of this
vase were found. Another fragment had a similar meander in yellow, bordered by red and white

stripes.

2. Fragment of a vase with wide opening. Yellow clay, with black glaze on exterior. Broad
band of yellow, with red border lines. On the yellow band a simple meander in red, with splashes
of yellow in the interstices. Fragments of the rim were found which showed identically the same
decoration on the lip.

The bulk of the fragments belonged to the rims of large bowls, having a flat surface
on the top, and covered with a black or dark brown glaze on which broad bands of red,
yellow, or white were applied. On these in turn was a pattern, usually a meander hi

red or yellow.

Taking the Geometric fragments of the Heraeum as a whole, the use of applied color
seems to have been occasional rather than usual, and in only a few cases (most of them
have been given above) does it form an important part of the decoration.

ARGIVE.
The number of Argive fragments which show the use of applied color is innumerable.
In the majority of the Argive vases already discussed the slender band of red or yellow

158 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

is extremely common, but is used mainly <as an ornamental accessory. The vases where
the only decoration consisted of applied color are not very numerous in proportion to
the rest.

No fragments belonging to Class I. showed this technique. In Class II. the frag-
ments were much more numerous ; in Class III. the use of applied color is so universal
as an accessory ornament that few attempts were made to employ it as the only deco-
ration.

9. Fragment of skyphos. Reddish clay, with a brilliant brown glaze, burnt red on interior, on
both sides. Yellow stripe on interior just below rim. Design in yellowish white ; double panel
inclosing double circles. Technique very good.

10. Fragment of skyphos. Dirty yellow clay, with dull black glaze on both sides. Double
triangles in yellowish white laid on thinly, above a horizontal stripe. This motive is identical
with that already seen on the necks of the oinochoai.

Two fragments of a skyphos exactly similar to those from Aegina (Pallat, loc. cit.
p. 277, fig. 9) and Eleusis ('E<^7;/a. 'Apx- 1898, pi. ii. 3, p. 115) were found.

11. Fragment of oinochoe. Bright yellow clay, with brown glaze exterior. Parallel bands
inclosing zigzag in whitish yellow.

Three more fragments of this vase were found and about a dozen other fragments
from similar vases, with identical decoration. Fragments of necks were more common,
one almost entire, but showing the same motive of zigzags. Cf. neck of oinochoe on
!Plate LIX. 8, which belongs here.

The following fragments belong to Class III. : —

12. Fragment of large skyphos. Dark reddish clay, with black glaze on exterior. Between two
broad bands of red a palmette in incised lines. The motive resembles strongly those found on
some of our bronze fragments.

13. Fragment of oinochoe or lekythos. Fine yellow clay, dull black glaze on exterior. Lotos
palmette in whitish yellow, with incised lines. Below, four stripes, the outer white, the inner red.

14. Fragment of bowl. Yellow clay, with red brown decoration. On exterior, rays (red applied)
and a horizontal guilloche. On interior, meander pattern with fragmentary applications of yellow,
and a wave pattern around the centre.

Besides the fragments already mentioned, several dozen were found which belong to
rather large skyphoi, 10-15 cm. in height, of a dark red or yellow clay, the exterior only
being covered with a duU dark red glaze. On the shoulder and rim is the only decora-
tion, consisting invariably of two or three parallel stripes of applied red, bordered above
and below by a white or yellow stripe.

A class of fragments similar in technique to the Attic black- and red-figured styles
will be discussed in Chapter VII.

POLYCHROME VASES, OR DECORATION ON A WHITE GROUND.

Before leaving the subject of the use of applied color, a few fragments merit atten-
tion. These showed the so-called ' polychrome ' technique, having a whitish yellow
background on which the design is applied. These fragments were not very numerous,
not more than a dozen being found.

Plate LXV. 4. Saucer, one side broken. Diameter, 0.058 m. ; height, 0.017 m. Dark reddish
clay, exterior covered with a white wash, mostly worn off. Same on interior, with a red band on
rim and a lead-colored band below ; aroimd central boss a rosette in red, with lead-colored lines in
the loops.

MISCELLANEOUS TYPES 159

This saucer belongs to the series already discussed on p. 125, and is perhaps the earliest Argive
vase at the lleraeum which shows this ' polychrome ' technique.

PLATE LX.

15. Fragment of plate. YeUovv clay, with a black glaze on exterior, over which are parallel
stripes of white inclosing a row of dots. On interior, over a whitish yellow wash, a palmette, alter-
nate leaves black, with white dots. Incised lines. This fragment belongs to Class III., and is
similar in point of decoration to 16. 15 shows some similarity to Naukratis ware, but there is
nothing to justify its being considered as belonging to that style.

16. Fragment of plate. Dark red clay, covered with a whitish yellow slip. On exterior frieze
of animals, with tongue pattern on rim. On interior, frieze of geese in black, red (faded) ap-
plied to bodies, with zigzag band below. On rim, tongue ))attern, red applied to each tongue.

CHAPTER V.
MISCELLANEOUS TYPES.

Before proceeding to the discussion of the Corinthian style proper, it seems best to
introduce a chapter on certain vases and fragments, which, though allied to the two great
vase-classes just discussed, yet stand apart by themselves on account of certain peculiar
features both of clay and design.

It is difficult to decide on a proper term for these vases. That they were imported
into Argos is possible but improbable, seeing that foreign-made vases are extremely
scarce at the Heraeum. Moreover, it is more difficult to find analogies for them outside
of Argos than at the Heraeum itself, though even there such analogies are extremely
rare. The most probable explanation is, that all of them are experiments in the mak-
ing of certain types, which 'were not continued ; this alone will account for the wide
difference that exists between them and the other Heraeum vases, not to speak of foi--
eign vase-classes.

The vases and fragments represented here fall, rouglUy speaking, in the eighth cen-
tury, though a few may be dated a few years later than b. c. 700. Some are equally
related to both the Argive and Geometric styles ; others again resemble more nearly
purely foreign styles hke the ' Island ' types, Melian, Rhodian, etc.

Pig. 93. Oinochoe : height, 0.19 m. Handle and parts of body restored. Brownish yellow
clay, with darker slip, dark brown
decoration.

On rim four parallel stripes; on

neck "Running Dog" pattern, and

below a frieze, four pairs of lions and ^^^H ■ Ei. *1

snakes to right. On shoulder Geo-
metric snake, with round balls and
dotted rosettes in field. On body, two
borders. " Running Dog " above, zig-
zag (continuous) below, with a dotted
row above and below, and separated

by usual parallel stripes. On base, ^hh» t

rays, points downward. On all the ^^T v- m«

decoration (except the parallel stripes, ^^|^ ^ .. ^ii

dotted rows, and rays) small round „ j.

dots of white. '''<^- ^3-

160 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

This oinochoe is by f:ir the most peculiar vase that the Ileraeuin yielded, and is remarkable for
its technical features as well as its decoration. The form seems to be a cross between the two
Argive oinochoai already discussed (Figs. 56 and 57 ).

Technique. The clay resembles more closely that used in vases of the Geometric style than in
the Argive. The addition of the white dots in such numbers is peculiar but not unique, as it was
found on several other Heraeum fragments, and a few vases outside of the Argolid.^ It is certain,
however, from Mycenaean fragments, that it was a common feature in the Argolid from the earli-
est times.

Decoration. This oinochoe differs from all the other Argive types in having an animal frieze
on the neck, while the body is covered with the ordinai-y Geometrical motives.

In spite of the Geometrical motives on the body of the vase, it may be safely asserted that our
oinochoe does not belong to the Geometric style, since the pecvdiar white dots never occur, so far
as I know, on purely Geometric vases, nor has the style of the lions any connection with the lions
on Geometric vases.^ A closer connection seems afforded by the Phaleron jugs, since there we find
the same employment of white dots, as well as the use of the neck for the main frieze. But the
presence of the Geometric snake on the shoulder is against any such connection, since, as far as I
know, that motive never occurs on any jug of the Phaleron type, nor has the style of our oinochoe
anything in common with them. The Gamedes oinochoe is clearly of a later date than ours, and
cannot therefore serve as a criterion for any doubtful point.

That our vase is of native workmanship seems to me extremely probable. The presence of the
white dots on a few foreign-made vases is offset by the presence of fragments from as many vases
at the Heraeum, and the use of the neck in the Phaleron jugs for the principal frieze is not a com-
mon peculiarity. Moreover, the style of our vase is earlier, if anything, than that of the Phaleron
jugs, and would seem rather to point to an Argive influence on that class of vases (as was already
suggested) than vice-versa. We have seen already how common the use of applied color was in
all vases manufactured in the Argolid from the Mycenaean times downwards, so that this feature
cannot be considered as lacking parallels in that place.

The date of our oinochoe must fall during the period of Argive Class II. The snakes and the
other Geometi'ic motives make this probable. Moreover, there seems to be no reason for seeing
any trace of Oriental influence here ; the lions have nothing in common with the type of lion in
Class III., and the lack of incised lines is in favor of an early date, probably about the middle of
the eighth century.

The combination of the lion and snake in pairs is extremely curious ; 1 have been unable to find
any similar instance. That a lion was intended is evident, though the prancing monster is more
like the creation of a nightmare than the noble monarch of the desert. The presence of the lions
is interesting, as they are not represented fighting, but as a purely ornamental feature. This
would seem to be one of the earliest instances of the animal frieze, and would show that if not
commonly employed, it was at least known to the vase-painter before the spread of Oriental influ-
ence in Greece, and need not be considered as a purely Eastern innovation.

PLATE LX.

17 a and b. Two fragments from a large amphora. Coarse brick red clay, with a reddish
yellow slip. Decoration varying from black to red. Around interior of rim, band of black glaze.
White dots applied to all the decoration.

a. Lion in panel formed by two stripes inclosing dotted row, and part of a scroll. Traces of a
rosette (?) above the lion's head.

1 The following examples are known to me : Warrior oinochoe in Zurich (Mon. dell' Inst. IX. pi. v. 2) (frieze of

Vase {Myk. Vas. p. 68, pis. xlii. and xliii., and Schliemann, warriors, dots on shields); two vases from Faliseo (Mon.

Tiryns, pis. xiv., xv., xvii. b, xxi. a, b, xvii. e) ; Aristono- Ant. IV. p. 267, fig. 127; p. 291, fig. 147). The list

phos Vase (Mon. dell' In.it. IX. pi. iv.); Gamedes oinochoe might doubtless he materially increased.
(Rayet and Collignon. Hist. p. 81, fig. 42); two Phaleron - Cf. Furtwiingler, .4rc?i. Zeit. 188.5, p. 135. pi. viii. 2.

jngs (Boehlau, Jahrh. II. [1887], p. 45, figs. 3, 4 e, 4 /'); For discussion of the lion in the art of this period, v.

plate in British Museum (A 1539 ; Campanari Col.). The Boehlau, I. c. p. 36.
body of the stag on this plate is filled in with white dots;

MISCELLANEOUS TYPES 161

b. Scroll ending at each end in a trefoil. Base of handle preserved.

Fig. 94 shows the restoration of the design. The form is not absolutely certain, nor oan the
height be determined, though, judging from the size of the fragments,
the vase must have measured about 30 cm. in height. It seems fairly
certain, however, that no other decoration existed on the vase unless we
suppose a similar design on the reverse and that the restoration here
given is correct.

The technique is precisely similar to Fig. 93, and as the resemblance
between the lions is so strong we may almost assume that both vases
were painted by the same artist. The scrolls which bound the panels
are interesting, and so far a similar case does not occur to me. There is
a certain resemblance between tlie trefoils and the ivy leaf on Myce-
naean vases (cf. Myh. Vas. xxi. 152; also J. H. S. XI. [1890], pi.

xiv. 1), but whether the trefoils represent a development of the latter

. , , n ^ Fig. 94.

cannot be tokl.

18. Fragment of a large vase, perhaps an amphora. Dark reddish clay, exterior covered with
a dull dark brown glaze. Broad band of white with, a row of small dots on each side.

This fragment, though differing considerably from the two vases just considered, has been
included here on account of the presence of the white dots. It presents this peculiarity that the
broad band of white is not painted over the glaze, since no trace of glaze can be found under it.
The clay is coarse and more akin in texture to vases of the Geometric style, but it cannot belong
to that class, since it seems certain that the entire vase was covered with a glaze, a peculiarity
entirely foreign to Geometric vases. We have already seen this peculiarity in the case of other
Argive vases, and it is probable that we have here a fragment of a vase which belongs to the same
class as those discussed on p. 158.

PLATE LXVII.

Seven fragments from the base of a bowl with tall base. From Old Temple Terrace (proba-
bly). Height cannot be determined. The fragments have been joined together to form the base
(8). Height, 0.425 m. ; diameter at base, 0.29 m. ; diameter at toj), 0.16 m. The original vase
probably measured about 80 cm. in height.

Brick red clay, covered with a brownish yellow slip. Decoration uniformly black, with yellow
paint added freely. Incised lines used on the figures of the animals around the base.

The form of the vase was probably a large deep bowl resting on a tall base, similar to a vase in
Athens from Menidi (Jahrb. XIV. [1899], p. 108, fig. 10, or p. 126, fig. 29). Of the bowl only
a small part is preserved in fragment 3 ; all the other fragments belong to the base.

Ai-ound the base are three friezes, and a narrow frieze at the bottom of the bowl.

Base. Lower frieze (4, 6, 7). Bordei', a guilloche of black and white strands (as in Plate
LIX. 5). Separated from this by three stripes, a frieze of animals. What these animals are can-
not be determined. On 4 and 6 we have an animal crouching, with traces of what may have been
a horn on its head, and the tail of another, which projects into the frieze above. The first animal
is clearly crouching, and the body is covered with scales similar to Athen. Mitt. 1897, p. 309,
fig. 31. Incised lines on the foot, and on tail.

Separated by three stripes is another frieze, 1, 2, 4, and 5, on which a combat is represented.
Portions of eleven warriors are preserved, six to right, four to left, and a fallen warrior in the

centre.

In the centre of the frieze (4), a dying warrior to right stretching his arm behind him. His
leo- is drawn in outline, and as no filling in with black or application of yellow is seen, it seems
probable that carelessness on the artist's part was responsible for this deficiency. On his shield is
a rosette, with yellow applied to five of the lobes ; yellow is also applied to the headpiece of the
helmet. On the left are two warriors advancing to right, both armed with helmet, shield, greaves,
spears, and sword.^ Yellow is applied to the headpieces of the helmets and to the greaves. The

1 This is not absolutely certain, except in the case of the first figure, where the object is too thick to be a spear.

1G2 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

first warrior has a checkered border on his hehiiet, and a whirl pattern witii a lozenge border on
his shield : the warrior behind has a four-pointed star inclosed by a checkered border for his shield
device. Facing them to left, parts of two warriors : nose, tip of hehnet, shielil, and one leg of the
first warrior preserved, shield and one leg of the second. Yellow applied to greaves. The first
warrior is armed with a spear or sword exactly like his opponent ; on his shield, four-pointed star
with checkered border. His companion has as a shield device a rosette elaborately drawn in
black and white with a border of rays. Between the warriors, over the fallen man, a bird flying.

On fragment 2 we see the back of one warrior's helmet in black with the point of a spear, and
the helmet (in outline) and eye of another warrior, likewise the point of a spear. From a com-
parison of 5 it seems probable that the spear to the left belongs to the right-hand warrior and
the spear at the right to another not preserved. On the right of 1 again we see the trace of
another helmet (checkered border) projecting into the pattern above.

On 5 we have three warriors ; the one at the left resembles the foremost warrior on the left of
2, except that the border of his shield is a ray pattern, and the helmet has no border ; he is armed
with a spear. The warrior in the centre differs from the others in having a very tall helmet, with
a single checkered border, which projects into the upper pattern as in 1 ; a faint line marks the
outline of the head, evidently done in the preliminary drawing. This feature may be observed
on almost all the figures. His shield seems to have had a four-leaf rosette for its device, the leaves
being left plain and the entire shield covered with yellow ; a fainter line encircles the shield inside
the rim. He is armed with a spear (since the lower curved line behind him is clearly the continu-
ation of his spear) and a sword. Between his legs a bird similar to the one on 4. Of the right-
hand warrior only the head and part of a leg are preserved.

All the figures are bearded, and as the bulk of the face is covered by the helmet a triangular
space is formed by the nose and eye. It may be noted that in no two cases is the device of the
shields the same. Faint black lines are seen on several of the figures, which in most cases marks
the preliminary drawing. On 4 the lines of the legs of four figures cross each other, due, of course,
to careless drawing.

Separated from the frieze just described by a narrow border containing a double guilloche (drawn
in outline and stippled in black) is the third frieze (1 and 3).

At the left of 1 are the body, hind leg and fore legs of a horse ; to right, a broad band around the
chest, with the reins along the back. Behind the horse the figure of a man from the waist down-
wards carrying a shield (in outline ; device a rosette) and two spears. Around his waist is a belt
with a row of dots. Yellow is used on his body and legs as well as on the body and legs of the
horse, with the addition of faint black lines. Before the horse to left a woman, from the waist
downward (in outline), holding a staff in her hand and clad in a chiton reaching almost to the
ankles, stippled above in black, with three borders, a zigzag, meander, and dots. Behind her the
leg and foot of another man, drawn in outline, but evidently wearing a boot. Between the hoi'se's
fore legs a water bird and above the reins a flying bird, as in the lower frieze. Incised lines are
used to denote the reins. At the back of the horse is a projection to which the reins are fastened,
from which goes a diagonal line to the top of the frieze representing a goad or whip.

The arrangement of 3 is somewhat problematical.^ At the left is the upper part of a female
figure (with long hair in ribbed locks) clad in a sort of bodice and a long skirt, stippled with
black dots ; she is stretching out her right arm. Behind her the figure of a bearded centaur, with
a belt around his waist, looking to left, but his body turned to right : the line of the nates and the
calf is visible at the lower part of the fragment. He is formed in the Archaic type, the entire
figure of a man joined to the body and hind legs of a horse. The horse's body is seen to left and
the woman seems to have her left arm around it. The waist of the centaur is pierced by an
arrow, and the blood is marked by dark streaks. The attitude of his right hand is uncertain.
The eyes of both figures are drawn as dotted circles. In field, flying bird.

Above is the last frieze which forms the base of the vessel proper. Some animal is represented
to left, as three legs, body, and neck (ornamented with a scale pattern) are visible, but what the
animal is cannot be told. Under its fore leg a row of dots and beneath the body a swastika.

' For this iuterpretation I ,ini indebted to Mr. Edward Robinson, Director of the Museum of P'iiie Arts. Boston.

NESSOS AND DEIANEIRA 163

Tlie chief interest of the vase lies in the two main friezes, but owing to the fragmentary condi-
tion of the vase their arrangement is extremely doubtful. It is perfectly plain that the subject of
the lower frieze was the combat over some fallen warrior, and if we place 5 below 1, and transfer
2 to a position directly over 4, we shall obtain six warriors on the left and four (or perhaps only
two, if 2 forms the head of the two warriors to the right of 4) on the right. How many warriors
were represented, or whether the two sides of the base represented different scenes, we cannot say.

Less clear is the arrangement of the upper frieze. We have the figures of a horse, man, two
women, and a centaur, and as it is certain that the subject of 3 had no connection with 1, both
fragments were probably on opposite sides of the base. That the horse on 1 was harnessed to a
chariot seems certain. Although we have only one horse, we know the single teams were com-
mon during the Archaic period.^ As three reins are certainly represented, it is possible that a
pair of horses was intended (which would be more appropriate to the period of the vase). If a
wagon be supplied, then the object to which the reins are fastened must be the top of the pole.
Although it is placed just over the flank, we find it set as far back on the shoulder of a black figure
hydria (Gerhard, Ans. Vas. pi. 253). It cannot possibly be the mtv^ of a chariot, as it is far too
close to the body of the horse. That the diagonal line which begins at the end of the pole is a
goad held in the driver's hand, a comparison of Aus. Vas. pi. 251 shows clearly. Not enough of
the scene is preserved to warrant an identification.

With 3 the subject is plain. Deianeira and the centaur Nessos are represented. The round
object at the back of the woman's head is probably the sword of Herakles ; at least it is precisely
similar to the sword on the lower frieze, and on a Chalcidian vase in the Louvre we find Herakles
attacking the centaur with a sword (Ans. Vas. 117-118, 1). The attitude of the centaur is par-
alleled by another centaur on the Argive lekythos in Berlin (Arch. Zeit. 1883, pi. x.), who,
pierced by an arrow, is flying to right while looking back over his shoulder. Deianeira is repre-
sented in a rather singular fashion ; she seems to be clinging to the centaur's body with one hand
while stretching out her right hand as if to call for assistance. Such a treatment of the scene is,
as far as I know, unique.

This representation of Herakles's encounter with Nessos (if such it be) seems to be the earliest
instance we have where Deianeira is represented (cf. Roscher's Lex. II. p. 2194).

Several points in the matter of detail must be noticed. The type of helmet is peculiar ; for the
simple helmet, that worn by the warrior on the Melian vase (Conze, McUsche Vasen, pi. iii.), offers
the nearest resemblance, but the tall helmet differs from any I have yet seen. The female figure
on 3 wears her hair in a ribbed band behind, an extremely common form during the late Argive
and Corinthian periods. The treatment of the eye varies in the two principal friezes ; in the
lower we have a pear-shaped space for the nose in white with the eye as a small dot ; in the upper we
have the usual type on Melian or Rhodian vases,^ the dotted circle. The shields are the round form
which is found in the Geometric style, but the addition of a device is characteristic of a later period.

In spite of its many peculiarities, I see no reason to doubt that the vase is of Argive fabrication
and belongs to the early stage of Class III. of the Argive. Of purely Geometrical motives we find
no trace, except the water bird on 1, but all the various motives, the swastika, guilloclie, birds,
etc., can be traced to earlier examples. The arrangement of the figures savors of a Mycenaean
prototype, but the animal frieze shows a certain amount of Oriental influence. The application of
color is probably, as we have seen, an Argive peculiarity. At the same time the general execution
is primitive in its character, in spite of the advanced tendency of the composition, and shows little
trace of the technical skill so characteristic of the later Argive vases.

It is of course possible that this may be a foreign product, imported into Argos, and if such
were the case we should expect to find analogous vases in other places, which, with one exception,
the Aristonothos vase,** are not forthcoming. Melian, Rhodian, and Ionian vases which belong to
the same period as our vase (perhaps a trifle later) seem to offer some slight resemblance, but it
may be easily seen, if their styles be analyzed, that there is no connection between them.

The Aristonothos vase, though treating a different subject from ours, is the only vase which

1 Cf the Mycenaean grave stelae and Geometric Vases, = Also on the Mycenaean ' Warrior ' Vase.
Helbig, Epos^ p. 139, fig. 33. ' A^""- deW Inst. IX. pi. iv.

164 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

shows any similarity of style, and has therefore been assigned by Furtwiingler to an Argive
fabric.^ It may be bold to use that vase as a eriterion, but the view of a scholar like Furtwiingler
calls for careful attention, and if at Argos we find a vase similar to the Aristouothos vase, which,
though exhibiting several new features, shows clearly the elements of the Argive style, there would
seem to be good reason for assigning both to an Argive fabric.

We find that on the Aristonothos vase the type of figures, profiles, etc., is identical. The round
shields are used with similar devices. Also on many of the figures small white dots are added sueli
as we have seen on the vases just discussed, a strong point in favor of the Argive origin of that
vase. We find a rosette precisely similar to that on the shield of our fallen warrior with black
and white leaves. Except for the white dots, there is no application of extra color on the Aris-
tonothos vase.

If what we have just said holds good, then our vase must fall at the beginning of the seventh
century ; later than that it cannot be.

PLATE LX.

19 a-h. Eight fragments from a large vase.^ The shape is uncertain but it may have been
some sort of a pyxis. The diameter was about 28 cm., greenish yellow clay with a dirty brownish
yellow slip, decoration in black to dark brown. Incised lines used. Kim ends in a moulding. No
trace of glaze on interior.

A pyxis seems the most probable shape, though the addition of a moulding to the rim is unusual.

On a we have a bearded man in a chariot to right drawn by a single horse, holding the reins in
his left hand and a goad or spear in his right hand. He is clad in a single long garment with a
zigzag pattern down the front. The body of the chariot is ornamented with a zigzag border,
incised, and the eye of the man is denoted by a dotted circle. The chariot has a single wheel.
Behind the man three vertical lines bordering the panel.

On b we have a large cauldron and a tripod with double legs, ending at the sides in a wheel on
which a horse is perched. Over the tripod is a helmet. Between the cauldron and the tripod
some object, perhaps a cleaver, c shows portions of two deer (eyes incised) to right, and d and
e show the head and horns of a stag.

On the bottom of the vase (e-h) some design was represented, though not enough is left to
conjecture what the actual design was. We have already seen this peculiarity on the base of
another pyxis (Fig. 69).

It seems certain from the presence of the vei-tical lines on a that two scenes were represented,
each in a panel ; a and b belong to one side, C, d, and e to the other, f is probably the bottom of
b (showing the continuation of the cauldron), while g and h belong to the other side, g being the
lower part of c.

It is difficult to say what the principal scene represents , perhaps the most probable explanation
is that a chariot race is represented (there is room for two more teams on the vase), and that the
cauldron, tripod, and helmet are the prizes. If this is correct, we obtain the year 776 B. C. as a
termimis ante quem, since before that date the representation of a contest for prizes never occurs
on any Greek vase. Only one horse is attached to the chariot, which is similar to that found on
Geometric vases with a curved avruf (cf. Helbig, Epox', p. 138, fig. 32) ; but as three reins are
represented in the driver's hand, and the head and feet of the horse are missing, the usual num-
ber of two was probably represented. The cauldron is similar in shape to the large Dipylon vases,
but differs from them as to the handles. The tripod has double legs (contrary to the ones found
at Olympia,^ which have single legs), and seems to belong to a different type, as the legs run clear
to the rim of the bowl. The peculiar form of the latter is due entii-ely to the desire to make room
for a helmet (Corinthian type). The tripod has a characteristic quite common in the tripods from
Olympia,* as well as in other early bronze work, in having rings or, as here, wheels at the sides on

' Berl. Philol. Wochens. 1895, p. 202. " Nun liabeii die ^ A fragment (b) of this vase lias already been pub-

Ausgrabungen am Heraeon von Argos sowohl Scherben lished by Laurent, B. C. H. 1901, j). 151, fig. 4.

jener von inir der Fabrik der ' Aristouothos- Vase ' zu ' Furtwiingler, ' Die Bronzcu,' Ob/mpia, IV. pp. 72 ff.

gerechneten Art als auch Protokorinthische zu Tage * Ibid., pi. xxx. 574, 624 ; xxxiii. 607 and a.
gebracht." Our fragments are the 'Scherben' referred to.

THE CORINTHIAN STYLE 165

which a horse is perched. What the object to the right of the cauldron represents is difficult to
say ; ^ from f it seems certain that a similar object was placed on the other side, but the size of the
vase precludes our considering them as supports.

The animal frieze presents no peculiarity of any kind. The general style of the vase is decidedly
that of the early period of the Oriental Argive class, a at first sight seems to show the same
style of drawing in the case of the male figure as is generally found on Geometric vases ; but the
style of the horse as well as the presence of the incised lines show that by no possibility can
the style be Geometric. It is possible that the artist may have drawn the male figure after some
Geometric prototypes. All things considered, tliere seems no good reason why we should not have
here a vase of distinctly Argive fabric.

PLATE LXVI.

Three fragments, 4 a-c, from the same vase, found east of the Northwest Building. Brick red
clay, with a bright yellow slip on exterior, chocolate-brown decoration with free use of incised
lines. Form of vase uncertain.

That two friezes of animals were represented is certain. Traces of a lower frieze appear on a.
On a and b we have some animal to right, on b the wing and body of a seated sphinx, and on c
the fore part of another animal similar to a.

Of all the fragments yielded by the Heraeiuu these are the most unique and extraordinary.
With the exception of an animal on an Early Attic vase (Couve, B. C II. 1893, p. 25, pis. ii.
and iii.), which bears an extremely superficial resemblance, I have been unable to find any vase or
fragments which offer any analogy whatsoever. The fact that an animal frieze is represented as
well as the presence of the sphinx shows tliat the fragments cannot be earlier tlian the third class
of the Argive style, though, stylistically considered, these animals show none of the particular
Argive features.

Certain technical points deserve notice ; the drawing is extremely curious, especially at the
juncture of the body and fore leg, where a crescent-shaped cut is incised to show the modeling
of the leg. An oval space is left for the eye, which is denoted by a dot, and resembles that of a
toad ; the ears stand upright. The mouth, denoted by a slit, gives a savage expression to the
head. We can only guess at the identity of the animals, but that they rei)resent boars seems most
probable. It would appear at first siglit as if the feet of tlie animal on a were tlie paws of a car-
nivorous animal, but since the details of the body are so carefully incised, and as the paws of
carnivora during this period are always denoted by incised lines, we must conclude that tliey are
hoofs. The absence of horns shows clearly that they are not cattle, sheep, or goats, so that a boar
is the only other animal possible.

Whether we can recognize here a foreign interpretation is impossible to say, but until some
analogous example is found elsewhere, it seems most natural to regard it as an Argive product,
perhaps a caricature ; not a representative of any type, but merely an isolated case of some potter's
fancy ; in short, a ' freak.' Taking the technique, clay, and style into consideration, we may assign
the fragments to the early part of the seventh century.

CHAPTER VI.
THE CORINTHIAN STYLE.

The relations of the Argive and Corinthian styles to each other were discussed at length
in the Introduction and in Chapter IV. In the present chapter only those vases and
fragments which belong to the Corinthian style proper will be considered.

The Corinthian style' is so thoroughly well known and its origin so firmly established,
that any discussion of the various questions which here arise in regard to it is out of

» Laurent {loc. cit.) identifies this as a sword, which ^ Por general discussion of the style, v. Wilisch, Alt.

J , .c , korinthische Thonindustrie.

seems doubttul.

166 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

place. It was fairly well represented at the Heraeum ; whole vases were scarce, but the
fragments filled nearly half a dozen baskets. Such fragments as are preserved show
nothing new ; the forms of the vases differ in no way from the usual Corinthian types,
and the scheme of decoration is identically the same.

Whether all the Corinthian fraffnients found at the Heraeum were manufactured at
Argos is impossible to say. It has not been proved that the various vases of the style
scattered over the Greek world were all made in Corinth,' and it is undoubtly true
that after the style became thoroughly known its manufacture was carried on in other
places than Corinth, just as a great deal of the Mycenaean ware found in Greece must
have been manufactured outside of the Argolid. As Corinth lies so near Argos
(only thirty miles away), the importation of the style into the latter place would be per-
fectly possible. At all events, the internal evidence of the Corinthian fragments found
at the Heraeum throws no light on the question.

Wilisch has divided the Corinthian style into two classes, the elder and the younger.
With the exception of three fragments the elder class only is found at the Heraeum.
This may serve to show that the Corinthian vases were manufactured in the Argolid
and not imported, since after the Corinthian style very few fragments of any class of
vases are found at the Heraeum, while if the reverse were the case, it would be an
extremely curious fact to find the importation of a style suddenly ceasing, without
any definite reason. There is no literary evidence to show that Argos ever enacted an
embargo against the products of Corinth as she did in the case of Athens.

The forms found at the Heraeum are : —

Skyplios, Aryballos,

Oinochoe, Amphora,

Pyxis, Askos,

Sugar Bowl, Kylix,

Tripod Bowl, Kothon,

Alabastron, Plate.

Wilisch's statement {ojj. eit. p. 21) that the skyphos is the only form peculiar to both
the Argive and Corinthian styles is certainly incorrect, since several fragments belonging
to oinochoai of the type on p. 127 were found with Corinthian decoration,^ and as we
have seen, the Argive style included all the forms in the above list with the exception of
the kylix and the tripod bowl. The decoration on all the fragments was distinctly poor,
few showing really good technique. Most of them were found on the Second Temple
Terrace in the pocket towards the southeast and under the retaining wall of the West
Building (southwest corner). The number of bottoms (of skyphoi and oinochoai) far ex-
ceeded the fragments which belonged to the upper part of such vases. Though as a
rule the clay of the Corinthian vases is rather more grayish in tone than in the Argive,
it was impossible in most cases to decide whether such fragments belonged to Argive
or Corinthian vases, the decoration in both styles (ray pattern) being identical. Some
of these vases, however, showed just enough of the main zone to established their identity
as Corinthian.

' It is perfectly certain, througli the presence of in- (A 1035) with three zones of figures. I noted in the

scriptions, that vases of this style were manufactured in Naples Museum an oinochoe of the Argive stvle, which

Sikyon (Kretschmer, Griechische Vaseninschriften, p. 50 ; had Corintliian decoration over tlie parallel bands. I was

cf. also p. 185, No. 1). Hence Argos may well have made unable to examine the vase, but feel sure that the Coriu-

some herself. thian decoration is modern. Cf. J. H. S. XI. (1890), p.

* The British Museum possesses such an oinochoe 175.

OLD CORINTHIAN STYLE 167

In but a few cases could a vase be reconstructed from the fragments, and as the num-
ber of whole vases was so small no such classification as was followed in Chapter IV.
could be used, nor does the class represented admit of any chronological subdivisions.

OLD CORINTHIAN STYLE.
Skyphos.

This form, being the commonest, will be treated first. Two types may be detected,
those having a glaze on the interior and those without. The latter type is represented
only by fragments in a very poor condition, and seems to have been confined to small
vases. The clay is gi'eenish or gray in tone, the foot projecting in a slight moulding,
and the base ornamented with a ray pattern, the rays being very fine and close together.
Above the rays, separated by a broad stripe on which narrow stripes of red or white color
are applied, is the principal zone. As the type is so common, no examples are given
here.

Fragments belonging to the former type, though not so numerous, were in better pre-
servation as far as the figure decoration is concerned. They are generally of a red or
yellow clay, the glaze black, though in some cases it has been burnt to a brilliant red,
and in others is almost entirely obliterated, owing doubtless to the nature of the soil.
The form of the vase is always that of Fig. 64, and the only variation is found in the
proportion between the height and the diameter. The motives of decoration are the
usual ones, zones of animals (lions, panthers, bulls, goats, deer, etc.), birds, fabulous mon-
sters (sirens and sphinxes), and flower patterns (generally lotos). Red color is univer-
sally applied to the figures themselves and the bands which border the zone ; red stripes
are often applied to the interior, just below the rim. Incised lines are almost invariably
used, but extremely carelessly, as no attempt has been made in many cases to prevent
such lines running into the background of the zone. The bases are usually ornamented
with rays, and the rim with a border of zigzags, water birds, or flowers, placed over the
main zone ; in some cases the border is omitted and the main zone extends clear to the
rim. Ornaments in field are almost invariably used.

PLATE LXI.

1 a and b. Two fragments of a skyphos, of reddish clay, dark red glaze on interior. On main
zone sphinx and siren to right (a) and sphinx to left (b). Two broad stripes of applied red
separate the rim border (vertical zigzags). Red applied to the wings of the figures, and to two
stripes below tlie rim on the interior.

2. Grayish clay, dark glaze on interior almost obliterated. Heads of sphinx and goose to left.
Toothed and zigzag border above.

The sphinx is almost the commonest motive on our fragments. Dozens of others were found
showing a similar design.

3. Light yellow clay, with brilliant black glaze on interior. Fore part of boar to right. Ray
pattern below. Red applied on boar's neck.

This fragment belonged to a large skyphos, probably 15 cm. in height.

4. From a large skyphos, about 20 cm. in height. Grayish clay, glaze and decoration very much
faded. Above main zone (two panthers back to back) border of palmette-lotos chain, only visible
through the incised Hues, as the decoration has almost entirely faded.

5. Yellowish clay, with dark brown glaze. Zigzag border on rim. On main zone, hind part of
bull to right. Red applied to bull's belly.

6. Yellow clay, with faded black glaze. On main zone haunch of a goat and tail of anotlier
animal. Above palmette-lotos chain. Applied red band below rim on interior ; red on the centres
of the palmette and on goat's body. Cf. Wilisch, op. cit. pi. iii. 36.

168 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGxMENTS

7. Kedtlish clay, with bright red glaze. Panther, full front, and rear part of another animal.
Above, zigzag border. The zone is burnt bright red, the rim border black.

As in the case of some of the Argive fragments, the difference in color between the two parts of
the vase is strongly marked, and is no doubt intentional.

8. Bright yellow clay, with brilliant black glaze. Rooster to left. Ked applied to the wattles,
wings and rosettes in field.

9 a and b. Two fragments from rim of skyphos. Yellow clay, with dark brown glaze. On
principal zone head of sphinx. Above, separated by a checkered border, zone of water birds to
right broken by a panel containing a star. Red applied to wings of the bird.

These fragments show an upper zone which in its drawing is similar to that of the Oriental
Argive, without any ornaments in field. The lower zone is in the typical Corinthian style.

10. Yellow clay, with brilliant dark brown glaze and bright red decoration. Main zone occu-
pied by a very elaborate palmette-lotos chain in squares, with red color frequently applied. Below,
zone of water birds. It is probable that a similar zone formed the upper border. For palmette,
cf. Wilisch, op. cit. pi. iii. 35.

The fragments here given are paralleled by dozens of others of varying technical skill.

Some of the fragments showed the figures of the animals stretched out to an abnormal

length.

Oinochoai.
Two types were represented.

1. Tall-necked oinochoe (p. 127).

2. Corinthian type. Wilisch, op. cit. pi. ii. 18.

The first type was represented only by a few fragments in bad preservation. These
were entirely covered with a black glaze, except for the animal zone on the body, and had
on the shoulder an incised tongue pattern, red and yellow being applied to the alternate
divisions. Of Type 2 fragments of only one vase were found Avhicli permitted a fairly
satisfactory reconstruction, and several fragments of others. Curiously enough, no neck
belonging to these oinochoai was found, nor is it certain whether some fragments ' did
not belong to another variety of oinochoe (Wilisch, op. cit. pi. ii. 16).

11 a-C. Three fragments of an oinochoe. Reddish clay. On base, rays, with three bands
(middle band black, the others applied in red, dividing lines in white) separating them from the
main zone. Panther to right (head full front) and goat to left. On b an owl, to right head full
front ; on c, deer feeding to left and feet of a sphinx. Above, two applied red bands inclosing
toothed border. On shoulder, another zone, with lower part of a bird to right. Red is freely
applied to all the figures.

A few other unimportant fragments of this vase were found.

12. Dark yellow clay, with decoration varying from black to red. Ram's head to right, dotted
circles as ornaments in field. Good technique.

The other fragments were unimportant. They included an owl, panther, goat, etc.

Pyxides.

Very few fragments belonging to this form were found, but the covers were much
more numerous, showing the same discrepancy of proportion already mentioned in the
case of the Argive fragments (p. 136).

Two types were represented.

1. Pyxis with curving sides (Berl. Cat. v. 103).

2. Pyxis with straight sides {Berl. Cat. v. 101).

1 Two fragments of yellow clay with an animal zone on the body and another on the shoulder were found, which,
judging from the curve, may have belonged to this form.

CORINTHIAN STYLE: COVERS 169

The few fragments belonging to Type 1 followed the same scheme of decoration, ray
pattern on the base and a sort of tongne pattern incised on the body, red and yellow
color being applied to the alternate divisions. The interior was not glazed in every case.

2.

13. Reddish yellow clay, with bright red glaze on interior. On main zone, procession of women
to right. Two other fragments were found, one showing the women facing to left so that two pro-
cessions were represented. This fragment differs slightly from the usual form in that the base
does not rest flat on the ground, but the sides are continued down lower than the base, so that the
vase rests on a low foot.

Of the other fragments, three belonged to a pyxis of greenish gray clay, adorned with the usual
animal zone (lion, bull, boar, and goat). Another showed a palmette-lotos chain as the main zone,
very hastily done.

Covers.

A very large nnmber of these, mostly in fragments, was found. Only one type could
be distinguished, that with a flange fitting inside the rim of the pyxis (v. p. 139, fig. 73).

In only a few cases was the knob preserved, and in those it was conical or flat in shape.
The commonest type (at least thirty covers were represented) had a ray pattern or leaf
rosette in the centre, and a zone of animals of the usual type as a border on the rim.
Almost equally common was the tongue pattern with red lobes. A few fragments
showed a procession of warriors armed with round shields and spears.

14. Diameter, 0.106 m. Greenish clay. In centre leaf rosette, outside animal zone, four lions,
two boars, stag, and duck. Decoration very much faded, with frequent traces of applied red color.
This was the only cover jn-eserved almost intact. Its wealth of decoration suggests the "Dodwell"
vase.

15. Fragment of cover. Original diameter, 0.155 m. Very fine bright yellow clay, with black
decoration, red color freely applied. In centre, ray pattern. Main zone bounded by two bands
applied in red. Bird, male figure, sphinx, and two lions in an heraldic scheme.

The bearded figure on the left is dressed in a long chiton with a border down the front, and a
long himation which falls in a fold at the right. The arms are not visible, hut may perhaps be
denoted by the incised lines starting from the shoulders. The figure presents this peculiarity, that
while the himation is filled in with red, the skirt of the chiton is drawn in outline. This peculiarity,
as far as I know, does not occur on vases of the Old Corinthian style.^

The identity of the bird is doubtful ; it resembles a crow more than any other bird. The sphinx
shows no new features.

The group of the two lions is the most interesting. Though the heraldic scheme was no new
feature in Greek art during the earlier periods (e. g. the Lion Gate at Mycenae, Geometric vases,
etc.), it is not until the use of the Corinthian style that the scheme is generally used. The attitude
of our lions is paralleled by two bronze reliefs, one from the Acropolis (Bather, J. 11. S. XIII.
[1892-93 J, p. 256, fig. 25) and the other in Athens (Furtwiingler, Ann. deW Inst. 1880, p. 135,
tav. d' agg. H), and by a terra-cotta relief from the Heraeum. In the latter the lions are standing,
not sitting. Analogous is the relief in Curtius ( Wappengehrauch und Wuppenstil im Altirtlntm,
pi. i. 11).* Except for Chalcidian vases (v. Anii. 1880, p. 135, note 2) I have been able to discover
this motive on but one other example of Archaic vases (B. C. H. XIX. [1895], p. 76, fig. 4).

From the various analogies mentioned, it is certain that our fragment cannot be older than the
bronze reliefs, i. e. the end of the seventh century. The fineness of the clay, style of drawing, and
lack of ornaments in field is consistent with this view, and shows that the fragment, if not belong-
ing to the New Corinthian style, belongs at least to the transitional period between the Old and the

New Corinthian styles.

1 Cf. Wilisch, op. cit. p. 99.

170 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

Siigar-Bowl Form.
Two types of these bowls were represented.

1. Without bandies (Wiliscb, op. cit. pi. i. 10).

2. With handles in plastic form {Ibid. pi. i. 13).

As no fragments were found with handles, it is uncertain whether a third type
(Wilisch, 0]). cit. pi. i. 11 and 12) was represented.

All the fragments show a zone of figures ; the interior is always unglazed. The base
is invariably ornamented with a ray pattern.

16 a and b. Two fragments from same bowl ; original lieigbt about 12 cm. Greenish yellow
clay, decoration very much faded. On base, rays ; above, main zone, bounded on each side by two
dotted rows. Procession of women to left ; the right-hand figure holds a pomegranate in her
hand. Dots as ornaments in field. Rim ends in a moulding.

On b the skirt of one woman's dress is drawn in a triangular outline. Judging by the extremely
primitive character of the drawing, we have here one of the earliest examples of the style.

17. Fragment of bowl : original height about 15 cm. Yellow clay, with black decoration, red
freely applied to the figures. On main zone, two sphinxes. Dotted bands above.

18. Fragment of base. Reddish brown clay, with black decoration burnt red. On base, rays ;
above, animal zone with lower part of a sphinx and leg of a pantlier showing.

It is not absolutely certain that this fragment belongs to a bowl ; the curve would suit an
oinochoe equally well.

None of the other fragments possessed any interest except one very small fragment on
which traces of a row of warriors armed with shields, helmets, and spears could be seen.

The presence of this type is established only by a dozen fragments representing, with
one exception, a plastic female head.

19. Fragment of bowl. Plastic female head ; light yellowish brown clay, with brown decora-
tion. Red bands applied to the surface of the vase. The hair is arranged on either side of the
head in three strands.

Examples of this type are fairly numerous. Cf . Furtwangler, Sammlimg Sahouroff,
pi. xlvii. 1 ; Wilisch, op. cit. p. 22, note 82.

20. Plastic head of a sheep. Similar technique to 19.

Tripod Bowls. (Form, Bed. Cat. v. 198.)

Though this form can hardly be called a very characteristic one of the Corinthian
style, it is by no means rare. Wilisch ignores it entii-ely. The number of fragments of
this type found at the Heraeum was not very numerous ; of these the majority were legs,
with fragments of the bowl itself still attached. Whether these bowls possessed covers
originally is impossible to say; a bowl in Berlin (No. 1153) has none, nor were any
covers which clearly belonged to these bowls found at the Heraeum.

Except for difference in the proportion of the depth of the bowl and the height of the
legs, no separation into classes is possible, and all the fragments follow one type.

21. Fragment of bowl. Height, 0.05 m. ; original diameter, 0.127 m. Yellow clay. The rim
is ribbed on its outer and upper sides. Interior covered with a dark brown glaze, extending over
the rim, with two concentric circles uncolored, with a narrow stripe of red applied between them.

CORINTHIAN STYLE: VARIOUS VASES 171

On exterior, zone of animals, very much faded, on body, and a single animal (lion) on each leg.
Another fragment of a leg was found.

The other fragments of the type all followed the same scheme of decoration, a zone of
animals on the body and single figures (panthers, hons, sphinxes, birds, etc.) on the
legs. One leg showed a palmette-lotos pattern in place of a figure.

Alubastra.
Two types may be distinguished.

1. With a slight moulding on the base, allowing the vase to stand upright (Wilisch, op. cit.
ii. 15).

2. With round base (Berl. Cat. v. 109).

1.

Only a few scattered fragments of this type were found. The moulding is placed
directly in the centre of the base, with a leaf rosette radiating from it, and the body of
the vase ornamented with one or two zones of animals, in the usual style.

2.

Fragments of the second type were fairly numerous, especially the rims. Very few
vases were preserved whole and no vase could be reconstructed from the fragments.

Fig. 95. Height, 0.072 m. Intact save for small fragment of rim. On rim, leaf rosette, with
dots at the side. On neck, leaf rosette, alternate leaves applied in red. On
body, three gryphons. On base, leaf rosette. Red color freely applied on
their bodies. Rosettes as ornaments in field.

None of the other vases were in as good condition. They show
the usual figures, lions, panthers, geese, etc., One fragment showed
three gorgoneia around the base, while another had the lower part of
a female figure.

o

• Amphora.

The neck and handle of an amphora similar to Wilisch, op. cit. II.
21, was found, with traces of Corinthian decoration, very much faded.

Aryhalloi. (Wilisch, oj). cit. ii. 14.) ^^^ ^^

Only one type of aryballos could be detected. Curiously enough,
in spite of the shape of the aryballos, which is well calculated to withstand the pressure
of the earth in which it is buried, not a single specimen was recovered intact. Frag-
ments were numerous, especially rims, but none of them showed any interesting features.^
They were usually of a gray or greenish clay, though some fragments of red or yellow
clay were found. The decoration is the usual type, a leaf rosette on the base with some
figure or other on the body and a leaf rosette or tongue pattern on the rim. Half a
dozen fragments showed a wheel pattern with curving spokes on the base. The
technique in almost all cases was extremely indifferent.

Askos. (Wilisch, op. cit. ii. 22.)
Only one vase of this type was found, very nearly whole. Height, 0.13 m. Wheel

» The only fragment whicli possessed any remarkable decoration bore a Sikyonian vase-inscription: see below,
Inscriptions on Vases, p. 185, No. 1.

172 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

pattern on base,' zone of female figures in jirocession to right (red applied to the dresses),
and dotted bands on the shoulder. The execution was hasty.

Kylikes. (Wilisch, op. clt. ii. 19.)

Of this type, one vase was found represented by two fragments. The clay was yellow,
the interior covered with a dark brown glaze, to which three stripes of red were applied.
On the exterior a zone of figures was represented, of which only an owl could be recog-
nized. The rim flared sharply outwards, in a fashion slightly more marked than the
type given by Wilisch.

Plates.

Fragments of plates were not very numerous. The general type is that of p. 142 with
a flat base, sides curving outwards and a moulding on the base. The profile of each plate
was different, no two being found alike. Most of the fragments belonged to the sides,
hardly more than half a dozen fragments from the centres of these plates being found.
The principal decoration is confined to the interior, the exterior being usually orna-
mented with the system of parallel bands as in the Argive style.

22. (Fig. 96.) Fragment of plate. Original diameter, 19 cm. Brick red clay with black

decoration. In rim, two holes.

Exterior. On side, rays. The entire centre seems to have
been occupied by a single figure, a sphinx and siren, of which
only the tip of the wing is visible.

Interior. On side, zone of animals, sphinxes, and a siren
or bird with very long tail. In centre, two sphinxes facing
Fig. 96. each other. Red applied freely to the bodies and wings of

the figures.
This was the only fragment which showed animal decoration on both sides.

23. Fragment of plate. Original diameter, 32 cm. Light red clay, with shai-p profile. On
interior, palmette-lotos chain, red frequently applied. On exterior, bands. Two other fragments of
the rim were found, one pierced by two holes. No trace of the central
decoration was found, or could not be identified on any fragment. A
bronze plate with similar ornamentation on the rim was also found.

NEW CORINTHIAN STYLE.

23 a and b. Two fragments from the same vase {amphora a colon-
nette or stamnos). Brownish clay, covered with a light brown slip,
polished. Above, main zone, tongue pattern, with alternate red and
yellow divisions applied.

On a warrior to right armed with helmet, greaves, shield, and two
spears. Below the shield A \ Behind him liead of a horse. Red
(faded to a paler tint) applied on the horse's neck and on the warrior's
helmet, shield, and greaves.

b. Foot race. Two men, nude (heads wanting), running to right. Below, traces of a second
zone, probably of animals. Under the handle the tip of a wing.

A third fragment was found, representing a goat to left, which may possibly have belonged to
the lower zone.

The shape of the vase cannot be determined with any certainty, as not enough of the handle is
preserved. The curve of the fragments would suit a stamnos as well as an amphora. It seems
probable that the main zone represented a warrior's departure or combat on the obverse and an
athletic scene on the reverse, with a zone of animals below. Sphinxes or sirens were perhaps
placed below the handles as ornaments to separate tlie two scenes. The letters of the inscription
1 Exactly similar to tliiit on the Timonidas jug, Arch. Zed. 18C3, pi. clxxv. 5.

FOREIGN TYPES 173

suggest A 5 [FAM] (ArFas) or A$ [(\/BAM](A;.£as). The technique of the fragments marks the
latest and most advaueed type of the Coriuthian style.

The figure is paralleled by a Corinthian skyphos representing the combat between Ajax and
Aeneas {A?m. del/. Inst. 1862, tav. d' agg. B), except that the warrior on our fragment is not
fighting and that only one horse is represented. The warrior's squire was evidently mounted on
the horse as in the skyphos.

FOREIGN TYPES.

E.ARLY ATTIC.

A few fragments were found which bear a close similarity to the Eariy Attic style ;
in fact, they show more of the elements of the Early Attic technique than of the Argive.
Whether they were actually imported from Attica cannot be said.

PLATE LXII.

1 a and b. Two fragments of a large bowl, exact shape uncertain. Coarse reddish clay, with
brown glaze on interior, brown decoration faded. On rim, a palmette chain, with a row of pot-
hooks below.

The clay seems remarkably like that of the Early Attic vases, and the palmette chain is very
similar to the palmettes on the Early Attic vases in Athens {Jahrb. II. [1887], pis. ii. and iii.).

2. Fragment from the handle of a large vase, probably an amphora a colonnette. Coarse red,
dish clay, exterior covered with a whitish slip, decoration in dark red.

This fragment shows all the technical characteristics of Early Attic ware very plainly.
None of the other fragments were worth reproducing.

CYRENEAN.

Not more than fifty fragments or so of this ware were found, nor is it certain that they
were imported from Gyrene. In the opinion of Professor Ernest Gardner, Avho exam-
ined them carefully, the quality of execution was almost too poor for genuine Cyrenean
work. On this account he was disposed to regard them as an Argive imitation. That
these fragments are distinctly Cyrenean in style is evident, but it is equally true that they
are greatly inferior to the vases which represent the style elsewhere.

That Mr. Gardner's view of them is correct seems to me most probable. We have
found all along that foreign importations were extremely scarce at the Hei-aeum,' and
that the great mass of vases was made on the spot. There is nothing to forbid the
presence at Argos of Cyrenean ware, which is the only ware in Greece during the latter
part of the sixth century that seems to have contested the field with Athens. At the
same time we know that all Attic vases were excluded from Argos during the latter part
of the sixth century, and not enough of this Cyrenean ware is found to make up for the
lack of black and red figure vases.

The kylix was the only form represented, and seemed to fall into two types.

3. Attic type (^Arch. Zeit. 1881, pi. xii. 2a).

2. Rim and shoulder sharply separated (ibid. pi. xii. 4).

It was not possible in every case to identify the form from which the fragment came.

The clay corresponds in every respect with other Cyrenean vases, and the decoration
follows the same scheme. The interior has a design in a circle, on an exergue. Red is
frequently applied to various details. The exterior as a rule is given up to the usual
sequence of Cyrenean motives, rays, tongue pattern, and pomegranate chain ; a few
fragments showed traces of a figure zone on the exterior.

' Except the Corinthian style, and that, we have seen, might possibly have been manufactured in the Argolid and
not imported.

174 tup: vases and vase fragments

The execution is certainly inferior to the ordinary vases of the style. Not enough
figures are preserved to judge accurately on this point, but in the ornamental motives
there appears a certain lack of firmness and crispness in the drawing.

3. Fragment of kylix, Type 2. White slip, palmette and pomegranate border. Below, zigzag
pattern and rays. Cf. Arch. Zeit. 1881, pi. x. 3 : Kauhratis, I. pi. ix.

4. Fragment of kylix. Glaze on exterior. Interior covered with a white slip. Eagle with
snake in its beak. Decoration faded.

5 a and b. Two fragments of kylix, white slip on both sides. On exterior, pomegranate border;
on interior, warrior to left with helmet and spear mounted on horseback, the neck of the horse
showing to left. On b, part of hind leg of horse.

6. Fragment of kylix. On exterior, tongue pattern and rays. On interior, two feet of a woman
(probably) on some object, perhaps a foot stove (cf. B. C. H. XVII. 1893, p. 230, fig. 4). On
the left, part of a scroll.

The other fragments possessed little interest. A few showed portions of the central
pictures, a bird, horn of a goat, legs of some animal, palmette, etc. The larger part of
the fragments possessed only the usual Cyrenean motives on the exterior.

CHAPTER VII.
BLACK- AND RED-FIGURE STYLES.

Fragments of the Black- and Red-figure styles were represented at the Heraeum in
extremely small quantities — not more than a basketful of the former and hardly more
than fifty of the latter. Considering the extreme popularity of this ware during the
latter part of the sixth century throughout the whole of the Greek world, the explanation
of its absence presents one of the most interesting problems afforded by the Heraeum.
That the fragments of these two styles found at the Heraeum are of Attic manufacture
there can be no question. We have seen already that vases of foreign workmanship were
extremely scarce at the Heraeum, but no certain explanation of this deficiency was to be
found ; in the case of the Attic vases, however, the explanation of their absence at Argos
is perfectly satisfactory and agrees with the historical evidence at our command.

When, after the reforms of Kleisthenes, the rise in power of the Athenians had driven
back her envious neighbors, Thebes and Chalkis, the former turned to the Aeginetans
for assistance, who gladly gave it on account of an ancient feud with the Athenians.'
The origin of this feud was as follows : —

Once, in early times, the land of Epidauros suffered through a failure of the crops ; -
to bring relief, the Delphic oracle ordered the Epidaurians to erect statues of Damia and
Auxesia,^ not in bronze or stone, but of cultivated olivewood. For this material they
applied to Athens, ostensibly because there existed no olive-trees in Greece outside of
Attica, and the request was granted by the Athenians on condition that an annual tribute
to Athena Polias and Erechtheus should be paid. This condition was scrupulously car-
ried out so long as the Epidaurians retained possession of the holy statues. But Aegina, a
colony of Epidauros, grown overbearing through her rapidly increasing sea-power, asserted
her independence, and during the course of an incursion into Epidauros carried away the
statues and set them up at Oia, twenty stadia from the capital, where a cult to the two
goddesses was inaugurated. The Epidaurians then refused to pay their annual tribute

1 Ilerodot. V. 81 ff. » Paus. II. 30. 4 ; cf. Roscher's Lex. I. p. 738.

> Ihid. V. 82 £E.

THE ARGIVE EXCLUSION OF ATTIC POTTERY 175

to Athens, and the latter endeavored to obtain the statues from Aegiiia, but, failing to
persuade the Aeginetans to give them up, sent an expedition consisting of one trireme
(according to the Athenian tradition) or (according to the Aeginetan tradition, which is
more probable) of a whole fleet. While the Atlienians were unsuccessfully endeavoring
to remove the statues, they were attacked and completely destroyed, with the exception
of one man, by the Argives, whom the Aeginetans had called to their aid. This survivor,
on his return to Athens, was attacked by the wives of liis slain comrades and stabbed to
death by their brooches. The use of the brooch was then forbidden in Athens, and
hence the introduction of the Ionic chiton came about. The Argives and the Aeginetans
made it a custom that women should dedicate brooches in preference to other offerings in
the temples of their goddesses and also passed a law " 'Attlkov Se ju,>;Ve ri dXko 7rpoa<f>€-

p€LV 77/309 TO IpOV fiyjTe KCpaflOV, dXX' CK )(^VTpi8cDV eTTL-)(^Opi€(x)V VOfJLOU TO XoLTTOU

avToOi elvai TTLveLv" ' ("that nothing of Attic manufacture should be dedicated in the
temples, not even vases, but that they [the Argives and the Aeginetans] should in future
drink from vessels made from the clay of the country ").

In spite of the legendary character of this tale, there seems no valid reason for reject-
ing it. Herodotus does not mention the date, but Studniczka " has shown that the expe-
dition referred to must have taken place between 570 and 550 b. c, since Athens could
hardly have undertaken such an expedition before the increase of her naval power under
Solon and Peisistratos ; nor would the expedition be likely during Peisistratos's third
period of power (circa 540 b. c), as his wife then was an Argive. Also the history of
Argos shows that she was at war with Sparta from 585 to 570 b. c, and with Sikyon
from 549 onwards.'

Now a survey of Attic vase painting shows that the black-figure style did not come to
its full development earlier than 550 b. c, and the period before that date is represented
by such potters as Nikosthenes and the ' Lesser Masters ' group. The red-figure style
was not introduced until some twenty years later, and its finest work falls in the period
between the end of the sixth century and the Persian wars. An examination of the
black- and red-figure fragments at the Heraeum reveals the following facts : that of the
scanty number of black-figure fragments barely a dozen belong to the better period
(i. e. after 550 b. c), while of the red-figure fragments, which are earlier than the Persian
wars, hardly more than half a dozen were found.* Here at Argos, then, we have a period
of seventy years, represented by hardly twenty fragments of the most popular styles
throughout the Greek world. That the cause of this is the embargo passed by the
Argives against Athenian products in the sixth century becomes a fact too plain to be
doubted, and shows that the date assigned is the true one.

Thus Argos puts herself on record with perhaps the first recorded case of an absolutely
prohibitory tariff or embargo. That the act was a case of pure spite and not due to any
desire to protect ' home industries ' is plain, since no increased activity on the part of the
Aro-ive potters is the result. The presence of the few fragments mentioned does not affect
the truth of the statement, for if we consider the enormous amount of vases of these two
styles exported from Athens, it may be seen that no tariff measure could be so completely
effective as to prevent a single Attic vase from entering the ArgoHd, and as the absence
of this ware at Argos must have some explanation, it would be difficult to find a neater
one than the passage just quoted from Herodotus.

1 Herod. V. 88. The same statement is found in Atlie- ' Curtius, Griechische Geschichte\ I. p. 368.

naeus Deipn XI 502 c. This passage has been com- * Mr. Stais informs me that very few fragments of

mente'd upon by me in the Clas,. Rev. 1898, p. 88. either style were found by him at Aegina.

2 Beitrage zur Geschichte der altgriechischen Trackt, p. 4.

17G THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

If, then, we have for seventy years an absohite lack of Attic ware at the Heraeuni, the
question arises, " What took its place?" since it is hardly conceivable that no vases
should have been manufactured at the Heraeum. Three suggestions are possible : —

1. The early style (Argive) may have continued. This is unlikely, as it was contrary
to Greek taste in the developed periods of art to use old-fashioned types.'

2. Some other foreign type was imported to take the i)lace of Attic vases. No such
type was found.

3. Some local type must have been used. This is the most natural explanation, but
it cannot be affirmed with certainty that this type has been found.

A large number of fragments of a certain type of vases (four basketsful) was found,
which type, as far as I know, is peculiar to the Heraeum. These were of red or yellow
clay, covered on both sides with a black glaze, the only decoration consisting of two par-
allel stripes of applied red on the exterior, just below the rim (most of the fragments
belonged to skyphoi), varying in thickness, but never more than 2 mm. broad. So
common was this type, and its characteristics so unvarying, that we soon came to the
conclusion that a sjjecial Argive type was represented. Any chronological classification
is impossible, but the following points of difference were observed. Half the number
were of coarse clay, with a very dull glaze, while the other half consisted of fragments of
a fine red clay, carefully cleaned, with a glaze of extreme brilliancy. At first sight it
would appear that the latter were Attic, but a close inspection shows that the clay is not
as fine or light as in Attic vases, nor the glaze as even, distinct irregularities being pre-
sent in the surface of the clay, under the glaze, both to the sight and touch. In Attic
vases of the best black- or red-figure periods, the clay is always carefully smoothed before
applying the glaze, and such irregularities are not usual.

These seem to be the only fragments which answer the requirements of our third sug-
gestion. The Attic influence is plain, through the fineness of the glaze, and it is prob-
able that the Argive potters borrowed this feature from their Athenian contemporaries.
At the same time the application of red stripes is distinctly an Argive feature, and fol-
lows a fashion instituted several centuries before.

No vases were found intact, nor could any be restored from the fragments. Fig. 98
shows an example of this particular style (red clay, width, 0.05
m.; height, 0.052 m.).^

BLACK-FIGURE STYLE.
Fragments of the following vases were found : kylix, skyphos,
amphora, lekythos, and plate. No vase was recovered intact,
nor could any be restored from the fragments, as in hardly any
case were more than four or five fragments from the same vase
preserved.

Kylikes.
Fragments of the kylix shape were most numerous. Two types were represented

1. With tall foot, deep bowl (' Lesser Masters ' shape. Berl. Cat. vi. 171).

2. With short foot, shallow bowl {Berl. Cat. vi. 172).

Few of the bases were preserved, but it may be seen from the fragments of the rims
that Type 1 was the more common. None of the bases found showed any central pic-
ture on the interior of the kylix.

' It may be urged in reply to tliis that Athens continued to use the archaic type of coins through the fifth century,
but that was due to a special cause.

BLACK-FIGURE STYLE 177

1.

Plate LXII. 7. Fragment of liin. Band of glaze oil rim. Panther's head full-front, and back
of some other animal.

This woiild seem to be one of the earliest fragments of the style found at the Ileraeum. The
panther on the animal zone shows tlie Corintho-Attic influence.

8. Eim. Same technique. Rider to left clad in a white chiton ; behind him a spear or a goad
of another figure. Incised lines used on hair, eye, and arm.

This fragment is by all odds the finest bit of black-figure work we found.

9. Warrior, armed with shield, greaves, and corselet. Five white balls on the shield.

This addition of a shield device in white is extremely common in black-figure work. Half a
dozen similar fragments were found.

10. Lower part of driver with long white chiton in chariot to right. Behind him rear part of
horse to left, white dots on legs.

Other fragments showed figures of men or women in procession, animals, etc. White
is always used to mark the flesh color for the female figure and red very frequently for
the men. The glazed band is generally separated from the main zone by a slight
projection.

2.

Main zone directly along the rim.

11. Head of man to right.

12. Head of horse to right. This fragment in point of drawing is among the best we found.

13. Female head to left ; flesh white, incised lines along edge of hair. Red fillet in hair.

14. Satyr to right ; ivy vine in field.

Satyrs were found on quite a number of fragments. The drawing in every case was extremely
careless.

15. Eye with iris in white, and white circle ; in field, ivy vine. To the right of the eye what
appears to be a satyr stooping with one hand on the ground. Streak of white marking perhaps
a wine skin which the satyr is carrying.

With ivy border along nm.

16. Head of sphinx (part of wing showing) to left, flesh white, red fillet in hair.

Fragments of this description were extremely numerous. Quite a number of frag-
ments were found which showed only a palmette system around the exterior, ornamented
at intervals by white or yellow dots.

Shjphoi. iBerl. Cat. vi. 190.)
Fragments belonging to this form were not very numerous.

17. Fragment of skyphos. Reddish yellow clay, with black glaze on interior. Herakles and
the Nemean lion.

If the interpretation of the scene is correct this fragment is clearly later than 550 B. c, since
the type of Herakles strangling the lion without the aid of any weapon is not introduced in vase-
painting till after this date (Roscher's Lex. I. p. 2197). The form of this vase differs slightly
from that of the Berlin type, as the rim is not so sharply defined.

It was very difficult in the case of the other fragments to tell whether they should be
considered as belonging to this or the kylix form.

Tripod Bowl.

18. Le«- with rim of bowl similar to Plate LXI. 21. Slight moulding on rim, glazed. Two
male heads facing each other and a third head on the left. This was the only fragment of a black-
figure bowl of this description.

178 THE VASES AMD VASE FRAGMENTS

Am2)hora.

19. Foot and leg to left. The style of the drawing suggests a Panathenaic amphora.
Fragments of aniphoras were extremely scarce. Some half a dozen belonged to the

rims of large amphoras and showed the usual lotos chain on the flat surface of the rim.
One fragment of the side showed the lower part of three seated figures. Several bases
and a few fragments of amphora covers were found, the latter showing a ray pattern in
the centre and an animal zone around it.

Lehythos.

20. Side of lekythos ; horse and rider to right.

Fragments of lekythoi were quite common. Such as had any decoration showed a remarkable
lack of finish. 20 is the best specimen. Horses, single, double, or in a quadriga, formed the usual
subjects.

Plate.

21. Fragment of plate, exterior glazed. On interior, heads of Diouysos and satyr, red ap2)Hed
on the hair and beard of each. Above Dionysos's head, ivy leaves.

22. Same. Head of cock.

The exact form of these plates cannot be determined, as it is impossible to tell
whether they were provided with a foot. No other fragments were found.

We also found a fragment of a pliiale precisely similar to one in Syracuse [Not. d.
Scav. 1893, p. 479) and a fragment of a patera. The latter had no decoration except a
tongue pattern (red and black lobes) on the flat surface of the rim.

POLYCHROME WAKE.

Only four fragments of this ware were found.

23. Fragment of kylix. Black glaze on exterior ; interior covered with a white slip on which is
the arm of a figure in black and the corner of a garment (?) in red. Below, what seems to be a
spear.

24. Base of alabastron, white ground. Border of rays, points downward, and the feet of a
figure in black.

Two other very small fragments were also found. These had a white ground on which was the
haunch of some animal with red dots on the leg. Oue fragment sliowed a human hand over
the animal's body. Judging by the style, the last two fragments belong to the early part of the
black-figure period.

The following fragments are selected from a dozen similar ones. Their identification
is difficult, but it seems most probable, owing to the presence of the applied stripe in red,
that they belong to the class just mentioned p. 176), which may possibly have taken
the place of Attic products at the Heraeum. The technique in all is the same ; light red
clay, covered on both sides with a black glaze, to which the decoration is applied in white
and red. A few fragments from Naukratis in the British Museum show a similar use of
white, but the motives are difEerent, nor are the red stripes employed.

25. Fragment of kylix. On rim, red stripe ; flower pattern in white laid sideways.

26. The same. Two bands of flower pattern were evidently represented. Below, two red
stripes.

27 Central part of kylix. Lotos pattern in white.

RED-FIGURE STYLE.

It is difficult to make any selection of the red-figure fragments. Less types are repre-
sented than in the black-figure style, and, furthermore, such as we have are, with one

RED-FIGURE STYLE. POLYCHROME WARE 179

exception, of little importance. As far as can be told from the various bases and handles
preserved, three sha])es were represented, — kylix, amphora, and sk-yphos. Exactly six
fragments of the first period of the severe style were found, of which five are here repre-
sented. Of a rhyton, representing the head of a satyr probably, the eye, one ear, and
part of the beard were also found, but no reconstruction was possible.

SEVERE STYLE.

28. Fragment from rim of kylix. Palmette.

29. Fragment of kylix. Backs of two horses. Ou the flank of the first, a small wheel orna-
ment, and a baud on the shoulder.

30. Fragment of kylix. Female figure, draped, with arm extended. Perhaps an Athena.

31. Form uncertain. Leg of a warrior to right armed with shield, with a frieze border. Glaze
badly worn ; traces of preliminary drawing.

The fifth fragment of this period is the polychrome kylix (see below). The sixth
fragment represented a palmette similar to 28.

LATER STYLE.

32. Fragment of amphora. Upper part of woman's head to left (maenad probably), with a
saccos, holding a thyrsos ; above, tongue pattern.

33. Fragment of kylix or skyphos. Boy holding torch to right.

34. Fragment of amphora. Man in mantle with staff, facing another figure (probably a woman)
clad in chiton and himation.

The other fragments showed the upper part of a youth wrapped in a mantle, very poorly
drawn ; two hoofs of a horse clear of the ground, probably represented as galloping ;
parts of garments of several figures, and various bits of palmettes, tongue patterns, etc.

POLYCHROME WARE.

Plate LXVIII. Two fragments ^ of a kylix (form, Berl. Cat. vi. 224). Exterior entirely
covered with a black glaze, fairly brilliant. The original form seems to have been the squat-footed
type with a thick base, characteristic of the smaller kylikes with no decoration on the exterior.

The entire interior is covered with a whitish yellow slip slightly reddish in places. The central
picture, bounded by a plain circle, represents a gi-oup on an exei'gue, a nude satyr (upper part of
head missing) leaning on some object, probably a rock. He has a horse's tail and long shaggy
beard ; his chest and abdomen down to the pubes are thickly covered with hair. Faint red lines
are used for the muscles of the stomach and the knee cap. On b a foot projecting from a garment
to right upon an exergue. In the field of a, inside the circle, E A (ey[pa<^o-£>']?).

The subject of the composition is not quite clear. We have a group of two figures, a satyr and
another figure, which may be male or female ; the circle is too small for a third figure. Three
interpretations are possible, — Satyr and Dionysos, Marsyas and Athena (Reseller's Lex. II.
p. 2446), Satyr and Maenad. The first is possible, but unlikely, as Dionysos is generally repre-
sented with an attendant satyr on each side. The second is extremely doubtful, for the object in
the centre rather speaks against it, at least if we imagine such a scene conceived in the spirit of tlie
Berlin lekythos (Baum. Denk. p. 1001, fig. 1209). The last interpretation is the most likely,
though how the group was represented is impossible to say.

The loss of the lai-ger part of the subject is irritating enough, but the mutilated inscription is
still more perplexing. That iypatjxxiv was written, and that the artist's name followed the verb
seems most probable, but what the name was cannot be conjectured on such sliglit indications.

If, as is possible, the vase is by some well-known artist, more can be gained through the stylistic
features. The class of polychrome vases known to us at present is not very large. Hartwig ^ enu-

1 Another fragment with part of the handle was found ^ Meisterschalen, p. 499, note 1.

which had no decoration except the white slip.

180 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

inerates twenty-five, and there are two in tlie Louvre ; > the number is increased to twenty-eight
by our vase. The attitude of the satyr on a polychrome kylix from Kuvo- with 'AXKt/Jia8j;s xaAds is
very similar to that of the satyr here, but our vase cannot be restored so as to resemble the former,
since no room exists on our fragment for the satyr to hold anything in his hand, much less a kan-
tliaros. The style of the Ruvo kylix is certainly later than ours, which resembles more the Nau-
kratis fragments in the British Museum.'^ I caimot go so far as to assign these fragments to
Euphronios, as they hardly seem to me good enough, but I think on the whole that they show his
style more than that of any other artist and are certainly contemporaneous with his later i)eriod.
We may conclude that the vase is painted in the Eui^hronian style (perhaps by one of his jjupils),
probably about 485-480 b. c.

Practically the history of the vase fragments found at the Heraeum ends here, for the
number of vases of any kind of a later date than the Persian wars found on the site are
so scarce as to have little value. A few scattered fragments of Megarean ware, Roman
lamps and a Byzantine cup, are all that represent a period of six centuries.

It seems probable, then, that the embargo instituted by Argos against Attic vases was
either never removed, or else that the Argive potters abandoned vase-making entirely.
We know tliat for at least a century almost no vases of any kind were made in Greece
outside of Athens ; the Attic ware was undoubtedly cheaper and more popular than that
made by local potters. At Argos fragments of a later date are so few that there seems
no reason for supposing the embargo was removed, and it is hardly possible to suppose
that the manufacture of the black glazed fragments mentioned above continued steadily
on. For a time, perhaps, that ware may have been a satisfactory substitute, but it is
hardly credible that the Argives should always have been contented with it. We must
suppose, therefore, that somewhere about the beginning of tlie fifth century the activity
of Argos as an industrial centre for vase-making ceased entirely, and there being no foi"-
eign importations to serve as a substitute, the custom of dedicating vases at the Heraeum
fell into abeyance. It is also possible to suppose that this custom had declined in the
rest of Greece, for with the exception of the Kabirion at Thebes, vases of a later date
than the fifth century are not found on any temple sites. From that time onwards vases
are only found in graves,

CHAPTER VIII.

VASES IN RELIEF AND LATER VASES.

Although the vases in relief represent two widely different periods, it has seemed best
to include them inider one chapter. Two different styles are represented, — the Red-ware
vases and the so-called Megarean vases. The latter are practically the only vase frag-
ments of any kind found at the Heraeum which are luidoubtedly later than the fifth
century.

RED WARE.

Almost all the fragments belonging to this style are given on Plate LXIII. They

' Monuments et Memoires (Fondatioii Eugfsne Plot), its origin, and is directly iuflueuced by metal work

1895, pis. V. and vi. (Loeschcke, Arch. Zeit. 1881, p. 44). As there is little

' Ann. deW Inst. 1877, tav. d' agg. Q (No. 19 in Hart- general resemblance of style in the case of all the f rag-
wig's list). nients from various places, it is probable that each town

• Ilartwig, np. cit. pi. li. had its local st3'le, and that no one town was the manufac-

* The date, provenience, and use of this ware has always turer of all. None of the fragments of this ware found at
been a vexed problem, and only two facts may be re- the Heraeum or elsewhere can be older than the seventh
garded as certain — that it is Greek, not Etruscan, in century.

VASES IN RELIEF 181

are not very numerous, and seem to play a minor part in the Argolid, since outside of
the Heraeum very little ware of this nature was found at Mycenae ' or Tiryns."'

Pottier has analyzed all the existing material up to 188G ( /i. C. //. 1888, p. 491).
Since that date the most important additions have heen published by Diinunler {At hen.
Mitt. 1896, p. 229, pi. vi.) and De Kidder {B. C. H. XXII. [1898], pp. 439 ff., pp. 497 tf.,
pis. iv.-vi. his.

1. Fragment of base of a large pithos. Coarse reddish clay, measuring between 2 and 3 cm. in
thickness. On the base, a zone of figures bounded above and below by a moulding on which a
herring-bone pattern is incised.

On main zone, Ilerakles and the centaurs. In the centre, Herakles to right naked and bearded,
holding a bow iu his left hand, from whicli he is about to shoot an arrow at a centaur advancing
towards him, whose hands, fore legs, and hind leg only are visible. Behind Herakles, another
centaur to left armed with a tree branch, head and front of body wanting. A cutting extends
along the top of the zone, making the lower part of the relief much slighter.

2. From base of another pithos. Clay and subject identical with 1. Below the zone, four rows
of herring-bones incised.

3. Fragment of pithos sinular in clay and subject to 1. At the right of the fragment the figure
of Herakles is repeated. Tlie attitude of the centaur is slightly different from 1, as his left hand
holds the branch of the tree instead of being extended towards Herakles.

If this fragment belongs to the same vase as 1, which seems probable, it must have formed part
of the belly of the vase at its lowest point where it joins the base. Thus it would seem that the
original vase possessed certainly two zones of figures, on the base and belly, with perhaps a third
on tlie rim, leaving the body undecorated.

Some interesting technical features present themselves. It may be seen from 3 that the sub-
ject was repeated, and consists in its simple form of a man and a centaur. As the figures were
stamped from a mould, it seems most ])robable that the original mould was circular in form and
contained only one group ; the mould wiis revolved over the soft clay, encircling the whole circum-
ference, and thus the design was repeated at regular intervals. The fact tliat no trace of any
dividing line between tlie groups can be seen makes this explanation the only natural one. At the
same time the potter might have retouched the groups after stamping and thus secured a little
variety in his figures.^

That the three fragments are contemporaneous is evident. Both style and execution are more
advanced, than in the fragment from Kameiros (Milchhoefer, Anfamje der Kunst, fig. 48), but
there is absolutely no trace of any Oriental influence on our fragments. Also the centaurs are
still treated in the older style — the entire figure of a man combined with the body and hind legs
of a horse.* Although it cannot be said exactly when the change to the later type took place, it
is probable (the Assos reliefs notwithstanding) that the change occurred about the beginning of
the sixth century. But it seems probable that Herakles is here represented, though the club and
quiver are wanting ; this would seem to show an early treatment of the myth.^ We have already
seen archers on the Mycenaean silver vase, but the bow on that vessel does not curve up at the ends
as here. The branch held by the centaurs is, as far as I know, unique in its form. We shall not
be very far wrong if we assign these fragments to the first half of the seventh century.

4 a-d. Four fragments from a round box, probably of pyxis form. Height, 0.10 nj. ; diam-
eter, 0.22 m. ; thickness, 0.01 m. Fine, cleaned yellow clay, with brown glaze on interior, worn off
in patches.

1 Myk. Vas. p. 5.3. in laying so much stress on these differences (p. 4.58),

2 Scliliemann, Tiryns, p. 63, fig. 8 ; p. 64, fig. 9. and denying that the same model was used for both.

3 This is certain, since the Louvre possesses a fragment What differences exist are clearly due to retouching after
identical with the figure of Perseus on the Louvre pithos stamping.

(Ue Ridder, I. c. p. 457, fig. 7), and shows th.it while a * Roseher's Lex. IL p. 1076.

few minor differences can be detected, tlie same moidd ^ Ibid. L p. 2193 ; IL p. 1046.

was used for both figures. De Ridder, 1 think, is wrong

182 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

On rim, a rouiul moulding decorated with a series of wavy vertical lines, incised. Below, two
raised bands. Directly below the moulding the wavy lines end in a series of dull holes. Orna-
mentation of base precisely similar. On the figure zone itself, above and below, appear traces of
a faint band, which were probably originally like those below the i-im moulding. The figures of
the zone are nmch worn, in some places almost obliterated. The subject, as far as it can be ascer-
tained, represents a lion hunt by men on horseback and on foot.

a. Fragment of rim. At the left, horse and rider galloping to left. Rider holds reins in one
hand and brandishes a spear behind him in the other. Below the horse, some animal, probably a
dog. Behind the horse, a bearded man crouching to left, stretching his right hand towards the
rider while grasping with his left the mane of a lion who is evidently sitting on his haunches. Be-
low the lion's head is the head of another lion very faintly outlined. At the right of the fragment,
a lion walking to right, whose head is grasped by the right hand of another bearded man, crouching
on one knee, who holds a spear in his left with which he spears the lion. At the extreme right of
the fragment, the outstretched hand of another figure.

b. The same. Two horses with riders galloping to left. The fore part of the left-hand horse
and the rear part of the other are wanting. The riders hold whips in their left hands and the
reins in their right.

C. The same. Lion's head to right and two crouching bearded figures to left. This group is
the duplicate of that on the right of a.

d. Fragment of base. Feet of one lion and fore foot of a second to right.

These fragments are by far the finest of the vases in relief we found. As far as can be told
from the fragments, we have one scene — two horsemen, crouching man, two lions, and two crouch-
ing men, repeated twice. Whether another figure was added is uncertain. At all events, if we
assume that these seven figui-es formed the whole scene, there is room enough on the vase for
three separate repetitions of them. This was undoubtedly done by the use of the circular mould
(v. No. 3).

The repetition of the lion's head on a is curious. Either the artist endeavored to represent two
lions (delineating the fainter one with a knife), or else, more probably, he failed to secure a good
impression of the mould on the first trial and therefore repeated it.

The style of the fragment is distinctly Argive and the Oriental influence more marked than in
the preceding. At the same time, judging by the lack of ornaments in field, the fragments would
fall in the early part of the Oriental Argive style, about the middle of the seventh century. The
execution of the figure is better than in 1-3, but it cannot be said with any certainty what the
chronological difference is between them.

The following fragment is of a later date and would seem to belong to the Corinthian period.

5. Fragment of a large vase, perhaps a pithos. Coarse yellowish clay, covered with a brilliant
yellow slip.

Between two borders (tongue pattern), zone of animals. On the left, the head of a sphinx and
a panther or lion ; both to right. In the centre of the fragment, a palmette. At the right, another
panther (head full-front) and rear part of another sphinx (wing showing) both to right.

The whole scene is merely a grouping of those animals which the Oriental influence had made
popular and which is especially characteristic of the Corinthian style. All the special features,
head of panther full-front, sphinx, palmette as ornament in field, etc., are distinctly characteristic
of that style. This fragment is the only one of this ware which shows a distinct foreign influence,
and may not be due to a local school ; we may assign it to the earlier part of the Corinthian period,
i. e. towards the end of the seventh century.

6. Neck of vase. Diameter, 0.05 m. ; height, 0.054 m. Brick red clay, with palmette-lotos
chain stamped upon the neck.

This fragment also would seem to belong to the Corinthian period.

MEGAREAN WARE.

The presence of this ware at the Heraeum furnishes one of tlie many problems with
which we have to deal. Fragments of these vases reijresented the only vases which fall

MEGAREAN WARE. LAMPS 183

between the first half of the fifth century and the Roman times. We have aheady
stated that the embargo against Athenian vases probably killed the vase industry at
Argos, but why this particular ware, which is quite common in Greece, should be the
sole representative of all the other styles peculiar to this period, South Russian, Lower
Italian, Arretine, etc., is a question which finds no satisfactory solution.

This particular style is generally attributed to Megara,' and belongs to the third and
second centuries. The only historical connection between Megara and Argos known to
us is that the former joined the Achaean League in 243 b. c.,^ and the latter some fifteen
years later. This date suits our fragments well, and thus it would seem that as the two
states were brought together in the end of the third century, importations of Megarean
industries took place in Argos. Why Argos should suddenly have imported this ware is
hard to say ; at any rate, it was the only ware manufactured at this time by a city of
Greece proper.

The amount of this ware filled about half a basket. No whole vases were found, and
none could be reconstructed. All the fragments shoAV the usual technique — a reddish
clay, covered on both sides with a brown or red glaze (sometimes steely black) and
adorned with figures in low relief, the execution on the whole being rather poor. The
shallow cup without handles is the only form represented and the decoration follows the
usual scheme. On the bottom a pattern of leaves,^ above a zone of figures and below the
rim a border composed of a double wave pattern. Ornaments in field, rosettes, etc., are
added freely to the figure zone. Some of the fragments showed no figure zone, but were
entirely covered with a leaf pattern. What the subjects of the figure zones were cannot
be told. Very few of the fragments possessed any interest.

PLATE LXII.

35. Horse and rider to right ; below, leaf pattern with rosettes in the spaces between the points
of the leaves.

36. Original diameter, 0.128 m. ; lieight, about 0.065 m. Steely black glaze. On base, tliree
concentric circles. Figures very much worn, one group repeated twice. Warrior to right with
sliiekl and helmet, stretching his right hand behind him, and a female figure (Victory). In field,
a rosette and a tripod (?).

37. Bearded man to right with staff, holding out his right hand to a woman, who holds a vase in
her right hand. In field, rosettes, circles, and bird. Below, leaf pattern.

The other fragments showed various figures, bulls' heads, vases (axnphoras), etc., etc.

With these fragments the sequence of vases at the Heraeum practically closes, and it is
difficult to say whether any pottery of a later date can be detected. I have noted before
that a large mass of the rough undecorated pottery might as well be Roman as early
work, but the evidence does not seem to be conclusive either way.

About twenty small bottles, usually known as ' Tear Jugs,' without decoration, were
found. These were uniformly of a red or grayish clay and differ in no way from the
well-known type. Judging from evidence of those found elsewhere, they seem to belong

to the second century b. c.

LAMPS.

About twenty of these were found more or less intact, and a small number of fragments.
Those belonging to the Greek period have a small spout with a large opening, the handle

1 Furtwiingler, Samml. Sabouroff, pis. Ixxiii. and Ixxiv, ; ■ Holm, History of Greece, IV. p. 260.

Benudorf, Griechische und Sicilische Vasenbilder, pis. " Samml. Sab. pi. Ixxiii.

Iviii.-lx.

184

THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

standing clear of the vase as in a kylix. The Roman lamps are rather squat and heavy,
with a small opening and an upright projection for a handle. Several of the lamps
through the presence of a cross clearly helonged to the Christian period.

Greek lamps were f(nind only in fragments. Two of the Roman lamps had figure
decoration, the rest being ornamented with a large rosette, etc., in the centre.

38. Top of lamp. Diameter, 0.068 m. ; length, 0.09 m. Dark red clay, with projection for
handle. Youth with spear in his left hand holding bridle of a horse. Wave pattern on rim.
This relief is interesting, since it supports the view already propounded by FurtwJingler, that

the Doryphorus of Polycleitus was accompanied by a horse, on ac-
count of a relief found at Argos {Athm. Mitt. III. [1878], p. 287,
pi. xiii.). Our lamp presents a striking similarity to tlie Ai'gos i-elief,
but is probably of a later date, as it cannot be earlier than the Roman
period.

39. Lamp, spout broken. Height, 0.032 m. ; diameter, 0.07 m. ;
length, 0.083 m. Red clay. Youth to left blowing double pipes,
with some uncertain object in field. On rim, circles.

GL.4SS.

Fragments of glass vases wei-e scarce, and only one vase
could be restored. The fragments seem as a rule to represent
low bottles of the ordinary type. All fragments were very
much corroded, the silvery surface flaking off readily if
touched. A few of the fragments showed a ribbed surface.

Fig. 99. Height, 0.145 m. Bottle of usual type. On neck, series

of raised bands. At the back of the neck a small projection, which

probably did not represent the base of a handle, as a handle does

not belong to this type of bottle.

Fig. 99.

None of the fi-agments were worth reproducing ; the
majority of them Avere bases with a low boss in the centre
after the fashion of a modern wine bottle.

^^mUft^^ BYZANTINE.

pjg jQQ Fig. 100. Height, 0.05 m. ; diameter, 0.09 m. One-handled

cup of dark red clay. The entire surface of botli exterior and
interior has been covered with a shiny iridescent yellow glaze. Under the glaze the surface of
the clay is speckled with yellow dots ; the handle is divided into two parts.

This vase was the only specimen of Byzantine ware found.

Fig. 101.

Above the tail is all

INSCRIPTIONS ON YASES

BY TIIEODOKE WOOLSEY HEERMANCE

I. PAINTED INSCRIPTIONS.

1. (Fig. 101.) Neck and handle of an aryballos of Corinthian style (p. 171). Diameter
of mouth, 0.054 m. Clay yellow or light buff, with yellow slip. Decoration carefully
painted in brown, with some
red. The cuts (from draw-
ings by Gillieron) show re-
spectively top, back, and side
views of the fragment. Be-
low the handle a bit of the
body of the vase is preserved,
and on it appears the wing

and tail of a bird, painted in light brown, with incised details,
that remains of the inscription, also in a light brown.

The drawing gives no adequate idea of the condition of the surface, and tends to make
certain traces of letters appear clearer than they really are, while discolorations of the
surface, which confuse the reading, are not indicated. All that is sure are jM, and, to
the right of phi, a Sikyonian e-sign. What followed is as uncertain as what preceded,
for the paint has largely disappeared, and, in places, the slip as well. Traces of at least
three letters are visible, but they are too indistinct to justify any conjectures as to the
original reading.

It is to be regretted that the inscription is not complete, for it is older than that on
the Berlin amphora a colonnette, 1147, and Sikyonian inscrip-
tions on vases are of interest if only for their rarity. Cf.
Kretschmer, Griech. Vaseninschriften, p. 51, and YlpaKTiKoi,
1899, p. 61 (from Thermon).

2. (Fig. 102.) Two fragments of a deinos ; combined length,
0.117 m. Clay light bufE, with dull black glaze inside and out.
in a dirty brown immediately below rim.

vBp6<; fie dv\_€dr]Ke]

The loop of the second letter preserved differs in size and shape from the loop of the
third letter ; hence the combination -Bp- is preferable to -pp--

3. For Ar[/ras] or Ai[i'eas] on a fragment of late-Corinthian ware, see above, p. 173.

Fig. 102.

Inscription painted

II. INCISED INSCRIPTIONS.

PLATE LXIX.'

1. On flat rim of small bowl. Buff clay, poor brownish glaze.

ras H[/3as '^ju.t]
1 The inscriptions are reproduced in tlie actual size of the originals.

186 THE VASES AND VASE FRAGMENTS

2. Red clay, good black glaze. Inscription on inside of vase, close to lip.

The author of the inscription at first omitted El* in BEI^AS; but seeing his mistake
before he scratched the next word, changed the A to E and the § to F* .

3. Fragment of black-figured ware of reddish clay. Below the inscription are the
carelessly drawn head and shoulders of a male figure.

[ras "Hpa^'s -qfii

In front of the sigma the second hasta of the alpha is still visible.

4. Reddish clay, good glaze.

[ras H/3]as?

5. Buff clay, poor glaze.

^^ ^ fH^la?

For the nominative of the name of the divinity in dedications, cf. Naukratis, I. p. 62,
No. 447 ; II. p. 67, Nos. 841-844.

6. Fragment of black-figured ware. Inscription on rim below lip.

[6 Set^/a ju,' a.vedyf\Ke. T\_a Hpa]

' After tau part of the alpha is preserved.

7. Fragment of black glazed ware, with two red lines 0.02 m. below lip. Inscription
immediately under lip, but inverted.

[6 Seii'ci jxt Ka]Te8wK[e] ?

Part of the alpha is preserved. With KareSwKc compare Kd6r]K€, KciddrjKe, KaTedr)K€
{Naukratis, I. p. 61, No. 185 ; II. p. 65, Nos. 788-792, 840).

8. On foot of kylix. Brown clay, lustrous black glaze.

[6 Seiva ju.' €]7re8a>K€ tw Mikw

The form eVeSwKie is found also in a Boeotian incised inscription, Berlin, 1968. For the
name Mikos (Fick-Bechtel, Griech. Personennamen, p. 33) cf. G. Meyer, Griech. Gram''.
p. 363, note.

The genuineness of this inscription is not beyond suspicion.

9. Buff clay, with brownish black glaze inside and out, and dull red stripe below in-
scription.

This is the only occurrence of kopjia and the only retrograde inscription.

10. Brownish clay ; the poor glaze has disappeared with the slip ; on interior, parallel
with lip, are purple stripes. The inscription encircled neck of vase, just below lip.

Jacrcoi' — (or ]acrwv[Sa9]) — [/x' dj/e^ijKc]

From one to three letters are missing at the beginning of the name.
IL Fragment of black-figured ware.

'Av8/De[a? /A avedrjKe]

12. Brown glaze. Inscription just below rim. If it is part of a proper name, there
are several possibilities, as : ' Avrdvl^uip], " A-vravl^po^], [n]aj'Taj/[w/3], [n]ai'Tai'[8/309],
\y\\avT<i.v\€^t.o<i\.

13. Low bowl, which resembles in shape Furtwiingler, Berl. Cat. vi. 215, restored

INSCRIPTIONS ON VASES 187

from several fragments. One horizontal and one vertical handle. Diameter of top,
0.096 m. Black glaze inside and out. The inscription, which is complete, encircles the
top of the vase, and is divided into two parts by the handles.

Though every character is perfectly clear, no satisfactory interpretation of the inscri|v
tion is here offered. A close parallel in letter-forms is afforded by an incised inscription
on a fragment of black glazed ware from Mycenae (/. G. A. 29). In both this and in
the inscription from the Heraeum liipoo^ corresponds exactly, letter for letter, even
to the small o-signs and the narrow four-barred slrjmn. Yet to change rpv of the
Heraeum inscription to to is entirely too violent, and no other explanation suggested has
more in its favor.

14. Brown clay, with dull black glaze. Silenus head in relief on top of vertical handle
to left of inscription, which is set in a frame of incised lines.

ep

Can this be the same as No. 13? The letters appear to be later.

Nos. 15-20 are incised on the outside of their respective vases ; Nos. 21-23 on the
inside ; and Nos. 24-29 on the bottom.

The characters of No. 16 are similar to those of No. 2.

No. 22 is on the reverse of No. 16.

No. 26 shows the Corinthian form of beta.

30. On bottom of small unglazed vase of dark gray clay. Inscription pressed into

the moist clay before firing.

'HpaxXei

ov

This inscription is shown by its letter-forms to be some centuries later than Nos. 1-29.

The Argive Heraeum

Plate L

VASE FRAGMENTS.— PRIMITIVE VASES

The Argive Heraeum

Plate LI

VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE : DULL FINISH AND CLASS II, i LUSTROUS FINISH

The Argive Hkraeum

Plate LII

43

42 "^^

VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASSES II, 2 AND III, i.

The Argive Heraeum

Plate LIII

36«

36»

VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE : CLASS III, :.

The Argive Herabum

Plate LIV

VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASS III, 2.

The Argive Heraeum

Plate L\

VASE FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN STYLE: CLASSES III, 2 AND IV

The Argivf. Heraeum

Plate LVI

VASE FRAGMENTS.-GEOMETRIC STYLE: LINEAR MOTIVES, HORSES, BIRDS, ETC.

The Argive Heraeilm

Plate LVII

VASE FRAGMENTS.— GEOMETRIC STYLE: HUMAN AND ANIMAL FIGURES.

The Argive Heraeum

Platb LVIII

12fi

VASE FRAGMENTS— GEOMETRIC STYLE: DIPYLON AND AEGINETAN.

The Argive Heraeum

Platk LIX

25 <f

VASE FRAGMENTS.— ARGIVE STYLE.

The Argive Heraeum

Plate LX

VASE FRAGMENTS.— LOCAL STYLE.

The Argivk Hkraeum

Plate LXI

VASE FRAGMENTS.— CORINTHIAN STYLE.

The Argive Heraeum

Plate LXII

VASE FRAGMENTS— EARLY ATTIC, CYRENAEAN, RED AND BLACK-FIGURE, MEGARA WARE, ETC.

The Argivk Hbraeum

Plate LXIII

VASE FRAGMENTS.— VASES IN RELIEF.

The Argive Heraecm

Plate LXIV

nrnn

VASE FRAGMENTS. — VARIOUS ARGIVE TYPES

The Argive Hekaeum

Plate LXV

VASE FRAGMENTS. — ARGIVE STYLE: CLASS III

The Aroive Heraeum

Plate LXVI

VASE FRAGMENTS.— GEOMETRIC, ARGIVE, AND LOCAL TYPES

Thb Argivb Heraeum

Plate LXVIl

VASE FRAGMENTS.— LOCAL TYPES

The Argive Hkrael'm

Plate LXVIII

f

VASE FRAGMENTS. -POLYCHROME KYLIX

The Argivk IIkraei'M

I^gSS n^

<.

O/vJ

zi

I HANC

13

R V

B

VASE FRAGMENTS.

Plate LXIX

:ISED INSCRIPTIONS

THE BRONZES OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM

THE BRONZES OF THE ARGIVE HERAEUM

By HERBERT FLETCHER DeCOU

INTRODUCTION

The Bronzes which are described in the following Catalogue * were found, for the most
part, in the deposits and strata that yielded the larger portion of primitive and archaic
objects in other materials, and their study is accordingly subject to the conditions of pro-
venience which have already been set forth in the General Introduction (Vol. I. pp. 38 fP.).
In other words, while many pieces were found on the uppermost terrace, and still more
beneath and in front of the Cyclopean supporting wall of the same terrace, especially
back of the Northeast Stoa (HI), by far the greatest number lay on the west and south
slopes of the main terrace, particularly near the southwest angle of the retaining wall
described in Vol. I. pp. 118 ff., and so formed part of the rubbish employed in preparing
the site for the Second Temple. Bronzes were also found in and about the West and
Northwest buildings (VII, VIII), and, to a less extent, in other parts.

Distinctions in strata and periods of deposit, such as are mentioned in the General
Introduction, Vol. I. p. 41, cannot be maintained so far as concerned the bronzes, because
in their case no strata and very few depths were recorded. It may be said, however,
that the general terminus mite quern, which is indicated for the majority of the finds by
the date of the burning of the Old Temple (423 b. c), holds with few or no exceptions
for the entire mass of bronze material discovered in so far as dependence can be placed
on considerations of style or comparison with the results of other excavations. Any fur-
ther chronological distinctions which may be made rest entirely on such evidence.

Conclusions as to the purpose or use of buildings at the Heraeum cannot safely
be drawn from the bronzes found in them, because the proveniences specially recorded,
though including most of the more important objects, are in slight proportion to the total
number found — 604 : 5738 approximately. To this principle the noticeable number of
straight pins, fibulae, and rings attributed to the West Building (VII) can hardly be
regarded as an exception, because it seems probable — at least to the present writer —

1 Acknowledgments for assistance are given under the in-chief, Professor Waldstein, for permission to undertake

respective numbers in the catalogue, but I desire to ex- the work and for various suggestions, and to the Arcliae-

press here my sense of particular obligation to Profes- ological Institute and the Committee in charge of the

sors Richard Norton and J. C. Hoppin for aid of every Heraeum publication for their patience and liberality,

kind, and to many other friends for encouragement and Especial thanks are also due to the Ephors in charge of

suggestions. Professor Norton's relation to the work tlie National Museum at Athens for their unfailing cour-

requires furthermore a special statement. During my tesy, as well as to the late Dr. A. S. Murray for permission

absence in Greece in the spring of 1903, he with the to publish the silver pin (see Platk CXXXVII.) and for

utmost kindness undertook and performed the tedious tlie privilege of using the reading-room of liis department

task of revising, condensing, and copying the manuscript in the British Museum. Finally, I am indebted to Mr. C. R.

of the Introduction and of numbers 1-1849 of the Cata- Morey for service as amanuensis generously rendered to

logue. To Miss M. Louise Nichols is due grateful acknow- Professor Norton and myself, and to Johannes Papadakes,

ledgment for the final revision of the entire manuscript t€X'"''''1J in the Museum at Athens, for much assistance

for the printers. I am also under obligation to the editor- in cleaning tlie bronzes and for many practical hints.

191

192 THE BRONZES

that some of them may belong rather to the deposits about the retaining wall above
mentioned."

The brt)nzes when discovered were for the most part heavily oxidized. In very few
cases had the oxidation taken the form of a patina. The majority of the roughly oxi-
dized pieces (some 3938 specimens) were cleaned by the slow and somewhat tedious
process employed by the Greek government for the removal of oxides." The patinated
pieces were left untouched, together with others in which the oxides had already destroyed
the bronze in whole or in part, and a considerable number of pieces which did not seem
of sufficient interest to repay the trouble.

A brief account of the method of classification which has been followed in the case of
these bronzes has been given in Vol. I. pp. 02 f. That in it the first division has been
made according to genera rather than styles is due to the following considerations:
(1) Throughout the study of these bronzes their rights and requirements as museum
material have been kept in view. The first duty that is owed to the products of an
excavation, after means have been taken to secure their preservation, is a convenient and
systematic arrangement in a museum. Unless the strata or pockets in which the objects
have been found are very sharply defined or clearly distinguished, the arrangement by
kinds or subjects is the more convenient. (2) The same principle holds true for the first
pubhcation of the finds, because the primary object of this is, of course, to make the finds
available to the public as material with which to work. In other words, the first publi-
cation of an excavation should be a portable museum, so to speak, of the objects found.
(3) Our knowledge of the history and interrelations of the styles of early Greek art is, in
the opinion of the writer at least, too slight and unstable to make it safe or desirable to
found thereon a classification which, whether for museum or first publication, should in
its main lines, at least, be, so far as possible, permanent.

In the second division an attempt has been made to group and order the objects accord-
ing to style and chronology, but the method followed has been, where possible, inductive ;
that is, the selection and arrangement of catalogue numbers has been made with a view
toward securing a continuous development from one subdivision of a type to another, and,
where it seemed practicable, from type to type. It is for this purpose that many objects
have been entered and described which would not of themselves be of any especial value
or intei'est.

Though the so-called styles have not been made the main basis for classification, a list
of the principal types and objects which would be attributable to them has been given in

' The West Building came to light before the construe- proportions of zinc and acid vary with circumstances, and

tious east and southeast of it, and objects found were must be learned by practice. This part of the process

labeled accordingly until the outline and relations of the may require to be protracted from a week to a year or

successively appearing walls became clear. more, but, if all has gone well, its result is to leave the

2 Described Deltion, 1888, p. 228, and J. H. S. X. p. 275. surface of the bronze entirely free from verdigris and
Cf. Bather, /. H. S. XIII. p. 124. A brief description covered with a dark brown deposit which in no way in-
of the process may be of service to those who do not have terferes with the clearness of the finest details. The
access to the Deltion. In a glazed earthenware bowl is remainder of the process is brief. On removal from the
spread a layer of scraps of zinc. On this are laid the bath just described the bronzes are put into a solution of
bronzes to be cleaned. They are then covered with potash {avepaKinhv KiXiov) consisting of about one part of
water into which about ten per cent, or less of hydro- potash to nine of water. After twenty-four hours they
chloric acid is poured. At intervals which should not are removed and placed for the same period in distilled
exceed two days, at least in the earlier part of the pro- water. They are then dried and covered with a thin coat-
cess, the bronzes and zinc (if any remains) must be taken ing of melted white wax. A vigorous polishing with a
out and bmshed with a stiff brush, the bowl rinsed, and a brush completes the process,
fresh bath prepared in the same manner as the first. The

INTRODUCTION 193

the abstract cited above. As the material for comparison derived from deposits of dat-
able periods is not very extensive, this list can be considered only as an approximation.
Until more material is at hand, the " Primitive " period must be regarded as but scantily
represented, the suspension vase (No. 2019) being almost the only object which could
not well be put in one of the later periods, and even the earlier Mycenaean period offers
nothing which could not equally well be assigned to later Mycenaean times.

Under " Geometric " have been included various things which should perhaps be
kept apart, i. e. small animals cast in imitation of hammered technique, and engraved,
punched, and repousse linear designs, but as the occurrence of figures of similar tech-
nique in connection with engraved or linear ornamentation imifcited in cast work is well
known in the case of the large tripods, and the distinction between punched and repousse
work is often difficult to maintain, especially in the case of thin mettil strips, it seems jus-
tifiable to group objects of similar style together without prejudice to the question as to
the origin of their resjjective techniques. Where this is done, however, it is necessary to
guard against the danger of drawing conclusions as to development and chronology from
what may very likely be a fortuitous association. Because a certain type of figurine is
found in certain cases in connection with engraved linear ornament, it by no means fol-
lows that we have the right to put all the bronzes which have linear ornament along with
them and thus build up a great class. So at the Heraeum the tripod legs, the animals of
style similar to the figures which occur on tripods, and the fibulae with the same style of
figures engraved on the blade very probably belong together, but there is no adequate
reason for placing the other objects, such as pins, sheathings, etc., which have linear
designs, in the same category historically. Many of them are probably much earlier.

The small number of bronzes of the so-called Dipylon style thus left indicates plainly
enough the slight and transitory character of the influence of this style on Argive metal
work. Such specimens as Nos. 23 and 49, which have linear ornaments, are under the
influence of the geometric style only in the wider sense referred to above. We can
scarcely speak of a Geometric or Dipylon period so far as concerns Argive bronzes.

As has been pointed out in the above-mentioned abstract, the same is true at Argos of
the so-called Oriental style. Modification of design, as in the case of the griffin, under
the influence of the Orient, there may be, but that here Argos herself bore a consider-
able share in the construction of the new type may be inferred from the Argive crater
mentioned by Herodotus (IV. 152). The essential qualities of style and technique
remain what they were before, that is, Mycenaean.

The space required for the catalogue renders it inexpedient to enter here into a more
general discussion of the relations of Argive metal work to that of the other centres
of similar industry in Greece and Ionia. While this is reserved for another occasion,
there are two points to which attention should be caUed : (1) The uniform technical
excellence exhibited by the Heraeum bronzes, even the earliest of them ; the inscription
No. 1826 will serve as an approximately datable example of masterly handicraft.
(2) Inasmuch as the bronzes from the Heraeum exhibit the same qualities of design,
style, and technique as very many others which have been found at Olympia, Athens,
Dodona, and elsewhere, it seems reasonable to consider the claims of Argos to a large
share in the manufacture of such pieces as paramount, resting as they do upon a contin-
uous tradition from Mycenaean times down and upon the actual finds.

CATALOGUE OF BROXZES

I. FRAGMENTS OF STATUES

Platk LXX.

!.• Lock of hair. Provenience unknown.
Broken at top. Damaged by oxidation.
Straight except end, which curls out and
slightly to right. Length, 0.154 m. Width at
top, 0.009 m. Thickness at top, circ. 0.0025
m. ; at bottom, circ. 0.0015 m. Height of curl,
0.008 m. Widtli of curl, i. e. diameter of semi-
circle formed by it, 0.018 m. Engraved in par-
allel lines to show single hairs. Eight grooves
at top, four at bottom of curl, where they stop
just past the middle. Uncertain whether en-
graving was not carried to end of curl, as sur-

face is damaged at that point. Sides engraved
with two grooves each.

2. Lock of liair. Provenience unknown.
Broken at both ends. Length, 0.10 m. Width
at top, 0.008 m. ; at bottom, 0.0065 m. Thick-
ness at top, 0.0045 m. : at bottom, 0.0025 m. En-
graved to represent three strands of hair ; single
liairs indicated within each strand by finer lines.
In first strand on left, four grooves at top and
three below ; in second, three at top and two at
bottom ; three in third. Along middle of each
side, a single groove.*

II. STATUETTES AND FRAGMENTS OF STATUETTES

Plate LXXI.

3. Horseman. From south slope, southwest
corner, 1895. Surface thickly oxidized and
damaged. Legs broken below knees. Hands
broken, the left at wrist, the right above.
Somewhat overcleaned. Original surface shows
around navel and fairly well beneath nipples,
on upper back, on forehead, and on inner
right thigh. Height 0.1275 m. Cast solid.
Figure was rider as shown by position of legs,
hands (hole for reins), and hole in bottom for
attachment to horse. Depth of hole, 0.11 m. ;
direction along axis of body so attitude of figure
depended on whether dowel leaned back or was

' Objects the catalogue numbers of which are printed in
heavy-faced type are illustrated on the Plate cited above
them ; light-faced types in these numbers indicate that
the objects are not illustrated.

2 Cf. Olympia, IV. Nos. 25, 26 [pi. v.], and 28 [text, p.
15], and Nat. Mus., Athens, No. 67J^ (De Bidder, No.
624), from the Acropolis.

• Gait of horse probably slow, if rider leaned back, as
examples of galloping or rearing horses the riders of
whicli lean forward are numerous in archaic art. Cf.
amphora from Caere, Wiener Vorlegeblalter, 1889, pi. x.,
two amphorae of Nicosthenes, ibid. 1890-91, pi. iii., cylix
of Pamphaeus, Harrison and MaccoU, pi. viii., and one of
Onesimus, Hartwig, M eisterschalen, pi. liii. An exception
on pithos in Vienna, Masncr, Samml. antiker Vasen, p. 19,
No. 210. Upright rider with head forward on slow horse

upright. Latter unlikely, as it would have made
figure sit too upright.' Arms bang stifHy ; upper
arms about in axis of body ; forearms at nearly
right angles to upper arm.* Right forearm bent
unnaturally. Right forearm from inner angle
of elbow to knuckles, 0.031 m. ; left forearm,
0.024 m. Otherwise arms naturally modeled,
though no details are given. Hands perforated
for round (wire ?) reins. Thighs disproportion-
ately large, especially towards hips. Knee-caps
carefully indicated. Shoulders broad and square
compared with waist. Upper part of chest with
nipples very full compared to parts beneath.* No
certain indications of muscles, only faint lines

on Corinthian aryballos, Lau, Die griech. Vasen, pi. iv.
No. 2.

* Bronze rider found between Sparta and Megalopolis,
now in Nat. Mus., Athens (No. 7549 = De Bidder, Bronzes
de la Soc. Arch. No. 860, pi. ii.), has about same angle at
elbow, but greater angle at shoulder : hence hands meet
lower down.

« Cf. Holleaux, B. C.H. XI. p. 363, and examples of
extra Peloponnesian provenience, the marble statue in the
Brit. Mus. {Catalogue, Vol. I. p. 84, No. 205; cf. Furt-
wangler, A . Z. 1882, pp. 51 ff. pi. iv.), and the marble
horseman in the Acropolis museum, No. 590 (Winter,
Jahrbuch, VIII. p. 138, No. 7; Sophoules, 'E(pvf^. 'Apx- 1887,
pi. ii.). Torso from Actium in the Louvre, Gaz. Arch. XI.
(1886), pp. 235 £E. pi. xxix. (CoUignou).

STATUETTES

195

running horizontally across chest, distant from
pubes 0.031 ni., 0.0165 m., 0.0145 m. These
probably accidental and due to oxidation.
Note that two planes meet at the nipples.
Slight swelling of abdomen. Navel slightly
indicated. Distance from pubes to plane of
nipples, 0.037 m. ; to base of neck, 0.0565 m.
Distance between nipples, circ. 0.019 m. Back
has no details except slight depression along
spinal column. Angle of back to rump too
sliarp, thus making hips too prominent. Head
high and shallow. Height from chin to top,
0.026 m. Depth from forehead to back, circ.
0.021 m. Width above ears, circ. 0.019 m.^ Face
high and well proportioned. Contour vertical.
Distance from tip of chin to approximate end of
nose, from end of nose to beginning, from begin-
ning to top of forehead, each circ. 0.006 m. Flat
cheeks have high bones. Chin broad and flat.
Mouth small, curving slightly upward. Nose
was straight. Eyes large, rounded, set in large
sockets. Upper lid and eyebrow of left eye may
be traced. Measurements by Kalkmann's system
(in metres) : —

id

■H

a J

a s

H

■a i
a m

Hair-eye
Eye-nose
Lower fa

Hair-eye.
Eye-mou
Mouth-cl

* 0.011(5)

* 0.014(5)

0.00(j{5)

0.006(5)

0.006(5)

0.007

0.004

* 0.01 2

•0.005

•0.008

•0.018(5)

0.018(5)

0.018(5)

0.007

0.004

Canon.

0.018(5)

0.018(5)

* 0.012

•0.014

O.OOfi

0.000

0.006

0.006

0.004

•0.012

•0.006

•0.008

•0.018

0.018

0.018

0.006

0.004

0.018

0.018

Ears about normal, but superficially treated.
Project nearly at right angles. Upper edge of
lobe on line with outer corner of eye. Top on
line with eyebrows. Slight attempt at detail.
Hair much injured on top.^ Original treatment
uncertain. Bound by taenia, which is visible at
back and up to ears, but uncertain whether it

1 Note brachyeephalism (cephalic index 90 !) as com-
pared with shape of later Peloponnesian heads.

2 Cf. B. M. Cat. of Bronzes, No. 210, and Perrot and
Chipiez, Histoire de I'Art, I. (^gypte), p. 664, fig. 452.

^ End of tip folded under in Nike of Archermus type,
Acropolis Museum, No. 690, as is shown by lines of en-
graving. For doubtful cases, cf. Francois vase, oivoxiv of
Cholchos in Berlin ( Wiener Vorlegebl. 1889, pi. i. 2 b),
hydria of Timagoras in the Louvre (^ihid. pi. v. 4 c), and
b.-f. amphora (Gerhard, IV. pi. cclxiv. 1).

* Thus differing from early " Apollo " type (Orcheme-

passed over top of head or over forehead, and
was covered at sides by overhanging locks.
Former seems more jJi'obable. At back, hair
falls to shoulders in heavy rounded mass, ending
in flat tip. Originally engraved with fine lines
running toward tip. Of this only slight indica-
tions remain. Tip at end shows tying of ends
of hair. No folding either under or over.^ No
trace of cord, but trace of depression where it
passed. Height of tip, 0.007 m. ; width, 0.008 m.
Falls circ. 0.009 m. below top of shoulder. Front
of hair formed by three carefully engraved curls
starting behind ears and falling backward in a
curve towards tip.* Neck large and thick.
Height, 0.004 m. Period to be determined from
head, which is more advanced than body. Later
than the " Apollo " figures of the first group
(Thera, Orchemenos, Melos, etc.), but earlier
than the Apollo of Canachus at Didyma or its
replicas (Payne-Knight, Piombino, Naxos, etc.).
Probably a little later, to judge from hair and
arms, than the statue at Delphi by Polymedes
(Homolle, B. C. H. XXIV. [1900], pp. 445 ff.).
The bronze reliefs, Olympia, Nos. 707 (pi.
xxxix.), 707 a, are not closely similar in style.
Plate LXX.

4. Bearded standing male figure. Proveni-
ence unknown. Height, 0.0605 m. Cast solid.
Surface suffered from oxidation. Arms hang
stiff, with hands open and flat, with extended
fingers attached to thighs. Arms small, with no
modeling. Left thumb seems to show a nail.
Length of arms, including fingers, right, 0.0235
m. ; left, 0.024 m. Arms separated from body
by relatively large opening which is cut higher
on right side. Legs and feet fastened together,
even to tips of toes. Toes partially indicated on
left foot. Contour of legs fairly good. Length
of feet, left, 0.008 m. ; right, 0.007 m. Broad
square shoulders. Body and waist not exces-
sively thin. No indication of belly, navel, or
nipples, but chest slightly fuller than abdomen.
Circumference at shoulders, 0.047 m. ; at waist,

nos, Thera, Melos, etc.) on the one hand, and on the other
from types represented by statuettes from Naxos (Friinkel,
A. Z. 1879, p. 84, pi. 7) and from Ptoiin (Ilolleaux, B. C.
H. X. p. 190, pi. 9). An intermediate or combination type
also from Ptoiin (Kabbadias, KaT&\(yyos ruv T\vTrTS>v, No.
16, Holleaux, B. C. H. X. pp. 73 ff., pi. 7), with one curl
over breast and two over shoulder behind. See in general,
Conze, Nuove Mem. delV Inst. pp. 408 ff., Waldstein, J. H.
S. I. pp. 168 ff., Schreiber, Ath. Mitth. VIII. pp. 246 ff.,
IX. pp. 232 ff., Studuiczka, Jahrhuch, XI. (1896), pp.
289 ff.

196

THE BRONZES

0.03 111. Back short. Kiiiiip liigli and proini-
neut, parted by groove, which continues straight
down to bottom of feet. Head high and wide,
but shallow. Height, 0.0145 m. Width above
ears, 0.0125 in. Depth from bridge of nose to
back, 0.011 m. Face retreats sharply from tip
of nose to toj) of forehead. Top of forehead
seems to form ridge running nearly from ear to
ear. It may be a diadem, but probably not.
Nose short and prominent. Ej-es large, in large
sockets. Left more rounded than rigiit. Mouth
short (0.0035 m.) and wide. Under li)) flattened,
with groove near the top, thus making mouth
seem wide open. Chin long. Beard mainly de-
stroyed, showing chiefly in sharpness of angle
along line of jaws. Ears large and prominent,
set high. Slight attempt at modeling interior
of ear, noticeable especially in right. Top of
forehead to bridge of nose, 0.0075 m. Tip of
nose to mouth, 0.002 m. ; to chin, 0.0065 m.
Bridge of nose to ears, 0.008 m. No indication
of particular dressing of hair.

5. Upper part of female figure. From south
slope. Height, 0.094 m. Cast solid. Figure
, broken at navel. Anns also broken. Front of
hair damaged on the right side, between centre
and right rosettes, and the right rosette (not ear-
ring) is destroyed. Headdress broken, so that
original form is uncertain. On right side, lower
right volute was apparently attached to the lotus-
blossom above by transverse piece, of which only
stub remains. On lotus-blossom just above lower
right corner is seen place where something was
attached. Centre of this place, 0.00125 m. from
upper right side of flower. On left side, left
volute gone. On left side of lotus, 0.012 m.
from top of left side is similar attachment place
to that on right side. Top of headdress slightly
irregular but does not appear to be broken, as
lines of engraving of the back piece continue
over top. Surface of bronze well preserved ex-
cept for abrasions. Figure was probably stand-
ing. Left hand probably held object. Action
of right arm uncertain, but probably held some-

' Perhaps flower, as in bronze statuette in Trau collec-
tion (Gurlitt, Arch.-Epig. Mittheil. axis Oesterreich, II. pp.
159 ff., pi. viii.).

' For other examples of nude female type, cf . Korte,
Archiiolog. StwL H. Brunn dargeh. pp. 19 ff., De Ridder,
■E(f>ijM- 'Apx- 1895, coll. 171, n. 4. Also Marx, Athen. Mitth.
X. pp. 177 ff., pi. vi.

• AiiJfa^o, as in mirror-handle, 'ti<p7iti. 'Apx- 1895, pi. vii.
(De Ridder), not excluded.

* Cf. Naxos statuette, ^rcA. Zeit. XXXVII. (1879), pi.

thing ' stretched out from elbow. Action of lower
part of figure uncertain but seems probable that
it was a free-standing statuette, though it may
have stood on a base. Figure entirely nude,'''
as shown by indication of navel.^ Style of fig-
ure archaic of advanced type, marked by ease
and sureness of technique. Breasts, slight and
angular, ending in blunt and rounded points.
No indication of nipples. Body modeled in two
planes ; the upjier from neck to nijiples, lower
continuing thence straight downward. Between
breasts and navel two broad shallow furrows,
connected by similar perpendicular furrow.'*
Back without details. In general, body of this
figure shows artist's effort to escape from uni-
formity and sexlessness of the nude type. Con-
siderable skill, relatively, is shown in modeling
of arms. Position of right arm together with
muscle shows that it did not hang loosely, but
was probably extended at elbow. Neck full and
rather long. Length, 0.007 m. Sharply dif-
ferentiated from the body. On chest just be-
low neck is necklace in zigzag pattern.''^ Head
high and somewhat shallow. Height from chin
to top of headdress in front, 0.021 m. Depth
from bridge of nose to back, cire. 0.0175 m.
Forehead appears low because of headdress, but
quite full over eyes. Eyes large, set in plainly
defined sockets. Ball of eye full. Upper and
lower lids shown. No prolongation of upper lid
over lower at outer corner. Indication of eye-
brows uncertain. Nose straight and regular.
Mouth short (0.0035 m.). Lips prominent, rather
thick.^ Chin pointed and prominent. Cheek-
bones high. Cheeks well modeled. Kalkmann's
measurements : —

n

n

III

0.009

0.012

0.006

0.006

0.006

0.007

0.004

0.010

0.003

0.006

0.016

O.OIC.

0.016

0.007

0.004

0.016

0.016

vii. (Frankel), and horseman from Peloponnese,De Ridder,
Bronzes de la Soc. Arch. No. 860, pi. ii.

' Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, Histnire de I' Art, I. {l^gypte),
p. 762, fig. 511; III. (Cypre), p. 531, flg. 358. Design
occurs also on several terra-cottas from the Heraeum.

' Cf. archaic female terra-cotta head in Acropolis
Museum (AlBovaa EiSa>\iav, case t;), bronze statuette in
National Mnseuin at Athens (No. 6576), and terra-cotta
mask from Tanagra in same museum (No. 4143).

ANIMALS: HORSES

197

Ears slightly indicated under headdress, lio-
settes projecting from headdress opposite angle
of jaw, undoubtedly earrings. If lobe of ear
is considered as coining as far down as tliese
rosettes, the ears would be placed remarkably
correctly for an archaic work. Head on top and
behind covered with sort of wig of nearly uni-
form thickness. This wig lies low on forehead.
From temples it slopes off to the ears, beneath
which it swells forward to about middle of side
of neck. Hair falls down at back to a blunt point.
No indication of tying at tip or of folding under.
From top of shoulders, two flat curls, hanging
downwai-d on either side of the breast. Head-
dress ornamented with rosettes ' above the tem-
ples and the centre of forehead. They consist
of slightly concave disks, with tiny knob in centre.
From this centre engraved lines radiate to outer
edge. Hair and curls ornamented with short,
oblong punch-marks, except on left side of head.
For front hair (forehead, neck, and curls) a
smaller punch seems to have been used. Above
headdress is ornament of lotus flower and bud,
rising from volutes.^ Height, 0.0305 m.

Of these volutes, three remain, of which the
two larger are placed back to back. The other
at the right curls under end of bar which con-
nects the former. Whether there was another
volute is uncertain. These volutes ornamented
with irregular engraving. The larger volutes
were meant to be connected by oblong ornament
across their face. This ornament consists of a
zigzag inclosed by a rectangle, and seems to
have been stamped with a concave punch. The

lotus ornament rises above central volutes and
consists of bud, sides of flower and palmette-
shaped back of same. Bud ornamented by fine
line running near edge, all around from top of
stalk, and by slight punch-marks struck between
the lines. Back of ornament is entirely plain,
and rests against nail-like support ** growing out
of top of head, with which it is cast in one piece.
Lotus and volute seem cast separately and welded
on to head.^

Probably to be understood as Aphrodite with
Orientalizing headdress. Cf. De Kidder,
Bro7izes de VAcropole, Nos. 806, 820, 799 ff.,
and Petersen. Athen. Mittli. XL p. 375. For
indirect analogies, ef. Astarte with Hathor crown,
Roscher, Lexikon d. Mythologie, I. coll. 652 f.
(E. Meyer), the Syrian, Cypriot, and Graeco-
Roman combination Aphrodite-Isis, ibid. II. coll.
495 (Drexler), and the Hellenistic identification
of Isis with lo, ibid. coll. 439 f . Not to be iden-
tified with Isis, because earlier than introduction
of her cult into Greece.

Period about that of Apollo of Canachos at
Didyma.

6. Fragment of leg. Provenience not known.
Badly preserved. Length, 0.0325 m. Cast
solid. Probably of male figure. Modeling
superficial. Knee-cap appeal's to have been
especially indicated. From appearance of back
on the left seems to be right leg.

7. Fragment of leg. Length, 0.022 m. Pro-
venience unknown. Solid. Left side slightly
flatter than right. So probably piece of left
leg. No details. Bent slightly at knee.

III. ANIMALS

FREE AND ATTACHED FIGURES

1. HORSES.

GEOMETRIC STYLE.
Type a.
Plate LXXII.

8. Stallion. Found back of South Building.
Solid. Base broken off in cleaning. Tail gone

* Cf. CesnoXa, Descriptive Atlas of the Cesnola Collection,
II. pi. xlviii., Perrot and Cliipiez, op. cit. III. (Cypre), p.
545, fig. 371, and head from Cyprus in Nat. Mus. at
Athens (No. 60).

^ Cf. volutes on sphinx-heads on scrap of archaic bronze
relief from Corinth. Jahrb. IX. Anz. p. 117, fig. 10.

^ Top of support flat, closed, and ornamented with zig-
zag near edge. Represents mouth of leeytlnis. Cf.

except where attached to base. Hind legs, front
left leg, and nose close to neck broken. Other-
wise fairly well preserved. Oiiginal height,
0.068 m. Present height with base, 0.064 m.
Body cylindrical and rather long. Attempt to
indicate shoulders. Legs flat, esiiecially near
body, where they are slightly hollowed on inside.

Heuzey, Figurines de terre cuite du Louvre, pi. xiii. Nos. 4
and 6 (Rhodes), Korte, Arch. Zeit. XXXV. pp. 116 f.,
pi. ii. (Orvieto), Winter, Jahrhuch, XIV. pp. 73 S.

* Ornament appears to be translation of Osiris crown
into terms of lotus. Thus the crown of upper Egypt is
represented by bud, plumes by sides of flower, rain's horns
by extended volutes at base, and asp heads perhaps by
last upper portions of volute.

198

THE BRONZES

Hocks aud knees indicated by knobs or pro-
tuberances. Neck wide and flat, with curve
where mane should be. Bent slightly to right.
Nose rectangular, upper head flattened. Fore-
lock indicated. Eyes aud ears not clearly dis-
tinguishable. Base ' ornamented on under side
with line running entire length. On left side
of line, tooth-ornament. On right side a heavy
zigzag, outside of which along edge a narrow
tooth-ornament pointed inward. Near front
right corner, snudl indentation. Front left
corner broken off. This animal is of the severe
or angular geometric style, marked by long body
with angular jointing of neck aud legs, crupper
rising very little above back. Extreme flatness
of neck also a feature of this phase of the style.

9. Hind part of horse. Stallion. Provenience
unknown. Fragment. Heavily oxidized.
Height, 0.032 m. Solid. Body slightly almond-
shaped, being narrower at top. Legs flat, joined
to body angularly. Parts between legs and
under tail deeply undercut.

Type b.

10. Horse with base. Provenience unknown.
Neck and tail broken. Solid. Height, 0.004
m. Length of base, 0.0355 m. Width in front,
0.0135 m. Body short, slightly almond-shaped,
as No. 9. Crupper high. Legs long and flat.
Hips and shoulders not sharply set off, nor is
joining to body angular. Attempt to show dif-
ference between fore and hind quarters at
juncture with body. Knees and hocks shown
by sudden decrease in thickness on outside, the
inside lines being straight. Body undercut be-
tween legs, especially at back. No indication of
sex. Feet not distinguished. Neck flat. Base
plain on top. Below deeply undercut so as to
show zigzag in relief, running lengthwise, with
field at either side inclosed on front and sides by
rim or frame, which is omitted at back. Short-
ness of body, lack of angularity of joining of
legs, and treatment of back mark this as milder
geometric style. Antiquity shown by treatment
of knees, hocks, and plainness of neck.

11. Horse with base. Found southeast of
temple, near wall, 1893. Right hind leg broken.
Solid. Height, 0.0445 m. Length, 0.046 m.
Length of base, 0.04 m. Width, 0.016 m.
Body small, nearly cylindrical ; rather long.
Crupper higli, joining back with natural curve.
Neck joins body more angularly, but softened

» Cf. Olympia, No. 21.3 a.
» Cf. Olympia, No. 217 a.

with attempt to imitate nature. Legs small ;
shoulders scarcely marked, and hind quarters
very small. Knees indicated only by outward
bend. Left hock fairly truthful. Tail hangs
straight down and is attached to base. No
indication of sex. Neck flat, slightly curved
along the mane. Ears indicated. Between
them ridge for forelock. No certain indication
of eyes, but an engraved line from right ear to
top of nose, continued on other side to mouth.
Joined on right side (of animal) by similar line.
A semicircle engraved close to end of nose.
Top of base plain, but bottom ornamented with
zigzag pattern, consisting of double row of teeth
running lengthwise, one in one direction, one in
the other.^ Each pair has centre line in com-
mon. Style similar to No. 10, but more ad-
vanced, as shown by treatment of neck, where it
joins body, and by joints of legs.^
Tjrpe c.

12. Horse with base. Found east of North-
west Building, 1895. Legs bi'oken. Solid.
Height, 0.0765 m. Length, 0.069 m. Length
of base, 0.048 m. Width (front), 0.0165 m.
Width (back), 0.0185 m. Body rather short,
slightly almond-shaped. Crupper fairly high.
Legs long. Shoulders and hind quarters care-
fully distinguished from body. Hocks indicated
by slight projections with notch above. Tail
curves outward and is attached to base. Legs
undercut at body, more behind than in front.
No mark of sex. Mane not indicated, but there
is high forelock and crest, which with part be-
neath was probably conceived to be covered
with hair. Crest undercut above nose, which is
nearly round. No mouth or ej'es visible. Lumps
at side of head are ears. Base plain on tojj ;
bottom divided into two rectangular fields of
about equal size, each surrounded by a rim. In
left field, under hind legs, lion in relief to right
with tail over back. Above neck, indistinct ob-
ject, possibly upper part of a man. In right
field a horse to left, moving. No details given,
but head and body long, neck short, tail hangs
straight. Above horse, a lizard (probably), to
right. In upper right corner a serpent (per-
haps) rampant. In this base and in that of the
others, except No. 15, technique is that of carved
design (probably in wood) impressed on clay
model. This horse is a further development of
type of Nos. 8 and 9.

* Similar, but with flatter legs, Olympia, No. 200.

HORSES

199

Type d.
Plate LXXIII.

13. Horse with base. Provenience unknown.
Tail broken. Solid. Height, 0.066 m. Length of
base, 0.0485 in. Width (front), 0.024 m. Width
(back), 0.026 m. Body short. Slightly almond-
shaped. High crupper. Neck attached angularlj',
but not as sharply as in No. 12. Shoulders not
sharply differentiated from body. (Cf . No. 11.)
Left hind quarter distinguished a little more
carefully than right. Knees shown by sudden
narrowing in front, as though part of leg were
cut out. Hocks given in same way. No feet.
Undercut between fore legs up to line of bodj%
square across. Partially undercut at back,
especially between legs, which are wide apart,
and under tail. Uncertain whether sex was indi-
cated. Tail attached to end of base. On right
side of neck a little back of centre, two concen-
tric circles. Between this and head, traces of
double line of dots across side of neck. Close
to head similar line running across neck. Be-
low circles a line of dots which does not at
either end come to edge of neck. Beneath it,
three other parallel rows. In front, the ends
connected by irregular convex line of dots. At
the back, first and second lines are connected
square across. Connection between other lines
doubtful. At right of rings there seems to be a
broad zigzag connecting the lines at top and lower
part of neck. On left side of neck, double row
of dots just below ears. At bottom of neck an-
other double row. Above second row, a wavy
row. Across middle of neck, an indistinct pat-
tern, perhaps a zigzag, in middle of which and
of neck, a punch-mark, around which a small
ring. Between right side of this zigzag and
lines at top of neck apparently a similar irregu-
lar zigzag. No indication of mane.^ Nose long
and cylindrical. Mouth indicated. Right eye
shown by dot and cii'cle. No certain trace
of left eye. Right ear has engraved line down
centre. Left ear has two such lines. Crest
between ears. Base appears to have line of dots
down both sides on top, near edge. Between
front and back legs, cross of a double line of dots.
At back, between tail and left side, double row
of dots about 0.0015 m. apart. Bottom of base
divided by raised line into two rectangular fields,
surrounded on front and sides by a double

1 For body, neck, and legs, cf. Olympia, No. 200 a.
"^ No clear stylistic parallel from Olympia. The near-
est, Olympia, No. 163, having flat neck and other charac-

raised frame. At back, .single frame, from tail
to bottom ; none above. In left field under hind
feet, horse standing to right with neck, head,
and ears fairly natural. Above horse, in field,
indistinct animal, showing head, four legs, and
short tail. In right field, a lion to left walking,
with tail curled over back ; mouth open. Eye re-
presented by knob in relief. End of tail bushy.
This horse unites severe and milder types (a
and b) before described. More advanced in
technique, but in spite of certain softnesses,
clings tenaciously to style as against nature.
Type e. Early naturalistic and transi-
tional.

14. Horse. Found under Cyclopean wall
above the east end of Stoa, 1893. Condition
very poor. Base broken off in cleaning. Legs
and tail gone. Solid. Height with base, 0.041
m. Length of base, 0.044 m. Width of base,
0.02 m. Body long ; nearly cylindrical, though
slightly narrower in upper part. Crupper fairly
high. Hock shown in left hind leg, marked
by bend, and clearly defined exterior angle.
Left knee indicated by bend and slight swelling.
Body roughly undercut between legs. No indi-
cation of sex ; probably female. Neck attached
to body at obtuse angle with easy curve ; about
cylindrical. No mane. Top of head and face a
triangle. No trace of eyes, mouth, or ears, due
probably to bad preservation. Base plain on
top. Bottom ornamented with parallel rows of
arrowheads in relief running toward back, the
whole inclosed by raised frame which forms
outer edge of base. This animal is of geometric
style, as base and undercutting between legs
show. Body, shoulders, hips, and legs are of
Type b. The neck is devoid of style and con-
vention and more naturalistic. The head ex-
cessively rude and clumsy. The piece is prob-
ably as early as Nos. 8 and 9, and earlier than
Nos. 10 or 11. In view of the radical stylistic
characteristics of even the earliest and rudest
geometric work, it is better to regard it not as
preparatory to the geometric period but as the
outgrowth of coexistent naturalistic tendencies.^
15. Horse with base.^ Provenience unknown.
Preservation fair. Solid. Height, 0.028 m.
Length, 0.042 m. Length of base, 0.0305 m.
Width of base, 0.015 m. Body somewhat ovoid
in profile ; rather long. Slopes from neck to tail.

teristics of geometric style clearly indicated. For style
of base, cf. Olympia, No. 217 a.
3 Base, Plate CXXXVII.

200

THE BRONZES

No crupper. Legs short and thick. No shoul-
ders, hips, knees, or hoeks. Tail descends in
curve to base. Body not undercut, lietween
hind legs remains a wall of metal, though it is
undercut or hollowed out a little in front and
rear. No sign of sex. Neck a flat ellipse,
thinner at back than in front, joined to body
at obtuse angle, with easy curve. Head rather
flat. Mouth indicated, but not eyes. Ears
rudimentary. No mane. Base of flatiron shape,
plain on top. Bottom has one lengthwise line
a little to right of centre, also some irregular
lines at front and back and irregular diamond
pattern at centre. Head, back, and body of
free geometric style. Neck shows naturalistic
influences. Base probably geometric, although
the rude engraving might belong to any time.^
16. Horse with base. From Northwest Build-
ing, 1894. Bitsof legs and tail broken off. Solid.
Height, 0.03 m. Length, 0.055 m. Length of
base, 0.032 m. Width, 0.016 m. Body short
and cylindrical, swelling quickly into shoulders
and hips. Crupper high and round. Shoulders
and hips attached as in Nos. 10 and 11, but more
freely. Hips light as compared with shoulders.
Knees shown by bend ; hocks indicated plas-
tically. Body not undercut in front, but cut
out broadly between hind legs. Sex not shown.
The animal is shown as looking forward and
down. Neck nearly cylindrical. Ears project
forward and up. Eyes formed by two holes
close together. Month open, and on left side
are notches, probably to imitate teeth. Notches
not so plain on right. Upper side of base plain.
Bottom ornamented with transverse zigzags
arranged to make double line of arrowheads.
No border. Base is geometric ; body and legs
also of less severe type (b). Neck and head
naturalistic.^
Plate LXXIV.

17. Horse with base detached. Found below
east end of Cyclopean wall, 1893. Legs and
tail broken, stubs remaining on base. Badly pre-
served. Solid. Height, with base, 0.068 m.
Length of base, 0.0515 ra. Body cylindrical,
but short. Crupper fairly high. Neck attached
angularly. Fore quarters heavy, showing con-
siderable attempt to imitate nature. Hind
quarters lighter. Hocks carefully modeled.
Body not undercut in front, and but slightly

* Cf. animals of so-called terra-cotta style ; Otympia,
Nos. 128, 130, 135, etc.

' Style not paralleled at Olynipia, but cf. with Olympia,

between hind legs. Sex not indicated. Neck
flat, but not thin ; only slightly curved. Mane
not indicated. Head short. Eyes shown by
two holes'' bored from sides. Beneath eyes
and running back are the ears. Ujiper side of
base has row of dots at back near edge, and
apparently a double row on right side. Bottom
divided by line made by cutting either side of
it into lengthwise fields, each of which is en-
gi'aved witli two parallel zigzag lines. These
lines produce effects of zigzag in relief, with line
of tooth-ornament also in relief at either side.
In this figure the freer and more natural shape
of body and shoulders, lack of undercutting,
and greater thickness of neck are marks of
emancipation from the geometric style, which,
however, is still shown in tiie base, and in the
flatness of neck.

NATURALISTIC STYLE.

Plate LXXIV.

18. Horse (uncertain whether originally with
base). Provenience unknown. P]ars, legs, and
tail broken. Solid. Height, 0.057 m. Length,
0.08 m. Body full, tends to cylindrical form.
Back terminates in ridge from tip to tail. Body
long, crupper slight. Shoulders slight, but full
in front. Hips carefully marked. Hock indi-
cated. Cut roughly between hind legs, but not
undercut. No mark of sex. On middle of
back two short cuts, and three at base of neck,
which is short and thick. Neck thicker behind
than in geometric types, and has sort of dewlap
in front. Head short and thick. Eye indi-
cated by circle. Forehead between eyes high,
and marked by arrowhead over nose. This
animal shows no true geometric influence, but
imitates nature in manner of early archaic
period, scarcely any detail being correct.

2. DEER.
GEOMETRIC STYLE.

Type a. Rigid.
Plate LXXIII.

19. Deer with antlers, on base. From north-
west corner of West Building, 189-4. Fair pre-
.servation. Solid. Height, 0.0525 m. Length,
0.037 m. Length of base, 0.021 m. Width of
base, 0.0135 m. Body short and rather flat.

Nos. 181 ff., regarded by Furtwangler as geometric of

exceptional naturalism. For base, cf. Olympia, No. 217 a.

' Now appear as groove, owing to bad preservation.

DEER, SHEEP, CATTLE

201

Slight rise over hips. Legs flat, and slightly
wider at top to indicate shoulders and hips.
Knees and hocks unindicated. Legs under-
cut, but not deeply. No mark of sex. Ears
and mouth not shown. Uncertain whether
eyes were represented. Horns rise in upright
branches, each having short projecting prong-
near top and longer prong at bottom. Kec-
tangular base, worked to represent frame, in-
closing zigzag shaped like a three-stroke sigma.
Body, neck, and legs indicate geometric style
of severer type.
Type b. Less rigid.

20. Deer with base. From northwest side of
Upper Terrace, 1891. Fair preservation. Solid.
Height, 0.041 m. Length, 0.045 m. Length of
base, 0.029 m. Width of base (front), 0.0165 m.
Width of base (back), 0.018 m. Body nearly
cylindrical at shoulder. Slopes toward crupper
like a cone. Crupper high and pointed. Upper
front legs heavy. Hips not shown. No under-
cutting, but legs well separated. No mark of
sex. Neck (almost cylindrical) rises nearly
straight, but increases slightly toward head and
body. Head broad and flat. No ears or mouth.
Uncertain whether eyes were indicated. Right
horn projects up and back. Left horn broken.
Top of base has zigzag across ends and diagonal
cross from leg to leg. Bottom has rudely cut
intaglio figure of uncertain significance, around
which is a zigzag. Neck, body, and hind legs
mark less rigid type.

EARLY NATURALISTIC STYLE.

Plate LXXIV.

21. Deer (uncertain whether with base).
Found 1891. Condition poor. Solid. Height,
0.096 m. Length, 0.1185 m. Body long and
nearly cylindrical, swelling and rising slightly
towards crupper, which is long and high. Hind
legs are naturally attached. Hock shown by
swelling and bend of leg. Front legs drawn
up for a spring. Manner of drawing up and
attachment of front legs stiff and awkward.
Back of front legs are deep holes. Neck round-
ish. Head roughly triangular. Ear projects
straight out, and slightly downward and for-

1 In Brit. Miis., First Vase-room, Case E, is a bronze
statuette of goat from Camirus, similar to above speci-
men, but with geometric elements slightly more marked.

-' Cf. Olympia, No. 214.

» Cf. cow in Nat. Mus., Athens, No. 7392. Head
shows similar eyes and rosette, but simpler. Bursian and

ward. Eyes set slanting, nearly in line with
axis of head, and somewhat protubei'ant. Mouth
probably indicated. This animal falls not far
from end of geometric period, of which holes
between legs and distance between hind legs
are a reminder. Eyes probably also in that
style. Remainder of figure naturalistic, but there
is a slight stiffness throughout, marking the re-
cent emancipation from geometric forms.^

3. SHEEP.
EARLY NATURALISTIC STYLE.

22. Ram (probably) with base. From North-
west Building, 1894. Preservation fair. Solid.
Height, 0.014 m. Length, 0.0235 m. Length
of base, 0.0145 m. Width of base, 0.0075 m.
Body short and rounded, but higher than wide,
rather flat on bottom. Legs short, thick, and
without joints. No slioulders, but clumsy trace
of hips. Crupper fairly high. Neck short and
thick ; hole through base. No certain indica-
tion of mouth or eyes. Not undercut between
legs. Hind legs not completely separated. Base
plain on top. Below, divided by two engraved
lines running lengthwise. Contemporary with
geometric work, which is shown by rudeness of
base, but rather naturalistic in style.^

4. CATTLE.

NATURALISTIC STYLE.

Type a. Gi-eometric influence.
Plate LXXV.

23. Head of cow.'^ Attached figure. From
northwest of West Building, 1894. Condition
good (except for loss of left ear). Head solid;
neck hollow. Length of top from rim to fore-
head, 0.0435 m. Length of bottom from rim to
nose, 0.0435 m. Attached to slightly convex
surface by thin rim at base. Neck of natural
shape, lower side representing folds of dewlap.
Above, neck distinguished from head by line
drawn back of horns, which line forms ba.se of
triangle, apex being 0.005 m. from rim. Within
triangle are eight lines drawn from base toward
apex. Cheeks ornamented with engraved line,*

Rangabe found " una piccola testa di bue veduta dalla
parte d' innanzi che senibra esser stata affissa a qualche
paretea guisa d'anatenia." Bull. d. Inst. 1854, p. xvi.

* Here and elsewhere in this object probably executed
in the model rather than in the cast bronze.

202

THE BRONZES

close to edge around curve, and by seven lines
drawn from it diagonally downward. Ear simi-
lar to No. 21, but hollowed out more on under
side. Horns 0.0G4 m. between tips. Engraved
lines on front of foi'ehead continued over top to
line behind ears. Eyes set almost vertically.
Consist of nearly round ball with oblong lids
meeting in acute angles. Between eyes rosette
and half-diamond.' From lower corners of eyes
three parallel lines run toward end of nose.
Mouth shown by engraved line. Nostrils shown
by curved lines at outer corners of upper jaw
and by slight swelling. End of nose covered
with irregular punch-marks. On sides of nose
one row of marks to show nasal swelling and
lower jaw. Length of face, 0.05 m. Geometric
influence seen in angular lines of head, eyes,
and ornamentation. Modeling and style natu-
ralistic.

T3rpe b. Oeometric and Oriental influence.
24. Bull. From Northwest Building, 1894.
Legs broken. Solid. Height, 0.033 m. Length,
0.0685 m. Body modeled with .skill and fidelity
to nature. Knees and hocks indicated. Shoul-
ders indicated by bands running toward middle
of back. Hips more successful, though too
prominent. Left fore leg ends in swelling, which
was probably attached to base. Hind legs per-
forated lengthwise, just back of and above hock.
In left leg the pin remains by which leg was
fastened to base or other object. Tail bent un-
der. Dewlap carefully modeled. Head distin-
guished from neck on top by ridge of horns.
Horns 0.021 m. between tips. Between them, in
front, engraved ^ lines. Eyes vertical, made by
punched ring. No ears. Nose and mouth care-
fully modeled. Above end of nose, two engraved
lines cross face. Nostrils shown by swelling and
on end of nose by slight oblong holes. The eyes
and engraving are geometric. Term Oriental is
here used for a certain softness of modelinsr
found in figures of animals, especially lions (cf.
Nos. 29, 720, 946), which belong to species
which began to be employed after Oriental de-
signs had been introduced. Neither technique
nor subject is due to that influence.^
Type c. Oriental influence (to be under-
stood as above).

25. Head of ox or cow. Attached figure.*
From south slope, southwest corner, 1895. Pre-

' Mr. D. G. Hogarth suggests that the engraving
represents ornamental fillets and frontlet for sacrifice.
^ As No. 23 (p. 201, note 4).

servation fair. Solid. From behind seems to
be cast in two pieces, but welding so skillful that
this does not show in front. Length, 0.052 m.
Width, 0.088 m. Height, 0.0525 m. Horns
between tips, 0.043 m. Attached to convex sur-
face by triangular plate. Holes for fastening
at corners. Around the edges is lead. Short
neck, nearly round, but broader in upper part.
No dewlap. Head not distinguished from neck,
except by horns and nose. From top of fore-
head, between horns, hangs sort of forelock :
height, 0.014 m. ; width, 0.0175 m. Horns curl
forward and slightly upward. Eyes very con-
ventional, indicated merely by slightly oblong
swellings. No mouth or nostrils. No trace of
geometric influence. Naturalistic style, but con-
ventionalized for decorative purposes.
Type d. Naturalistic.

26. Cow, uncertain whether originally with
base. Found 1892. Preservation poor. Solid.
Height, 0.074 m. Length, 0.113 m. The animal
was shown as walking. Body, legs, hips, and
shoulders rendered with skill and fidelity to na-
ture. Knees shown by carefully modeled swell-
ing. Hocks by modeling. Neck slightly convex
on top, full and deep, with carefully modeled
dewlap. Horns short, curved out and up. Kidge
between horns engraved in front and on top with
fine wavy lines. Eyes made with simple punched
circle. Over the eyes are swellings of frontal
bone, each with two engraved lines in plane of
face. Between these, rosette of fine lines radiat-
ing irregularly. Nostrils indicated by two slits.
Mouth closed. This cow shows entire freedom
from conventionality or stylistic influence and is
based simply upon study of nature. It is some-
what plainer than No. 27, especially in treatment
of neck, and does not show quite the same sure-
ness of technique.

27. Cow, without base. From south slope,
1895. Condition poor. Legs, tail, ears, and
horns broken. Solid. Height, 0.111 m. Length,
0.217 m. Body somewhat long, but modeled
after nature with care and skill, as seen in treat-
ment of shoulder-blades, hips, and flanks. Knees
indicated by swelling; hock by careful model-
ing. The tail broader at top than bottom.
Upper part perhaps engraved. Bag large. Neck
high and narrow. Dewlap carefully rendered,
with clearly marked folds, reaching on right to

^ For a sonaewhat different view, see Bather, /. H. S.
XIII. (1892-3), p. 232.
* Cf. Olympia, No. 877.

LIONS, RODENT, FROG

203

line between ear and mouth. On back of neck,
irregular marks and indentations, possibly of an
inscription. Between horns in front and on top
of head, engraving to represent hair. Transi-
tion from ridge of horns to face better than in
No. 26. The ears were correctly placed. Eyes
consist of two curves, the upper larger, its arc
passing that of the lower at lower corner of eye.
Ball of eye rounded. Length of eye, 0.006 m.
Width, 0.005 m. In front of eyes, prominent
folds of skin, marked also by two engraved lines.
Between eyes, rosette of convex-concave lines
radiating from centre. Nostrils and upper lip
indicated and with great care. Mouth closed
and indicated by line on back side of face as in
No. 26. Distinction between head and neck along
angle of jaw modeled without any harshness.
Mistakes shown in this part of No. 26 avoided.
Animal was represented moving, probably walk-
ing. Of early part of classical period.

28. Foot of ox or cow. From south slope.
Badly oxidized. Solid. Length, 0.047 m. Hoof
broad and flat. Probably cloven, though slightly.
Above hoof, concave band, running all round.
Above this, raised ring around three sides, ter-
minating in low protuberances, higher up on one
side of leg than on the other. Probably left leg.
Lower part at very low angle, suggesting rearing
animal or animal crushed. Work of good pe-
riod.

5. LIONS.

NATURALISTIC STYLE.

Type a. Oriental influence.
Plate LXXVI.

29. Lion on base, to which is attached long
iron bar. Provenience unknown. Condition fair.
Cast hollow and bar inserted. Height, 0.186 m.
Length of bar, 0.134 m. Length of figure,
0.035 m. Width of bar at top, 0.0165 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0075 m. Lion seated upright, tail over
back. Body simple but correct. Hips prominent.
Paws heavy and toes marked. Tail indicated by
ridge along back. Breast and neck marked off
by heavy modeling of neck along line drawn from
front legs over shoulders to tip of tail. No mane.
From ears to lower edge of lower jaw is a raised
ring ; this is flattened below ears and heaviest
back of mouth. Ears slightly indicated. Nose
and eyes marked off from top of head by raised
modeling of latter between ears. Eyes . set at
upper back side of large sockets, which are wide

» For another example of this type, cf. fibula, No. 946.

and deep in front of eyeball. Nose short and
thick ; no nostrils. Mouth open, showing four
teeth at corners. Front and hind legs connected
by flat base that hides the insertion of bar. Up-
2)er part of base projects over lower, forming sort
of cornice. The iron bar much corroded, and
shape thereby altered. It seems to have been
inserted into some wooden object, such as staff
or sceptre. Style in general true to nature but
somewhat conventionalized for decorative pur-
poses. Modeling soft : all sharp outlines avoided.^
Type b. Purely naturalistic conventional-
ized for decorative purposes.
Pin-head, No. 720, and attached figure. No.
2204.

6. RODENT.

NATURALISTIC STYLE — DECORATIVE.

30. Mouse on human right forearm attached
to iron rod. From West Building. Condition
fair. Arm cast hollow for insertion of rod.
Entire length, 0.114 m. Length of mouse,
0.034 m. Pleight of mouse, 0.021 m. Mouse
crouches on upper side of arm, tail extended
toward hand. Body full and rounded. Hind-
quarters shown with low modeling. Shoulders
scarcely indicated, toes not at all. Head sepa-
rated from body by low groove. Cheeks full.
Ears drawn back over groove in neck shown in
low relief, slightly undercut. Eyes round,
slightly raised. Mouth indicated. Arm and
hand less carefully done ; wrist poor. At junc-
tion with rod a raised ring circ. 0.004 m. broad,
rudely done. Hand closed. Fingers poor, and
no nails. Through hand passes round hole in
which was once some object held by the hand.
Shape of iron rod uncertain, but probably rec-
tangular.

7. FROG.
NATURALISTIC STYLE — DECORATIVE.

31. Provenience imknown. Condition poor.
Feet broken and surface abraded. Solid.
Length, 0.046 m. Length of tail, 0.009 m. Fig-
ure worked only on back and sides, flat below.
Body tapers slightly to waist, between which
and lower hind legs two wrinkles on each side.
These form the hips. No details except en-
graved ^ lines diagonally over ends of legs, per-
haps to indicate toes. Head flattened from back
to front. No mouth. Eyes oblong and raised.
Round hole pierced through tail. — Much eon-

2 Cf. No. 23 (p. 201, note 4).

204

THE BRONZES

ventioiialized for decorative purpose. Perhaps
attached or suspended by hole in tail.'

8. SERPENTS.
GEOMETRIC INFLUENCE —DECORATIVE.

32. Head attached to bronze tube. Proveni-
ence unknown. Condition fair. Hollow. Length,
0.052 in. Diameter of tube inside, 0.0095 ui.
Head shaped like truncated cone, but toj) slightly
convex. Corners on lower side beveled. Bot-
tom and sides plain. Mouth given by straight
line. Eyes of two concentric circles, above
which raised lid inclosed by two lines. Top of
head engraved with double crescent at back and
down centre oblong ornament of two elliptical
lines. Space between the parallel lines en-
graved with oblique strokes, giving rope effect.
Midway between eyes and end two crescents open
outward, one on each side. They are formed
of two lines running to edge of top. Mouth
round. Head and tube hollow for passage of
water, forming small spout.

33. Serpent, attached. From back of South
Building. Preservation good. Length, 0.1215 m.
Width, 0.045 m. Body and lower neck plain.
Nine lines on upper neck. Head tapers to a
rounded point and flattens from back to front.
Sides and bottom of head plain. On top, four
half-circles, turned outward, two on each side.
Each consists of two lines. No indication of
mouth. Probably not much of original figure
lost, as serpent seems to have been intended to
project from behind aegis or part of clothing of
statue, e. g. Athena. Technique (hammering)
and engraving are geometric, but figure is prob-
ably not of geometric period, but of archaic art.

NATURALISTIC STYLE.

Type a. Decorative.

34. Head of serpent. Formerly attached. Pro-
venience unknown. Preservation poor. Length,
0.0265 m. Sides and bottom plain. Ridge along
top. Traces of two circles near mouth, one on
each side. Probably not meant for eyes. Mouth
large and open. Line round inside of lower jaw,
probably only fissure in bronze. Hollow. Served
as spout.

' Cf. Frankel, 'Geweiliter Frosch,' Jahrh. d. Inst. I.
pp. 50 ff. Somewliat similar is Brit. Mus. Cat. of Bronzes,
No. 1902.

* For use, cf. Olympia, No. 816 a, De Riilder, Bronzes
de I'Acropole, No. .5.58. Projecting protome, probably from
ring of support of kettle. Cf. also Brit. Mus., Bronze

Type b. Purely naturalistic.

35. Serpent. Provenience unknown. Body
broken close to neck. Preservation poor. Solid.
Length, 0.04 ni. Neck and body plain. Head
broad and Hat and at back stands out prominently
from neck. Eyes prominent, set at forward
corners of rectangle of head. Probably formed
by single ring, over which rises the puffy eyelid.
Mouth open. Line round inner edge of upper
jaw. Probably work of archaic or classical
period.^

9. BIRDS.

GEOMETRIC STYLE — CONVENTIONALIZED.

I. AQUATIC.

Type a. Geometric.

36. From West Building, 1893. Condition
fair. Solid. Height, 0.0525 m. Length, 0.036 m.
liody flat, plain underneath. On top slightly
rounded. Legs bend slightly forward, are plain,
and of uniform size. Neck rises from lower edge
of body. At base of neck, hole, for suspension,
0.003 m. in diameter. Head about at right angles
with neck. No eyes or mouth. Probably had
base, to judge from roughness at end of left foot.^

37. Bird on standard. Probably originally
on base. From below Cyclopean wall and above
Stoa. Preservation poor. Legs and standard
broken. Head and tail damaged. Solid.
Height, 0.036 m. Length, 0.034 m. Adjoining
legs, but separate, a round standard. It is placed
between legs, slightly forward, and comes through
to upper side of back, where it is raised slightly
above surface. Legs straight and round. Neck
somewhat elliptical. Probably had no eyes.

38. Bird on standard. Probably ornamental
stud or nail, but possibly attached to base. Un-
cleaned. Preservation bad, and badly oxidized.
Solid. Height, 0.036 m. Length, 0.027 m.
Height of standard, 0.0195 m. Round body, like
nail-head, with narrow extension at back, which
may be either body or tail. Eyes marked by two
pointed projections. From eyes, head sharpens
to ix)int, in three planes on upper side and one
convex plane below. No decorations. Shape of
neck and addition of eyes mark this as more ad-
vanced than preceding number.

Room, Centre Cases C. : circular bronze dish ; on handles
male and female figures reclining ; four serpents attached
beneath rim, witli heads projecting over rim toward inside.
Castellani (1562).

^ For style (flat wide tail and beak, and long legs), cf.
Olympia, No. 210, with base.

BIRDS

205

39. Complex of two birds, attached to base.
Found in bank, east of chambers (III), just
above poros wall, 1894. Preservation fair.
Base rough at back as though broken. Solid.
Height, 0.036 m. Length, 0.041 m. Length of
base, 0.028 m. Width of base, 0.0055 m. So
constructed that right legs, which are very large,
serve as standards, keeping the poise of whole
figure, and left legs and bodies so combined that
bodies seem to be a continuous bar attached to
short left legs ; portions of bar belonging to
each, marked by obtuse angle close to right leg
of rear bird. In front figure, bar projects nearly
to front of right leg. Heads have small projec-
tions for eyes. Beaks rounded, slightly thicker
than wide. Base rectangular. Has round hole,
0.0123 m. from front end, 0.0019 m. in diameter.
Seems like hole for suspension, but slant of figure
toward left makes possible to drive nail through
from right side.

40. Bird with base. Provenience unknown.
Preservation good. Solid. Height, 0.035 m.
Length, 0.0325 m. Height from centre of base
to centre of body, circ. 0.025 m. Base, 0.013 m.
square. Body has hole diagonally through from
base of neck to front just above standard. Di-
ameter, 0.0018-0.003 m. Back of body shows
two bands of two lines each, on top and sides.
Base of head, similar band of two lines. Tail
fan-shaped ; nicked along back edge. Head
flat but slightly rounded. No eyes or other
details. Standard ornamented with three raised
rings just beneath body. Below these, rounded
swelling. Line of top of base projects slightly,
forming ridge, and on bottom is indented square,
circ. 0.007 m. on a side. Outside this, another
square. Space inside smaller square sunk more
deeply than space between squares. First ex-
ample so far with ornamentation, though form
is very primitive or conventionalized.^

41. Bird on standard, probably originally with
base, similar to No. 40. Provenience unknown.
Badly preserved. Solid. Height, 0.032 m.
Length, 0.024 m. Body shows no details, but
seems to have had three lines at top of neck.
Similar ornament perhaps, at base of tail. Hole
in neck, similar to preceding. Standard has nar-
row swelling immediately beneath body, followed
by a wide, full band. Probably belongs with
preceding, though shape of head may have been
different.

' Cf. Olympia, No. 418.

Plate LXXVII.

42. Bird with base, which is circular and
perforated. Provenience unknown. Preservation
fair. Solid. Height above base, 0.04 ni. Di-
ameter of base, 0.028 m. Hole in neck of bird.
Diameter, 0.0045 m. Body has prominent breast,
but short back. Eyes prominent. Bill long and
clearly marked. Standard nearly round. Base
flat on top, but slightly hollowed below, leaving
uneven rim around the edge. Neck, eyes, bead,
and bill the most advanced so far. In these
points and in short body resembles No. 38, in
which, however, body has different shape.'''

43. Bird with standard, resting on perfoi'ated
circular base. Provenience unknown. Preser-
vation fair. Base less well preserved. Solid.
Height, 0.04 m. Length, 0.042 m. Length from
neck to end of tail, 0.0265 m. Diameter of base,
0.035 m. Diameter of hole in body, circ. 0.004 m.
Prominent breastbone. Body tapers above and
below toward tail. Standard circular, swelling
where it joins base, which is plain on top, and
below, the rim taking form of a roll.

Type b. Naturalistic influence.

44. Duck. From cutting at east end of Upper
Temple, toward the tents. Preservation fair.
Cast hollow. Pleight, 0.019 m. Length, 0.045 m.
Body rounded, of natural shape. Wings indi-
cated by line down back, from upper end of which,
0.05 m. from base of neck, are drawn lines to
show curve of wings. Curve of neck slightly stiff
and too small. Eyes almond-shaped, slightly con-
vex, surrounded by engraved line. Bill rather
flat. Inside, partially filled with some dark sub-
stance, uncertain whether core or dirt. Behind
hole in breast are shown the flippers. No cer-
tain mark of attachment below, though less care-
fully finished. W^ork of considerable skill.
While more naturalistic than geometric, belongs
to a period before naturalism became a style.

II. LAND- BIRDS, CHIEFLY COCKS.

Type a. Purely geometric.

45. Body of bird. Solid. Provenience un-
known. Badly preserved. Head, neck, legs,
and tail broken. Solid. Height, 0.014 m.
Length, 0.0425 m. Tail spade-shaped. Resem-
bles more a peacock with folded tail. More
primitive than No. 46, as shown by rectangular
lines of body and neck.

46. Cock. Provenience unknown. Preserva-

^ With this and No. 43, cf. Olympia, No. 210 b, which
has round perforated base and is also similar in style.

206

THE BRONZES

tion poor. Solid. Had no legs, but possibly
standard, through vertical hole in body.
Height, 0.023 m. Length, 0.039 m. Diameter
of hole, on top, 0.003 ni. Neck deeper than
wide. On both sides of comb, circle inclosing
dot. At base of comb, two parallel lines. Eyes
uncertain, but probably given. Each side of
tail has two circles surrounding dots.' At base
of tail, four lines of engraving on each side.
Neck better than No. 47, but body less good.
Probably had no standard, but was a pendant.

47. Cock. Provenience unknown. Preser-
vation poor. Ring or contrivance on back
broken. Large irregular hole in left side of
body, showing inside to be hollow. Height,
0.055 m. Length, 0.0995 ni. Height of body
and knot on back, 0.02G m. On top of body,
vertical hole, 0.002 m. in diameter, through to
interior. In middle of back, piece of uncertain
purpose, perhaps part of suspension ring. Legs
about 0.008 m. long. Bottom slightly concave.
Body rises at either end in two spouts toward
neck and tail. Not certain whether hoUow en-
tire length. On inside, reed or tongue-like strip
of metal, 0.0035 m. wide, and 0.0004 m. thick,
projects from about centre of right side horizon-
tally across body. At base of tail, two raised
rings. Length of tail, 0.032 m. Ornamented
on each side with five sets of concentric circles,
three of which are larger, and consist of small
round hole, surrounded by two circles, the outer
fainter than the inner. Above these, a dot sur-
rounded by circles. Upper circles are fainter
than lower. At upper end of neck, two raised
rings. Eyes raised. Beak round and tapers to
point. Convex above, concave below. On each
side of comb, dot inclosed by two circles, as on
tail. Between these and top of comb, on each
side, five dots each in circle.

Type b. Naturalistic influences.

48. Cock. Provenience unknown. Condi-
tion rather poor. Probably hollow, as it seems
too light for solid mass. Height, 0.0445 m.
Length, 0.0472 m. Body rounded, broad across
bottom, pot-shaped. On back, sort of dowel,
which seems to have terminated in an eye, now
broken. It seems to have been let into the
body, not cast with it. On right side of body
two dots, each surrounded by circle. Same
on left, where between circles is pierced hole.
On lower part of breast, to right and left of

' Owing to frequency of this decorative motive in early
Greek and other arts, it would form here, as well as iu

legs, two similar dots and circles. At rear
end of body, in centre, a similar dot and circle.
Straight legs attached to outer corners of body.
Bottom of feet slightly concave. Lines on
outer side of legs. Two lines on back end of
body on right side, run from circle toward
base of tail. Similar on left side. Round base
of tail on body, four lines, discernible on right ;
faint traces on left. Tail semicircular. Each
side has three dots inclosed by circles. Lines
from base of neck run diagonally, three from
one side and two from the other, joining on cerw
tre of breast. Beneath these another line on
each side. Top of neck on right side has traces
of three lines. Eyes round projections. Not
certain whether originally had comb. Body and
legs show advance over No. 47 in naturalism.
Neck, head, and tail as good. Ornamentation
rather more elaborate.

NATURALISTIC STYLE.

Type a. Geometric influence.

49. Tail of bird. Provenience unknown.
Preservation fair. Solid. Extreme length,
0.053 m. Width, 0.052-0.089 m. Thickness,
0.004-0.0065 m. Upper side slightly convex in
both directions. At end, nine scallops. Per-
forated near centre, toward base. Upper side
engraved with two lines of feathers, ending in
before-mentioned scallops. Engraver worked
from left to right, as shown by miscalculation
for commencement of dividing line between
feathers of back row. Each feather divided by
quill ; sides engraved with slanting lines. Geo-
metric influence in stiff angularity in form and
decoration.

Type b. Naturalistic.
Plate LXXVIII.

50. Head and neck, probably of swan. Pro-
venience unknown. Preservation fair. Solid,
except for depth of 0.022 m. from lower end.
Height, 0.098 m. Length, 0.092 m. Circum-
ference of neck at base, 0.096 m. Neck without
ornamentation. Head differentiated plastically
from neck. Sides of head concave in region of
eyes. Eyebrow projects sharply. Top of head
somewhat concave, especially between eyes, and
narrows I'apidly from back to front. Eyes, in
clearly marked sockets, consist of elliptical ring
rising from bed of socket. Inside ring, promi-
nent eyeball. Pi-ojecting corners of head above

Nos. 47, 48, an unsafe basis for identification with pea-
cock. Cf . Helm, Kullurpjlanzen und Hausthiere", pp. 342 ff.

PINS: STRAIGHT

207

eyes distinguished as eyebrows plastically and
by engraving. Fleshy parts of head separated
from bill, on under side, by depression of plane
for the bill and slight change in direction. On
sides of head, distinction is made by a band, sep-
arated from behind by engraved line and in
front by a difference of plane. Feathers on
head indicated by engraving. Toward back
they are fainter than in front. They are not
perfectly regular in shape, size, or arrangement.
Bill is modeled with care. Upper and lower
mandibles separated by sharply marked groove.
Nostrils suggested by bulge. On lower half of

upper surface of bill, on each side, are two or
three very shallow, slightly diagonal grooves.
Work of severe style, of much skill and care ;
probably late archaic or transitional, possibly of
early classical period.
Plate LXXVII.

51. Feather of bird. From West Building.
Preservation fair. Solid. Length, 0.074 m.
Back and sides plain. Divided into three divi-
sions, which taper to tip, two outer divisions
sloping slightly inward. Three divisions cov-
ered by cross-lines. Belongs probably to ar-
chaic period.

IV. ORNAMENT AND TOILET

1. PINS.

A. STRAIGHT.

Type a. Simple, plain head.

Pins of this type sometimes difficult to distin-
guish from ends of spits. Head and body one
piece of metal.^

Form 1. Body round throughout.
Head a simple knob.
Plate LXXVIII.

52. Provenience unknown. Preservation fair.
Length, 0.0838 m. Head oblate. Sides roughly
rounded. Head separated from body by shallow
groove. Point dull.^

Form 2. Body rectangular in upper
part, round below. Head simple an-
gular KNOB.^
Class a. Undecorated body.

53. Well preserved. Length (as bent), 0.08 m.
Round part begins 0.005 m. from point, which is
dull. Neck slightly pinched in.

54. Point broken. Length, 0.111 m. Round
part begins 0.09 m. from head. Head flat on
top, perhaps broken. Neck sharply pinched
in.

55. Poor. Broken and oxidized. Length,
0.06 m.

56. Poor. Broken and oxidized. Length,
0.185 m. Head pointed at top.

57-61. Heads blunt. AU are poor, being
broken and oxidized. Length, resp. 0.235,
0.142, 0.141, 0.18, 0.232 ra.

1 The simple-headed pins from Troy, No. 4339, Athens
Mus., Schmidt, Schliemann's Sammlung Trojan. AltertUmer,
Nos. 6262 fB., are not exact parallels to this type, but
are, for the most part, ruder and more primitive.

2 Cf. Schmidt, op. cit. No. 6266.

Class /8. Rectangular part of body deco-
rated.
62. Point gone ; upper part oxidized. Length,
0.123 m. Decorated probably with zigzag on
all four sides.

63-66. Similar to No. 62. Lengths, 0.116 m. ;
0.222 m. ; 0.06 m. ; 0.0915 m. No. 63 from back
of South Building, No. 66 from West Building.

67. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.22 m.
Rounds circ. 0.087 m. from head. Transition
plain and abrupt. On all four sides decorated
with zigzag.

68. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.083 m.
Rounds gradually circ. 0.043 m. from head. Col-
lar at top of body. Broad zigzag on all four
sides.

69. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.099 m.
Rounds gradually. Zigzag on all four sides.
Collar as in No. 68.

70. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.104 m.
Rounds abruptly. Zigzag on all four sides.
Collar as in No. 68, color medium.

71. Point gone. Much oxidized. Length,
0.068 m. Rounds abruptly at 0.029 m. from
head. Zigzag on all four sides. Small collar.

Class y- Rectangular and round part of
body decorated.

72. Point dull. Condition fair. Length,
0.168 m. Rounds at 0.117 m. from head. Traces
of zigzag on upper part on all four sides ; round
part engraved to represent broadly threaded
surface ; the threads break irregularly.

^ With this form compare an Italic type with round
shaft ornamented with two rings near head; Montelius,
Civ. Prim. It. pi. 42, 7 (col. 229), from Moncucco near
Como. For heads, cf. Schmidt, op. cit. Nos. 6321 ff., and
note 1 above.

208

THE BRONZES

73-86. Fragments resembling No. 72.'
FoKM 3. Head with oknamkntal con-
tinuation ABOVE KNOB. EXAMPLES UN-
CERTAIN.

87. End broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.104 ni.
Rounds abruptly at 0.03 m. from neck. Zigzag
on rectangular ))art. At transition to round
part, three fine lines. Collar at neck. From
head rises short point like end of wire ; if due
to corrosion, probably not a pin.

88. Broken and oxidized. Length, circ.
0.023 ni. Rectangular body with collar. Un-
certain whether ornamented. Above bead, ta-
pering blunt stub, as in No. 87.

89. liroken near head. Oxidized. Length,
circ. 0.038 m. Body round, with collar. Not
decorated. Head oblong spheroid. Small stub
of uncertain character above.

Form 4. Knob reduced to thick disk,
with collar above and below.

90. End broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.0545 m.
Above and below head, collar. Above upper col-
lar, short rounded stub.

91. Similar to No. 90. Length, 0.147 m.

' Form 5. Head truncated cone. Body

CORRUGATED IN UPPER PART. HeAD
CONICAL.

92. End gone. Much corroded. Length,
0.0455 m. To}) of head uneven. Sides con-
cave. Body has four corrugations of different
sizes in upper part.

93. Uncleaned. Length, 0.076 m. Head a
low cone. Beneath head, two corrugations.

Form 6. Wide, flat head.

94. From south slope. Somewhat oxidized.
Length, 0.09 m. Head slightly concave. On
inside line of engraving from bottom up-
ward.

Type b. Flat head, corrugated or beaded
body. Head small and rather thick. Usu-
ally appreciably larger than body. Some-
times not. Some possibly headless.^
Form 1. Two beads.

95. Head probably gone. Otherwise condi-
tion fair. Length, 0.1095 m. Below beads,
rectangular block surmounted by low collar.
Point sharp. Filed ; color medium.

• No. 73 from upper terrace toward tents; Nos. 75 and
86 from south slope.

' Cf. headless ivory pins from Mycenae (outside of
tombs), with corrugations, No. 2565, and from Tiryns,
No. 1646; also from Troy, No. 4413. Those under No.

Form 2. Three beads.

Class a. Headless, by accident or design.

96. Point gone. Corroded. Length, 0.527 m.
Filed : color medium.^

97. From back of South Building. Length,
0.10. Commencement of body rectangular.
I'oint sharp. Filed ; color medium.

98. End gone. Much corroded. Length,
0.0475 m. Top uneven. Sharply defined rec-
tangular block with heavy collar. Filed ; color
slightly reddish.

Class p. With heads.

99. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.114 m.
Body round from start. Color light. Head has
form of half corrugation.

100. End gone. Corroded. Length, 0.047 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0069 m. Color medium,
with trace of red.

Form 3. Four beads.
Class a. Without heads.

101. End gone. Length, 0.058 m. Clearly
marked rectangular block.

102. End gone. Somewhat corroded. Length,
0.045 m. Upper bead complete. Sharjily defined
rectangular block with collar.

Class /3. With heads.

103. Head mostly destroyed. Length, 0.113 m.
First corrugation slight, with long neck above.
Clearly marked rectangular block with collar.

104. Much corroded. Length, 0.0265 ni.

105. End gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.0805 m.
Diameter of head, 0.008 m. Beads uneven in
size.

106. Oxidized. Length, 0.064 m. Diameter
of head, 0.007 m. Color medium.

107. From south slope. End gone. Some-
what oxidized. Length, 0.076 m. Diameter of
head, 0.0085 m.

108. Corroded. Broken. Length, 0.048 m.
Diameter of head, 0.008 m.

109. From south slope. Broken. Length,
0.036 m. Diameter of head, 0.0085 m.

110. From cutting east of Upper Temple to-
ward tents. Broken. Length, 0.048 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0085 m.

111. Broken. Length, 0.0415 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0085 m. Edge of head grooved.

1060 (outside of tombs) have three to six corrugations.
All in National Mus. at Athens.

' Cf. somewhat similar pin, Montelius, Civ. Prim. It.
col. 177, pi. 32, fig. 5. The Italian specimen has no
block, but appears to have slight ornamentation of shaft ;
Bronze Age.

PINS: STRAIGHT

209

112. From south slope. Broken. Much cor-
roded. Length, 0.045 ni. Head small.

Form 4. Five beads.

Class a. Headless, probably bi/ accident.

113. From south slope. Broken. Oxidized.
Length, 0.074 m.

114. Broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.0245 m.
Transition to shaft rectangular.

115. Broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.0565 m.
Transition as in No. 114.

Class p. With heads.

116. From south slope. Corroded. Length,
0.068 m. Long neck. Body rectangular at
beginning.

117. Corroded. Length, 0.08 ni. Upper part
of body rectangular.

118-120. Fragments of similar pins. No. 120
from south slope.

121. Length, 0.11 m. Diameter of head,
0.006 m.

122-132. Similar. Nos. 123, 125 from south
slope. Lengths, 0.0487-0.117 m. Diameter of
heads, 0.0065-0.0095 m.

133. Fragment. Beneath lowest bead, three
narrow rings.

134. Fragment. At transition to body, block,
above which narrow grooved collar.

135. From West Building. Fragment. Head
grooved. Block with grooved collai", as in No.
134.

136. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.04 m. Doubtful whether collar should be
classed as one or two separate beads.

Form 5. Six beads.

Class a. Headless, by accident.
1 37-139. Fragments. Rectangular block at
transition to body, surmounted in Nos. 138, 139
by heavy collar.

Class p. With heads.

140. Point injured. Length, 0.094 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.005 ni.

141. Length, 0.1035 m. Diameter of head,
0.006 m.

142-149. Fragments. Nos. 142, 149 from
south slope. Diameter of heads, 0.007-0.01 m.

150. End gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.07 m.
Diameter of head, 0.008 m.

151. Broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.044 m.
Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Beneath corruga-
tion, rectangular block, on which five engraved
lines, and sixth separating block from round part
of body.

152. Point gone. Corroded. Length, 0.147 ni.
Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Above rectangular
block, grooved collar. On one side of block, en-
graved cross. Head grooved.

Form 6. Seven beads.
Solid body.'

153-156. Fragments. No. 153 from West
Building. Diameter of heads, 0.003-0.01 m.

157. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.09 m.
Head grooved. Diameter, 0.0085 m.

158. End gone. Length, 0.082 m. Rectan-
gular block.

159. From south slope. End gone. Corroded.
Length, 0.0602 m. Head grooved. Diametei',
0.009 m.

Separable body. Head, beads and rec-
tangular block beneath. Round part
inserted into hole in bottom of block.

160. Fragment. Pin gone. Length, 0.03 m.
Diameter of head, 0.01 ; grooved.

161. Fragment. Pin gone. Length,0.0275 m.
Diameter of head, 0.007. Collar above block.

162. Pin gone. Corroded. Length, 0.03 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0125. Rectangular block
with diagonal cross engraved on each side.
Above and below block, heavy collar.

Form 7. Eight beads.

Class a. Headless, by accident and design.
Solid body.

163. From West Building. End gone. Oxi-
dized. Length, 0.076 m. Rectangular block
with diagonal cross on each side.

Separable body.

164. From West Building. Pin mainly gone.
Length, 0.054 m. Cross on top. Rectangular
block. Each side ornamented with three circles,
having dot in centre. Pin of iron.

Class p. With heads.
Solid body.

165. Fragment. Length, 0.0375 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0095 m.

166. End gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.092 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0075 m. On top, cross from
side to side.

167. Fragment. Oxidized. Length, 0.057 m.
Diameter of head, 0.009 m. Beginning of body
rectangular. Head grooved. Top ornamented
with dots in circles, probably five, though only
four show.

Separable body.

168. From back of South Building. Pin
gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.034 m. Diam-

Cf. pin from Mycenae (outside of shaft-graves) iu Athens Miis., No. 4646.

210

THE BRONZES

eter of Iiead, 0.01 m. Rectangular block with
round hole. Above block, grooved collar.

169. From We.st Building. Similar to No.
168. Length, 0.034 m. Diameter of head,
0.012 m. Head grooved. Cross on head. Rec-
tangular block, above which grooved collar.

FouM 8. Nine beads.

170. Point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.118 ra.
Diameter of head, 0.011 ra.

171. Fragment. Length, 0.047 ni. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0085 m. Head seems to have
had ornament like No. 167.

172. Pin broken. Oxidized. Length, 0.065 m.
Diameter of head, 0.007 m. Beginning of piu
rectangular. Sides with engi'aved lines. On
top of head, two dotted circles.

Form 9. Ten beads.

Class a. Headless, by accident.
Separable body.

173. Fragment. Length, 0.0445 m. Rec-
tangular block with double collar. In bottom
hole, 0.002 m. in diameter. Pin probably of
iron. Traces of engraving on block.

Class /3. With heads.
Separable body.

174. Pin gone. Corroded. Length, 0.062 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0115 m. Large cross on
top of head. Pin was riveted into slit in block.
In slit traces of iron pin remain. On two sides
of block, cross.

Form 10. Eleven beads.
Solid body.

175. Pin gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.077 m.
Diameter of head, 0.014 m. Rectangular block
with collar, sharply distinguished from pin. In
centre of head, dot in circle. On each side
of block, three dots in circles, one above the
other.

Separable body.

176. Fragment. From West Building.
Length, 0.0575 m.

177. Pin gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.06 m.
Diameter of head, 0.011 m. Slit block with
riveted pin. In slit traces of bronze pin.

Form 11. Fourteen beads.

178. From West Building. Pin broken at
block. Length, 0.067 m. Diameter of head,
0.0105 m. On each side of block, dot in
cii'cle.

179. Fragment. Length, 0.034 m.
Form 12. Fifteen beads.

180. Fragment. Length, 0.0385 m.

Form 13. Seventeen beads.

181. Fragment. Length, 0.055 m.
Form 14. Twenty beads.

182. Fragment. Length, 0.0605 m. Slit
block surmounted by low collar.

Form 15. Twenty-two beads.

183. Fragment. Pin gone. Corroded. Length,
0.083 m. Rectangular block with double grooved
collar. In bottom hole, 0.0032 m. in diameter.
On sides, cross. On three sides, dot in circle
between upper limbs of cross. Traces of dot in
circle between lower limbs of cross on one side.

Form 16. Twenty-six beads.

Head double. Upper part as usual.
Lower part a large truncated cone.

184.^ Eight beads. Head similar to that of
No. 184 a. Rectangular block with double
collar. Inserted iron pin.
Plate LXXIX.

184 a. From West Building. Corroded.
Length, 0.127 m. Head consists of truncated
cone, with round lower edges, surmounted by low
inverted truncated cone. Top has ten-barred
cross. Block slit entire length, with rivet holes
in lower part. Pin of iron, as remaining portion
shows. Cross carved on two sides of block.

Addenda. The following probably accident-
ally headless pins could not be arranged under
the above forms, because of danger of fallacious
conclusions respecting introduction of ornament.
Solid body.

185. Fragment. Length, 0.105 m. Rectan-
gular block, on all four sides of which cross.

186. Fragment. Length, 0.0475 m. Rectan-
gular block with heavy grooved collar. All
four sides have cross.

187. Fragment. Length, 0.051 m. Short
rectangular block with deep cross on each side.

188. 189. Fragments. No. 189 has on sides
of block dots inclosed in double circles.

190. Oxidized. Length, 0.19 m. Rectangu-
lar block with double grooved collar. On sides
of block, cross in circle. On pin next to block,
six grooves.

Separable bodies.

191. Fragment. From south slope. Grooved
block. Dots in circle.

192. 193. Fragments. Grooved blocks with
traces of engravins'.

194. From first chamber at east end of Lower
Terrace, 1893. Slit block with remains of iron
pin.

' luserted here inconsistently because of similarity to No. 184 a.

PINS: STRAIGHT

211

Uncertain object.

195. Pin or end of spit. Uueertain whether
complete.

Thirty-three fciginents discarded.

Plate CXXXVII.

195 a. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.0375 m.

Type c. Pins ^vith large, flat, thin head and
corrugated or beaded upper part of body.
FoKM 1. Solid stem and pin. Head some-
times ATTACHED TO STEM.
Class a. Two corrugations.

196. Fragment. Length, 0.074 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0125 m.

Plate LXXIX.

197. From West Building. Point gone. Head
damaged. Length, 0.052 m. Diameter of head,
0.018 m. Beginning of body rectangular.

198. Length, 0.116 ra. Diameter of head,
0.013 m. Corrugations slight. Underneath,
about seven fine grooves very close together.

Class /3. Three corrugations.

199. Head about two thirds gone. Length,
0.12 m.

Class y. Four corrugations.

200. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.053 m. Diameter of head, 0.014 m.

201. Fragment. Length, 0.083 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0095 m.

202. Fragment. Length, 0.0375 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0085 ni.

203. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.05 m.

204. Fragment. Length, 0.0565 m.

205. Fragment. From above east end of Stoa,
under Cyclopean wall, 1893. Length, circ.
0.09 m. Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Block-
like beginning of body.

206. Fragment. Length, 0.087 m. Body
begins as in No. 205.

207. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.027 m. Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Short
rough block.

208. Fragment. Length, 0.0725 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.013 m. Short rectangular block.

209. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.065 m. Diameter of head, 0.015 m. Rectan-
gular block.

210. Fragment. Length, 0.046 m. Diameter
of head, 0.014 m. Rectangular block.

211. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.104 m. Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Rectangu-
lar block.

212-215. Fragments. Diameter of heads,
0.009-0.0115 m. Rectangular blocks.

216. Fi;agnient. From south slo^ie. Length,
0.065 m. Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Rectan-
gular block.

217. Fragment. From West Building.
Length, 0.054 m. Diameter of head, 0.012 m.
Rectangular block.

218-220. Fragments. Diameter of heads,
0.012, 0.013 m. Rectangular blocks.

221. Fragment. Length, 0.021 m. Rectan-
gular block.

222. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.018 m. Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Slight
rectangular block.

223. Fragment. Diameter of head, 0.01 m.
Rectangular block.

224. 225. Fragments. From south slope.
Diameter of heads, 0.015, 0.012 m. Rectangu-
lar blocks, that of No. 225 with collar.

226. Fragment. Diameter of head, 0.013 m.
Rectangular block with heavy collar.

227. Fragment. From back of South Build-
ing. Length, 0.128 m. Diameter of head, 0.016 m.
Rectangular block with collar. In centre of top
of head slight depression, corresponding to place
of attachment. First case in this type where
this is plain.

228. Fragment. Diameter of head, 0.0135
m. Rectangular block with overhanging col-
lar.

229. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.108 m. Diameter of head, 0.009 m. Sharply
cut corrugations on slender stem. Short rec-
tangular block with collar marked off by
groove.

230. 231. Fragments. From south slope.
Diameter of heads, 0.01, 0.011 m. Blocks as in
No. 229.

232. Fragment. From West Building. Block
as in No. 229.

233. Fragment. From south slope. Block
as in Nos. 229 and 228.

234. 235. Fragments. Diameter of head,
0.009, 0.0115 m. Blocks with collar as in Nos,
229, 233, respectively.

Class 8. Five corrugations.

236. Point gone. Length, 0.0785 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0125 m. Elementary rectangular
block.

237-240. Injured and fragmentary. No.
239 from West Building. Diameter of heads,
0.01-0.013 m. Rectangular blocks.

212

THE BRONZES

241. From south slope. Length, 0.122 in.
Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Short rectangular
block.

242-244. Fragments. Diameter of heads,
0.012-0.013 m. Keetangular blocks.

246. Fragment. From south slope. Short
heavj- rectangular block.

246. Fragment. From back of South liuild-
ing. Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Short rectan-
gular block.

247-250. Fragments. Diameter of heads,
0.011-0.012 m. Rectangular blocks, which in
Nos. 249, 250 have overhanging collar.

251. Fragment. From south slope. Diam-
eter of liead, 0.0135 ni. Rectangular block.

252. Fragment. Rectangular block witli
small collar.

253. Fragment. From south slope. Diameter
of head, 0.012 m. Block as in No. 252.

254. Length, 0.118 m. Diameter of head,
0.012 ni. Rectangular block with small col-
lar.

255. Fragment. From back of South Build-
ing. Diameter of head, 0.0135 m. Rectangular
block with projecting collar.

256. Point and part of head gone. Length,
0.063 m. Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Block
with projecting collar.

257. Fragment. Diameter of head, 0.012 m.
Block as in No. 256.

258. 259. Fragments. Diameter of heads,
0.013, 0.011 m. Blocks as in No. 256.

260. Fragment. From back of South Build-
ing. Diameter of head, 0.0145 m. Block tapers
toward top. Heavy projecting collar.

261. Fragment. Block similar to that of No.
260.

262. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.065 m. Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Block
as in No. 255. Cross on all four sides. Proba-
bly also on head.

263. 264. Fragments. Diameters of heads,
0.015, 0.01 m. Blocks as in No. 255.

265. Fragment. From back of South Build-
ing. Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Grooved
collar on block.

266. Fragment. Rectangular block, with
collar separated by groove.

267. Fragment. End gone. Oxidized. Length,
0.0715 m. Diameter of head, 0.01 m. Rectan-
gular block with projecting grooved collar.

268. Fragment. From south slope. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0105. Block as in No. 267.

269. Fragment. From West Building.
Length, 0.0515 m. Rectangular block with
grooved collar.

Discarded: one.

Class £. Six corrugations.

270. Head and point broken. Length, 0.088
ni. Diameter of bead, 0.02 ni. Three lower
corrugations small and separated by shallow
rings.

271,272. Fragments. 272 from south slope.
Diameter of heads, 0.0075, 0.0115 m.

273. Point blunted. Length, 0.1215 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.01 m.

274. Length, 0.145 m. Diameter of head
(nicked), 0.0125 m. Rectangular block. Cor-
rugations not strung.

275. Condition poor. Point gone. Length,
0.0615 m. Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Rec-
tangular block. Corrugations sharply defined.

276-278. Fragments. Diameter of heads,
0.010-5-0.012 m. Blocks.

279. Point gone. Length, 0.084 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.012 m. Rectangular block with
raised collar.

280. From back of South Building. Frag-
ment. Diameter of head, 0.011 m. Rectangular
block separated from pin by groove. Raised
collar.

281-285. Fragments. Diameter of heads,
0.009-0.014 m. Rectangular blocks tapering
toward raised collar.

286. Fragment from south slope. Diameter
of head, 0.011 m. Block as in Nos. 281 ff.

287. Fragment. Diameter of head, 0.017
m. Long rectangular block with raised grooved
collar.

288. Fragment from back of South Building.
Diameter of head, 0.01 m. Short rectangular
block with grooved raised collar.

Class C Seven corrugations.

289. Point and most of head gone. Length,
0.09 m. Rectangular block with collar. Traces
of cross on sides of block.

Class rj. Eight cwrugations.

290. Point gone. Length, 0.0915 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.011 m. Corrugations elongated
with shallow grooves between.

291. Length, 0.127 m. Diameter of head,
0.012 m. Rectangular block, separated from pin
by slight groove with raised grooved collar.
Possibly traces of cross on sides.

Of this form nine fragments were discarded, inchiding
one from solitli slope.

PINS: STRAIGHT

213

Form 2. Separable pin. Pin inserted in
rectangular block, beneath corruga-
tions, head attached like rivet.^

Inserted pins are later tlian introduction of
rectangular block. No jiin-sliafts preserved.
Class a. Five corrugations.

292. Head broken. Length, 0.027 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.014 ni. Rectangular block
broken at lower end. Has slit instead of hole.

293. Length, 0.027 m. Diameter of head,
0.018 m. Stem shows plainly on top. Block.

294. Fragment from West Building. Slight
remains of iron pin. Block.

295. Fragment. Length, 0.0263 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0215 m. Rectangular block with
small raised grooved collar. In bottom, hole,
0.003 ni. across.

296. From south slope. Head mostly gone.
Length, 0.03 m. Stem shows above head.
Rectangular block with raised grooved collar.
Traces of iron pin.

Class /?. Six con'ugations.

297. Fragment. From south slope. Length,
0.03 m. Rectangular block with slight groove
near top. Pin probably of iron.

298. From south slope. Length, 0.031 m.
Diameter of head, 0.019 m. Slight trace of stem
on top. Rectangular block with slightly grooved
collar. Pin of iron.

299. From south slope. Length, 0.029 m.
Diameter of head, 0.023 m. Top of head has
row of dots inclosed by circles close to edge.

300. Condition poor. Length, 0.032 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0195 m. Trace of stem on
top. Dots in circles same as in No. 299. Pin
probably of iron.

301. Length, 0.029 m. Diameter of head,
0.022 m. No trace of stem. Pin of iron. Dots
in circles as above, and one where stem should
appear.

Class y. Seven corrugations.

302. From back of South Building. Length,
0.0365 m. Diameter of head, 0.017 m. No trace
of stem on top. Pin probably of iron. Dots
in circles on head round edge.

303. From south slope. Length, 0.036 m.
Diameter of head, 0.018 m. Rectangular block
with slight grooved collar. Pin probably of
iron.

304. Length, 0.031 m. Diameter of head,

' With this form cf. pin-head from Lusi, Jahreshefle,
IV. p. 55, fig. 97 (Reichel and Willielni).

^ Cf. bronze piu of tack-form with large flat head and

0.016 m. Dots in circles on head. Rectangular
block with raised grooved collar. Pin of iron.

305. Fragment. Length, 0.035 m. Rectan-
gular block with heavy collar. Pin probably of
iron.

Class 8. Eight corrugations.

306. Fragment. Length, 0.041 m. Rectan-
gular block with raised collar. Iron pin.
Bronze when filed showed reddish.

307. Fragment. Two rows of dots in circles
on head.

Class «. Nine conjugations.

308. Head mostly gone. Length, 0.042 m.
Dots in circles on head. Pin probably of iron.
Fine groove on block.

309. Length, 0.0465 m. Diameter head,
0.0215 ra. No trace of stem on top. Rectan-
gular block with raised collar. Pin probably
of iron.

Class ^. Eleven connigations.

310. From south slope. Length, 0.039 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Rectangular block
with slightly raised grooved collar. Pin prob-
ably of iron.

311. Head mostly gone. Length, 0.054 m.
Dots in circles on head. Slight rise at centre
of head above stem. Rectangular block with
grooved collar, pi-obably ornamented on all sides
with dots in circles.

Class rj. Fourteen corrugations.

312. Poor condition. Length, 0.0435 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.0135 m. No certain trace of
stem on top. Rectangular block ornamented on
all sides with cross ; raised grooved collar. Pin
probably iron.

Class 6. Sixteen corrugations.

313. Condition poor. Length, 0.04 m. No
certain trace of stem on top of head. Dots in
circles on edge of head. Rectangular block with
raised grooved collar. Pin of iron. Bronze
when filed showed medium color.

Of tliis form four fragments were discarded.

Form 3. Body solid, with alternate

BROAD and narrow SWELLINGS. HeAD
ATTACHED.

314. Fragment. Length, 0.028 m. Diameter
of head, 0.022 m. Stem shows in centre of
head.^

Addenda. The following (Nos. 315-317) are
of too uncertain character to treat as a separate

small corrugated body from Menidbi, Athens Mus., No.
1928.

214

THE BKONZES

type, inasmuch as the length being unknown,
they may be rivets. Not corrugated.'

31& End gone. Diameter of head, 0.011 m.
Stem shows on top of head.

316. End gone. Diameter of head, 0.014 m.
Stem projects through heatl. Body rectangular.

317. Similar to No. 316. Diameter of head,
0.02 m.

Type d. Fins usually vrith conical head
and solid body, of M^hich upper part is
ornamented with threading and bead-
like corrugations, or -vrith a disk substi-
tuted for a corrugation.

FOKM 1. TlIKKADlNG AND CORKUGATION8.

Class a. One corntgation.

318. End gone. Length, 0.074 m. Thread-
ing faint.

319. Length, 0.117 m. Screw threading.

320. Head partly gone. Length, 0.152 m.
Traces of threading between head and corruga-
tion.

Class /3. Two corrugations.

321. From south slope. Broken. Length,
0.09G m. Coarse screw-threading between head
and first corrugation. Rectangular beginning
of pin.

322. End gone. Length, 0.102 m. Screw-
threading between head and corrugation. Be-
ginning of pin rectangular.

323. Head and point gone. Length, 0.128 m.
Plain, coarse threading between top and first
corrugation. Rectangular beginning of pin.

324. Head gone. Length, 0.12 m. Rather
fine screw-threading above .first corrugation.
Rectangular beginning of pin.

325. From West Building. Point broken.
Length, 0.073 m. Threading above first corru-
gation. Beginning of body rectangular.

326. From West Building. End broken.
Length, 0.1105 m. Above upper corrugation,
fine threading.

327. Point broken. Length, 0.108 m. Screw-
threading between head and first corrugation.

328. Point broken. Length, 0.155 ra. Coarse
screw-threading between head and first corruga-
tion.

329. Point broken. Length, 0.084 m. Fine
threading between head and first corrugation.

330. Point broken. Length, 0.198 m. Top
of head rounded. Irregular screw-threading be-
tween head and lower corrugation.

' Cf. flat-headed bronze tacks from Mycenae (outside
tombs), Athens Mus., No. 3261.

331. Broken. Length, 0.097 m. Medium ir-
regular screw-threading from head to lower cor-
rugation.

332 Length, 0.208 m. Medium screw-thread-
ing beneath head and between corrugations.
Above upper and beneath lower corrugations,
grooves, forming in each case a small corrugation.

333. Point broken. Length, 0.1865 m.
Threading fine from head to lower corrugation.
Secondary corrugations as in No. 332. Begin-
ning of pin rectangular.

Under side of upper corrugation flat.

334. Length, 0.12 m. Head to first corruga-
tion, 0.0155 m. Medium coarse screw-threading
between head and first corrugation. Second cor-
rugation smaller than first. Above it small cor-
rugation, as in No. 332.

335. Both ends broken. Length, 0.104 m.
Above first corrugation, coarse plain threading.
Second corrugation smaller than first. Begin-
ning of pin rectangular.

Class y. More than two corrugations.
Group i. Under side of main corrugation
flat.

336. Fragment. Length, 0.072 m. Between
corrugations, rather fine threading. Beginning
of body rectangular.

Group ii. More elaborate.

337. Both ends gone. Length, 0.187 m.
From top to second corrugation (reckoning from
the top), probably coarse threading. Second
and third and third and fourth seem divided by
two grooves. Below fourth ring, perhaps origi-
nally disk. Between ring and fifth corrugation, a
very low corrugation, which probably has groove
in middle. Above and below, coarse threading.
I^low fifth corrugation, clearly marked rectangu-
lar block, tapering to pin.^

FoHM 2. Threading and corrugation ;

WITH DISK SUBSTITUTED FOR CORRUGATION,
USUALLY UPPER ONE.

Class a. Disk and one corrvgation.

338. Both ends gone. Length, 0.116 m. Un-
certain whether upper part threaded. Disk larger
than corrugation. Beginning of pin rectangular.

339. Fragment. Top and most of body gone.
Above disk, four small corrugations. Lower one
grooved. Beginning of pin rectangular.

340. Both ends gone. Length, 0.10 m.
Grooved above disk, forming four small corru-
gations.

^ Of this form, seyen were discarded, of which six were
of two corrugations and one uncertain.

PINS: STRAIGHT

215

341. Top and most of body gone. I^engtli,
0.045 m. Above disk, irregular screw and plain
threading. Below disk, a narrow, then a longer
lower corrugation, followed by two rings. Be-
ginning of pin rectangular.

The following have two or more plain raised
surfaces above disk, which in some cases ap-
proach character of subordinate corrugations.

342. End gone. Length, 0.07 m. Between
head and disk, two low corrugations separated by
threading, which continues to head. Below disk,
plain space, then low corrugation, then ring.
Prominent rectangular beginning of pin.

343. Fragment. Length, 0.062 m. Above
disk, stem tapers, and is ornamented with convex
plain surfaces and four groups of three rings.
Between disk and corrugation, similar surface
with rings.

344. End gone. Length, 0.089 m. Raised
surface close to collar of disk. Space above di-
vided into three parts, separated by two raised
surfaces. Fine threading. Ring above corruga-
tion. Beginning of body rectangular.

Plate CXXXVII.

345. Ends gone. Length, 0.13 m. Above
disk, stem tapers in four raised surfaces, divided
by rings. Below disk, plain convex surface be-
tween group of three rings. Rectangular begin-
ning of pin, with groove at top.

Class /8. Dish and two corrugations beneath.
Plate LXXIX.

346. End gone. Length, 0.096 m. Head
has rounded top. Upper part probably had plain
surfaces and rings.

347. Head and most of body gone. Length,
0.042 m. Beneath corrugation, rectangular piece.
Above disk, screw-threading. Rings between
disk and first corrugation, and between corruga-
tions.

348. Perhaps belongs to Class y- Most of
body gone. Length, 0.074 m. Between head
and disk, coarse screw-threading. Between cor-
rugations, single low ring.^

Class y. Disk and more than two corruga-
tions, of which the one beneath disk is
slightly larger.

349. End gone. Length, circ. 0.155 m. Head

' Cf. the fragment, Olympia, No. 1134 (upside down),
said by Furtwangler to be completely preserved.

' Type found at Tiryns (No. 1587), and at Heraeum
tomb (No. 3325); Athens Museum. Possible also that
Olympia, No. 431 b, belongs here (though not stated that
head has hole for shaft), rather than to pendants, as
Furtwangler takes it. With this type may be compared,

to disk threaded downward from right to left.
Beneath corrugations, small ring, then rectangu-
lar block, beneath which round body of pin.
Space between disk and lowest corrugation plain.
Of tJiis form two were discarded.
Addenda, The following two may be of either
form.

350. Fragment. Length, 0.047 m. Head and
fourteen corrugations. Bottom filed. Solid.
Color medium.

351. From West Building. Lower end
broken. Length, 0.054 m. Entire length from
head to last cori-ugation with fine threading.

Six unclassified discards.

Type e. Pins vnth body similar to preced-
ing (Type d, Form 1), and oblong rivet-
shaped head, usually with conical top.
Pin inserted into middle of rivet bar.
Ends of heads attached, except perhaps
in No. 352.2

Class a. All or part of body preserved.^
Group i. Body has threading and one corru-
gation.

Plate LXXX.

352. Head damaged. Length, 0.0988 m.
Length of head, 0.013 m. Pin top shows on
upper side of head, which has four grooves on
each side. Next head, two small threads. Then
convex surface, beneath which screw-thread to
corrugation. Beneath corrugation, beginning of
body rectangular. Here two threads.

353. Possibly belongs under ii. Broken at
base of corrugation. Length, 0.019 m. Length
of head, 0.0205 m. Top of pin shows. Ends of
head convex and rounded. Shaft finely threaded
to ends on both sides. Head to corrugation also.

Group ii. Body has threading and two corru-
gations.

354. Ends of head and of pin gone. Length,
0.059 m. Length of head, 0.028 m. Coarse
screw-threading on both sides of head. From
head to lower corrugation rather fine irregular
screw-threading. Beginning of pin-shaft rec-
tangular.

355. From northeast part of excavation, near
Cyclopean wall, 1893. End of pin and head
gone. Length, 0.075 m. Length of head,

in general, a silver pin with eyelet above bar, but other-
wise similar in shape to simpler Greek forms, from
Remedello, prov. of Brescia. (Montelius, Civ. Prim. It.
p. 196, fig. 13, pi. 36.) Italian specimen one piece.

' Tliough degree of preservation is not a proper basis
for classification, it is adopted here because corresponding
in the main to the material employed, i. e. bronze or iron.

216

THE BRONZES

0.0215 m. Pin shows on top of stem of lieail.
Tlireading of head similar to tliat of No. 354.
Finer between corrugations. Beginning of pin
rectangular.

356. Broken at base of second corrugation.
Head ends injured. Length, 0.037 m. Length
of head, 0.0275 m. Stem shows on top. Ends
of head hollow, thin, and originally quite large.
Sjiace circ. 0.005 ni. each side of centre has
screw-threading from right to left. lietween
head and second corrugation, slightly finer
threadinsr from rijrht to left.

Class y3. Head only preserved.
Group i. Stem threaded ; with break in
threading at centre.

357 [on Plate wrongly numbered 367].
Length, 0.019 m. Ends rounded. Screw threaded.
Diameter of pinhole, 0.0015 m. Nos. 357 a, b, c,
fragments ; latter two from south slope. Form
series leading to conical ends in No. 358.

358. Both ends injured. Length, 0.025 m.
More damaged end seems to show the construc-
tion, the conical end of stem being covered with
thin conical cap. Medium fine threading.

359. From back of South Building. Ends
injured. Length, 0.027 m. Fragment remains
of pin, probably of iron.

360. From cutting above Upper Temple to-
ward tents. Ends injured. Length, 0.025 m.
Medium screw-threading. Fragment of probable
iron pin.

361. Condition poor. Length, 0.0265 m.
Medium screw-threading.

362. Ends much injured. Length, 0.027 ra.
Medium threading.

363. Ends injured. Length, 0.0285 m.
Character of threading uncertain.

364. Corroded. Length, 0.034 m. Stem with
three grooves on one side and six on other.
Coarse screw-threading. Remains of pin, proba-
bly iron.

365. Corroded. Length, 0.0335 m. Traces
of fine threading of uncertain character.

366. From south slope. Much corroded.
Length, 0.0315 m. Threading coarse, and of
uncertain character.

367. From cutting above Upper Temple to-
ward tents. Much corroded. Length, 0.039 m.
Coarse screw-threading. Remains of iron pin.

368. From south slope. Much corroded.
Length, 0.036 m. Threading ratlier fine.

369. From northeast corner between Cyclo-
pean wall and Stoa, 1893. Much corroded.

Length, 0.0405 m. Ends solid, one larger than
the other. Slight traces of fine threading. Re-
mains of iron pin.

370. Ends gone. Length, 0.041 m. Medium
threading.

(houp ii. Stem threaded. Ends ornamented
with grooves.

371. From northeast corner below Cyclopean
wall, 1893. Condition poor. Length, 0.026 m.
Line engraved on each end. Medium threading
from right to left. Remains of pin, ])robably iron.

372. Length, 0.0325 m. Ends solid ; diam-
eter, 0.021 m. Gi'oove on each head. Fine screw-
threading.

373. Injured. Length, 0.038 m. Groove on
each end. Remains of iron pin.

374. Poor condition. Length, 0.0465 m.
Three grooves on ends. At either side of pin-
hole, fine screw-threading. Remains of iron pin.

375. Poor condition. Length, 0.042 m. Four
srrooves on one end, and three now visible on

o

other ; probably had four. Remains of bronze
pin. Medium fine threading.

376. Poor condition. Length, 0.05 m. On
each end six grooves. Medium fine threading of
uncertain character on shaft.

377. Poor condition. Length, 0.051 m. Traces
of grooves on end. Fine threading of uncertain
character on shaft. Pin pr'obably bronze.

378. Poor condition. Length, 0.055 m. Three
grooves on ends. Medium threading of uncer-
tain character on shaft. Pin probably iron.

One was discarded from each of tlie above groups.
Group iii. Ends round and thick at edge.
Body tends to rectangular form.

379. Much corroded. Length, 0.024 m. Di-
ameter of ends, 0.012 m. Stem seems inset
into ends. Pin iron. This pin is between type
of Nos. 357 and 380, but closer to No. 357.

380. Poor condition. One head gone. Length,
0.029 m. Thickness of ends, 0.006 m. Thread-
ing not certain.

381. From West Building. Much corroded.
Length, 0.032 m. Diameter of ends, 0.013 m.
Stem rectangular, with rounded sides. Traces
of threading.

Class y- Miscellaneous.

382. From south slope. Length, 0.031 m.
Diameter of ends. 0.019 m. Stem rectanffular,
with one side broader than the other. Metal
dark reddish brown, probably copper.

383. From West Building. See No. 2217.
Of this Clojss y, one was discarded.

-I

i

PINS: STRAIGHT

217

Type f. Pins often with separable heads.
Heads flat, and upper part of body com-
pound, consisting of one main corrugation,
flanked on each side, but especially be-
lo-w, by narroTV bands and rings, wrhich
develop into one or more subordinate
corrugations.'

Form 1. Upper part of body elongated
and usually with large thin head."
Class a. No ornament, or simple threading
at sides of corrugation. Body solid.

384. From south slope. One fourth head
and end of point gone. Oxidized. Length, 0.095
m. No ornament. Diameter of head, 0.0085 m.

385. Head nicked. Oxidized. Length, 0.086 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0075 m. Above corruga-
tion, groove.

386. Slightly corroded and oxidized. Length,
0.091 m. Diameter of head, 0.006 m. Above
corrugation, three small rings. Beginning of pin
below corrugation rectangular.

387. Head nicked. Corroded and oxidized.
Length, 0.083 m. Diameter of head, 0.008 m.
Above corrugation, five small rings separated
by irregular grooves only apparently resembling
screw.

388. End gone. Somewhat corroded. Oxi-
dized. Length, 0.048 m. Diameter of head,
0.0065 m. Above and below corrugation, low
ring or minor corrugation.

Class p. At either side of corrugation, or
at least on xmder side, is rise to sort of
ring, fulling off abruptly on outside, be-
ing beginning of subordinate corrugation.
Group i. No ornamentation at ends or
centre.

389. From south slope. End gone. Oxidized.
Length, 0.034 m. Diameter of head, 0.0135 m.
Stem projects through head circ. 0.001 m. Di-
ameter of stem, 0.0019 m. Round edge a row

1 Cf . bronze pins from Mycenae (outside shaft-graves)
with flat head and single ball or swelling (Athens Mus.,
No. 2558). A more advanced type, of ivory, with two
balls and double rings between convex spaces, ihid. No.
2608. Bronze pin with fiat head with small corrugation,
at either side of which grooved or double ring, and simple
jacket-eifeet beneath, from above the palace at Mycenae
(Tsountas, 'E<(>7)fi. 'Apx. 1887, col. 169, No. 19, &(\6vti x"^"^

fvpT\B(ttTa els TCI a V fiiT i pa aTpw/xara Tuy ^ttI tov f/lfyapov
ipeiwiuiv, pi. 13). Cf. No. 400. Simple and jacket forms
from Tiryns, Athens Mus., No. 1586. The pins from the
Dictaean cave published by Hogarth, Annual of British
School at Athens, VI. p. 112 resemble those of this type
chiefly in the cap. Cf. Nos. 507, 510. Pins somewhat

of inclosed dots. Beneath corrugations, .sort of
jacket, 0.003 m. in length, rising toward lower
end. Corrugations, jacket, and pin probably
one piece.

390. From south slope. Pin mostly gone.
Present point not original. Length, 0.031 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. Beneath corruga-
tions, raised grooved ring. Pin stem projects
through head, diameter, 0.0019 m.

391. End gone. Slightly oxidized. Length,
0.03 m. Diameter of head, 0.0085 m. Diameter
of projecting stem, circ. 0.0008 m. Probably
two parts, head and stem.

392. Corroded. Length, 0.052 m. Diameter
of head, 0.007 m. Jacket consists of central
corrugation, and ring at either side. Probably
one piece with pin. Head thin, perhaps sep-
arable.

Group ii. Lower or upper ring grooved.
Central knob plain.

393. Point blunted. Length, 0.077 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0115 m. Beneath knob, grooved
ring. Between knob and ring, pin thins to less
diameter than it has farther down. Thin head.

394. Bad condition. Length, 0.074 m. No
jacket. Beneath knob, high grooved ring. Head
thin.

395. Length, 0.065 m. Diameter of head,
0.012 m. Round edge, row of inclosed dots.
No jacket. Below knob, giooved ring. Head
thin. Two parts, probably.

396. Length, 0.084 m. Diameter of head,
0.009 m. Round edge row of inclosed dots.
Edge of head grooved. Above knob, ring ; below,
grooved ring. Probably two parts.

397. Poor condition. Length, 0.027 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.0115 m. On top, undercut
knob intended to represent projecting stem. Be-
neath knob, grooved ring. Above corrugation,
upward increase in diameter of jacket to head.

like this type, especially elementary forms, from lakes
Neuchatel and Bienue, in Brit. Mus.

2 To this form belongs a silver pin in the British Mu-
seum, said to have come from Argolis. Jahrb. 1897, Anz.
p. 196. Inscription C. I. G. P. I. No. 508. Added here
by kind permission of Dr. A. S. Murray.

Plate CXXXVII. Condition good. Length, 0.116 m.
Similar in shape to pins of Class y, Group vi., but the ring
development resembles rather that of Group ix. Bead
striated vertically as in Form 2, Class ri, No. 511, or Class e,
No. 512. Three rings under head, the topmost being
largest. Single notched ring at either side of principal
bead. Two rings, or rather single ring with accentuated
approach at either side of smaller bead. On top of head,
and on under side, rosettes. Cf. No. 667.

^

218

THE BRONZES

398. From south sloiJe. Corroded. Length,
0.049 lu. Diameter of head, 0.0135 m. Pro-
jecting stem. Head and both rings grooved.
Inclosed dots round edge of head.

Group iii. Central corrugation has an or-
nament (plain or grooved ring) at
either side. Otherwise similar to
Groups i. and ii.

399. Poor condition. Length, 0.06 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.014 m. Stem projects. Head
grooved. Grooved ring below corrugations. On
upper side of corrugations, single ring. On
lower side, two. Head seems one piece with
stem.

400. Condition poor. Length, 0.035 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.0125 m. Stem projects. Low
double ring on both sides of corrugations.
Thence on upper side gradual rise to join head.
On lower side, rise to grooved ring. On top
of head, rosette. Groove on edge of head.
Filed ; color medium.

401. From south slope. Bad condition.
Length, 0.031 m. Diameter of head, 0.02 m.
Undercut knob on top representing stem. Head
grooved. Corrugation large, with grooved rings
at either side. Below, effect of jacket inclosing
stem, but probably all of one piece.

402. Bad condition. Length, 0.034 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.012 m. Two grooves in edge
of head. Ring on either side of corrugation.
Uncertain whether coiTugation and rings are
one piece with stem. Head possibly separate,
in which case projecting knob goes with it.

403. Bad condition. Length, circ. 0.083 m.
Diameter of head, 0.008 m. Stem projects.
Edge of head grooved. Ring on either side of
corrugation. Stem on both sides of corrugation
smaller than beginning of pin. Beneath corru-
gation, double-grooved ring. Head perhaps sep-
arate. Rest of one piece.

404. Length, 0.088 m. Diameter of head,
0.0095 m. Small knob on top of head. Edge
of head grooved. On either side of corrugation,
grooved ring, of one piece with corrugation.
Grooved ring beneath head. Below corrugation,
two rings. Lower slightly larger and grooved.
Head perhaps separate. Rest perhaps one
piece. Waist in stem above and below corru-
gation.

405. Broken. Length, 0.0635 m. Diameter

' Probably not like Naue, Rev. Arch. XXVII (1895),
p. 58, No. 41.

' Cf. piu from Megara Hyblaea, published by Orsi,

of head, 0.0125 m. Grooved. Knob small.
Grooved ring on either side of corrugation and
joined to it. lieneath head, small swelling.
Below corrugation, two rings, ui>per larger and
grooved. Head perhaps separate. Rest of one
piece.

406. From south slope. Head broken.
Length, 0.0975 m. At top, a disk. Beneath,
grooved ring, divided by low ridge around
centre.^

Class y- Central cornif/ation ornamented at
side. Under head, one or more rinys,
sometimes thick efnmKjh for a suhordinate
corrugation. Beneath main corrugation,
subordinate one, of varying size, flanked by
a ring, which may or may not be grooved
at either side.

Group i. Much elongated. Two rings
under head. Lower corrugation nar-
row, resembling more prominent ring ;
flanked at either side by single ring.

407. Condition poor. Length, 0.099 m.
Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Edge grooved.
Knob on top undercut. Under head, grooved
ring. Single ring either side of corrugation.
Parts are head with knob, stem, and jacket.

40a Poor condition. Length, 0.0915 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.0165 m. Thin. Knob under-
cut. Jacket probably separable. Lower of rings
beneath head and ring just above corrugation
are ends of same piece of bronze. So also the
ring at under side of corrugation and that above
lower corrugation ring. Knob goes with head.
Remainder looks as though strung separately on
stem, but probably one piece, except perhaps
head and knob.^

409. Poor condition. Length, 0.104 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.015 m. No knob. Seems to
have same parts as No. 408, but more crowded
and probably all of one piece (i. e. all parts of
jacket). Lowest ring plain. Filing on broken
head showed no lines of separation. Parts
probably head, jacket, stem, pin.

Group ii. Elongated jacket; like pre-
ceding, but more elaborate, and with
more rings under head or about lower
corrugation.

410. From south slope. Pin gone. Corroded.
Length, 0.028 m. Diameter of head, 0.0135 ni.
Knob low and undercut. Resembles No. 409,

Mon. Ant. Line. I. col. 816. This example is similar in
style, but has small attached ring at either side of main
corrugation and under head.

PINS: STRAIGHT

219

but second ring from top and rings on either side
of head grooved. Broad secondary corrugation
with raised ring in centre and grooved ring on
either side. Filing showed color medium. Prob-
ably all one piece except perhaps head and knob.

411. Broken, condition bad. Length, 0.0715,
m. Similar to No. 410. Pin probably one
piece.

412. Poor condition. Length, 0.083 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.0127 m. Knob small and
undercut. Head thin. Similar to Nos. 408-411,
but more elaborate and finished. Jacket divided
into six parts. Pin probably one piece.

413. Condition poor. Length, 0.043 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.023 m. Knob low. Similar
to No. 412. At top of stem, however, three
rings. Bead and lower connecting block one
piece. Probable that grooved ring at lower end
of upper connecting block belongs with it. Cer-
tainly belongs with bead. Filing showed core
yellow, with redder metal outside. This per-
haps due to oxidation. Jacket, excej)t lowest
ring, probably one piece, and no separate stem
running through. Head thin ; knob probably
end of stem. Rosette on top of head.

414. Condition poor. Length, 0.067 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.015 m. Knob undei'cut. Sim-
ilar to No. 412. Divided by slightly deeper
grooves into upper connecting block with both
rings, bead, lower connecting block with both
rings, lower corrugation, grooved ring, plain
ring. Pin probably one piece, except perhaps
head and knob.

415. Condition poor. Length, 0.055 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.018 m. Filing showed head
and jacket of one piece.

416. Length, 0.074 m. Diameter of head,
0.0125 m. Undercut, low knob. Head grooved
on edge. Ring; beneath head and at either side
of bead vertically notched. A slightly larger
similar ring forms lower corrugation. Beneath
this, grooved ring, then smaller notched ring.
Pin probably solid, except perhaps head and
knob. Parts mentioned separated by clearly
marked grooves. Lowest ring goes with pin.

Group iii. Central corrugation plain, with
ring on each side. Just under head, a
single ring. Corrugations plain. Rings
small. Lower corrugation usually nar-
row and with ring on each side.

417. Condition poor. Length, 0.038 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.0185 m. Knob low ; slightly

1 Cf. Olympia, No. 482, which is

undercut. Parts separated by shallow grooves.
Pin probably one piece, except perhaps head and
knob.i

418. Condition poor. Length, 0.039 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.023 m. Small knob. Pin of
one piece and head as in No. 417. Possibly, but
improbably, from same factory as No. 417.

419. Length, circ. 0.135 m. Diameter of
head, 0.019 m. Knob not undercut, and very
possibly genuine stem. Lower coiTugation only
a heavy ring. Pin and head as No. 417.

420. Condition poor. Length, 0.037 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.02 m. Low, undercut knob.
Undercut effect perhaps due to hammering. Pin
and head as in No. 417. Very possibly from
same factory as No. 419.

421. From back of South Building. Pin
broken. Length, 0.028 m. Diameter of head,
0.0205 m. Knob small and undercut. Similar
to No. 420, except ring above corrugation is
grooved. Edge of head grooved. Pin and head
as No. 417.

422. From back of South Building. Length,
0.045 m. Diameter of head, 0.018 m. Similar
to No. 421.

423. Bad condition. Length, 0.024 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.019 m. Similar to No. 421.
Filing showed medium light color.

424. From south slope. Condition bad.
Length, 0.032 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 m.
Similar to No. 421.

425. From south slope. Condition bad.
Length, 0.0375 m. Diameter of head, 0.0195 m.
Similar to No. 424, and possibly from same fac-
tory.

426. End gone. Length, 0.0485 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0205 m. Similar to No. 425.

427. Pin gone. Length, 0.041 m. Diameter
of head, 0.018 m. Upper four rings belong
structurally to connecting blocks. Upper ring
of each pair the larger. Pin and head as before.

428. End gone. Length, 0.0415 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.019 ni. Top ring largest. Pin
and head as before.

Group iv. Similar, but with larger rings,
especially at top.

429. Pin gone. Condition bad. Length,
0.025 m. Diameter of head, 0.017 m. Edge
of head grooved. Head probably separate and
knob part of stem.

430. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.065 m. Diameter of head, 0.016 m. Knob

smaller but of same general design.

220

THE BRONZES

slightly undercut. Row of dotted circles round
top of head. Edge grooved. Lowest two rings
rojje-threatled. I'iii and head as in No. 417.

431. End gone. Length, 0.0535 ni. Diame-
ter of head, 0.018 ni. Rim on top of head
slightly raised. P]dge has two grooves. Pin and
iiead as in No. 417.

432. Condition poor. End gone. Length,
0.0415 m. Diameter of head, 0.0195 ni.

433. Condition poor. End gone. Length,
0.051 m. Diameter of head, 0.0155 m.

434. Tin mostly gone. Length, 0.029 ni.
Diameter of head, 0.015 m. Edge of head has
three grooves. Lowest ring forms top of pin.

435. Condition poor. Length, 0.0355 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.0175 m. Edge of head
grooved. Looks as though the parts were, (1)
head, (2) knob, (3) stem and pin with grooved
ring, and (4) rings with corrugation, but possibly
whole pin of one piece.

436. Pin gone. Length, 0.025 m. Diameter
of head, 0.022 m. Edge of head has raised
band in centre. Looks separable like No. 435,
but probably as in No. 417. Possibly from same
factory as No. 435.

437. Condition poor. Length, 0.0285 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0125 m. (corroded). Edges
of upper four rings had vertical lines. Whole
pin probably one piece.

438. Most of head and pin gone. Length,
0.032 m. Diameter of head, 0.003 m. Filing
showed color medium. Pin as in No. 437.

439. End gone. Length, 0.058 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.019 m. Edge of head has two
grooves. Pin looks separable, into (1) head,
(2) upper pair of rings, (3) lower pair, (4) cor-
rugations, (5) lowest ring, (6) stem, knob, and
pin, but probably all one piece.

440. Pin gone. Length, 0.03 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0245 m. Edge of head has two bands.
Only one ring above upper corrugation. Filing
showed iron pin. Color of bronze medium.
Head, knob, and jacket probably one piece.

Group v. Ring under head increased in
size to nearly that of subordinate cor-
rugation.
Plate LXXXI.

441. Length, 0.113 m. Diameter of head,
0.018 m. Head thin, outer rim slightly raised
on top. Five rings. Top one separated from
head by shallow groove. Pin probably one
piece.

* Very similar to pin from Lusi, Jahreshefte

442. End gone. Length, 0.0855 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.021 m. Edge of head grooved.
Rings at either side of main corrugation grooved.
Pin and head as in No. 417.

443. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.037 ni.
Diameter of head, 0.0235 m. Row of dots near
edge on top of head. Edge of head grooved.
Corrugations larger than in No. 442, but arrange-
ment similar. Both probably from one factory.

Group vi. Similar to Groups iii. and iv.,
but with two rings just under head.

444. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.075 m. Diameter of head, 0.015 m. Raised
rim round upper edge of head. Grooved ring
beneath head. Below main corrugation, shaft
smaller than at beginning of pin. Pin and head
as in No. 417.^

445. Pin gone. Length, 0.024 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0185 m. Edge of head grooved.
Beneath, two rings, the upper one being the
larger. Filing showed color medium light. Pin
and head as in No. 417.

446. End gone. Length, 0.045 m. Diameter
of head, 0.016 m. Slight rim round top of head.
Edge of head grooved. Rings beneath head as
in No. 445. Pin and head as in No. 417.

447. End gone. Condition poor. Leng-th,
0.045 m. Diameter of head, 0.016 m. Slight
rim on top of head. Two grooves round edge
of head. Ring nearest head largest. Pin proba-
bly one piece.

448. Point gone. Condition pooi-. Length,
0.095 m. Diameter of head, 0.014 m. Top
ring largest. Lowest ring goes with pin. Head
and pin as in No. 417.

449. Condition poor. End gone and most
of head. Length, 0.045 m. Rings beneath
head as in No. 446. Filing showed color me-
dium light. Whole pin probably one piece.

450. Condition poor. Length, 0.0315 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0165 m. Rim round top
side of head. Raised band round centre of edge
of head. Head and pin as in No. 417. Perhaps
from same factory as No. 449.

451. End gone. Length, 0.05 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0195 m. Edge grooved. Conical knob.
Rim (raised) round edge top side of head. En-
tire pin probably one piece.

452. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.05 m. Diameter of head, 0.0195 m. Traces
of groove on edge of head. Pin and head as
in No. 417.

IV. p. 54, Ko. 96 (Keichel and Wilhelm).

PINS: STRAIGHT

221

453. From south slojje. End gone. Condi-
tion poor. Length, 0.042 ni. Diameter of head,
0.0175 m. Kuob higli and undercut. Edge of
head grooved. Pin and head as in No. 417.

Group vii. Similar to Group vi., but with
apparently compound jacket, caused
by deeper grooves between the parts ;
perhaps all from one factory.

454. Most of pin and head gone. Length,
0.029 m. Diameter of head, 0.019 m. Edge of
head grooved. Top ring closely attached to
head. This pin differs from preceding class
only in greater depth of groove. Pin and head
as in No. 417.

455. End gone. Length, 0.049 m. Diameter
of head, 0.022 m. Raised rim round top side of
head. Raised band round edge of head. Rings
similar to No. 454. First and third from top
about equal and larger than others. Lowest three
rings smaller than second. Pin and head as in
No. 417.

456. Fragment. Length, 0.02 m. Diameter
of head, 0.023 m. Slight raised rim around top
of head. Edge of head grooved. Seems separa-
ble into (1) head, (2) three rings with connect-
ing parts, (3) corrugation, (4) ring, (5) stem
and knob, but probably as in No. 417.

Group viii. Similar to Group v., but with
grooved rings just under head, the
upper one being largest. Probably
from same factory as Group v.

457. End gone. Length, 0.0685 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.017 m. All parts separated by
slight grooves. Entire pin probably one piece.

458. Pin gone. Length, 0.028 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0195 m. Jacket same as No.
457.

The following have two rings under main
corrugation and two at each side of lower cor-
rugation, and are very probably from same
factory.

459. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.0505 m. Diameter of head, 0.0235 m. Edge
of head grooved. Raised rim on upper side.
Rings next to corrugation grooved. Pin and
head as in No. 417.

460. End gone. Length, 0.062 m. Diameter
of head, 0.021 m. Considerable raised rim on
top of head. Edge of head has two grooves.

461. From back of South Building. End
gone. Length, 0.0635 m. Diameter of head,
0.0228 m. Raised rim round top of head. Edge
of head probably grooved. Head trifle thinner

than those of Nos. 459, 460. Top ring larger

than in No. 460.

Group ix. Two or more narrow sharply
cut rings just under head, and two sim-
ilar rings on one or both sides of either
or both corrugations.

462. Length, 0.138 m. Diameter of head,
0.015 m. Slight raised rim round head. Edge
of head grooved. Above each corrugation,
grooved ring. Beneath, plain ring. Pin and
head as in No. 417.

463. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.076 m. Diameter of head, 0.02 m. Edge of
head grooved. Grooved ring just beneath head.
Smaller grooved rings, one at either side of each
corrugation. Parts crowded together. Pin and
head as in No. 417.

464. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.027 m.
Diameter of head, 0.016 m. Slight raised rim
round top of head. Beneath head, four rings, or
one ring with three grooves. Grooved ring either
side of main corrugation. Plain ring either side
of lower corrugation. Whole pin probably one
piece.

465. Condition poor. End and most of head
gone. Length, 0.0555 m. Grooved ring either
side of main corrugation and on upper side lower
corrugation. Ring on lower side lower corruga-
tion probably simple. Filing showed color me-
dium light. Whole pin one piece.

Group X. Similar to Groups iii. and iv.,
but with projecting edge or band about
centre of main corrugation.

466. Pin mainly gone and about one fourth
of head. Length, 0.034 m. Diameter of head,
0.0235 m. Head thin. Pin and head as in No.

417.

467. From south slope. Most of pin and lower
corrugation gone. Length, 0.044 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0219 m. Slight raised rim on head.
Edge of head, two grooves. Similar to No. 466.
Possibly from same factory, though heads of dif-
ferent style.

468. Point gone. Length, 0.098 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.017 m. Slight raised rim round
head. Head rather thin. Whole pin probably
one piece.

Group xi. Similar to Groups iii., iv., v.,
but with raised grooved ring about cen-
tre of corrugation.

469. From back of South Building. Point
gone. Corroded. Length, 0.148 m. Diameter
of head, 0.021 m. Small ring above corruga-

222

THE BRONZES

tions. All grooves shallow, except that next to
head, which is of moderate depth. Slight raised
rim around head. Edge of head has two grooves.
Traces of groove round centre of lower corruga-
tion. Pin prohably one piece.

470. From West Building. Most of pin
gone. Condition poor. Length, 0.0405 ni. Di-
ameter of head, 0.021 m. Slight raised i-im.
Traces of two grooves round edge of head. Up-
per corrugation has three grooves. Separating
grooves all rather shallow. Pin and head as in
No. 417.

471. Most of pin gone. Condition poor.
Length, 0.0415 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 ni.
Possible traces of groove on edge of head. Also
of raised rim. Main corrugation has raised
grooved band. Lower corrugation plain. Pin
and head as in No. 417.

472. From back of South Building. End
gone. Condition poor. Length, 0.0465 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.025 m. Slight raised rim.
Edge grooved. Upper corrugation has raised
grooved band. Lower corrugation plain. Head
and pin as in No. 417.

, 473. End gone. Length, 0.0525 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.025 m. Raised rim round head.
Two grooves in edge of head. Upper corruga-
tion has raised band with two grooves. Lower
corrugation has raised band with one groove.
All rings have fine rope-threading. Pin and
head as in No. 417.

474. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.0965 m. Diameter of head, 0.0205 m. Raised
rim around head, which has two grooves round
edge. Upper corrugation with raised grooved
band. Lower corrugation plain. Ring beneath
head has fine oblique threading. Grooved ring
at either side of secondary corrugation. Pin and
head as in No. 417.

475. End and part of head gone. Length,
0.057 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 m. Rather
high knob. Grooves shallow. Raised grooved
band around main corrugation. Lower corruga-
tion plain. Pin and head as in No. 417.

Group xii. Similar to Groups vi. and x.

476. From south slope. Most of pin gone.
Length, 0.027 m. Diameter of head, 0.0175 m.
Groove round edge of head. About centre of
corrugation narrow raised band. All grooves
shallow. Head and pin as in No. 417.

477. End gone. Length, 0.048 m. Diameter
of head, 0.019 m. Rounded knob. Edge of
head grooved. Three rings between head and cor-

rugation. Corrugation has narrow raised band.
Grooves shallow. Pin and head as in No. 417.

478. End gone. Length, 0.06 m. Diameter
of head, 0.022 m. Flat undercut knob. Top of
head slightly concave. Edge grooved. Corru-
gation has narrow raised band. Lower corruga-
tion plain. Grooves plain but not deep. Pin
and head as in No. 417.

Group xiii. Similar to Groups vi. or
vii., and xi.

479. End gone. Head abraded. Length,
0.0365 m. Diameter of head, 0.0155 m. Low
rounded knob, slightly undercut. Main corru-
gation with prominent raised grooved band.
All grooves shallow. Pin and head as in No.
417.

480. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.058 m. Diameter of head, 0.0185 m. Low
rounded knob. Edge of head grooved. Both
corrugations have raised grooved band. All
grooves shallow. Head and pin as in No. 417.

Group xiv. Two rings just beneath head.
One or two rings at each side of
the corrugations. Raised grooved band
which may also ornament the lower
corrugation.

481. Pin gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.0315 m. Diameter of head, 0.0175 m. Low
knob. Top of head slightly concave. Edge of
head grooved. Lower corrugation with baud,
with trace of groove. Grooves all shallow. Pin
and head as in No. 417.

482. From back of South Building. Condi-
tion poor. Length, 0.032 m. Diameter of head,
0.0165 m. Rim of head raised. Grooved ring
beneath head and at either side of each corruga-
tion. Pin and head as in No. 417.

483. Condition poor. Length, 0.0435 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0165 m. Low knob. Lower
corrugation plain. Grooved ring at either side
of both corrugations. Pin and head as in No.
417.

484. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.065 m. Diameter of head, 0.0225 m. Knob
flat. Top of head slightly concave. Edge of
head has two grooves. Between head and cor-
rugation three rings. Each corrugation has two
raised rings. Pin and head as in No. 417.

485. Point damaged. Head half gone. Length,
0.0915m. Diameter of head, 0.0185 m. Rounded
undercut knob. Each corrugation has raised
grooved band. Filing showed color medium
light.

PINS: STRAIGHT

223

Group XV. Three rings of unequal size
beneath head. Single ring at each
side of corrugations. Grooved band
on main corrugation and sometimes on

lower one.

486. Most of pin gone. Condition poor.
Length, 0.036 m. Diameter of head, 0.0205 m.
Low undercut knob. Edge of head grooved.
First two rings beneath head larger than third.
Lower corrugation plain. Pin and head as in
No. 417.

487. End gone. Length, 0.108 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0219m. Low undercut knob. Rim
of head raised. Edge of head grooved. Lower
con-ugation plain. Pin and head as in No. 417.'

488. From West Building. Length, 0.175 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0295 m. Slight raised rim.
Rather high round knob. Raised grooved bands
on both corrugations. Whole pin probably one
piece.

Group xvi. Double groove about main
corrugation.

489. Point and part of neck gone. Length,
0.023 m. Diameter of head, 0.022 m. Low
undercut knob. Rim of head raised. Edge of
head grooved. Single i-ing beneath head and at
either side of main corrugation. Head and pin
as in No. 417.

490. End gone. Length, 0.075 m. Diameter
of head, 0.021 m. Round undercut knob. Rim
of head raised. Edge of head has raised band,
with fine threading. Main corrugation has
raised, double-grooved band. Lower corruga-
tion has raised grooved band. Beneath head
thick, broad ring with vertical threading. Single
ring, with threading on each side of each corru-
gation. Grooves shallow. Pin and head as
in No. 417. Cf. Group viii.

Form 2. More advanced. Elongated
JACKET. Head large or medium size,

AND USUALLY THICK.

Class a. Two plain corrugations with
single ring at either side of each. Two
grooves under head. Represented only
by No. 491.

491. Head gone. Length, 0.151 m. Rec-
tangular knob at top for insertion into head.
Groove near ring. Whole fragment probably
one piece, though possibly pin inserted.

Class /3. Two large rather thin corruga-
tions, with clearly defined ring at either
side tending to he completely se2)arated
from corrugations. Single similar ring
\inder head.
492. From West Building. End jrone.
Length, 0.0G5 m. Diameter of head, 0.018 m.
Low slightly undercut knob. Edge of head has
two grooves. Rim of head raised. Rings and
corrugations plain. Pin and head as in No.
417.

493. From West Building. End

gone.

' Olympia, No. 485, is quite similar, except that it has
double ring at each side of main corrugation.

'^ Cf. archaic Greek piu with three plain knobs, of

Length, 0.0725 m. Diameter of head, 0.0275 m.
Knob rather high and undercut. Edge of head
has two grooves; rim raised. Two rings be-
neath lower corrugation. Lowest ring and ring
above each corrugation and band between
grooves on edge of head have fine oblique thread-
ing. Pin seems to be inserted in jacket, which
seems of one piece with head, but this not cer-
tain. Possibly from same factory as No. 492.

494. Pin gone. Length, 0.0385 m. Diameter
of head, 0.031 m. Rather high undercut knob.
Edge of head has two grooves ; rim raised. Top
of head decorated with two bands of curved
meander pattern, separated by band of circles.
Kings and band between grooves on edge of
head obliquely threaded. Head and jacket seem
one piece. Pin probably of iron.

Class y. Two or more large plain corruga-
tions of nearly equal size, with single ring
on either side?

Group i. No special ring beneath head,
there being only one between corruga-
tion and head.

495. Fragment of top. Length, 0.024 m.
Diameter of head, 0.034 m. High undercut
knob with three grooves. Edge of head has
raised band ; rim raised. Filing showed stem
to be of separate piece from jacket.

Group ii. Single small ring beneath head.

496. Pin gone. Length, 0.048 m. Diameter
of head, 0.044 m. Rim of head raised ; edge
grooved. Two rings between corrugations. Pin
of bronze, probably inserted. Head and knob
with first ring probably separate piece from
jacket.^

497. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.101 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 m. Knob

which middle one is largest, from Megara Hyblaea, pub-
lished by Orsi in Mon. Ant. Line. I. col. 809.

' Somewhat similar are two pins in museum at Florence
(Vitrine V), from Borgo S. Sepolcro, 1888.

224

THE BRONZES

undercut. Rim of head raised ; edge has three
grooves. Whole pin probably one piece.

Group iii. Two rings under head, upper
one being the larger. Cf. FoRM 1,
Clas.f y, Group viii.

498. From cutting above Old Temple toward
tents. End gone. Length, 0.0285 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.027 m. High undercut knob.
Rim of head raised ; edge has two grooves. The
two rings above corrugations have fine threading.
Probably lower corrugation and its rings were
strung on stem.

499. End gone. Length, 0.135 m. Diameter
of head, 0.037 m. Knob undercut. Rim of
head raised and beveled inside. Edge has three
grooves. All small rings have vertical threading.
Pin is inserted. J.icket thin. Head and jacket
probably all one piece, though perhaps jacket
separates from head beneath large top ring.'

Class S. Two plain corrugations with ring
above top of one and between them. Next
to head, plain neck. Beneath coiTuga-
tions, sloping surface, ujyper end of which
rises abruptly. Below this slope, one or
t more rings.

500. Pin gone, bottom of jacket injured.
Length, 0.026 m. Diameter of head, 0.0165 m.
Grooves on edge cut unevenly, so one does not
go all round. Lower corrugation slopes off on
lower side. Pin was of iron. Head and jacket
probably one piece.

501. Pin gone. Length, 0.028 m. Diameter
of head, 0.021 m. In edge of head, two grooves.
Raised rim. Long neck. Sloping surface short,
followed by ring. Pin of iron. Head and
jacket probably one piece.

502. Pin gone. Length, 0.037 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0215 m. In edge of head, two grooves.
Raised rim. Ring below sloping surface followed
by straight surface, with ring in middle and be-
low. Pin of iron. Head and jacket one piece.

503. Pin gone. Length, 0.039 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0215 m. In edge of head, two grooves.
Raised rim. At base of sloping surface, ring,
followed by low convex surface, ending in small
ring. Pin of iron. Head and jacket probably
one piece.

Addendum. The following number may per-
haps be placed here.

504. From cutting above Upper Temple to-
ward tents. Pin gone. Length, 0.0205 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0155 m. One corrufration

with three rings above, the middle one being-
largest, and three lielow, the lowest being largest.
Top of head slightly concave. Three grooves on
edge. Hand between two upper grooves has
vertical thread. Same on all rings except bot-
tom one. Pin of iron. Probably head and jacket
one piece.

Class e. Similar to 8, but with closely en-
graved lines on one or more corrugations
and rings.

505. Pin gone. Length, 0.034 m. Diameter
of head, 0.02 m. Knob conical, undercut. Edge
of head with three grooves. Band between two
upper has fine horizontal and oblique nicking.
Raised rim. Neck straight. Round centre of
main corrugation raised nicked band. Rings be-
tween corrugations nicked. Sloping surface con-
vex. At bottom, two rings. Head and jacket
probably one piece. Pin of iron.

506. Head and pin gone. Length, 0.036 m.
Two large corrugations, each with raised nicked
band. Between and above corrugations single
nicked ring. Sloping surface has nicked ring
at bottom, and nicking at upper edge. Jacket
probably one piece. Pin of iron. Filing showed
medium color.

507. Pin gone. Length, 0.049 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0255 m. Conical undercut knob.
Edge of head has three grooves. Upper band
nicked. Raised rim. Band in corrugations and
rings above same nicked. Sloping surface has
nicked upper edge and nicked ring, below which
two other rings. Head and jacket probably one
piece. Probable traces of iron pin.

Class i,. Similar to Class 8, but with cor-
rugations ornamented. Upper one by
heavy obliqtie grooves, arranged in groiqjs
of three. Lower one by antithetic semi-
circles.

508. Pin gone. Length, 0.048 m. Diameter
of thread, 0.029 m. Knob conical, undercut.
Surface of top convex. Raised rim. Band
round edge nicked. Iron pin. Head and jacket
probably one piece.

Class 7]. Similar to Class ^, but with deep
perpendicular lines in corrugatiofis, and
with one or more rings under head.
Group i. One ring under and probably
attached to head.
Plate LXXXII.

509. Pin gone. Length. 0.042 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0255 n\. Round undercut knob.

Pin confused in photograph with head of Xo. 531.

PINS: STRAIGHT

225

^'

Edge has three rings. Raised rim. Within
each of grooves on corrugations are three finer
grooves, sometimes four. Pin probably of iron.
Group ii. Two rings under head, of wliich
upper is larger. Probably not attached.

510. End gone. Length, 0.073 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.037 m. Knob made of two su-
perposed cones with cylindrical cap. Upper
cone has grooves radiating from cap. Each
groove surrounded by line. Lower part of knob
has fine lines. Top of head slightly concave.
Raised rim on lower side of head also. Edge
has band round centre, from which run toward
each rim grooved ornament. Below second
ring, short neck, followed by line of cleavage,
showing jacket separable at this point. Corru-
gations as in No. 509. Sloping surface slightly
concave. Ornamented with pattern similar to
knob. Pin of iron.

511. Pin and head gone. Length, 0.0465 m.
Similar to jacket of No. 510 below division.
Pin probably of bronze.

Class 0. Two corrugations with vertical
lines. Above, hetween head and corru-
gations, two small rings. Between cor-
rugations, two similar rings. Beneath,
one or two rings. Rim us hefore. Head
grooved.
Group i. Head has two grooves.

(rt'.) One ring beneath corrugations.

512. From south slope. Length, circ. 0.155 m.
Diameter of head, 0.023 m. Knob deeply un-
dercut. Raised rim. On main corrugation,
grooves in groups of three. On lower, in groups
of two.

513. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.067 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 in. Grooves
on both corrugations in groups of two.

514. Pin gone. Length, 0.0265 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0235 m. Grooving coarse. Pin was
inserted.

515. Point and lower part of jacket gone.
Length, 0.141 m. Diameter of head, 0.021 m.
Grooving coarse.

516. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.0965 m. Diameter of head, 0.0217 m. Lines
on corrugations oblique from right to left.
Lowest ring part of same piece with pin. Cor-
rugations appear as though strung.

517. From south slope. Pin and lower part of
head gone. Length, 0.02 m. Diameter of head,
0.0215 m. Grooving oblique from right to left.

Filing showed medium light color, and no trace
of composite structure.

518. From south slope. End gone. Length,
circ. 0.145 m. Diameter of head, 0.0155 m.
Slight groove below lowest ring, as though pin
were inserted there.

519. Length, 0.143 m. Diameter of head,
0.021 m. Grooves oblique. Lowest ring seems
to go with pin.

520. End gone. Length, 0.05 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0135 m. Grooves slightly oblique.
Lowest ring belongs to pin.

52L From West Building. Length, 0.155 m.
Diameter of head, 0.022 m. Unbroken.

(6'.) Two rings beneath corrugations.

522. From West Building. End gone.
Length, 0.1015 m. Diameter of head, 0.023 m.
Grooves slightly oblique. Ring below lower
corrugation faintly grooved.

523. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.143 m. Diameter of head, 0.021 m. Grooves
oblique.

Group ii. Head has three grooves. Rim
raised and beveled.

(«'.) One ring beneath lower corruga-
tion.

524. End gone. Length, 0.088 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0205 m. Grooves on corrugations
in groups of three, one group of four on lower
coiTugation.

525. From West Building. Endgone. Length,
0.08 m. Diameter of head, 0.018 m. Lowest
ring seems to belong to pin.

526. Pin gone. Length, 0.026 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.021 m. Grooves in groups of
three, one group of two on upper corrugation.
Pin seems to have been of copper.

527. From West Building. Endgone. Length,
0.0865 m. Diameter of head, 0.021 m. Lower
ring seems to belong to pin.

528. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.087 m. Diameter of head, 0.02 m.

529. From West Building. End gone.
Length, 0.072 m. Diameter of head, 0.022 m.

530. End gone. Length, 0.111 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.29. Rings have fine vertical cuts.

531. Cf. No. 499, note. End gone. Length,
0.147 m. Diameter of head, 0.04 m. Pin has
slight groove at joining with lowest ring and
seems separate.^

532. End gone. Length, 0.075 m. Diameter
of head, 0.017 m.

' Cf. Olympia, No. 481, for form and size.

226

THE BRONZES

533. End gone. Length, 0.073 m. Diameter
of head, 0.021 ui.

534. End gone. Length, 0.094 m. Diameter
of head, 0.025 m.

535. End gone. Length, 0.044 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0185 m.

536. End gone. Length, 0.115 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0235 m. Rings have oblique thread-
ing.

537. End gone. Length, 0.068 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0175 m. Lowest ring seems to go
with pin.

538. End gone. Length, 0.11 m. Diameter
of head, 0.016 m. Lowest ring seems to go
with pin. Grooves on lower corrugations closer
than on upper.

539. From West Building. Length, 0.138
m. Diameter of head, 0.018 m. Top of head
slightly concave.

540. Length, 0.059 m. Diameter of head,
0.018 m. Lowest ring probably goes with
pin.

641. End gone. Length, 0.095 m. Diameter
of head, 0.02 m. Lowest ring probably goes
with pin.

542. End gone. Length, 0.0425 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0195 m.

543. End gone. Length, 0.0765 m. Diameter
of head, 0.019 m.

544. End gone. Length, 0.0835 ni. Diameter
of head, 0.0165 m. Lowest ring probably goes
with pin.

545. End gone. Length, 0.0705 m. Diameter
of head, 0.017 m. Top ring larger than usual
and shows trace of groove.

546. End gone. Length, 0.0875 m. Diameter
of head, 0.021 m.

547. From back of South Building. Pin gone.
Knob injured. Length, 0.028 m. Diameter of
head, 0.019 m. Pin probably was of iron.

548. From West Building. End gone.
Length, 0.15 m. Diameter of head, 0.021 m.
Lowest ring probably goes with pin.

549. From back of South Building. End
gone. Length, 0.0825 m. Diameter of head,
0.0205 m. Corrugations rather thick.

550. End gone. Length, 0.083 m. Diameter
of head, 0.021 m.

551. From back of South Building. End
and lower part of jacket gone, also part of
head. Length, 0.0255 m. Diameter of head,
0.0185 m.

• With the following cf . Olympia, No.

552. From West Building. End gone.
Length, 0.063 m. Diameter of head, 0.019 m.

553. Pin corroded. Length, 0.173 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.0205 m. Rim has convex
beveling. Lowest ring probably goes with pin,
and possibly pin inserted into lowest corruga-
tion.

654. End gone. Length, 0.0815 m. Diameter
of head, 0.02 m. Knob undercut and resting on
a raised base. Lowest ring seems to go with
pin.

655. From West Building. Present point
not original. Length, 0.118 m. Diameter of
head, 0.0175 m. Only one ring between corru-
gations.

(b'.) Two rings beneath corrugation.
Only one uncertain example.

656. From south slope. Pin and about half
of head gone. Length, 0.03 m. Diameter of
head, 0.022 ni. Filing showed color medium
light, and no trace of composite structure.

Group iii. Head has four grooves.

557. End and lower part of jacket gone.
Length, 0.022 m. Diameter of head, 0.026 m.

Addenda. Pins of this class with heads
broken off. One ring beneath lower corrugation.

Lower corrugation only preserved.

568. From back of South Building. Length,
0.156 m. Filing showed color medium light.

659. Point gone. Length, 0.0825 m. Ring
beneath corrugations double usual width.

660. Point gone. Length, 0.1145 m.

661. Point gone. Length, 0.0985 m.
Both corrugations preserved. ^

562. Point gone. Preserved through first
ring above upper corrugation. Length, 0.05 m.

563. Point gone. Length, 0.086 m.

564. Point gone. Length, 0.083 m.
666. Point gone. Length, 0.111 m.

566. Point gone. Length, 0.085 m.

567. Point gone. Length, 0.0975 m.
Form 3. Advanced. Rather short

CROWDED JACKET. LaRGE, RELATIVELY
THIN HEAD.

Class a. Two plain corrugations ; vpper
with ring on lower sides ; lower has ring
on each side> Below, foot with slight
concavity in middle.

568. Pin gone. Length, 0.0205 m. Diameter
of head, 0.02 m. Low flat rim, groove near
edge on top. Edge of head grooved. Upper
corrugation the largest. Traces of iron pin.
487, which is not said to be headless.

PINS: STRAIGHT

227

Class /3. Two plain, hroad, d'ujhtly
rounded corruyatious. Between head
and upper corrugation, three rings (or a
flat corrugation ivith tivo grooves^. Be-
tween corrugations, two rings oj" similar
construction, and two similar rings be-
neath loioer corrugation. In highest
group of rings, grooves less deep than in
two lower groups.

569. From West Building. Pin gone. Length,
0.038 ni. Diameter of head, 0.0325 m. Edge
of head has two grooves. Remains of iron pin.
Jacket probably all one piece.

Class y. Two corrugations with flat raised
ring about centre and ring ^attached} at
either end. Edge of head recedes down-
ward in two steps.

570. Length, 0.144 m. Diameter of head,
0.0225 m. Rim raised very little. First step
(next head) on lower side head higher than
second. Both are notched obliquely on edge.
Neck between head and first corrugation thicker
than neck between the corrugations. Upper cor-
rugation continued beyond its lower ring. Edges
of rings and bands on corrugations notched.
Head and upper corrugation seem one piece.
Possible that pin passes through lower corru-
gation into upper one ; also possible that jacket
is of one piece.

Class 8. One or two ornamental corruga-
tions. Knoh conical.
Group i. Upper corrugation has raised
ring at centre. Ring between head and
corrugation. Beneath corrugation, two
rings. Below, small plain corrugation,
followed by ring.

571. Pin gone. Length, 0.024 m. Diameter
of head, 0.025 m. Raised rim. Lower edge of
head notched. Upper three rings and band on
corrugations notched. Remains of iron pin.

Group ii. Upper corrugation has raised
grooved ring and ring at either side.
Lower corrugation has raised ring and
ring at either side. Beneath, a broad
and a narrow ring. Probably all from
the same factory.

572. Pin gone. Length, 0.038 m. Diameter
of head, 0.036 m. Raised rim. Lower edge of
head notched. Lower corrugation much smaller
than upper. Bands on corrugations and all rings
except top one notched. Pin probably was of
iron. Head and jacket probably one piece.

573. Pin gone. Length, 0.033 m. Diameter

of head, 0.031 ra. Raised rim. Lower edge of
head notched. Jacket similar to that of No. 572,
but lower corrugation larger. Pin probably of
iron.

574. Pin gone. Length, 0.035 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0335 m. Inside beveled rim of head,
a notched band. Top of head slightly convex.
Edge of head has two grooves. Jacket similar
to that of No. 573. Remains of iron pin.

575. From cutting upon hill toward tents
above Old Temple. Length, 0.034 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.036 m. Rim and band on
head similar to No. 574. Edge has two grooves
with band between notched. Jacket si.iiilar to
that of No. 574. All rings notched. Pin
probably of iron.

Form 4. Pins of various stages of devel-
opment, USUALLY WITH SHORT CROWDED
JACKET AND THICK HEAD.

Class a. With one, two, or three plain cor-
rugations. Beneath these usually one or
more rmgs.

Group i. Simple style, with two plain cor-
rugations. With or without ring or
rings beneath.

576. Point gone. Length, 0.0525 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.009 m. Knob on head looks
like projecting stem, but under side of head
looks like one piece with neck. Corrugations
and pin probably one piece.

577. Point gone. Length, 0.0765 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.011 m. Round edge on top
row of dot in circles. Edge grooved. Ring
grooved. Head seems of one piece with pin.
Whole pin probably one piece.

The two following fragments probably belong
here.

578. Head gone. Length, 0.041 m.

579. Head and end gone. Length, 0.057 m.
Two small rings between corrugation.

Group ii. One corrugation. Beneath, two
or more rings. Head usually only
slightly larger than corrugation and
rings,
(a'.) Rather crowded.

580. From south slope. Length, 0.067 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0065 m. Edge of head has
two grooves. Filing showed medium color.
Whole pin probably one piece.

581. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.031 m. Diameter of head, 0.0085 m. Traces
of four grooves on edge of head.

582. End gone. Length, 0.038 m. Diam-

228

THE BRONZES

eter of head, 0.009 m. Edge of head has two
grooves.

(6'.) Less crowded.

583. End gone. Length, 0.0275 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.06 m.

584. End gone. Length, 0.062 ni. Diameter
of liead, 0.0095 m. Kim slightly raised. On
top marks that look like letters, but probably
not. Edge of liead has two grooves. AVhole pin
probably one piece.

585. Length, 0.0987 m. Diameter of head,
0.011 m. Low raised rim beveled inside. Edge
of head has one groove. Corrugation ring has
two grooves.

586. Point gone. Length, 0.127 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.012 m. Edge of head has five
grooves. Corrugation ring has three grooves.
Head and jacket taper downwai-d. Possibly
head and beads are strung.

Group iii. One plain corrugation, be-
neath which one or more rings. Head
broader, proportionally, than in Group
ii.

587. Length, 0.096 m. Diameter of head,
0.008 m. Edge of head has two grooves. Two
rings below corrugation.

588. Tip gone. Length, 0.062 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0094 m. Slightly raised rim. Edge
of heatl has two grooves. Beneath corruga-
tion, three rings, the lowest being raised end of
pin.

589. Bent. Length, 0.097 m. Diameter of
head, 0.0085 m. Head has four grooves. Below
corrugation, grooved ring and two plain rings.
Whole pin probably solid.

Group iv. Similar to Group iii., but with
two corrugations, usually with ring or
rings beneath.

(a'.) Without rings. Corrugation
plain.

590. Length, 0.085 m. Diameter of head,
0.007 m. Edge of head has two grooves.
Space between head and upper corrugation nar-
row. Lower corrugation smaller than upper.
Perhaps belongs to Group iii.

591. Condition poor. Length, 0.0225 m.
Diameter of head, 0.012 m. Edge of head has
two grooves. Corrugations look separable.

592. Present end not original. Length,
0.044 m. Diameter of head, 0.0115 m. Edge
of head has two grooves. Stem of jacket larger
than pin at top.

(6'.) With one ring.

593. End gone. Length, 0.02 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0075 m. Edge of head has one groove
(perhaps two). King about half as large as
lower corrugation. Stem of jacket larger than
pin.i

594. Length, 0.059 m. Diameter of head,
0.0055 m. Edge of head has three grooves.
Whole pin i)robably one piece.

595. End gone. Length, 0.022 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.009 m. Edge of head has at least
two grooves. Lower corrugation smaller than
upper. Stem of jacket lai-ger than pin.

596. End gone. Length, 0.058 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.014 m. Edge of head has three
(perhaps four) grooves. Lower corrugation has
two grooves and band between of rectangles.
Jacket and stem taper downward from head.

(c'.) With two rings (really perhaps a
grooved corrugation).

597. End gone. Length, 0.059 m. Diameter
of head, 0.011 m. Grooving on edge of head
doubtful. Beneath lower corrugation grooved
ring, of which lower part forms end of pin.
Jacket tapers downward and has stem larger
than top of pin. W^hole pin probably one piece.

598. End gone. Length, 0.069 m. Diam-
eter of he.ad, 0.012 m. Edge of head has two
grooves.

599. From West Building. End gone. Length,
0.045 m. Diameter of head, 0.0123 m. Edge
has two grooves. Stem of jacket larger than
head of pin and tapers.

600. Head of pin. Length, 0.0135 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.013 m. Two grooves in edge.
Under side of head convex. Traces of iron pin.

601. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.018 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0145 m. Two grooves in
edge. Pin of bronze. Stem of jacket larger
than pin.

602. Point gone. Length, 0.071 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0145 m. Top of head slightly
concave ; rim raised. Edge of head tapers
downward, and has two grooves. Stem of jacket
larger than pin. Head and jacket taper con-
cavely.

603. Pin gone. Length, 0.0205 ni. Diameter
of head, 0.02 m. Top of head concave. Knob
on low base and outside it band of small circles.
Edge of head tajiers, and has two grooves.
Jacket tapers (slightly concave). Pin of iron.

604. Pin gone. Length, 0.0155 m. Diameter

> Cf. the somevrhat similar bronze pin from Villanova (iron age), Monteliiis, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 91, fig. 5.

PINS: STRAIGHT

229

of head, 0.019 in. Around knob, band of spiral
inaeander. Top of head concave. Edge of head
tapers concavely and has two grooves. Lower
edge finely notched. Lowest ring notched on
upper edge. Remains of iron pin.

605. From back of South Building. Pin gone.
Length, 0.0185 m. Diameter of head, 0.016 m.
Around bottom of knob, band of circles. Top of
head concave, with slight rise in centre. Edge
of head tapers downward, and has two grooves.
Head and jacket taper concavely. Remains of
iron pin. Probably from same factory as No.
606.

606. Pin gone. Length, 0.0215 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0188 m. Knob rests on base, on which
band of circles. Edge of head tapers down-
ward, and has two grooves. Head and jacket
taper concavely. Remains of iron pin.

607. Pin gone. Length, 0.022 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0185 m. Top of head concave, with
rise in centi-e. Edge of head stepped. Remains
of iron pin.

608. Pin gone. Length, 0.024 m. Diameter
of head, 0.022 m. Top of head concave. In
edge, two grooves. Band between them notched.
Corrugations have oblique grooves. Head and
jacket probably one piece.

In the following number the second corruga-
tion and the grooved ring have changed places.

609. Pin gone. Length, 0.0155 m. Diameter
of head, 0.012 m. Top of head slightly concave.
In edge, two grooves. Jacket tapers irregularly.
Remains of bronze pin. Color medium.

(cZ'.) With raised band between the
two rings.

610. Pin gone. Length, 0.016 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0105 m. Knob nearly cylindrical with
groove across top. Top of head concave ; edge
has three grooves and perhaps four. Head and
jacket taper. Stem of jacket tapers. Color
medium.

611. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.0335 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0122 m. Rim of head
raised. In edge, two grooves. Band between
them nicked. Lower ring nicked.

Group V. Three corrugations and grooved
ring. Corrugations plain.
Plate LXXXIII.

612. From back of South Building. End gone.
Length, 0.064 m. Diameter of head, 0.0125 m.
Edge of head one groove. Taper downward
from middle corrugation.

613. Pin gone. Length, 0.027 m. Diameter,

of head, 0.0205 m. Top of head concave, with
slight rise iu centre. Edge of head stepped, as
in No. 607. Corrugations decrease iu size down-
ward. Remains of iron pin. Probably from
same factory as No. 607.
Addenda.

614. Pin gone. Length, 0.0165 m. Diameter
of head, 0.016 m. Top of head concave, with
raised rim. Edge of head has one groove.
Middle corrugation thickest. Edges of all cor-
rugations notched. Remains of iron pin.

615. From back of South Building. Pin gone.
Length, 0.016 m. Diameter of head, 0.019 m.
Top slightly concave. Edge of head tapers down-
ward, and has two grooves. Pin of iron.

Class p. One or more broad corrugations

with rings.

Group i. Simple. One broad plain cor-
rugation, with one or two rings (or
grooved ring-corrugation) at either
side. Some of the heads thin,
(a'.) Upper ring single.

616. Point gone. Length, 0.0555 m. Di-
ameter of head (corroded), 0.055 m. One ring
above corrugation, grooved ring below. Groove
at top of pin where it joins grooved ring.

(h'.~) Both rings double.

617. From back of South Building. Pin
bent. Length, 0.0885 m. Diameter of head,
0.007 m. No knob. Edge of head grooved.

618. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.0165 m.
Diameter of head, 0.013 m. Band of dotted
circles on top of head at edge.

619. End gone. Length, 0.041 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0115 m. Faint groove in edge.

620. Point gone. Length, 0.066 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0105 m. Stem of jacket larger
than pin.

621. End gone. Length, 0.053 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0105 m. Edge of head grooved.
Jacket tapers downward from upper ring.

Group ii. Kindred miscellaneous forms.

622. Point blunted. Length, 0.09 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.01 m. Rim of head raised;
edge grooved and lower edge notched. Two
plain corrugations, of which the upper is the
larger. It has notched ring on either side.
Small ring beneath lower corrugation.

623. Point gone. Length, 0.0785 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0145 ui. Edge of head has two
grooves. One large spherical corrugation, above
which heavy ring. Below, two groups of rings,
the upper of three, the lower of two. Stem of

230

THE BKONZES

jacket larger than pin. Whole pin seems to be
of one piece.

624. End gone. Length, 0.0-15 m. Diameter
of head, 0.018 m. Edge of head lias one groove.
Under side of head has flat, slightly elevated
surface. Two corrugations ; upper, the larger,
with raised grooved ring. Ring on either side
of each corrugation.

Group iii. Two corrugations, of which one

• or both is thick. Usually ornamented

with raised bands, which may be

grooved. Kings above, below, and

between.

(a'.) Both corrugations ornamented
with raised band. Above upper and
beneath lower corrugation, and also
between corrugations, a single ring.

625. From south slope. Pin gone. Length,
0.0255 m. Diameter of head, 0.0175 m. Knob
conical. Top of head deeply concave, with centre
raised above rim. Edge of head grooved. Lower
edge notched, as also bands on corrugations and
lowest ring. Remains of iron pin. Head and
jacket seem one piece.

, 626. Pin gone. Length, 0.0275 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0215 m. Knob cylindrical. Edge
of head has two grooves, with band between
notched vertically. All bands and rings
notched. Remains of bronze pin. Head looks
welded to jacket.

(6'.) Two plain corrugations, with sin-
gle ring above and below each.

627. Point gone. Length, 0.0865 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.009 ni. Top of head con-
cave. Edge of head has two grooves, with band
between notched. Possible traces of notchina:
on rings.

(c'.) Upper corrugation has raised
band. Otherwise same as above.

628. End gone. Length, 0.046 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0127 m. Top of head slightly
concave. Edge of head has one groove and
tapers downward.

629. Point gone. Length, 0.094 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.013 m. Rim of head slightly
raised and edge has two grooves. Lowest ring
forms top of pin.

630. From West Building. End gone. Head
damaged. Length, 0.059 m. Diameter of head
0.011 m. Upper corrugation about twice the
size of lower and has low raised band.

631. End gone. Length, 0.05 m. Diameter

of head, 0.014 m. Edge of head has one groove
and tapers downward ; rim beveled. Lower rim
of head notched, as also band on corrugation,
and rings.

632. Length, 0.128 m. Diameter of head,
0.0115 m. Head, corrugations, and rings same
as in No. 631.

633. Pin gone. Head damaged. Length,
0.0225 m. Diameter of head, 0.0175 m. Top
of head depressed. Knob on base. Head, cor-
rugations, and rings probably same as in No. 631.
Remains of iron pin.

((Z'.) Similar. Upper corrugation has
raised grooved band, lower has plain
band.

634. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.069 m. Diameter of head, 0.0145 m. Edge
of head has two grooves. Band between has
fine notching. Stem much larger than jacket.^

(e'.) Similar. Both corrugations have
raised grooved band,

635. Pin gone. Head much corroded. Length,
0.03 m. Diameter of head, 0.0215 m. Rim of
head raised and top concave. Edge of head has
two grooves. Uncertain whether pin of bronze
or iron.

636. Pin gone. Length, 0.042 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0255 m. Top of head has two con-
cave circular surfaces. Edge of head has two
giooves. Beneath lower ring of lower corruga-
tion, another ring and small corrugation. Re-
mains of iron pin.

The following may belong with either (J') or
(e').

637. Pin and lower part of jacket gone.
Length, 0.021 m. Diameter of head, 0.025 m.
Edge of head has three grooves ; lower band
notched. Ring on either side of corrugation.
Bands on corrugation notched.

638. From West Building. Pin and lower
part of jacket gone. Length, 0.002 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0265 m. Edge of top tapers and
has two grooves with notched band. Band
on corrugation notched. Filing showed color
medium.

(/'.) Two plain corrugations, with ring
at either end of each and another
ring just under head.

639. End gone. Head corroded. Length,
0.0425 ni. Edge of head has one groove.

640. Most of pin gone. Head corroded.
Length, 0.0235 m. Diameter of head, 0.0145 m.

1 Very similar, Olympia, No. 484.

PINS: STRAIGHT

231

Filing showed color medium. Pin probably all
one piece.

641. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.0285 m.
Diameter of head, 0.011 m. Edge of head has
three grooves.

(jf'.) Similar. Upper corrugation has
raised grooved band. Lower has
plain raised band.

642. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.035 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0155 m. Edge of head has
two grooves.

643. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.0635 m. Diameter of head, 0.0215 m. Rim
raised. Edge of head has two grooves with
notched band. All rings and bands notched.
Pin was inserted.

(h'.) Similar. Both corrugations have
raised grooved bands.

644. End gone. Length, 0.082 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0155 m. Edge of head has two
grooves with band perhaps notched.

The following. No. 645, possesses an elemen-
tary form of the head-ring, and may be placed
under either {g') or (A').

645. Pin and lower part of jacket gone.
Length, 0.025 m. Diameter of head, 0.026 m.
Rim raised ; edge of head has two gi-ooves with
notched band. Filing showed color medium.

(i'.) Similar. Upper corrugation has
raised double groove ; lower corruga-
tion has raised single groove.

646. End gone. Length, 0.088 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0215 m. Knob on notched base. Edge
of head has two grooves and notched band.

Class y. One rather large corrugation.
Above, a single ring or ring-corrugation,
which may he grooved. Beneath, two or
more rings or ring-corrugations.
Group i. Single ring between corruga-
tion and head.

(a'.) Single grooved ring beneath cor-
rugation. Edge of head grooved.
Corrugation plain.

647. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.056 m. Diameter of head, 0.0105 ni. Edge
grooved.

648. End gone. Length, 0.045 m. Diameter
of head, 0.0117 m. Row of dotted circles on top
of head. Edge grooved.

(5'.) Corrugation with raised notched
band. Beneath, small plain corruga-
tion with heavy ring at each side.

649. From back of South Building. Pin gone.

Length, 0.028 m. Diameter of head, 0.021 m.
Top of head concave, and lower rim probably
notched. Under side of head stepped. Upper
and lowest ring have notches on both edges.
Remains of iron pin.

(c'.) Corrugation plain ; beneath, three

rings, the middle being thickest

and grooved.

650. From back of South Building. Length,
0.158 m. Diameter of head, 0.015 m. Top of
head concave. Edge of head tapers downward
concavely and has four grooves. Rest of jacket
tapers convexly. Traces of notching on the three
single rings.

Group ii. With double or grooved ring
between corrugation and head.
The following, Nos. 651, 652, have only one
ring beneath corrugation, but the general ap-
pearance and style resemble the others. Corru-
gation plain.

651. End and most of head gone. Length,
0.0335 m. Small knob resembling end of stem.
Filing showed color medium.

652. End gone. Length, 0.032 m. Diameter of
head, 0.0095 m. Edge of head grooved. Stem
about same size as pin. Probably all one piece.

The following. No. 653, has beneath corru-
gation a grooved ring above rectangular block.

653. From soutli slope. End and part of
head. Length, 0.052 m. Diameter of head,
0.0095 m. Stem about same size as pin. Rec-
tangular block has grooved collar.

(a'.) Simple. Plain corrugation with
grooved ring above and below.

654. End gone. Point not original. Length,
0.049 m. Diameter of head, 0.0095 m. Edge
of head grooved. Stem of jacket about same
size as pin. Whole pin probably one piece.

655. Point gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.064 m. Diameter of head, 0.0115 m.

656. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.0475 m. Diameter of head, 0.012 m.

657. End gone. Length, 0.0705 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0108 m. Edge of head grooved,
and on top ring of dotted circles.

(6'.) Similar, but more advanced, and
with single ring added underneath.

658. End gone. Length, 0.061 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.014 m. Edge of head has two
grooves. Jacket tapers downward. Stem of
jacket larger than pin.

659. From south slope. Length, 0.022 m.
Diameter of head, 0.0135 m. Edge of head

232

THE BRONZES

grooved. Jacket similar to that of No. 658.
Stem of jacket slightly larger than pin. Filing
showed color medium.

(c'.) Similar to last, but with two rings

underneath. Second ring small and

grooved.

660. End gone. Point not original. Length,
0.059 m. Diameter of head, 0.0155 m. Edge
of head has two grooves. Jacket tajiers down-
ward eonvexly. Stem of jacket larger than pin.
Pin probably one piece.

(J'.) Beneath corrugation, smaller one
with plain ring on either side. (Cf.
No. 649.) Uppermost ring grooved
as before.

661. End gone. Length, 0.059 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.01G5 m. Top of head slightly con-
cave. Edge of head has two grooves. First
three members of jacket have nearly same di-
ameter ; last two taper. On lower side of top
ring, and on first ring beneath main corrugation,
and on bottom ring, traces of notching. Pin
seems inserted into lowest ring. Probably from
same factory as No. 662.

662. Pin gone. Length, 0.024 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0165 m. Edge of head has two
grooves, with notched baud between. Jacket
similar to that of No. 661.

Class 8. Head assimilated to jacket, which
(including head) consists of two or three
members placed close together, and tapers
downward slightly.

Group i. Two members in jacket. Up-
per thin and plain. Lower thicker and
with two grooves.

663. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.0805 m. Diameter of head, 0.011 m. Stem
projects through top.

Group ii. Three members tapering slight-
ly downward. Upper and lower ones
grooved,
(a'.) Middle member plain, top plain.

664. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.0425 m. Diameter of head, 0.01 m. Edge of
head has three grooves.

(6'.) All three members grooved.
Knob on top.

665. From south slope. Most of pin gone.

1 For more elaborate rosette, cf. Orsi, ' Necropolis del
Fusco,' Not. degli Scavi, 1895, p. 169. Orsi sees (note 2)
reminiscence of Mycenaean style. Tomb early archaic.
Cf. rosettes on bone objects from the Dictaean cave,
British School Annual, VI. p. 113, fig. 49 (Hogarth), and

Lensth, 0.018 m. Diameter of head, 0.0105 m.
Edge of head has two grooves. Second and
third members also two each.

(c'.) Middle member plain. Eyelet
on top.

666. From West Building. End gone. Length,
0.114 m. Diameter of head, 0.009 m. Height
of eyelet, 0.0025 m. Head has four grooves.
Lowest member two. Pin probably separate
from jacket.

Unclassified addenda to Type f.

667. From south slope. Head and corruga-
tions preserved. Length, 0.0215 m. Diameter
of head, 0.022 m. In centre of tojj of head, rec-
tangular opening as though punched through
from below. Stem projects. On top surface
of head, ^osette. Rim i-aised. Close to rim,
very fine zigzag. Stem and corrugation are of
iron.^

668. From south slope. End and head gone.
Length, 0.118 m. Cf. Nos. 460 and 485. In
top, hole, looking as if upper part of jacket had
been fitted to it.

669. Most of pin gone, and perhaps a head
also. Length, 0.0295 m. Stem projects through
top. Lowest ring has traces of notching. Jacket
seems to be of one piece.

Discards of Hype f: sixty -five, of which two from back
of South Building, and one from south slope.

Type g. Headless. Jacket of two corruga-
tions, one or both of ^ivhich are orna-
mented, and have on either side a ring.-
On top, an eyelet.

Form 1. Oknamentation encircles cor-
rugations HORIZONTALLY.
Class a. upper corrugation has raised
hand.

Group i. Lower corrugation plain.
(«'.) All rings and bands plain.

670. Eyelet broken. End gone. Length,
0.051 m. Diameter of upper corrugation,
0.013 m. (Cf. No. 699.)

671. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.0235 m.
Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.012 m.

672. Point probably gone. Length, 0.1055 m.
Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.012 ni.

(6'.) All rings have fine notching.

673. Length, 0.144 m. Diameter of upper

the gold rosette from a tholos tomb at Praesos, ibid.
VIII. p. 243 (Bosanquet).

^ With this type may be compared Olympia, No. 488,
which is different in style (has vertical grooves and coni-
cal apex), aiid is said by Furtwangler to be of later date.

PINS: STRAIGHT

233

con-ugatioii, 0.015 ni. Stem of jacket larger
than pin.

674. Point gone. Length, 0.1275 m. Di-
ameter of upper corrugation, 0.017 m. Pin
2)ossibly inserted.

Group ii. Both corrugations have raised
grooved band.

675. End gone. Eyelet broken. Length,
0.076 ni. Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.012
m. Stem of jacket larger than pin, which is pos-
sibly inserted.

676. End gone. Length, 0.0025 m. Di-
ameter of upper corrugation, 0.0105 m. Stem
of jacket larger than pin, which is possibly in-
serted.

677. Length, 0.123 m. Diameter of upper
corrugation, 0.013 m. Stem about same size as
top of pin.

Class yS. Upiyer corrugation has raised
double (or grooved') band.
Group i. Lower corrugation plain.

678. End gone. Length, 0.037 m- Diame-
ter of upper corrugation, 0.012 m. Stem between
corrugations smaller than top of pin.

679. From back of South Building. End
gone. Length, 0.081 m. Diameter of upper cor-
rugation, 0.0115 m.

Groujj ii. Lower corrugation has raised
band. Bands and rings notched in
almost every case.

680. End gone. Length, 0.0675 m. Diame-
ter of upper corrugation, 0.0125 m. Stem same
size as pin, which looks inserted.

681. End gone. Length, 0.0395 m. Diame-
ter of upper corrugation, 0.0123 m. Stem same
size as pin, which is perhaps inserted.

682. From south slope. Point gone. Length,
0.117 m. Diameter of upper corrugation,
0.012 m.

683. Point probably not original. Length,
0.095 m. Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.012
m. Stem larger than pin. Top of head has
grooves from centre to rim.

684. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.0385 m.
Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.013 m. Same
grooves on top as in No. 683.

685. End gone. Length, 0.081 m. Diam-
eter of upper corrugation, 0.013 m. Head as in
No. 683.

686. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.098 m. Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.0125
m. Head as in No. 683. Pin perhaps inserted.

687. Most of pin gone. Length, 0.047 m.

Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.0135 m. Head
as in No. 683.

688. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.057 m. Diameter of upper corrugation, 0.0105
m. Stem larger than pin. Upper part of pin
round. Below, rudely diamond-shaped.

689. End gone. Length, 0.072 m. Diame-
ter of upper corrugation, 0.016 ni. Head as in
No. 683. Stem larger than pin.

The following three have or had pins of iron.

690. Pin gone. Length, 0.0195 m. Diame-
ter of upper corrugation, 0.013 m. Top as in
No. 683. Stem larger than pin.

691. From south slope. Pin gone. Length,
0.022 m. Diameter of top corrugation, 0.015 m.
Top as in No. 683. Stem larger than pin.

692. Length, 0.023 m. Diameter of top corru-
gation, 0.0155 m. Head similar to that of No.
683, but grooves fewer. On under side of lower
corrugation, low flat ring.

The following number has two rings above
upper corrugation.

693. End gone. Length, 0.099 m. Diame-
ter of top corrugation, 0.0115. Lower corruga-
tion somewhat larger. Head as in No. 683.
Stem larger than pin.

Class y. Upi^er corrugation has raised band
with double grooves.
Group i. Lower corrugation plain.

694. End gone. Length, 0.064 m. Diame-
ter of upper corrugation, 0.011 m.

695. End gone. Length, 0.0645 m. Diame-
ter of upper corrugation, 0.012 m. On upper
and lower halves of corrugation leaf ornament.
Pin perhaps inserted.

Group ii. Lower corrugation has raised
grooved band.

696. From back of South Building. End
gone. Length, 0.0815 m. Diameter of upper
corrugation, 0.0115 m. Head as in No. 683.
Stem larger than pin.

Group iii. Lower corrugation has double
grooved band. Double ring beneath
lower corrugation.

697. Present point probably not original.
Length, 0.092 m. Diameter of upper corruga-
tion, 0.012 m. On both halves of upper corruga-
tion, leaf ornament as in No. 695. All rings
notched.

Form 2. Ornamentation of corrugations
vertical.

698. From back of South Building. End gone.
Length, 0.134 m. Diameter of upper cor-

234

THE BRONZES

rugation, 0.014 m. Both corrugations have which central one is notched. Remains of iron
light double vertical grooves, and on upper side pin.
of top corrugation circles between grooves.

Addenda to Type g. In the following the eye-
lets, if such existed, have been lost. This fact,
and their peculiar form, renders their classifica-
tion uncertain, although they probably belong to
this type.

699. From back of South Building. End
gone. Length, 0.056 m. Diameter of upper
corrugation, 0.011 ra. Rings small. Upper cor-
rugation plain.^

Discards of Type g: seven, of which one from south
slope.

Type h. Iron pins with round rectangular
and polygonal bronze heads.
Form 1. Pin inserted directly into head
without any neck.

700. Pin mostly gone. Length, 0.024 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.019 m. Possibly not a pin,
but iron rod with knobs.

The following numbers are of more uncertain
classification.

701. From south slope. Pin gone. Length,
0.0135 m. Diameter, 0.014 m. Pierced by rec-
tangular hole, in which are remains of iron pin
or rod.

702. From south slope. Pin gone. Length,
0.0135 m. Diameter, 0.0135 m.

Form 2. Pin inserted into projection on

LOWER side of HEAD.

Pin gone in all examples of Classes a, j8, y, S.
Class a. Round plain heads, mostly with
ornament at top.

703. Length, 0.0125 m. Diameter of head,
0.01 m. Length of neck, 0.004 m. Top of head
broken as though ornament had been lost. Neck
has two grooves. Remains of iron pin.

704. From south slope. Ornament on head
injured. Length, 0.019 m. Diameter of head,
0.0125 m. Ornament consists of four petals
about a low stem.^ Remains of iron pin.

705. From south slope. Ornament injured.
Length, 0.021 m. Diameter of head, 0.0115 m.
Filing showed color medium.

Class j8. Similar to Class a, but with poly-
gonal heads.
Group i. Hexagonal.

706. From back of South Building. Orna-
ment injured. Length, 0.019 m. Diameter of
head, 0.015 m. Lower neck has three rings, of

' Perhaps No. 670 should he put here.

^ Professor Norton regards these heads with flower

Group ii. Pentagonal.

707. Ornament injured. Length, 0.018 m.
Diameter of head, 0.014 m. Filing showed color
medium.

708. From south slope. Length, 0.022 m.
Diameter of head, O.OIG m. Ornament of five
petals about a stem. Lower neck has four rings,
of which second from top is notched. Sides of
polygon separated by segments of original cir-
cumference.

Class y. Similar, hut with rectangular
heads.

709. Length, 0.017 m. Ornament injured.
Has five petals.

710. Length, 0.018 m. Ornament of five
petals injured. Ring beneath notched. Neck
has three rings.

711. Length, 0.022 m. Flower of four petals.
Heavy ring with notching beneath. Neck has
three rings. Traces of iron pin.

712. Length, 0.0225 m. Flower injured ; of
six petals. Ring beneath notched. Neck has
three rings.

In the two following numbers the flower is
modified.

713. Ornament not divided (the present fis-
sures due to corrosion). Length, 0.0205 m.
Neck has three rings. Traces of iron pin.

714. Length, 0.0175 m. Ornament injured.
Neck has three rings. Remains of iron pin.

Class 8. Hound and conical heads imth
sides ornamented. Top with or without
ornaments.
Gi'oup i. With fluted sides.

715. Length, 0.02 m. Diameter, 0.0155 m.
Originally probably had ornament. Sides di-
vided by five grooves. Neck has three rings.
Pin probably of iron.

716. Originally probably had ornament. Sides
divided by seven grooves. Neck has large corru-
gation, with ring on either side. Corrugation
has eight grooves. Traces of iron pin.

In the following number the grooving is con-
tinuous through head and neck, which is not
sharply marked from head.

717. Top injured. Length, 0.014 m. Diame-
ter, 0.011 m. In top round hole, in which ap-
pears short stub as of stem. Head divided into
five main segments. Of these two in the lower

ornament at top as imitations of pomegranates, and refers
to Pausanias, II. xvii. 4.

PINS: STRAIGHT

235

part and one in the upper are subdivided eacli
into two smaller segments.

Group ii. With engraved sides.
(«'.) Rounded.

718. Length, 0.0155 m. Diameter, 0.0085 m.
Head divided into three parts by zigzags from
top to bottom. Neck has three rings, of which
the upper two are notched, and below these two
others, of which the upper one is notched.

(6'.) Conical.

719. Length, 0.0245 m. Diameter, 0.012 m.
Head divided into four segments. On these,
on lower half, run dotted lines meeting at
acute angle just above middle. Dotted circle at
base of each segment. Neck has three rings ;
centre one notched. Filing showed medium
color.

Type i. Head separate and has form of

animal (lion).
Plate LXXXIV.

720. From West Building. Pin gone. Length,
0.0425 m. Below lion's head are corrugations
separated from it by deep grooves, in the bottom
of which low ring. Forehead of lion full, with
heavy furrow down centre. Eye sockets round,
with jirominent brows. Nostrils marked. Muzzle
marked with grooves.^ Lower part of pin head
has five corrugations, tapering concavely, and
below these a rectangular block.

Type j. Ring headed.

721. From south slope. Length, 0.1165 m.
Outer diameter of ring, 0.015 m. Bar of ring
diamond-shaped in section. Pin broad and flat
at junction with ring.^

Type k. Head consists of disk, with or
without prolongation above, and, at some
distance beneath it, one or two balls, or
beads.^
Form 1. No prolongation of stem above

DISK.

Group i. Upper part of shaft round.

722. Length, 0.299 m. Diameter of head,
0.0195 m. Length of neck, 0.044 m. Much
copper in pin, shown by color and flexibility.

1 For classification see III. 5, Type b (p. 203, above).

^ Similar (but for swelling of shaft), Montelius, Civ.
Prim. It. pi. 15, No. 12, from Terramare of Campeg-
gine of Reggio nell' Emilia. Age of Bronze. Cf. also
Olympia, No. 492, which differs in having end of ring
bound about shaft.

• Pins of this type numerous at Tegea. Cf. Milchhiifer,
A then. Mitth. V. p. 67. Milchhbfer regards them as
" Heftnadeln oder Werkzeuge fUr Handarbeit." lie seems
to consider these and the spits (according to him spindles)

Group ii. Upper part of shaft rectangu-
lar.

723. End gone. Length, 0.138 m. Diame-
ter of head, circ. 0.011 m. Length of neck,
0.034 m. Ball oblong.

724. End gone. Length, 0.185 m. Length
of neck, 0.03G m. Head concave in centre. Ring
at either end of ball nearly rectangular.

Discard of Group ii. : one fragment.

Form 2. Shaft has short extension
above disk.*
Class a. One ball.
Group i. Entire shaft round.

Extension above disk short, and so far
as preserved consisting of single sec-
tion.

725. End broken. Length, 0.078 m. Ex-
tension, 0.005 m. Neck, 0.015 m. Extension
rather thick. Neck smaller than body. Ball
nearly round, with ring at either side.

726. Present point probably not original.
Length, 0.112 m. Extension, 0.007 m. Neck,
0.016 m. Extension rather flat. Neck smaller
than shaft. Ball elongated.

727. Condition poor. Shaft and extension
both broken. Length, 0.0525 m. Neck, 0.015 m.
Neck slightly thicker than shaft. Ball nearly
round, with ring at either side.

Group ii. Neck round. Upper part of
shaft beneath ball rectangular,
(a'.) Thick extension, of one section,

rounded at the top, and resting on

low base.

728. Condition poor. Shaft mostly gone.
Length, 0.054 m. Extension, 0.0075 m. Neck,
0.019 m. Ball oblate, with ring at either side.^

(Z»'.) Extension which rests on base,
' with flat cap on top which overhangs
the tapered upper portion of the ex-
tension. Rectangular part of shaft
usually ornamented with engraved
zigzag and separated from round
part by one or more grooves.

729. End gone. Condition poor. Length,

as essentially the same class of object. — A pin of this type
is in the museum at Eleusis and a bundle of them in Nat.
Mus., Athens, No. 10081. Example of Forms 1 and 2
are in the museum at Sparta.

* The example from Boeotia now in Berlin (Boehlau,
Jahrb. III. p. 363 g) differs in details from Argos speci-
mens.

'•' Cf. Athen. Mitth. V. pi. iv. (lower right-hand cor-
ner), from Tegea (Milchhofer).

236

THE BRONZES

circ. 0.205 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck,

0.019 m. Ball oblate, with ring at each side.

Shaft beneath, rectangle, then two shallow

grooves, then rounded. Traces of zigzag on

rectangular part of shaft.

730. End gone. Condition poor. Length,

0.108 m. Extension, 0.007 m. Neck, 0.024 m.

Ball round, with rings. Details as in No. 729.
73L Length, 0.316 in. Extension, 0.0155 m.

Neck, 0.024 ni. Ball with ring at either side.

Zigzag on rectangular part.

Group iii. Transition at neck, which is
generally rectangular in form, but with
rounded corners. Extension like
Group ii., (6').

732. Length, 0.227 m. Extension, 0.0065 m.
Neck, 0.019 ni. Traces of zigzag on rectangle.
Ball slightly elongated. Material largely cop-
per.

733. Condition poor. Length, 0.237 m.
Extension, 0.007 m. Neck, 0.019 m. Possible
traces of zigzag on rectangle. Material mainly
copper.

734. Point gone. Condition poor. Length,
,0.209 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.0235 m.

Sides of rectangle have zigzag.

735. Length, 0.0233 m. Extension, 0.0065
m. Neck, 0.0235 ra. Neck octagonal. Ball
round. Probably traces of zigzag on rectangle.

Group iv. Rectangular neck, usually with
corners somewhat rounded,
(a'.) Extension has rounded top with-
out caj).

736. Length, 0.131 m. Extension, 0.004 m.
Neck, 0.013 m. Ball oblate, with ring at either
end.

737. Condition poor. Pin gone. Disk dam-
aged. Length, 0.085 m. Extension, 0.0075 m.
Neck, 0.022 m. Ball with ring at either end.

The following, Nos. 738-741, have ornamen-
tation on both neck and rectangle.

738. Length, 0.139 m. Extension, 0.0045 m.
Neck, 0.023 m. Two sides of neck have zigzag.
Traces of zigzag on rectangle. Good deal of
copper in pin.

739. Point injured. Length, 0.228 m. Ex-
tension, 0.006 m. Neck, 0.033 m. Zigzag on
two sides, and also on three sides of rectangle.
Pin mainly of copper.

The two following, Nos. 740, 741, are less
certainly to be put here, on account of poor con-
dition of extensions.

740. Poor condition. Length, 0.175 m. Ex-

tension, 0.0078 m. Neck, 0.023 m. ; has on two
sides traces of zigzag. On all sides of rectangle
traces of zigzag. Pin mainly of copper.

741. Most of pin and disk gone. Condition
poor. Length, 0.092 m. Extension, 0.008 m.
Neck, 0.034 m. Has on all sides zigzag, as also
rectangle. Pin mainly of copper.

(J)'.) Extension has cap and usually a
base.
(1'.) Single plain cap.

(a'.) Neck plain. Rectangular
part of body ornamented.

742. End gone. Length, 0.0234 m. Exten-
sion, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.0245 ni. Traces of zig-
zag on rectangle. Pin of cojjijer.

743. End and most of disk gone. Condition
poor. Length, 0.18C ni. Extension, 0.002 m.
Neck, 0.0165 m. Traces of zigzag on rectangle.

744. Condition poor. Length, 0.057 m. Ex-
tension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.021 m. Zigzag on
rectangle.

745. From south slope. End gone. Length,
0.144 m. Extension, 0.006 m. On rectangle,
traces of lines close to edges, with zigzag between.
Probably largely of copper.

746. Bent into coil. Extension, 0.008 m.
Neck, 0.014 m. Rectangle has two grooves at
end and on one side three. Sides have frame
of two lines, one close to each edge, with zigzag
between.

747. End gone. Length, 0.138 m. Exten-
sion, 0.0085 m. Neck, 0.0275 m. Rectangle
has two grooves at end and traces on two sides
of zigzag.

(/8'.) Neck and rectangle orna-
mented,
(i'.) Extension without base.

748. End and most of disk gone. Condition
poor. Length, 0.125 m. Extension, 0.0055 m.
Neck, 0.024 m. Has on two sides traces of
zigzag. Rectangle terminates with two grooves ;
on sides traces of zigzag.

749. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.1825 m. Extension, 0.0075 m. Neck, 0.022 m.,
with traces of zigzag on all sides. Rectangle
with grooves at end and traces of zigzag.

(ii'.) Extension has no base,
but has a double link.

750. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.099 m. Extension, 0.009 m. Neck, 0.02 ni.
Rectangle has probably two grooves at end.
Traces of zigzag on two sides of neck and rec-
tangle.

PINS: STRAIGHT

237

750 a. From south slope. Condition poor.
Length, 0.045 ni. Extension, 0.0085 ni. Neck,
0.019 m. Sides taper slightly toward top.
Traces of zigzag on three sides of neck, also on
three sides of rectanale.

(iii'.) Extension has base, link,
and cap.

751. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.133 m. Extension, 0.006 m. Neck, 0.0235 ni.,
with sides tapering toward top. Probably double
groove at end of rectangle, sides of which taper
downward. Traces of zigzag on neck and rec-
tangle. Pin mostly of copper.

752. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.187 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.022 m.,
with sides increasing toward either end, and zig-
zag on all four. Rectangle has two grooves at
end, and zigzag on sides.

753. Most of shaft gone. Condition poor.
Length, 0.083 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck,
0.032 m., with zigzag on sides and line along
edge ; and on one side part way down centre.
Sides of rectangle taper downward. Traces of
zigzag.

754. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.169 m. Extension, 0.0075 ra. Neck, 0.028
m., with traces of zigzag on three sides. Rec-
tangle has two grooves at end, and lines around
edges of sides, inclosing zigzag.

755. From above last part of Stoa, under
Cyclopean wall, 1893. Point injured. Length,
0.26 m. Extension, 0.01 m. Neck, 0.0265 m.,
with sides tapering toward top. Probably traces
of zigzag on one side. Rectangle has groove at
end, and zigzag on all sides. Material mainly
copper.

756. End gone. Length, 0.209 m. Exten-
sion, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.003 m., tapering slightly
upward, with zigzag on sides, and traces of fram-
ing line along edges. Rectangle has three
grooves at end and zigzags, with framing line as
on neck. Material mainly copper.

757. Point dull. Length, 0.2635 m. Ex-
tension, 0.0085 m. Neck, 0.0275 m., with zigzag
on sides, and traces of framing line. At end of
rectangle, two grooves. Sides of rectangle taper
downward and have zigzag and traces of fram-
ing line. Material largely copper.

758. From West Building. End gone.
Length, 0.142 m. Extension, 0.028 m. Neck,
0.017 m., with sides tapering toward top, and
traces of zigzag. Rectangle with sides tapering
downward, and traces of zigzag.

759. End gone. Length, 0.157 m. Exten-
sion, 0.0075 ni. Neck, 0.022 m. ; tapers slightly
upward; traces of zigzag. Rectangle tapers
downward ; traces of zigzag.

760. Point injured. Length, 0.192 m. Ex-
tension, 0.009 m. Neck, 0.0195 m. ; tapers
slightly toward top. Traces of zigzag. Rec-
tangle tapers downward; has traces of zigzag.
Material largely copper.

761. Point injured. Length, 0.212 m. Ex-
tension, 0.0065 m. Neck, 0.0315 m., with traces
of zigzag. Rectangle tapers downward, with
traces of zigzag. Material largely copper.

762. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.233 m. Extension, 0.01 m. Neck, 0.031 m.,
tapering toward centre from both ends, and with
traces of zigzag. Rectangle has groove at end,
and zigzags.

763. Condition poor. Length, 0.235 m.
Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.022 m., tapering
from top for short distance. Zigzag on all sides.
Rectangle has two grooves at end and zigzag on
all sides.

764. From south slope. Most of shaft gone.
Condition poor. Length, 0.067 m. Extension,
0.0085 m. Neck, 0.0215 m. Tapers upward.
Zigzag on sides, also on sides of rectangle.

765. Length, 0.319 m. Extension, 0.0105
m. Neck, 0.035 m., tapering from ends toward
centre, with zigzag on sides. Same ornament
on sides of rectangle. Material largely cop-
per.

766. Point injured. Condition poor. Length,
0.262 m. Extension, 0.01 m. Neck, 0.026 m.,
tapers from ends to centre, with zigzag on sides.
Rectangle has two grooves at end and zigzag on
sides. Material largely copper.

767. End gone. Length, 0.2 m. Extension,
0.0095 m. Neck, 0.0315 m., tapering from
bottom up, and with zigzag on sides. Rectangle
has two grooves at end, and zigzag on sides.
Material largely copper.

768. End gone. Length, 0.169 m. Exten-
sion, 0.0095 m. Neck, 0.033 m., tapers upward
from base. Traces of zigzag on two sides. Rec-
tangle has zigzag. Material largely copper.

769. End coiled, but pin complete. Exten-
sion, 0.01 m. Neck, 0.0365 m., tapering from
ends to centre. Traces of zigzag on sides, also
on rectangle. Material as above.

770. Length, 0.342 m. Extension, 0.0175 m.
Neck, 0.034 m., with zigzags. Zigzags also on
rectangle.

238

THE BRONZES

771. Pin mainly gone. Condition poor.
Length, 0.098 m. Extension, 0.011 ni. Neck,
0.035 m., tapers from ends to centre, with traces
of zigzag. Rectangle tapers downward, traces
of zigzag.

772. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.265 in. Extension, 0.0125 m. Neck, 0.039 m.,
tapers from top toward centre, with traces of
zigzag. Rectangle tapers downward, with traces
of zigzag. Material largely copper.

773. End gone. Length, 0.205 m. Exten-
sion, 0.01 m. Neck, 0.033 m., tapers from ends
toward centre. Rectangle tapers downward.
Both neck and rectangle with zigzags. Material
largely copper.

774. End coiled, like No. 746. Extension,
0.012 m. Neck, 0.03 m., with zigzags, as also
rectangle, which tapers downward. Material
largely copper.

The following number has double ring on
each side of ball.

775. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.302 m. Extension, 0.0065 m. Neck, 0.027 ni.
The rings farthest from ball, on each side, form
ends of neck and rectangle, which tapers down-
ward. Zigzags on neck and rectangle. Two
grooves at end of rectangle.

(iv'). Extension has base and
cap.

776. Most of shaft gone. Condition poor.
Length, 0.054 m. Extension, 0.007 m. Neck,
0.0305 m., tapers from ends to centre. On neck
and rectangle, traces of zigzags. Material mostly
copper.

777. Most of pin gone. Condition poor.
Length, 0.085 m. Extension, 0.0085 m. Neck,
0.033 m., tapers from ends toward centre. Traces
of zigzag, as also on rectangle, which tapers
downward. Material mostly copper.

Undeaned addenda to (1').

778. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.12 m. Extension has base, two links, and cap.
Length of extension, 0.011 m. Neck, 0.029 m.,
tapers toward top. Rectangle tapers down-
ward.

779. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.137 m. Extension, 0.0182 m., has base, three
links, and cap. Neck, 0.025 m. Rectangle
tapers downward.

780. Point gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.177 m. Extension, 0.016 m., consists of base,
two or three links, and cap. Neck, 0.038 m.,
with centre smaller than ends.

(2'.) Double cap, also base, link
(or links).

Both neck and rectangle orna-
mented.

781. Point gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.217 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.0235 m.
Cap double or grooved. Rectangle has traces
of zigzag.

782. Length, 0.133 m. Extension, 0.0075 m.
Neck, 0.023 m., tapers from bottom upward.
Rectangle tapers downward, with groove at lower
end. Neck and rectangle have zigzags. Material
largely copper.

783. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.159 m. Extension, 0.0095 m. Neck, 0.029 m.
Rectangle tapers downward, has two grooves at
lower end. Neck and rectangle have zigzag
within frame. Material largely copper.

The following three numbers probably belong
here, though they could possibly go with fol-
lowing Class p.

784. From south slope. Most of shaft gone.
Condition poor. Length, 0.052 m. Extension,
0.0075 m. Neck, 0.024 m. Zigzag (traces) on
neck and rectangle (broken).

785. Broken at neck. Condition bad. Length,
0.036 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Neck, 0.026 m.
Traces of zigzag.

786. From West Building. Broken at lower
end of ball. Condition poor. Length, 0.061 m.
Extension, 0.013 m. Neck, 0.035 m. Exten-
sion has double ring between base and link.
Two rings above the ball, of which upper is end
of neck. Traces of zigzags.

Undeaned addendum to (2'). Doubtful.

787. Point gone. Condition poor. Exten-
sion, 0.0175 m., consists of base, four small cor-
rugations, and cap. Neck, 0.035 m. Rectangle
tapers down.

(3'.) Triple cap.

788. Undeaned. Broken. Condition bad.
Length, 0.09 m. Extension, 0.0088 m. Neck,
0.021 m. Double ring on each side of ball.

Class p. Two halls.
Group i. Neck and section between
balls round. Beneath lower ball rec-
tangle.

Extension with base, link, and cap.

789. Point probably not original. Length,
0.289 m. Extension, 0.008 m. Upper neck
round, with length, 0.023 m. Lower neck has
six unequal sides, 0.011 m. Ring at either side
of each ball. Grooved at lower end of rec-

PINS: STRAIGHT

239

tangle. Traces of engraved lines on sides of
rectangle.

Group ii. Both necks rectangular. Be-
neath lower ball, rectangle.

Extension with base, link, and cap.

790. End gone. Length, 0.22 m. Exten-
sion, 0.0075 m. Upper neck, length, 0.0235 m.
Tapers for short distance from bottom. Lower
neck, 0.0145 m. Ring on each side of balls.
Rectangle below lower ball tapers. Traces of
zigzag on one side of upper neck, and of frame
and zigzag on lower neck. Material chiefly
copper.

791. Pin mainly gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.11 m. Extension has link also above ring;
length, 0.012 m. Upper neck, length, 0.034 m.
Lower neck, 0.012 m. Rectangle tapers down-
ward. No trace of ornament left on necks;
trace of zigzag on rectangle.

Addenda to Type k (Nos. 792-807).

i. The following cleaned fragments are inter-
esting chiefly because the provenience of
many is known,
(a'.) Disk preserved.

792. From south slope. Extension, disk, and
neck. Length, 0.04 m. Length of extension,
0.0065 m. No certain traces of ornament.

793. Broken at bottom of ball. Length,
0.045 m. Length of extension, 0.0065 m. Length
of neck, 0.023 m. Traces of zigzag on neck.

794. From back of South Building. Broken
at neck. Length, 0.024 m. Length of exten-
sion, 0.0115 m.

795. From West Building. Broken at neck.
Condition poor. Length, 0.026 m. Length of
extension, 0.0105 m.

(6'.) One ball with piece at each side. —
While a doubt is possible whether these
pieces belong here rather than under
spits, they are, mainly, quite certainly
pins, because of the relative smallness of
the necks as compared with the rectangle.

796. Fragment of neck, ball, and rectangle.
Length, 0.086 m. Elongated ball. Rectangle
has groove at lower end, and zigzag on sides.
Material lai-gely copper.

797. Fragment as No. 796. Length, 0.074 m.
Oblong ball with ring at each side. Rectangle
tapers down, and has traces of zigzag on all sides.

798. From southslope. Fragment as No. 796.
Length, 0.088 m. Ball elongated. Rectangle
tapers down, and has traces of zigzag. Material
largely copper.

799. Fragment as No. 796. Length, 0.104 m.
Ball has ring at each side. Rectangle tapers
for short distance down. Zigzag on rectangle ;
probably also on neck.

800. From first chamber at east end of ter-
race below Cyclopean wall, 1893. Fragment
as No. 796. Condition bad. Length, 0.043 m.
BaU. has ring at either side. Rectangle has three
grooves at end. No trace of ornament remains.

801. From back of South Building. Frag-
ment as No. 796. Condition poor. Length,
0.061 m. Ring above ball. Probable traces of
zigzag on neck.

802. From south slope. Fragment as No.
796. Length, 0.054 m. Ball elongated with
ring at either end. Two grooves at lower end
of rectangle. Traces of zigzag within frame on
neck and rectangle.

803. Fragment as No. 796. Condition poor.
Length, circ. 0.185 m. Slightly oblate ball
with ring at either side. Rectangle ended by
groove and tapers slightly downward. No cer-
tain traces of ornamentation on neck. Traces
of frame on rectangle. Material largely copper.

ii. The following uncleaned pieces probably
belong under Form 2, Class a, Group iv.

804. Extension, disk, and piece of neck.
Condition poor. Length, 0.035 ni. Extension
has three grooves near bottom, with coarse screw-
threading above. Length of neck, 0.016 m.
Owing to small size, probably had one ball.

805. Extension, disk, and piece of neck. Con-
dition poor. Extension has horizontal threading
at bottom, and coarse screw-threading above.
Length, 0.017 m. Length of neck, 0.016 m.
Sides of neck taper for a little way from top,
and then enlarge. Owing to small size, prob-
ably had one ball.

806. Extension, disk, and part of neck. Con-
dition poor. Length, 0.0435 m. Neck, 0.028 m. ;
probably had one ball. Extension consists of
base, 3^ corrugations (lowest runs only half-
way round), and cap. Length, 0.0175 m.

807. End gone. Disk injured. Condition
poor. Length, 0.168 m. Extension consists of
base, three links, and cap. Between links a
single ring (two rings in all). Length, 0.017 m.
Length of neck, 0.0285 m. Ball with ring at
either side. Rectangle tapers slightly down-
ward.

Discards of Type k : cleaned pieces and fragments,
fifteen, of which three from south slope; uncleaned pieces
and fragments, one hundred and sixty-two.

240

THE BRONZES

B. SAP^ETY-PINS.
DIVISION I. SIMPLE HEAD.*

Type a. High bow. Short foot (simple
hook).

808. Uncleaned. Foot and en<l of pin gone.
Condition \K>or. Length, 0.078 ni. Height,
0.002 in. Consists of single piece of heavy
bronze wire. Pin tapers gradually. Twists in
wire accidental. Originally probably end of
spit, bnt use as safety-pin indicated by shape.
Somewhat doubtful owing to shortness of pin.

809. Uncleaned. Pin broken. Condition poor.
Wire slightly thicker at head and foot than else-
where. Never had coil. Distance between legs
(outside), 0.035 m.

Type b. Medium high "bovr. Long pin.
Somewhat doubtful.

810. End of pin gone. Condition poor.
Most of hook gone. Length, 0.057 m. Height,
0.0189 ui. Pin projects beyond foot. Of single
piece of wire. Probable use as fibula shown by
shape of bow,

DIVISION II. SPIRAL HEAD.

Type c. Flat bow. Plain.^

811. Uncleaned. Fragment of bow and coil.
Condition poor. Length, 0.0833 m. Wire in
head much smaller than in bow.

Somewhat doubtful whether the following
number belongs here.

812. Uncleaned. End of bow and part of coil
gone. Length, 0.0605 m. Bow rectangular
near coil. Wire of coil smaller than bar.
Type d. Flat bow of sheet bronze to which

some object was formerly attached.^
FoKM 1. With hook at foot.

813. Complete except for the loss of orna-
ment. Length, 0.052 m. Height, 0.0101 m.

1 An analogy to this form of head may be seen in cer-
tain bronze fibulae from Bologna (Benacci II.) of horned
snake type, in which head is represented only by a swell-
ing or knob. These, however, stand at the end of a de-
velopment, not at the beginning. Montelius, Civ. Prim. It.
pi. 79, figs. 13, 15, 16. Similar with disk instead of ring,
ibid. pi. 83, figs. 20, 21 (Arnoaldi). A closer parallel is
offered by a pin of flbala bent to form safety-pin from
Sikel village near Matera in Apulia, published by Patroni,
A/on. Ant. Line. VIII. col. 497, 507, fig. 107. Other fibulae
without coil, partly of secondary use, Brit. Mus. Cat. of
Bronzes, Nos. 1944 f., 1935.

' Cf. fibulae from Mycenae, chamber tombs, 'E(t>ri/x. 'Apx-
1888, col. 167, pi. 9, Nos. 1, 2 (Tsountas).

• With Type d, cf. Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 8, Nos.
5-7, from late dwelling of Peschiera. These, however,

Near end of flat piece, two rivets, projecting
above slightly, but flattened to under surface.
Material largely copper.*
FouM 2. With disk at foot.

814. Coil broken. Disk injured. Length,
0.0695. Rivets as in No. 813. Disk seems to
have been leaf -shaped and convex.

Type e. Flat bcw, consisting of broad band.

815. Coil gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.071 m. Material largely copper.

816. Band, with foot and coil mainly gone.
Length, 0.025 ni. Probably a simpler form of
pins of following type.^

Type f. Flat boTV, -which consists of tw^o
connected spirals.

817. Condition bad. From south slope, below
Second Temple, 1893. Broken. Pin gone.
Length, 0.075 m-

Plate LXXXV.

818. From cutting above Upper Temple, to-
ward tents, 1893. Part of pin now gone.
Length, 0.1245 m. Entire pin made of single
piece of wire, which Is diamond-shaped exce^Jt
hook and bar. These latter are round. Mate-
rial largely copper.^

Plate LXXXIV.

819. Only coil of foot preserved. Length,
0.0235 m.

820. From West Building. Foot only pre-
served. Wire is diamond-shaped. Length,
0.029 m.

821. From West Building. Only a fragment
preserved. Wire diamond-shaped.

822. From northwest corner of Old Temple,
1893. Only a fragment preserved.

It is uncertain whether the following numbers
belong here.

823. From West Building. Condition poor.
Wire diamond-shaped.^

have no attached ornament, and are otherwise somewhat
different. Flat bow, Olympia, pi. xxi. No. 343.

* Very like fibula from Lusi, Jahresh. IV. p. 52, No. 76
(Reichel and Wilhelm). Cf. fibula from Suessula, ibid.
VI. p. 113, fig. 58 (Hadaczek).

^ Perhaps Nos. 815 and 816 are to be regarded as
ornamental strips of sheet bronze, e. g. diadems. Cf.
Olympia, Nos. 313 and 315 ff.

« Cf. Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 21, No. 283, from
southern Italy. Exactly similar in shape, but to judge
from drawing, made of rounded wire. Cf. also Olympia,
No. 359, and Boehlau, Jahrb. III. p. 363 b, from Boeotia.
Double-coiled spiral fibula, Nat. Mus., Athens, No. 8196.

' Cf. coils from Sikel village in Apulia. Mon. Ant.
Line. VIII. col. 471 (Patroni).

SAFETY-PINS

241

Plate LXXXV.

824. Broken at both ends. Length, 0.125 m.
Wire dianiond-shaped. Color medium.

825. Fragment. Not certain that it is piece
of a fibula. Condition poor. Small coil of wire,
oval in section.

Type g. Plain rounded high hovr. Foot a
narrovr hook.
FoKM 1. Tkansitional modification of

STRAIGHT bow.

826. From south slope. Foot and point gone.
Length, 0.046 m. Entire pin of one bit of
round wire of nearly uniform size.

Form 2. High bow.

827. End of pin gone. Length, 0.079 m.
Height, 0.0535 m. Of one bit of metal. Bow
oval and uniform in size.

Form 3. Low bow.

Class a. Bow of uniform size.

828. Fragment. Condition poor. Length,
0.0615 m. Height, 0.0365 m. Of one bit of
metal. Bow of wire slightly oval in section.
Foot forms triangular blade.

829. From West Building. Fragment.
Length, 0.375 m. Height, 0.0215 m. One bit
of metal. Wire of uniform size.

830. Still flexible. Length, 0.038 m. Height,
0.017 m. Bow uniform in size and of wire
slightly oval in section. Wire of pin larger
than in spiral. Hook low and open.^

Class P- Slight sioelliny in arch of how.

831. Fragment. Length, 0.054 m. Has
hook on left^ side. Swelling in bow to left of
centre. Color dark.'^

Type h. High bow. Long foot coming to

a point.

Form 1. Bounded wire.

Class a. Uniformly thick wire.

The following is of transitional type, the foot
being as yet only partially developed.

832. Uncleaned. Most of foot and pin gone.
Condition poor. Length, 0.0625 m. Height,
0.025 m. Form of foot uncertain.

Class (S. Bow thickens toward centre.

833. Foot gone. Length, 0.081 m. Height,

1 Cf. fibula from Lusi, published by Reichel and Wil-
helm, Jahresh. IV. p. 52, No. 75.

^ Left as one holds fibula with head toward one.

3 Cf. Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 5, No. 41, from
Chiusi, and pi. 50, No. 2, from Este (period I.). The
latter has ring passing through head.

* Cf. Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 8, No. 85 (Villa-
nova).

' Cf. Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. fl.8, No. 84 (Villanova).

0.0315 m. Single piece of metal. Hook on
left side. Bar oval in section, the broad sur-
faces being on sides near foot, but on top and
bottom near head.*

Form 2. Rectangular wire.

834. Found west of Second Temple. Length,
0.0665 m. Height, 0.0215 m. Foot a long thin
blade with left side bent up to form hook.
Color medium dark.''

835. Uncleaned. Fragment. Condition poor.
Length, 0.0865 m. Hook on left side.

Type i. High bow. Rectangular blade at
foot forming one piece vrith bar. Bar
rounded.
Form 1. Bar of uniform size.

836. Head and pin gone. Length, 0.066 m.
Height, 0.039 m. Bar oval, with broad surface
at side. Hook on right side.

Form 2. Bar thicker at middle. Bow
somewhat lowered.

837. Fragment. Condition poor. Length,
0.07. Bar as that of No. 836.

Addenda. It is uncertain to which of the
Types g, h, i, the following belong.

838. Fragment. From south slope. Shape
of bow indicates it is a fibula. Length, 0.054 m.

839. Fragment. Length, 0.0475 m. Wire
slightly oval.

840. Fragment of coil and bow. Length,
0.031 m.

841. Fragment shown by shape to be fibula.
Length, 0.0665 m.

842. Fragment. Length, 0.061 m. Oval wire.

843. Fragment. Length, 0.06 m. Centre of
bow broad and thick. Three grooves on either
side of centre.

Type j. High hovr. Rope vrire.^

844. Head and pin gone. Length, 0.07 m.
Height, 0.05 m. Grooves in wire broad and
shallow."

845. Most of pin and foot gone. Length,
0.047 m. Bow has four screw-threadings. Wire
flattens where it passes into coil. Head on
rioht side. Bow of uniform size.

846. Uncleaned. Pin and foot gone. Length,

^ Cf. the very similar Italian type, Montelius, Civ.
Prim. It. pi. 5, No. 40 (Bismantova).

' Cf. twisted bronze wire used in straight fibula from
Mycenae (outside shaft-graves), No. 2563. 'Eipriii. 'Apx-
1888, pi. 9, No. 1 (Tsountas). Similar pins from Lusi,
Jahrenh. IV. p. 52, Nos. 78, 79 (Reichel and Wilhelra),
and from Kavousi, from tomb of first part of the iron age,
Am. Jour, of Arch. Second Series, V. p. 136 (Harriet A.
Boyd).

242

THE BRONZES

0.071 m. Height, 0.0275 m. Bow of uniform
size, with four tlireadings. Head on right side.
Type k. High bow with one or more loops.
EoitM 1. One loop.

Class a. Plain round bar}

847. Uncleaned. Pin complete. Length,
0.058 m. Height, 0.032 m. Of single piece
of round wire, which flattens at foot and tapers
at point. Hook low.

Class P- Bar jmrtiully rectangular.
Group i. Rectangular swelling near foot,
or head, or both.

848. Uncleaned. Head and foot gone. Con-
dition poor. Length, 0.0585 m. Height, 0.0325
ni. Loop in bar near head ; between loop and
foot, bar swells.

849. Uncleaned. Head gone, foot injured.
Condition poor. Length, 0.0595 m. Height,
0.043 m. Bar round, with loop slightly for-
ward of centre, swelling near head. Another
swelling between loop and hook.

Group ii. Bow in part rectangular and
in part round, with screw-threadings.

850. Uncleaned. Fragment. Condition poor.
Length, 0.0475 m. Height, 0.031 m. Bar with
four threads. On shorter side of loop, bar rec-
tangular. Not certain this is fibula, but proba-
ble from shape.

Group iii. Wire rectangular in loop ; else-
where round. Only example uncertain.
Plate LXXXVI.

851. Uncleaned. Fragment. Condition poor.
Length, 0.031 m. Height, 0.061 m. Nearly
uniform rounded wire, becoming rectangular at
0.017 m. from top. Head large and rudely
coiled ; owing to bend of wire at rectangular
part, uncertain that pin belongs in this type.
Possibly it compares with the others as the head
in Division I. with that of the other Divisions.

Form 2. Double loop.

852. Uncleaned. Fragment. Condition poor.
Length, 0.0665 m. Rounded wire with slight
swelling just back of loops, perhaps due to ox-
idation. Upper loop largest.

Type 1. More advanced. Sharp inward
bend from angle of bow. Bar has three

reinforcements on each side, opposite
each other, one pair at each of the outer
curves and one at the inner angle.

853. Foot, pin, and part of head gone. Length,
0.06 m. Bar consists of two arches, the angle
of connection being nearly right angle. Ori-
ginally ])robably two full rings in coil. Coil and
bar probably one piece. After forward rein-
forcement, the broader side of bow becomes the
narrower, and vice versa, indicating commence-
niont of foot.

Type m. Similar, but one of reinforcements
has form of dumb-bell.

854. Fragment. Length, 0.0435 in. Two
arches connected by heavy inverted arch. At
top of left arch dumb-bell. Bar between here
and coil, oval in section. The right or foot end
seems to have a groove on top. Resembles ser-
pent's head, but probably accidental.^

Type n. Single arch, having form of in-
verted boat. Geometric ornamentation.
Form 1. Solid.

855. From back of South Building. Head,
pin, and part of foot gone. Length, 0.0245 m.
The metal oval-shaped, broad side being up.
Sides have cleft between, which leads one to
suspect that pin may not be solid. Top of pin
engraved with fine and rather faint diagonal
lines arranged in three fields, centre and ends.

Form 2. Hollow.

856. Head and foot gone. Length, 0.025 m.
Opening in under side roughly triangular. Top
engraved with diagonal lines running from cen-
tre rib, starting on each side of middle of bow,
which is left plain .^

857. Head and foot gone. Condition poor.
Length, 0.0335 m. Commencement of tail lead-
ing to coil is preserved. Engraved with lines
running from central rib to sides.

Type o. Sail or saucer pattern.*

858. From east of Temple, 1894. Fragment.
Length, 0.077 m. Bow of three nearly round,
shallow connected saucers, having their longer
axis in line with axis of bow. Very slightly
raised narrow band runs along the longer axis.
Conmiencement of blade of foot.

' With this form in general, of. the essentially different
Italian style. Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 16, No. 219;
also ibid. pi. 72, No. 17, from Bologna (S. Francesco).
The example Olympia, No. 353, is more like the Italian.

2 Cf. Montelius, ibid. pi. 17, No. 242 (S. Francesco,
Bologna). Curve of pin probably different. Somewhat
similar, Olympia, No. 356, with two pairs of horns.

s Cf. Olympia, pi. xxi. No. 350.

* Large engraved example of this type, Olympia, No.
304. Another in Berlin from Boeotia, Jahrb. III. p. 362
(Boehlau), with engraved plate. Another, ibid. p. 363
(o), without pinching of bow, i. e. navicelia.

SAFETY-PINS

243

The following numbers are fragments of pins
of this type, and of types more or less similar
as regards the general shape of the bow.

859. Uncleaned. Fragment. Length, 0.0365 m.
Bar flat and diamond-shaj)ed. Tapers down-
ward. Part of coil preserved.

860. Uncleaned. Fragment. Length, 0.047 ra.
Bar diamond-shaped in section. At upper end,
knob attached to stem by short thick neck.

861. Part of upright, with short piece of
bow. Length, 0.052 m. Five low raised rings
at bend.

862. Upright, commencement of coil, and be-
ginning of bow. Length, 0.0655 m. Upper side
has fine engraving.

863. Fragment. Length, 0.0815 m. Diamond-
shaped in section, tapering downward.

864. Fragment. Upright, with beginning of
head and bow. Length, 0.094 m. Diamond-
shaped in section, and tapers downward. Outer
side of upright engraved in geometric style, with
zigzags and diamond-patterns in fields. Neck
between upright and bow. Commencement of
bow engraved with straight and zigzag lines
running lengthwise.

865. From West Building. Fragment, as No.
864. Length, 0.122 m. Diamond-shaped up-
right, tapering downward. Between upright and
bow, neck, similar to but smaller than that of
No. 864. Bow engraved similarly to that of
No. 864, as is also outer side of upright.

866. Fragment. Piece of upright and bow
(probably). Length, 0.043 m. Upright round.
Upper portion of bar rectangular. Bow flat and
flaring.

867. Fragment. Part of bow and foot. Length,
0.055 m. Bow engraved on upper side. Neck
similar to that of Nos. 864 and 865. Blade en-
graved on both sides with geometric patterns,
inclosed in fields.

868. End of bow and most of foot preserved.
Length, 0.069 m. Middle portion of upper side
of bow ornamented with straight lines. Edge
seems to have had similar engraving. Neck
with usual form. Blade of foot attached nearly
at right angles. Both sides engraved with geo-
metric designs inclosing a principal field, in
which, on one side, head and neck of horse, on
the other, probable traces of head.^

* Cf. Olympia, Nos. 362, 362 a, with engraved geome-
tric designs. Jahrh. III. p. 250 (Fiirtwangler), and pp.
361 n. (Boehlau), '^tih- 'Apx- 1892, pi. xi. No. 1 a (Wol-
ters).

Type p. Ball and hook. Hook flat.

FoK.M 1. One hall.'-

Cluss a. UprUjld round throughout.

869. Pin and hook gone. Length, 0.052 m.
Height, 0.033 m. Ball slightly oblong. Upright
joined to ball by ring and groove. Upright has
four grooves in middle and others next head.
Wire flat in coil. Possible that this pin belongs
under the following Type q.

870. This probably belongs here, though not
certain, as end of upright is gone. Length,
0.042 m. No neck between ball and upright,
which has fine grooving. Foot attached to ball
directly, and at end has three grooves.

Class p. Upper part of up>ri(jht round,
lower ^>«r< rectangular or diamond-
shaped.

Group i. Round part plain, faintly grooved
or jointed.

871. Pin, part of foot and coil gone. Condition
poor. Length, 0.055 m. Small ring on either
side of ball. Coil and uj)right of one piece. A
rivet-headed iron nail passes through coil, but is
broken on each side.

872. Fragment. End of foot and of upright
gone. Length, 0.0715 m. Upright tapers down-
ward, and has four slight grooves 0.003 m. from
ball. On shoulder four more, and four more at
end of foot.

873. Fragment. Pin, coil, and part of foot
gone. Length, 0.086 m. Height, 0.051 m. On
right side of ball a round opening, with central
part sunk much more deeply than outer part ;
also edge of central hole narrower than diameter
of hole itself. Depth of hole, 0.0075 m. Proba-
bly served for insertion of ornament. Upright
plain, except for raised narrow ring near shoul-
der. Similar rins on other side of ball.^

Group ii. Pound part of bow corrugated.

874. Fragment. Pin, coil, and most of foot
gone. Length, 0.0365 m. Oblong rounded
swelling, with sides meeting in obtuse angle.
On bow, at each side of swelling, eight small
corrugations.

875. From back of South Building. Frag-
ment as No. 874. Length, 0.0685 m. On head
side of bow twelve corrugations, that nearest ball
being high and narrow and .serving as collar ; the
rest diminish irregularly downward. Small col-

2 Cf. fibulae from Thera, Ath. Mitth. XXVIII. p. 232
(Pfuhl).

^ Very similar to Olympia, No. 368, which has ball with
disk at either side.

244

THE BRONZES

lar at beginning of rectangle, while at lower end
the rectangular portion curves and flattens to
form coil. On foot side of bow, four corrugations,
of which outer two are thinner and serve as collar
next to ball and flat part of foot.

Addendum to FoKM 1. It is not certain to
which class of the above the following belongs,
owing to its poor condition.

876. From south slope. Fragment. Ball,
short piece of foot, and bar on head side pre-
served. Length, 0.0'2G ni.

Form 2. Three halls.

877. From West Building. Fragment of bow.
Condition poor. Length, 0.0565 m. Oblate
ball with much smaller ball on either side. Two
small rings between balls. On head side of bar
four rings, above which the upright has diamond-
shaped section, and tapers down. The upper
(outer) surface is worked flat. Near coil is a
rivet. Probably coil was separate piece. Foot
is connected with balls by neck and rings. —
It is quite possible that this pin belongs under
the following Type q.^

878. Fragment of bow. Condition poor.
Length, 0.046 m. Balls oblate, with ring between
them. Upright has small ring next to ball and
eight corrugations beyond, — whether there were
more originally is uncertain. Corrugations taper
down in diameter, but thickness remains constant
except of lowest, which is thinner. Flat part of
foot begins at ball. — Possible that this pin be-
longs under the following Type q.

Type q. Ball and blade, \7hich is a develop-
ment of the flat hook of the preceding
Type.

879. From cutting above Upper Temple toward
tents, 1893. Nearly perfect, though corroded.
Length, 0.087 m. Height, 0.052 m. Hook on left
side. Ball oblate. Upper side of bar above ball
has five ridges and is of oval form. Coil of two
twists, and on bar, at beginning of coil, five faint
grooves. Between ball and blade, eight ridges on
upper side of bar. Hook formed by roll of lower
edge of blade. Height of blade on inner edge,
0.043 m., outer edge, 0.0495 m. Width, 0.04 m.2
Type r. Three-sided solid body with hook.

Hook flat.

880. From southwest of Second Temple near
wall. Coil, pin, and foot gone. Length, 0.052 m.

' Simpler but similar is Olympia, No. 367.
' Other fibulae of this shape from temple of Athena
Cranaea near Elateia. B. C. H. XII. pp. 57 fP. (P. Paris).
« Cf. Brit. Mus. Cat. of Bronzes, No. 150.

Botly solid, with upper sides convex and lower
side concave. From middle of top projects small
broken knob. Raised ring at each end of body,
that on head side having oblique threading.
Body projects beyond head-ring and has end
worked down to form beginning of coil. Foot
consists of round block and thin, flat commence-
ment of hook. — Fact that coil seems to begin so
close to body renders it unlikely that the hook
had developed into the large blade of the follow-
ing type.

Type s. Three-sided solid body with blade.
Plate LXXXVII.

881. Coil, pin, and hook gone. Body probably
solid, with lines of top and bottom nearly straight.
From centre body tapers toward either end.
Upper surface of sides concave, lower surface
slightly convex. On plain oval standard on
centre of top stands a conventionalized bird.^
The upright, rectangular in section, with outer
sides concave and inner sides convex. Three
grooves on outer sides at top. Below, three simi-
lar grooves, below which the metal is worked thin,
and in the thin part small hole with trace of a
second. Uncertain how long this thin jJart was,
but to it the head and pin were riveted. The rec-
tangular blade joins body directly, the join being
marked by a ring : height, 0.048 m., width, 0.028
m. At outer top corner, an elliptical standard of
two rings and a bead on which stands a bird.
Type t. High bow, corrugated, tapering to-
ward head and feet.

882. Head, pin, and most of foot gone.
Length, 0.057 ra. Height, 0.039 m. Corruga-
tions about same size except at centre, which has
one wider with two narrower on each side. In
head end of bow, hole for insertion of wire coil.*
Type u. High bow ornamented with corru-
gation bands and rings. Inserted heads.
Form 1. Round corrugations and kings

undecorated.

Class a. Corrugations and rings in three
groups, one at centre and one at either
end of how.

Group i. Wide top of foot. At head
and centre, groups of two corrugations
and three rings, at foot three corruga-
tions with ring above.

883. From east of Temple, 1894. Length,

* Differs somewhat from fibulae of sanguisuga type, e. g.
Monteliiis, Civ. Prim. It. pi. 75, Nos. 1, 2. (Bologna,
Benacci I.) Cf. Mycenae, outside tombs, No. 1349, with
ribbed high bow.

SAFETY-PINS

245

0.07 m. Height, 0.049 m. Wire of head flat-
tened slightly in coil. Groove along each
shoulder of bow, and two lower rings at head
grooved. In back of hook, two vertical grooves.
Right side of pin less carefully finished than left.
Group ii. Masses at centre and head have
two corrugations with ring at either
side ; at foot, one corrugation with ring
at each side. Foot broad.
884. Head and pin gone. Length, 0.0575 m.
Height, 0.032 m. All corrugations have oblique
threading, and all rings grooved. Traces of
iron rust in hole in head. Lower edge of foot
uninjured in central part. Outer edges broken
about rivet-holes, between which is a rivet, prob-
ably for the attachment of hook.

Group iii. Bands with rings at either side.
Foot about same width as bar.
865. Half of pin gone. Length, 0.043 m.
Height, 0.087 m. The raised bands divided into
broader central one, with two outer narrower
ones ; at foot, three outer ones below. Back of
foot ornamented with line on each side conver-
ging toward bottom. Hook on right. For band
between grooves, cf. No. 569.

Group iv. Each ornament consists of
raised corrugation-band with grooved
ring at either side. Top of foot wide.

886. Head and pin gone. Length, 0.034 m.
Height, 0.0265 m. Projecting top of foot turns
down at ends. Grooves in rings of head and
foot heavier than in centre. Two vertical
grooves on back of foot. Ornament at centre of
bow and at head not carefully finished ; on left
side some of engraved lines not carried through.

887. From below Upper Temple, east of Cham-
bers, 1894. Pin gone. Rings at sides of cen-
tre corrugation have three grooves ; those at
foot and head only two. The left side of all
not carefully finished. Foot has wide top, and
two vertical lines on back near edge. Hook
was on left. (For band and rings cf . Nos. 569
and 666.)

888. Length, 0.0511 m. Height, 0.0415 m.
Completely preserved but corroded. Central
band at top has fine cross-grooving, and rings
at side two grooves each. Similar at head and
foot. Pin inserted into hole in head, but hole
is too big, so pin is wedged in ; or else end of
pin is bent back so as to form wedge. Coil has
two twists. Hook, which is on right, has exten-
sion at top and two vertical grooves at back.
Pin seems less carefully finished on right.

Group V. Ornaments consist of central
band, with heavy ring at either side.
Rings higher than band. Bow be-
tween ornaments has fine threading.

889. Fragment. Length, 0.028 m. Thread-
ing seems to be confined to left side, which indi-
cates that hook was on right.

Class j3. Main ornaments as in Class a,
hut with one or more rings or subsidiary
corrugations, or both, between central and
end ornaments.

Grouj) i. Secondary ornaments consist
of single ring at each side of central
ornament, which consists of two or
more ring-corrugations side by side
with ring outside of each. End orna-
ments have also ring between the cor-
rugations.

890. From south slope, 1894. Length,
0.043 m. Height, 0.0355 m. Ornamentation
less careful on right side, where is also hook,
which has usual grooving.

Group ii. Secondary ornament like that
of Group i., but main ornament like
that of Class a. Group iv.

891. Most of foot and end of pin gone.
Length, 0.036 m. Height, 0.0285 m. Central
ornament consists of broad ring-corrugation, with
double grooved ring at each side. Ornaments at
head and foot similar. Right side less carefully
finished than left. Foot had extension at top,
and two grooves at back.

Group iii. Principal ornament similar to
that in Group ii. Secondary orna-
ment consists of two rings side by side,
on either shoulder of bow.

892. Coil and pin gone. Corroded. Length,
0.046 m. Height, 0.0305 m. Hook on right
side, which was not carefully finished. Foot
probably had extension, but at present it pro-
jects only very slightly. Back of foot has usual
grooves.

Group iv. Secondary ornament consists
of narrow rounded corrugation with
rings attached at either side. Main
ornaments consist of bunches of rings
(single or grooved).

893. Coil, pin, and part of foot gone. Length,
0.0435 m. Height, 0.0325 m. Central orna-
ment is of single ring, with grooved ring on each
side." (Cf. No. 657.) Ornament at head is of
three grooved rings ; at foot similar, but lower
ring; single. Unfinished on left side. Head and

246

THE BRONZES

foot somewhat flat. Pin was iron. Foot has
extension, and had grooves on back.^

Group V. lietween central ornament and
bottom ornaments on each side, a
group of three rings, between which
and principal ornament at either side
is a single ring. Principal ornaments
of type of Class a, Group iv.

894. Coil and pin gone. Length, 0.048 m.
Height, 0.0355 m. Central ornament of corru-
gation with grooved ring on each side. At head
and foot, similar ornament. Secondary ornament
similar, but rings not grooved. Left side not
carefully finished. Pin was probably iron. Foot
has wide, thin extension, and grooves at back.

FoKM 2. In midst of corrugations at head

AND FOOT IS LARGE RECTANGULAR BLOCK,
TENDING TO GIVE LOWER END FLAT APPEAR-
ANCE. Corrugations and rings at head

AND foot somewhat FLATTENED.

Class a. Centre of how 'iilaln.^

895. Coil, pin, and most of foot gone. Length,
0.0605 m. Height, 0.05 ra. Rings at head and
foot grooved. Trace of bronze pin in head. Two
small holes on right side of block at head, of nn-
certain purpose. Foot has slight extension and
usual grooves. Hook was on right.

Class p. Centre of how ornamented.

896. Coil and pin gone. Length, 0.062 m.
Height, 0.055 m. At centre, two corrugations
between tliree rings. At head, rectangular block,
above which two rings, corrugation and ring of
decreasing diameter ; below block, two rings,
corrugation and rounded surface with engraved
radial lines. On right side, hole connecting with
the hole for insertion of pin. Cf. No. 895. Sim-
ilar ornament at foot, which is of usual shape.
Hook on right, and this side less carefully fin-
ished than left.^

Form 3. Ornaments of bow have form
OF solid blocks slightly grooved to

REPRESENT CORRUGATIONS AND RINGS.

Class a. Blocks round.

897. Coil, pin, and part of foot gone. From
West Building. Length, 0.07 m. Height,
0.0375 m. Blocks at centre and en&s all en-
graved with central band, with ring at each side
and at ends. Space between the rings filled by

1 Cf. the somewhat similar pin, Olympia, No. 371.
^ Cf. G. and A. Korte, from Gordion, Jahrb. Erydn-
zungsh. V. p. 78, figs. 66, 67.

" Form of bow somewhat similar to that of Olympia,

four dotted rings. In bottom of head, remains
of bronze pin. The extension piece seems to be
inserted in bottom of foot.

898. Fragment of foot ornamented with two
rings at edges and five dotted bands between.
All grooves shallow.

Class /?. Blocks rectangular and flat.

899. Coil and pin gone. Length, 0.055 in.
Height, 0.038 m. Hook on right. The blocks
have on left side tln'ee dotted bands, separated
by two broad bands, and at outer edges two nar-
row bands, which alone are carried round other
side of block. At foot, which is wider below
than above, the lower outer ring coincides with
extension piece. Stub of wire of pin visible at
head.

Class y. Blocks of similar shape to those
of Class /3, hut how, which sags at cen-
tre, perhaps had more than three.

900. Fi'agment of foot and bow. Length,
0.0335 ni. Height, 0.043 m. Hook on left.
Bow bends down at centre, and it seems as
though there had been a second block there.
Left side and both narrow sides of blocks have
fine irregular criss-cross. Right side of top
block has three perpendicular and two horizontal
lines ; on lower block, five horizontal lines. No
extension on foot, which is wider below than
above.

Type V. High flat bo"w. Inserted pin (un-
certain whether always so or not).*

901. Head injured, pin gone. From first
chamber at east end below Cyclopean wall, 1893.
Length, 0.065 m. Height, 0.058 m. Hook on
right. Edges of bow rounded. At foot and
head bow is wider and thicker, thus imitating
the ornaments of preceding types. These wider
parts are divided into two parts by a ring, repre-
sented on the left by deep notches at the ends
and by grooves along the left side, while on the
right the upper and lower parts each have groove
down centre. Each of these grooves has three
holes ; in one (upper inside of head end) re-
mains of bronze rivet. At head is projection.
At foot, narrow extension on inside. Two grooves
on back of hook, and hole near top.

The following objects are somewhat uncertain,
but probably are a simpler form of same type.

No. 370, which appears, however, to have had a double
spiral. See Fiirtwaiigler, s. n.

* Several fibulae of this type from necropolis of Gordion
(tumuli III., IV.). G. and A. Korte, Jahrb. Erganzungsh.
V. pp. 78, 102.

SAFETY-PINS

247

902. Fragment of bow. Length, 0.047 m.
Thin bronze plates attached by rivets to one side
of foot. Bow iDcrforated with holes about 0.01 m.
apart ; mostly filled up. On lower part of foot,
extension with hole at either end. Perhaps this
and No. 901 had bar attached at base and head
by rivets, and running across. Cf. No. 905.

903. Fragment of bow. Length, 0.05 ni. No
holes. Perhaps not fibula, but ring.

904. Fragment of bow. Length, 0.0385 m.
Three holes ; in one at end, rivet. Trace of
fourth hole in' right end.

DIVISION III. PIVOT HEAD.

Type w. High bow with three corrugation
ornaments. Pin plays on rivet, pass-
ing through head from side to side.
Across bottom, transverse bar.

905. From West Building. Length, 0.043 m.
Height, 0.039 m. Hook on right. At top,
head, and foot, corrugation, with ring each side ;
rings at head and foot grooved. (For lower
ornaments cf. No. 658.) Cross-bar looks as if of
same piece with head and foot. Pin was attached
to right side.i

Type X. Rather Iotv bo-w ^th three or
four corrugations, each -with ring at
either side.
Form 1. Pin inserted into slit in head

AND fastened BY RIVET.

Class a. Three corrvyations.
Group i. Central corrugation has raised
grooved band. Other corrugations have
raised band.
Plate LXXXVIII.

906. Pin and hook gone. Length, 0.043 m.
Height, 0.024 m. (For combination of corru-
gations cf. Nos. 634 and 682. The corrugations
are also themselves of similar form.)

Group ii. All three corrugations have
grooved bands.

907. From back of South Building. Pin and
hook gone. Length, 0.0325 m. Height, 0.0205
m. Hook probably on left at head, socket for
pin is an eyelet attached to end of bow. Hole
filled with iron, consisting of rivet and probably
small piece of pin.

908. Pin gone, head injured. Length, 0.0455

1 Similar cross-bar, Olympia, No. 376. In No. 377 bar
is connected with centre of bow by perpendicular bar.
Front of Olympia specimens ornamented witli knobs. For
a closer parallel cf. fibula from In^, Athen. Mitth. XII. p.
11 (Studuiczka).

m. Height, 0.0265 m. Hook on right. At
foot is a(Uled shaft (of same piece with bow),
consisting of heavy and light ring, into which is
inserted the hook. On front of hook, three slight,
straight, perpendicular grooves. On both sides
of gi-ooved band on corrugations, row of dotted
circles. For corrugations cf. Nos. 635 ff. For
somewhat similar ornamentation of corrugation,
No. 695.

In the following number rings and raised bands
have fine oblique notching.

909. Pin and part of head and foot gone.
Poor condition. Length, 0.0365 m. Height,
0.0225 m. Bronze rivet remains. At foot, a
broad and nan-ow ring, the latter grooved.

Class p. Four corrugations, all of which
have raised c/rooved hands.

910. Length, 0.063 m. Height, 0.035 m.
Hook on right. Between middle corrugations
low raised convex band, with ring at either side.
Band has cross-grooves in groups of two. Foot
flat and long, perhaps inserted, but probably
not. Rivet bronze.

Form 2. Pin attached to short round
shaft, projecting down from head
end of bow. Motion of pin is thus
lateral.

Class a. Three corrugations.
Group i. Central corrugation has raised
grooved band. Side corrugations have
raised band.

911. Pin and hook gone. Condition poor.
Length, 0.034 m. Height, 0.017 m. At head,
second narrow ring, slightly smaller in diameter,
beneath lower side ring ; and beneath this, round
shaft, to which is attached small piece of iron
pin.

The following two numbers have oblique notch-
ing on some or all rings.

912. Pin and hook gone. Condition poor.
Length, 0.037 m. Height, 0.024 m. Hook was
on right. Head same as that of No. 911. Pin
was of iron.^

913. Pin and most of foot gone. Length,
0.036 m.

Group ii. All corrugations with raised
srooved bands.

914. Pin and most of foot gone. Condition

2 Olympia, No. 372, has bow of same shape and orna-
ment, and appears to agree with this form in manner of
attachment of pin. Regarding this method of attach-
ment, Furtwangler makes no statement.

24'8

THE BRONZES

poor. Length, 0.037 m. Height, 0.021 in.
Traces of notching on upper band of foot cor-
rugation. Kemains of iron pin. Foot was
inserted.

915. From back of South Building. Pin and
part of foot gone. Length, 0.041 m. Height,
0.0235 m. Remains of oblique notching on all
rings and bands. Knob for pin attached directly
beneath lower side ring.

Chixs 13. Fonr cornicjations.

916. Pin and part of foot gone. Condition
poor. Length, 0.042 m. Traces of notching
on lower ring of foot corrugation. Possible
traces on bands of all corrugations. At foot,
rectangular hook-shaft inserted directly into
bottom of ornament.

917. Fragment. Condition poor. Length,
0.045 m. Traces of oblique notching on lower
side ring and band of head corrugation. Beneath
lower ring of head corrugation, round exten-
sion followed by knob for pin.

918. Pin gone. Length, 0.048 m. Height,
0.025 m. Hook on right. Traces of oblique
notching on all bands and rings. Hook-shaft
inserted directly into lower ring of corrugation.
Type y. Ring safety-pins. Head and foot

inserted. Attachment of j^in, so far as pre-
served, as in Form 2 of Type x.
Form 1. Rounded bar.

Class a. Bar slightly elliptical in section.

919. Pin, foot, and head gone. Length (i. e.
outside diameter of ring in axis of pin), 0.0245 m.
Height, 0.023 m.

920. Pin gone. Length, 0.026 m. Height,
0.0255 m. Hook probably on left side. Rivets ^
of head and foot show on upper side.

921. Pin and foot gone. Length, 0.0285 m.
Height, 0.028 m.

922. From West Building. Pin and hook
gone. Length, 0.032 m. Height, 0.031 m.
Head and foot rivets inserted, but do not show
on top. Above hook, rectangular shaft. Hook
was on left.

923. Fragment. Length, 0.024 m. Hook
probably on left.

924. From south slope. Pin and head and
foot gone. Length, 0.084 m. Height, same.
In one rivethole, remains of iron shaft.

925. From beneath Cyclopean wall above
Stoa, 1893. Pin and most of head gone. Length,
0.035 m. Height, same. Pin was of bronze.

926. From back of South Building. Pin

' To be understood here, and in the following

gone. Length, 0.0385 m. Height, same. Rivets
show on top. Head formed of rectangle witli
knob. Upper part of foot i-ectangular, hollowed
to form hook. On outside of hook, three grooves.
Hook on left.

927. Pin and part of head and foot gone.
Length, 0.042 m. Height, same. Rivets show
on top.

928. From West Building. Pin and head
gone. Length, 0.046 m. Height, 0.045 m.
Foot rivet shows on top. Hole for head rivet
pierced through. Under side of foot rectangular.
Hook on left.

Class /8. Elliptical bar. (^Forms transition
to following forms. )

929. Pin and part of head and foot gone.
Length, 0.029 m. Height, 0.0285 m. Head and
foot rivets show on top.

930. Pin, head, and foot gone. Length and
height, 0.035 m. Bit of iron in one rivet-hole.

Form 2. Upper side of bar rounded,
lower side flat.

931. Pin, head, and foot gone. Length,
0.0815 m. Height, 0.031 m. Bits of iron in
rivet-holes.

932. Photograph shows under side. Pin, head,
and foot gone. Length, 0.034 m. Height,
0.0335 m.

Form 3. Upper and lower sides of bar
FLAT. Other two sides rounded.
Class a. Sides rounded as though part of
cirele.

933. Pin, head, and foot gone. Length,
0.024 m. Height, 0.0235 m. Ring flattened at
holes on top and bottom.

Class j8. Sides consist of more or less angu-
lar combinations of surfaces.

934. Complete and in working condition.
Length, 0.031 m. Height, same. Outer side
of ring convex, terminating in rounded obtuse
angle at centre. Two grooves along rim. In-
ner side consists of two convex surfaces meeting
at obtuse angle slightly below centre. Rivets
show on top. Rectangle of head has three
grooves. Rectangle of foot has two grooves.
Hook on left side.

Form 4. Bar rectangular.

Class a. Bar thin. Edges plain.

935. Pin gone. Length, 0.026 m. Height,
same. Top of ring has engraved circles. Rivets
appear on top. Fragment of foot (?) left.

936. Fragment. Height, 0.031 m. Has
fibulae of this type, of the tops of the shafts.

SAFETY-PINS

249

row of clotted circles near each edge of top.
Kivet of foot shows on top. Hook on left. Upper
part of foot round, and hook formed by cutting
away on left side.

937. From east end of Stoa (III). Pin, head,
and foot gone. Length, 0.031 m. Height,
0.035 m. On top, three concentric circles of
dots.

938. Pin and foot gone. Length, 0.031 m.
Height 0.032 m. Ornamented with two bands of
circles. Head-shaft has slightly rounded top.

939. From back of South Building. Pin and
part of hook gone. Length, 0.032 m. Height,
0.0315 m. Top covered with irregular punch-
marks. Rivets show on top. Hook on left side.

940. Pin and head gone. Length, 0.0435 m.
Height, same. Top has row of circles. Rivet of
foot shows on top. Upper part of foot below is
rectangular.

Class j3. Bar usually thicker, and with
grooved outer edge.

941. From south slope. Most of pin and
part of hook gone. Length, 0.029 m. Height,
0.0285 m. Uncertain traces of ornament on
top. Heavy groove on rim. Length of head,
0.0044 m. Piece of pin adheres to stub. Upper
part of foot rectangular. Hook on left side.

942. Pin and head gone. Length, 0.0285 m.
Height, 0.028 m. Rivets show on top. Foot
formed of rectangle. Top of ring covered with
punch-marks in three irregular circles.

943. Pin, head, and foot gone. Length,
0.0295 ra. Height, 0.029 m. On top, three
irregular circles of punch-marks. Rivets show
on top.

944. From south slope. Pin, head, and foot
gone. Length, 0.0464 m. Height, 0.0469 m.
Upper side has horseshoe ornament. Rim has
three grooves. Rivet-holes pierced through ; in
one, fragment of bronze. In other, fragment of
iron.

Addendum to FoRM 4. Uncertain to which
class following fragment belongs, but probably
to Class a.

945. From south slope. Foot and fragment of
ring. Length, 0.017 m. Outer edge covered
with fine irregular grooves. On inside same,
probably due to corrosion. Hook on right side.
Type z. Bow has form of lion.

946. From behind South Building, 1894. Pin

1 For style cf. Olympia, No. 966. According to Furt-
wangler, the two ends have apotropaic sense. The Olym-
pia specimen has two rolls under fore feet, but hook under

and hook gone. Length, 0.068 m. Height,
0.043 m. Lion represented lying down with
fore feet stretched out and head up. Moutli
open. Line of back rises from withers to hips.
No engraving used to indicate muscles of body,
but modeling broad and careful. Four claws
on each fore foot ; three on hind feet. Hips
spread far from body. Muscles of the hind
fore legs indicated by two grooves. Tail pro-
jects well out from body turning over back, to
which it is joined, in S shape, and ending in
bearded snake's head. Groove along top of
snake's head. Eyes indicated by ridge. Beard
of snake broken ; originally bent forward, fol-
lowing curve of tail. Mane represented broadly,
the metal rising sharply from behind eyes in
oval round face. Faint engraved line round
edge of ears. Forehead full' over eyes. Nos-
trils slight, with raised line between reaching to
mouth. From this raised line branch others to
sides. Eyes oblong, with upper lids plainly
marked. Teeth represented by ridge. Tongue
marked. Bottom of animal in two planes, run-
ning from fore feet and tail toward centre of
body. Body is hollow, but head, limbs, and tail
solid. Head of fibula consists of two roll-like
blocks beneath front paws ; they are connected
by round shaft passing from end to end. Each
roll has five slight grooves. Centre of shaft sur-
rounded by remains of iron pin. Foot of fibula
just forward of root of tail.^ For style, see
under III, 5, a (p. 203, above).

Addenda to Fihidae. The following were dis-
carded : Type X, Group i.. Class a, three of un-
certain form. Of Group ii., one from south
slope. Form 1, Class a, one. Form 2, Class
a, Group i., one. Probably of Class p, one. Type
y, Form 4, Class a, one. All the above were
mere fragments. Also four broken pieces of
the pins (including one from south slope), and
six unclassified fragments.

C. PSEUDO-SAFETY-PINS.

Probably to be regarded as decorative straight
pins with ring heads. Cf. Nos. 2081 ff. Not
classed as buckles, because for such use No.
947 is ineffective, and No. 948 diflScult.

947. Pin very loose on ring. Diameter of
ring, 0.029 m. Length of pin, 0.031 ni. Ring
made of piece of elliptical wire, of which ends

hind feet is double. It is more likely a fibula than an
attached figure with something hung to the hooks, as
Furtwangler takes it.

250

THE BRONZES

overlap and each after a single twist turns twice
around the other. Rough threading on wire
put on before the ends were twisted.'

948. From West Building. Diameter of ring,
0.02 m. Length of loin, 0.037 m. Head flat,
encircling ring once. Ring of elliptical wii-e.
Pin plays over whole circumference of ring.^

2. NEEDLE.

949. Not cleaned because patinated. From
northeast corner near Cyclopean wall, 1893.
Length, 0.1565 m. Flattens at top for eyelet,
but elsewhere nearly round.

8. RINGS.

A. FINGER-RINGS.

Type a. Plain convex bar.
FoKM 1. Rounded convexity.
Class a. Closed.

950. From West Building. Bar worn on one
side. Diameter (outside), 0.0205 m. x 0.0196 m.
Height, 0.003 m.

951. Diameter (outside), 0.0245 m. x 0.023 m.
Height, 0.0088 m?

Class P- Open,

952. From West Building. Diameter,
0.022 m. Height, 0.0064 m.

953. Diameter, 0.027 m. x 0.021 m. Height,
0.0067 m.

954. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0245 m. x
0.0225 m. Height, 0.0057 m.

Form 2. Angular convexity.
Examples open or fragmentary.

955. From south slope. Fragment. Diame-
ter, 0.022 m. Height, 0.004 m.

956. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0225 m. X 0.0215 m. Height, 0.0048 m.

957. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0257 m. X 0.025 m. Height, 0.0065 m.*
Type b. Band rings.

Form 1. Band has on outside raised

MOULDING at TOP AND BOTTOM.

958. Fragment. Height, 0.0073 m.

959. Fragment. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Height,
0.0055 m.

' Cf. Olympia, No. 1146. More buckle-shaped, Ces-
nola, Salaminia (Italian ed.), p. 69, No. 79.

^ Cf. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, I. p. 591, fig. 150.

' Plain closed gold ring from Mycenae, fourth grave.
No. 299. Heavy bronze rings with convex outside, in-
side uncertain, still with bones in them from Salamis

Form 2. Band ornamented outside with
parallel horizontal grooves.

960. From West Building. Diameter, 0.02 m.
Height, 0.006 m. One edge thinner than other.
Band has three shallow grooves.

961. Condition poor. Open. Diameter, 0.0205
m. X 0.018 m. Height, 0.0072 m. Five gi'ooves
on outside. Ridges formed by grooves have
zigzag.

Form 3. Outside of band grooved and

THREADED. EdGE GROOVED.

Plate LXXXIX.

962. From West Building. Fragment. Length,
0.0185 m. Height, 0.0025 m. Single groove
round each edge. Outside of bar has two fine
grooves, with band between plain, but outer
bands have slight oblique notching.

963. From West Building. Fragment. Di-
ameter, 0.0199 m. Height, 0.00265 m. Orna-
ment same as that of No. 962.

Form 4. Band inscribed on either side of
engraved ornament.

964. Ring broken. Oxidized and considera-
bly corroded. Bent. Diameter, 0.0205 m. x
0.0184 m. Height, 0.0035-0.0038 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0006-0.0009 m. Ornament: small arc
of circle ending with little circle at each end.
Between ornament and beginning of inscription
at right, space of 0.003 m., much corroded. At
left, between ornament and last trace of letter,
space of 0.002 m.

For inscription, see Ajypendix (p. 332).
Type c. Rings -vnth. solid seal.
Form 1. Plain rectangular seal.

965. From Northwest Building. Ring cracked
apart, opposite seal. Diameter, 0.0235 x 0.023 m.
Length of seal, 0.012 m. Bar oval, with inner
side narrow and sides partially flattened. Seal
seems to be plain. Crack in ring may be inten-
tional as surfaces are smooth.

Form 2. Oval seals, with intaglio orna-
ment.

966. From below Cyclopean wall above Stoa
(HI). Diameter, 0.0222 m. x 0.022 m. Bar
oval, with inner side the broader. Seal thinner
in centre. Length of seal, 0.0215 m. Width of
seal, 0.0108 m. On seal is figure of lion seated

(Mycenaean period), Athens Mus. Nos. 3585, 3586, 3591.
Small plain bronze rings from Lion tomb at Chaeronea,
Athens Mus., No. 9793. Cf. Zaunoni, Scavi della Certosa,
p. 67, pi. XV. No. 30 (silver), still inclosing bone.

* The above rings were assigned to this type and put
with finger-rings, because of plain smooth finish inside.

RINGS, BRACELETS

251

to left. Beneath lion, a groove slanting upward
to right. Tail curled hack and up. Mane in-
dicated hy vertical wavy grooves. Ear indicated.
Eye uncertain. Jaw clearly marked. Figure
shows Oriental influence. Above head three
slight indentations, perhaps merely meant to
bound field, perhaps the petals of a flower.^

967. Diameter, 0.022 m. x 0.02 m. Bar oval ;
inside the narrower. Length of seal, 0.012 m.
Width, 0.009 m. Groove and line of dots about
edge. Design : shallow cup with projecting rim.
Over this three trilobate figures.

Form 3. High circular seal, with intag-
lio ORNAMENT.

968. From West Building. Diameter, 0.02 m.
X 0.025 m. Bar of ring decreases in size down-
ward ; is slightly oval, with broad inside. Orna-
mented with groups of three grooves. Seal a
low ti'uncated cone. Slight distance above bot-
tom, a groove wliich seems to have contained
band of whitish metal, probably electrum. De-
sign uncertain ; perhaps rosette or beetle.
Type d. Rings -with svrivel seals.

Form 1. Seal of ivory.

969. From southeast slope, 1894. When
found, fragment of ivory seal was attached. Bar
round, with wire coil at each side of seal. Diam-
eter, 0.031 m. Bar oval in section, with narrow
side to finger.

Form 2. Seal of bronze.

970. From back of South Building near re-
taining wall, 1894. Diameter, 0.025 m. x 0.027 m.
Bar slightly elliptical, with narrow edge inside.
Ends near seal have fine wire coil, of nine or ten
turns. Seal a short cylinder. Diameter, 0.0122 m.
Under side plain and slightly convex. Edge di-
vided by two heavy grooves. Each band outside
of these has fine groove. Design : groove next
to edge, within which a fly in intaglio ; work
careful. Both pairs of wings have fine oblique
grooving from top down and outward. Traces
of antennae. Legs shown.

Addendum to Type d.

970 a. Fragment which had swivel seal of
unknown substance. Wire coils at each side of
seal. Diameter, 0.0225 m.

1 Cf. lion with flower in mouth on gold breastplate, from
Regtilini-Galassi tomb at Cervetri. Museo Gregoriano,
A I pi. 28 (= Grifi, Moniimenti di Cere Antica, pi. 1).

2 Cf. bracelet from Amorgos (pre-Mycenaean), 'E(^i7/i.
'Apx- 1898, col. 155, pi. 8, No. 2 (Tsountas).

^ At Mycenae, outside of tombs, plain round, appar-
ently solid gold rings ; bar slightly elliptical ; Nos. 975-

Plate CXXXVII.

970 b. Fragment of similar ring. Diameter,

0.035 m.

B. BRACELETS.

Plate LXXXIX.
Type a. Plain coil.

971. Ends broken. Much corroded. Outside
diameter, 0.064 m. Plain bar, slightly elliptical.
Type b. Ornamented coil.

972. One end injured. Much cori'oded. Di-
ameter, 0.08 m. Bar has fine, close, uneven screw-
threading. On uninjured end is roll, followed
by five small corrugations or rings. Probably
other end was treated in same way.

Type c. Plain bar open, vrith ends slightly
ornamented.

972 a. From back of South Building. Diam-
eter, 0.042 m. Ends have slight ridge at tip ex-
cept on inside. Bar becomes slightly smaller as
it approaches ends. Bar somewhat like that in C,
Type a, Form 2 (pp. 253 ff.). On outer edges
of each end two dents probably for eyes of ser-
pent's head. Perhajis bracelet of statuette.
Plate CXXXVII.

972 b. Diameter, 0.036 m. Bar grows
smaller towai'd ends, which terminate in thin
flat disks at nearly right angles with ring. Ends
0.0125 m. apart.2
Plate LXXXIX.

Type d. Hooked -wire, •with hoUo^r hemi-
spherical beads.

973. Diameter, 0.065 m. Plain wire, "tapering
at ends to form hook. On wire, strung through
small holes, two beads. Although of same size,
no sign that they were ever joined. The beads
made of strip of metal, having ends joined to-
gether.

974. Diameter, 0.0075 m. Wire jilain, taper-
ing at hooks. Beads similar to those of No. 973.
Their arrangement has been disturbed. Weld-
ing of edges of bead almost imperceptible.

C. RINGS, MAINLY DECORATIVE, OF VARIOUS
FORMS AND SIZES.

Type a. Plain rounded bar, usually ellip-
tical in section.^

977, 979 ; 994 of silver ; 978, of gold, has inside flattened.
For examples of decorative use cf. British Museum, Ex-
cavations in Cyprus, p. 102, No. 30, pi. xiv., fibula with
rings on bow from Amathus. So frequently in Iron Age
graves in Italy. Open rings, sometimes linked together,
e. g. in Brit. Mus., Gold Room, Case T, from tomb in one
of the Greek islands, — five open plain gold rings linked

252

THE BRONZES

Form 1. Inside and outside of bar
treated alike.

Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m. to
0.025 m.

975. Diameter, 0.0227 m. x 0.022 m. Width
of bar, 0.018 in. Bar horizoutal ellipse ap-
proaching to rectangle.

The following have bar of same shape unless
otherwise stated.

976. From back of South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0207 m. Width, 0.0013 m.-0.002 m.

977. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0024 m.

978. Diameter, 0.0237 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

979. Diameter, 0.0247 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

980. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0027 m.
Bar nearly round.

981. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0027 m.
Bar as that of No. 980.

982. Diameter, 0.0223 m. Width, 0.0028 m.
Bar as that of No. 980.

983. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.003 m.

984. From south slojie. Diameter, 0.025 m.
Width, 0.0028 m.-0.0034 m. Bar as that of No.
980.

985. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

986. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0038 m.

987. Diameter, 0.0244 m. Width, 0.0025 m.
-0.0038 m.

988. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0025 m.
-0.0038 m.

989. Diameter, 0.0248 m. Width, 0.0045 m.
Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m. to

0.03 m.
(a'.) Closed.

990. Diameter, 0.0254 m. Width, 0.0017
m.-0.0025 m.

991. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

992. Diameter, 0.025 ni. Width, 0.0025 m.

993. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0025 m.
Bar as tliat of No. 980.

994. Diameter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0026 m.
-0.0029 m. Bar as that of No. 980.

995. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.003 m.

996. Diameter, 0.0253 m. Width, 0.003 m.

997. Diameter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.003 m.

998. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0031 m.
Bar as that of No. 980.

999. From back of South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1000. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0033 m.
Bar as that of No. 980.

1001. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0025 m.-
0.0035 m.

1002. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0252 m.
Width, 0.0028 ni.-0.0035 m.

1003. Diameter, 0.0286 m. Width, 0.0036 m.
Bar as that of No. 980.

1004. From south slope. Diameter, 0.025 m.
Width, 0.0036. Bar as that of No. 980.

1005. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.003 m.-
0.0036 m. Bar as that of 980.

1006. Diameter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0029 m.
-0.0037 m. Bar as that of No. 980.

1007. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0034 m.
Bar as that of 980.

1008. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0033 m.

1009. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0025 m.-
0.0043 m.

1010. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0027 m.
-0.0043 m.

1011. From back of South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0025 m.-0.0043 m.

1012. From back of South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

Plate XC.

1013. Diameter, 0.0287 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1014. From back of South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0049 m.

1015. Diameter, 0.0292 m. Width, 0.0065 m.

(6'.) Open.

1016. Diameter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0023 m
Ends fit closely.

Group iii. Outside diameter, 0.03 m.-
0.035.

1017. Diameter, 0.034 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1018. Diameter, 0.0315. Width, 0.0026 m.

1019. Diameter, 0.0325 m. Width, 0.0029 m.
Bar as that of 980.

1020. Diameter, 0.03 ra. Width, 0.005 m.-
0.0062 m.

Group iv. Outside diameter, 0.035 m.-
0.04 m.
(a'.) Closed.

1021. Diameter, 0.0354 m. Width, 0.004 m.

together ; ends of rings smaller than centre. Similar
group of rings from Encomi. Cf. Excavations in Cyprus,
pi. ix. Nos. 288-295. Possihility that some of the open
rings with bar tapering toward ends may be earrings ; cf-
Myres and Ohnefalsch-Richter, Cyprus Museum Cat. p.

123 ; Orsi, Mon. Ant. Line. I. col. 863, sepoltura clxvi.
from Megara Hyblaea, and IX. coll. 74, 75, fig. 27, from
Pantalica. Open ring with crossed ends from Sikel vil-
lage near Matera, Apulia, publislied by Patroni, Mon. Ant.
Line. VIII. coll. 497, 507, fig. 108, as flnger-ring.

DECORATIVE RINGS

253

1022. Diameter, 0.0394 m. Width, 0.0039
m.-0.005 m.

(//.) Open.

1023. Diameter, 0.035 m. Width, 0.0037 m.
Bar round.

1024. Diameter, 0.0385 m. Width, 0.0047 m.
Opening looks accidental.

Group V. Outside diameter, 0.04 m., or
more.
(a'.) Closed.

1025. Diameter, 0.0444 m. Width, 0.0034 m.

1026. Froin back of South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.049 m. Width, 0.0058 m.-0.0069 m.

1027. Diameter, 0.0505 m. Width, 0.0055
m.-0.00G9 m.

(6'.) Open.

1028. Diameter, 0.043 m. Width, 0.0055 m.
Opening looks accidental.

Addenda to Form 1. It is uncertain whether
the openings in the following are intentional or
accidental.

1029. Diameter, 0.0215 m. Width, 0.0015 m.
Bar round. Edges of opening rough ; hence
probably accidental.

1030. Diameter, 0.0216 m. Width, 0.0018 m.
Edges of opening fairly smooth. Bar round.

1030 a. Diameter, 0.0213 m. Width, 0.009 m.
Form 2. Inside surface less rounded
than outside. division between sur-
faces not distinctly indicated.

Group i. Outside diameter less than
0.02 m. Unless otherwise stated, all
the following to No. 1099 have nearly
round bar.

1031. Diameter, 0.0165 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1032. From south slope. Diameter, 0.017 m.
Width, 0.0038 m.

1033. Diameter, 0.0193 m. Width, 0.0009 m. ,
Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.-

0.025 m.

1034. Diameter, 0.021 m. Width, 0.0013 m.
(Condition so poor as to make classification un-
certain.)

1035. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0018 m.

1036. Diameter, 0.0232 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1037. Diameter, 0.0239 m. Width, 0.0018 m.

1038. Diameter, 0.0231 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1039. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1040. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0015
m.-0.0028 m. Bar higher than wide in some
places.

1041. Diameter, 0.0216 m. Width, 0.0017
m.-0.0028 m.

1042. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1043. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0245 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1044. Diameter, 0.0238 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1045. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0029 m.

1046. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0024
m.-0.0034 m.

1047. Diameter, 0.0248 m. Width, 0.0024
m.-0.0034 m.

1048. From behind South Building. Di-
ameter, 0.0237 m. Width, 0.0025 m.-0.0035 m.

1049. Diameter, 0.0222 m. Width, 0.0023
m.-0.0035 m. Poor condition renders classi-
fication uncertain ; perhaps this specimen belongs
under Form 4.

1050. Diameter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0015
m.-0.0037 m. (Difference due to oxidation.)
Perhaps belongs under Form 4.

1051. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0027 m.-0.004 m.

1052. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m.
Width, 0.003 m.-0.004 m.

1053. From back of South Building. Di-
ameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0027 m.-0.004 m.

1054. Diameter, 0.0205 m. Width, 0.0032 m.
Group iii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.-

0.003 m.

1055. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1056. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1057. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0023 m.

1058. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1059. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0028 m.

1060. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0028 m.

1061. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0024 m.-
0.0035 m. (Difference due to oxidation.)

1062. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.002 m.-
0.0035 m.

1063. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0029 m.

1064. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0028 m.-
0.0038 m.

1065. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0024 m.-
0.0038 m.

1066. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0027
m.-0.0038 m.

1067. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0028
m.-0.0038 m. About one half of ring larger
than the other. Perhaps finger-ring.

1068. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1069. Diameter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1070. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0028 m.-0.0038 m.

254

THE BRONZES

1071. Diameter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0035 m.
Bar slightly elliptical.

1072. Diameter, 0.025 m. Widtli, 0.0035 m.

1073. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0255 m.
Width, 0.003 m.-0.0042 m.

1074. From West Building. Diameter,
0.026 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1075. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0034 m.-
0.0045 m.

1076. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0035
m.-0.0049 m.

1077. Diameter, 0.0285 m. Width, 0.005 m.

1078. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0285. Width, 0.0055 m.

1079. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.0045
m.-0.0065 m.

Group iv. Outside diameter, 0.03 m.-
0.035 m.

1080. Diameter, 0.03 m. Width, 0.0034 m.

1081. Diameter, 0.032 m. Width, 0.0036 m.

1082. Diameter, 0.0323 m. Width, 0.0045 m.

1083. Diameter, 0.032 m. Width, 0.0045 m.

1084. Diameter, 0.034 m. Width, 0.0045 m.

1085. Diameter, 0.031 m. Width, 0.0047 m.

1086. From West Building. Diameter,
0.03 m. Width, 0.0043 m.-0.0058 m.

1087. Diameter, 0.0335 m. Width, 0.0043
m.-0.006 m. Bar elliptical.

1088. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0335 m. Width, 0.0045 m.-0.006 m.

1089. Diameter, 0.032 m. Width, 0.008 m.
Group V. Outside diameter, 0.035 m.-

0.04 m.

1090. Diameter, 0.035 m. Width, 0.0045 m.

1091. Diameter, 0.0365 m. Width, 0.004 m.-
0.0055 m.

1092. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.034 m. Width, 0.005 m.-0.006 m.

1093. Diameter, 0.035 m. Width, 0.0055
m.-0.0065 m.

1094. Diameter, 0.0385 m. Width, 0.005 m.-
0.0068 m.

1095. Diameter, 0.0385 m. Width, 0.0075 m.
Group vi. Diameter, 0.04+ m.

1096. From West Building. Diameter,
0.041 m. Width, 0.008 m.i

Addenda to Form 2. The openings in the
following are partially due to accident, whether
they were originally intended to be open or not.

Group ii. 1097. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width,
0.003 m. One end smooth, other end rough.

Group iii. 1098. Diameter, 0.0253 m. Width,
0.0034 m. Both ends corroded.

Group iv. 1099. From behind South Build-
ing. Diameter, 0.031 m. Width, 0.0045 m.-
0.006 m. Both ends corroded.

Form 3. Inside surface less rounded

THAN OUTSIDE. On TOP AND BOTTOM
FLAT PLANE CONNECTING INSIDE AND
OUTSIDE.

Class a. Inside surface rounded slightly
in continuotis curve.

Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.-
0.025 m.

1100. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0249 m. Width, 0.003 m.

Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.-
0.03 m.

1101. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1102. Diameter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0025 m.-
0.004 m.

1103. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1104. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0049 m.
Group iii. Outside diameter, 0.08 m.-

0.035 m.

1105. Diameter, 0.03 m. Width, 0.006 m.
Class yS. Inner convexity consists of two

surfaces wliich meet in rounded obtuse

angle.

Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.-

0.025 m.

(«'.) Closed.

1106. Diameter, 0.02 m. Width, 0.001 m.
(Half of one side is of Form 4.)

1107. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0018 m.

1108. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1109. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0237 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1110. From West Building. Diameter,
0.024 m. Width, 0.0024 m.

1111. Diameter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0023 m.

1112. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0235 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1113. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0027 m.-
0.004 m.

(6'.) Open.

1114. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.002 m.
Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.-

0.03 m.

1115. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0025 m.
Addenda to Form 3. In the following the

width of the original opening is uncertain.

' For example of such rings used as handles, see Orsi, Mon. Ant. Line. I. col. 801.

DECOEATIVE RINGS

255

Class a. Group i.
1116. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0023 m.-
0.0037 m. Ends corroded.

Group iii. 1117. From behind South Building.
Diameter, 0.03 m. Width, 0.0031 m.-0.0057 m.
(Oxidized.)
Form 4. Similar to Form 3 except that
inside and outside surfaces meet on
top and bottom ^ edge of ring.
Class a. Inner convexity rounded in con-
tinuous curve.

Group i. Outside diameter, 0.015 m.-
0.02 m.

1118. Diameter, 0.0176 m. Width, 0.013 m.

1119. Diameter, 0.018 m. Width, 0.001 m.-
0.003 m.

Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.-
0.025 m.
(a'.) Closed.

1120. Diameter, 0.02 m. Width, 0.0014 m.
This and 1121 and 1122 are perhaps finger-
rings.

1121. Diameter, 0.0234 m. Width, 0.001 m.

1122. Diameter, 0.021 m. Width, 0.0014 m.

1123. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1124. Diameter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0018 m.

1125. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0014 m.

1126. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0013 m.

1127. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1128. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0017 m.

1129. From West Building. Diameter,
0.022 m. Width, 0.0017 m.

1130. Diameter, 0.0229 m. Width, 0.0016 m.

1131. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1132. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0016 m.

1133. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1134. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1135. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0224 m.
Width, 0.0017 m.

1136. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1137. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1138. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0017 m.

1139. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1140. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1141. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0014 m.-
0.0027 m.

1142. From West Building. Diameter,0.021m.
Width, 0.0018 m.

1143. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0019 m.
1 The rings have neither ' top ' nor ' bottom,' but these

1144. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0018 m.

1145. Diameter, 0.0236 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1146. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0223 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1147. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1148. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1149. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1150. Diameter, 0.0222 m. Width, 0.0015
m.-0.003 m.

1151. From south slope. Diameter, 0.028 m.
Width, 0.0015 m.-0.003 m.

1152. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0205 m. Width, 0.0013 m.

1153. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0019 m.

1154. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0026 m.

1155. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1156. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0017 m.

1157. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1158. Diameter, 0.0206 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1159. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0017 m.

1160. Diameter, 0.0232 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1161. Diameter, 0.0215 m. Width, 0.002 m.-
0.0033 m.

1162. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0024 m.

1163. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0027 m.

1164. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.002 m.-
0.0035 m.

1165. Diameter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0023 m.

1166. From behind South Building. Diam-
eter, 0.0244 m. Width, 0.0023 m.-0.0035 m.

1167. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0225 m.
Width, 0.0023 m.-0.0036 m.

1168. Diameter, 0.0224 m. Width, 0.002 m.-
0.0037 m.

1169. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.002 m.-
0.0038 m.

1170. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0025
m.-0.004 m.

1171. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0027
m.-0.004 m.

1172. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m.
Width, 0.002 m.

(6'.) Open.

1173. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0018 m.
Ends close together ; opening diagonal and prob-
ably intentional.

1174. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0018 m.
Opening probably accidental.

Group iii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.-
0.03 m.

1175. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

words are perhaps more intelligible than ' plane of the
diameter ' or a similar expression.

256

THE BRONZES

1176. Diameter, 0.02G m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1177. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1178. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1179. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0255 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1180. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0032 m.

1181. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0015 m.-
0.004 m. (Corroded and oxidized.)

1182. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0026 m.
Width, 0.0022 m.

1183. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0033 m.

1184. Diameter, 0.0255 ra. Width, 0.0029 m.

1185. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0265 m.
Width, 0.0037 m.

1186. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0285 m. Width, 0.0045 m.

1187. From West Building. Diameter,
0.028 m. Width, 0.0027 m.

Group iv. Outside diameter, 0.03 m.-
0.035 m.

1188. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0325 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1189. Diameter, 0.032 m. Width, 0.0049 m.

1190. South slope. Diameter, 0.034 m.
Width, 0.0065 m.-0.009 m.

Group V. Outside diameter, 0.035 m.-
0.04 m.

1191. Diameter, 0.036 m. Width, 0.0053 m.
Class j3. Inner convexity consists of two

surfaces which meet in a rounded obtuse

angle.

Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.-

0.025 m.

(a'.) Closed.

1192. Diameter, 0.0208 m. Width, 0.0011 m.

1193. Diameter, 0.0217 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1194. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0017 m.

1195. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0017 m.

1196. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0018 m.

1197. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0018 m.

1198. From West Building. Diameter,
0.02 m. Width, 0.0018 m.

1199. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m.
Width, 0.0019 m.

1200. Diameter, 0.0215 m. Width, 0.0019 m.

1201. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0019 m.

1202. Diameter, 0.0217 m. Width, 0.0019 m.

1203. Diameter, 0.0209 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1204. Diameter, 0.0204 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1205. Diameter, 0.0218 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1206. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1207. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1208. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1209. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0021 m.

1210. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0021 m.

1211. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1212. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1213. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1214. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Widtli, 0.0022 m.

1215. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1216. Diameter, 0.0224 m. Widtii, 0.0022 m.

1217. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1218. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1219. From West Jiuilding. Diameter,
0.0249 m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1220. Diameter, 0.0232 m. Width, 0.0022 m.

1221. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0023 m.

1222. Diameter, 0.0205 m. Width, 0.0023 m.

1223. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1224. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0228 ni. Width, 0.0025 m.

1225. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1226. From south slope. Diameter, 0.023 m.
Width, 0.0025 m.

1227. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1228. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0217 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1229. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1230. Diameter, 0.0217 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1231. Diameter, 0.0213 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1232. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1233. Diameter, 0.0215 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1234. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1235. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1236. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1237. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0027 m.

1238. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0027 m.

1239. Diameter, 0.0248 m. Width, 0.0027 m.

1240. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0027 m.

1241. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0028 m.

1242. From West Building. Diameter,
0.024 m. Width, 0.0029 m.

1243. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0029 m.

1244. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0029 m.

1245. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0029 m.

1246. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m.
Width, 0.003 m.

1247. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1248. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.003 ni.

1249. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.021 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1250. Diameter, 0.021 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1251. Diameter, 0.0233 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1252. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1253. Diameter, 0.024 ni. Width, 0.003 m.

1254. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.003 m.

DECORATIVE RINGS

257

1255. Diameter, 0.024 in. Width, 0.003 m.

1256. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1257. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1258. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0234 ni. Width, 0.003 m.

1259. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0032 m.

1260. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0032 m.

1261. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0032 ni.

1262. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1263. Diameter, 0.0242 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1264. Diameter, 0.022x0.03 m. Width,
0.0035 m.

1265. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1266. Diameter, 0.0249 m. Width, 0.0036 m.

1267. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0232 m.
Width, 0.0036 m.

1268. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0036 m.

1269. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0243 m.
Width, 0.0036 m.

1270. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0036 m.

1271. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m.
Width, 0.0039 m.

1272. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0039 m.

1273. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1274. Diameter, 0.0223 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1275. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1276. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0243 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1277. Diameter, 0.0249 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1278. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1279. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1280. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0042 m.

1281. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0248 m.
Width, 0.0049.

(6'.) Open, but opening in all cases
probably accidental.

1282. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0017 m.

1283. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0023 m.

1284. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0023 m.

1285. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0023 m.

1286. From south slope. Diameter, 0.022 m.
Width, 0.0026 m.

1287. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m.
Width, 0.004 m.

1288. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1289. Diameter, 0.0214 ra. Width, 0.004 m.
Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.-

0.03 m.
(a'.) Closed.

1290. Diameter, 0.0254 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1291. Diameter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.0025 m.

1292. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0026 m.

1293. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0020 m.

1294. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0026 m.

1295. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0027 m.

1296. Diameter, 0.0282 m. Width, 0.0028 m.

1297. Diameter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0029 m.

1298. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1299. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0283 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1300. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0033 m.

1301. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0034 m.

1302. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0034 ni.

1303. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0034 m.

1304. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0263 m. Width, 0.0034 m.

1305. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0034 m.

1306. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0034 m.

1307. Diameter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1308. Diameter, 0.0278 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1309. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1310. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Width. 0.0035 m.

1311. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0263 m.
Width, 0.0035 m.

1312. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0255 m.
Width, 0.0035 m.

1313. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1314. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1315. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0036 m.

1316. Diameter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0037 m.

1317. Diameter, 0.0263 ni. Width, 0.0038 m.

1318. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1319. From south slope. Diameter, 0.026 m.
Width, 0.004 m.

1320. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1321. From south slope. Diameter, 0.025 m.
Width, 0.004 m.

1322. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1323. Diameter, 0.026 ni. Width, 0.0043 m.

1324. Diameter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.0043 m.

1325. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0253 m. Width, 0.0043.

1326. Diameter, 0.0264 m. Width, 0.0043 m.

1327. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0044 m.

1328. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0044 m.

1329. From south slope. Diameter, 0.026 m.
Width, 0.0044 m.

1330. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0044 m.

1331. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0044 m.

1332. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0044 m.

1333. From West Building. Diameter,
0.026 m. Width, 0.0044 m.

1334. Diameter, 0.0253 m. Width, 0.0044 m.

258

THE BRONZES

Width, 0.0014 m.
Width, 0.0023 m.
Width, 0.004G m.
Width, 0.0055 in.

Width, 0.0019 m.

Width, 0.0023 m.

Width, 0.002 m.
Width, 0.0021 m.

1335. From south slope. Diameter, 0.026 m.
Width, 0.0044 m.

1336. Diameter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0047 m.

1337. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.0049 m.

1338. Diameter, 0.0299 m. Width, 0.0049 ni.

1339. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0285 m. Width, 0.005 m.

1340. Diameter, 0.0277 m. Width, 0.0051 m.
(i'.) Open ; but probably owing to ac-
cident.

1341. Diameter, 0.026 m.

1342. Diameter, 0.0252 m.

1343. Diameter, 0.0264 m.

1344. Diameter, 0.0278 m.
Addenda to Foail 4, Class /8. In the follow-
ing original width of break is uncertain.

1345. Diameter, 0.0188 m. Width, 0.0013 m.
Group i.

1346. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1347. Diameter, 0.0228 m. Width, 0.0015 m.

1348. Diameter, 0.023 m.

1349. Diameter, 0.0223 m.

1350. Diameter, 0.022 ui.

1351. Diameter, 0.023 ui.

1352. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0024 m.
In following numbers, bent examples, the ends

overlap.

1353. Diameter, 0.02 m. Width, 0.0019 m.

1354. Diameter, 0.022 m. Width, 0.0027 m.
Group ii.

1355. Diameter, 0.0278 m. Width, 0.0029 m.

1356. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.006 m.
Form 5. Transitional, similar to Form 4,

BUT inside and OUTSIDE ARE FORMED EACH
OF THREE FLAT PLANE SURFACES, THAT IS,
A CENTRAL BAND WITH A SLOPING BEVEL
AT EITHER SIDE.

1357. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.029 m. Width, 0.0043 m.

Discards of Type a :

Form 1, Group i.: oue, complete, from West Building;
and three fragments, of which one from south slope.

Form 2, Group ii.: three fragments, of which one from
south slope. Group iii. : two complete and two fragments.
Group iv.: one fragment.

Form 3, Class a. Group i.: one fragment from south
slope. Class fi: one complete.

Form 4, Class a. Group ii. : eleven fragments, of which
one from West Building, one from south slope, one from
east end of Second Temple. Group iii.: one complete and
one fragment. Class $, Group i.: three complete and
thirteen fragments, of which one from West Building,
one from south slope, and two from behind South Build-
ing. Group ii.: four fragments.

Also fourteen complete, and forty-three incomplete
pieces, unclassified.

Type b. Large rings, of forms analogous
to those of Type a.
Form 1. Combination of two rings, one

LARGER AND OPEN, SIMILAR TO Type a,

Form 1 ; the other being smaller
AND also closed, SIMILAR TO Type a,
Form 2.

1358. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter of larger i-ing, 0.0435 m. Width, 0.0047 m.
Opening diagonal and probably original. Diam-
eter of smaller ring, 0.032 m. Width of the
same, 0.0042 m.

Form 2. Single kings. Somewhat similar
TO Type a, Form 2.

1359. Much worn. Diameter, 0.059 m.
Width, 0.0085 m.

Form 3. Somewhat similar to Type a,
Form 3, Class a, but flatter.

1360. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0563 m. Width, 0.0032 m.

1361. Diameter, 0.0805 m. Width, 0.0067 m.
Surfaces nearly flat.

Form 4. Somewhat similar to Type a,
Form 4, Class a.

1362. Fragment. Diameter, 0.0715 m. Width,
0.005 m. On one side, uncertain traces of
oblique lines.

Type c. Outside and inside convex, con-
sisting of two flat, or nearly flat, surfaces
meeting at an angle.^
Form 1. Angles of upper and lower
SIDES PLAIN. Inner convexity less

THAN OUTER.

Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.-
0.025 m.

1363. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0238 m. Width, 0.0028 m.

1364. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1365. Diameter, 0.0225 m

1366. Diameter, 0.023 m.

1367. Diameter, 0.023 ni.

1368. Diameter, 0.0237 m

1369. Diameter, 0.0223 m.

Width, 0.003 m.
Width, 0.0032 m.
Width, 0.0037 m.
Width, 0.0039 m.
Width, 0.0044 m.

Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.-
0.03 ra.

1370. Diameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0029 m.

1371. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0032 m.

1372. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0274 m. Width, 0.0039 m.

1373. Diameter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.0039 m.

With this type, cf. specimen from Novilara, Mon. Ant. Line. V. col. 140 (Brizio).

DECORATIVE RINGS

259

1374. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0049 m.

1375. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.0049 m.

1376. Diameter, 0.0297 m. Width, 0.0064 m.

1377. Diameter, 0.029 m. Width, 0.007 m.
Gi'oup iii. Outside diametei', 0.03 lu.-

0.035 m.

1378. Diameter, 0.031 m. Width, 0.007 m.
Group iv. Outside diameter, 0.035 m.-

0.04 m.

1379. From south slope. Diameter, 0.037 m.
Width, 0.008 m.

Group V. Outside diameter over 0.04 m.

1380. Diameter, 0.041 m. Width, 0.008 m.
Form 2. Inner surfaces carried past

junction-point with outside surfaces,
thus making inside apparently thicker
than outside and of about equal and
sometimes greater width.^
Group i. Outside diameter, 0.02 m.-
0.25 m.
(a'.) Closed.
Plate XCI.

1381. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0024 m.

1382. Diameter, 0.021 m. Width, 0.0026 m.

1383. Diameter, 0.0215 m. Width, 0.0026 m.

1384. Diameter, 0.0205 m. Width, 0.0026 m.

1385. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0026 m.

1386. Diameter, 0.0227 m. Width, 0.0026 m.

1387. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.0027 m.

1388. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0028 m.

1389. Diameter, 0.0248 m. Width, 0.0028 m.

1390. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0225 m.
Width, 0.003 m.

1391. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0027 m.

1392. Diameter, 0.0225 m. Width, 0.003 m.

1393. Diameter, 0.0239 ra. Width, 0.003 m.

1394. Diameter, 0.0221 m. Width, 0.003 m.
Possible traces of row of dots.

1395. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0033 m.

1396. Diameter, 0.0233 m. Width, 0.0033 m.

1397. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0033 m.

1398. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0033 m.

1399. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0034 m.

1400. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0034 m.

1401. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1402. Diameter, 0.023 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1403. Diameter, 0.0244 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1404. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0036 m.

1405. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0245 m. Width, 0.0036 m.

1406. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0039 m.

1407. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1408. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0245 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1409. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.004 m.

1410. Diameter, 0.0243 m. Width, 0.0047 m.

1411. Diameter, 0.024 m. Width, 0.0045 m.
The following numbers are ornamented.

1412. Diameter, 0.0227. Width, 0.003 m.
On one side of outer convexity, at inner and
outer edge, row of short oblique lines close to-
gether. Traces of similar lines on other side.

1413. Diameter, 0.0234. AVidth, 0.0033 m.
Ornament similar to that of No. 1412. Many
of the lines have arrowhead foi'm.

1414. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0035 m.
Ornamentation similar.

1415. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.004 m.
Ornamentation similar.

1416. Diameter, 0.0249 m. Width, 0.0043 m.
Ornamentation similar.

1417. From south slope. Diameter, 0.024 m.
Width, 0.0043 m. Ornamentation similar.

(6'.) Open.

1418. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Width, 0.0035 m.
Break probably intentional. Faint traces of
same decoration.

Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.-
0.03 m.
(a'.) Closed.

1419. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1420. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1421. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0035 m.

1422. Diameter, 0.0256 m. Width, 0.0036 m.

1423. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0038 m.

1424. Diameter, 0.0257 m. Width, 0.0038 m.

1425. Diameter, 0.0252 m. Width, 0.0042 m.

1426. Diameter, 0.0259 m. Width, 0.0047 m.

1427. Diameter, 0.0254 m. Width, 0.0047 m.

1428. Diameter, 0.0255 m. Width, 0.0047 m.

1429. From south slope. Diameter, 0.025 m.
Width, 0.0047 m.

1430. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0047 m.

1431. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0264 m. Width, 0.0047 m.

1432. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0049 m.

1433. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0258 m. Width 0.0052 m.

1434. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0258 m. Width, 0.0053 m.

1435. Diameter, 0.028 m. Width, 0.0055 m.
The following are ornamented.

1 Cf. Olympia, No. 443.

260

THE BRONZES

1436. Diameter, 0.026 m. Widtli, 0.0032 in.
Both sides have two rows of fine lines.

1437. Diameter, 0.0252 m. Width, 0.0035 m.
Both sides have two rows of fine irregular
hooked lines. Cf. No. 1413.

1438. Diameter, 0.0251 m. Width, 0.0030 ni.
On one side, inner band of short parallel oblique
lines. On other side, traces of same on both
edges.

1439. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0265 m.
Widtli, 0.004 m. One side has outer row of
lines and inner row of dots ; on other side, outer
lines visible, but dots uncertain.

1440. Diameter, 0.0255 in. Width, 0.004 m.
One side similar to No. 1436.

1441. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0254 m.
W idth, 0.004 m. Both sides similar to No. 1436.

1442. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width. 0.0043 m.
Ornament similar to that of No. 1436, but lines
oblique.

144a Diameter, 0.0253.m. Width, 0.0044 m.
On one side, groove at outer edge and row of ob-
lique lines at inner edge with zigzag connecting
the two.

1444. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0044 m.
Ornament similar to that of No. 1442.

1445. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Width, 0.00245
m. Ornament probably similar to that of No.
1442, but one row on one side doubtful.

1446. From West Building. Diameter,
0.025 m. Width, 0.0045 in. Ornament sim-
ilar to that of No. 1436.

1447. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0255 m. Width, 0.0045 m. Ornament sim-
ilar to that of No. 1442.

1448. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0265 m.
Widtli, 0.0047 m. Ornament similar to that of
No. 1436, but lines shorter.

1449. From south slope. Diameter, 0.027 m.
W^idth, 0.0057 m. On both sides, row of short
oblique lines at inner angle, and of dots just out-
side centre.

(6'.) Open.

1450. From West Building. Diameter,
0.026 ra. Width, 0.005 ni. Edges of opening
close. Traces of ornament like preceding num-
bers.

Form 3. Edges flattened, sometimes with
convexity like a koll.
Class a. Outer convexity similar to that of
preceding Form 2.

Group i. Outside diameter, 0.025 m.-
0.08 m.

(«'.) Closed.

1451. Diameter, 0.026 m. Width, 0.0045 m.

1452. Diameter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0052 m.

(//.) Open (apparently).

1453. Diameter, 0.0276 in. Width, 0.005 m.
Opening joined at bottom : perhaps due to oxida-
tion.

Group ii. Outside diameter, 0.03 m.-
0.035 m.

1454. Diameter, 0.032 m. Width, 0.0051m.
Groove round about half ring on outer edge of
one flange.

Class Ii- At either side of outer angle of
outer convexity, a groove.

1455. Diameter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.005 m.
Traces of notching on band between grooves.

Class y. liaised band at outer (ingJc of
outer convexity is grooved.

1456. Diameter, 0.035 m. Width, 0.0085 m.
Raised band low and slight.

Addendum to Fokm 3.

1457. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0047 m.
Type doubtful. Ends overlap. Both surfaces
of outer convexity have band of arrowheads.
Near ends are grooves encircling bar, two on
one end, three and a half on other.

Discards oj Type c:

Form 1, Group i.: two.

FouM 2, Group i. : one complete and twelve broken,
of which one from behind South Building and two from
south slope. Group ii.: three complete and nine broken,
of which two from behind South Building.

Form 3, Class a, Group i.: two nearly complete.

Combinations of Types a a7id c.

1458. Ring of Type a. Form 4, Class p.
Group ii., (a') oxidized together with one of
Type C, Form 2, Group ii., («'). First: diam-
eter, 0.025 m. Width, 0.0023 m. Second:
diameter, 0.025 m. W^idth, 0.0045 m., with traces
on each side of line of dots. Oxidation prevents
certainty as to original condition.

1459. Ring of Type a. Form 4, Class a,
Group ii., (a') joined bj' wire to one of Type c,
Form 2, Group i., (a'). First : diameter, 0.022 m.
Width, 0.0024 ni. Second : diameter, 0.0233 ni.
Width, 0.0034 m. Connecting wire round and
of shape like No. 810.

Type d. Bar nearly rectangular. Plain
open rings.

1460. Diameter, 0.022 ni. Width, 0.0025 m.
Ends show slight taper and overlap.

1461. Diameter, 0.0304 m. Width, 0.003 m.
Ends taper and overlap.

DECORATIVE RINGS

261

Type e. Plain. Bar flat on under side, but
rounded on top and sides.

1462. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0225 iii.
Width, 0.0033 lu. Groove on bottom near inner
e(l<io.

Type f. Plain, slightly elliptical bar. Ring
open and end coiled.

1463. One end broken. Diameter, 0.026 m.
Width, 0.00.37 m.

Type g. Threaded elliptical bar. Open.

1464. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0265 m. Width, 0.0036 m. Four parallel
threads.

Type h. Band rings (plain) of nearly uni-
form thickness; inside flat or very slightly
convex ; outside slightly convex.

1465. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1466. Diameter, 0.0275 m. Width, 0.0008 m.
Type i. Plain solid band rings with inside

flat, outside convex, and thin edges.'
Form 1. Outer surface does not have
point of greatest convexity promi-
NENT.

(a'.) Closed.

1467. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter (inside), 0.019 m. Height, 0.0105 m.

1468. Diameter (inside), 0.0193 m. Height,
0.0114 m. On inside, thin metal band runs
around with ends overlajiping.

(i'.) Open.

1469. Diameter (inside), 0.019 m. Height,
0.0123 m.

Form 2. Point of greatest convexity
prominent.

1470. Diameter (inside), 0.0185 m. Height,
0.0099 m.

1471. From south slope. Diameter (inside),
0.0194 m. Height, 0.01 m.

1472. Diameter (inside), 0.018 m. Height,
0.0113 m.

1473. Diameter (inside), 0.018 m. Height,
0.012 m.

1474. Diameter (inside), 0.0195 m. Height,
0.0125 m.

1475. Diameter (inside), 0.0205 m. Height,
0.0128 m.

1476. Diameter (inside), 0.0205 m. Height,
0.013 m.

1477. From West Building. Diameter (in-
side), 0.017 m. Height, 0.014 m.

• With this type cf. Ob/mpia, Nos. 434-430, especially
last, which i.s cuniiiioii there, according to Fiirtwiiugler.

1478. Diameter (inside), 0.0185 m. Height.
0.0145 m.

1479. Diameter (inside), 0.022 m. Height,
0.017 m.

1480. From West Building. Diameter (in-
side), 0.02 m. Height, 0.02 m.

Discuriis : Form 1, one fragment.

Type j Similar to preceding, but edges are
broader and protrude over inside, which
thus becomes concave. One example
ornamented.-

1481. Diameter (outside), 0.025 m. Height,
0.0055 m.

1482. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.028 m. Height, 0.0155 m. Ornamented
with engraved line around centre and irregular
zigzag at each side.'*

Type k. Similar to type i. Exterior con-
vex, though portions betwreen either edge
and line of greatest convexity are con-
cave.

(a'.) Closed.

1483. Diameter (inside), 0.019 m. Height,
0.0154 m.

1484. Diameter (inside), 0.0198 m. Height,
0.0155 m.

1485. Diameter (inside), 0.02 ra. Height,
0.0155 m. On inside, a flat s])iral band going
nearly twice around middle. Width, 0.0035 m.
Probably not attached.

1486. Diameter (inside), 0.0192 m. Height,
0.0115 m.

1487. Diameter (inside), 0.0195 m. Height,
0.0228 m.*

1488. Diameter (inside), 0.0219 m. Height,
0.023 m.

1489. Diameter (inside), 0.02 m. Height,
0.029 m.

(&'.) Open.

1490. Diameter (inside), 0.019 m. Diameter
(outside), 0.0225 m. Height, 0.008 m.

1491. F'rom behind South Building. Diame-
ter (inside), 0.0197 m. Height, 0.0109 m.

1492. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter (inside), 0.019 m. Height, 0.013 m.

1493. From south slope. Diameter (inside),
0.019 ni. Height, 0.0165 m.

1494. Diameter (inside), 0.0198 m. Height,
0.02 m. Opening straight with beveled edges.

1495. Diameter (inside), 0.0195 m. Height,

- Cf. gold ring in museum at Elensis with outside plain
and convex and inside concave.
" Drawing somewhat inaccurate. * Cf. 0/ym^ia, No. 435.

202

THE BRONZES

0.0108 111. Opening straight, with beveled eilge.s.
Fine engiaved line close to outer etlges, and close
to centre on each side. Between each two lines,
ziffzasf. Zifrzag; made of minute arrowheads.

Di.icanls of Type k: one open, one closed, one frag-
ment.

Type 1. Central convexity sharply marked.
Closed.

FoKM 1. Rather thin and somkwhat sim-
iLAK to Type k.

1496. From south slope. Diameter (inside),
0.0214 ni. Height, 0.0235 m.

Form 2. Sharply defined narrow con-
vexity, FROM WHICH THE ENDS TAPER OFF
SLIGHTLY.

1497. From West Building. Diameter (in-
side), 0.017 m. Height, 0.0215 m.

T3rpe m. Similar to Type 1, but ends termi-
nate in rim. Closed.

1498. From West Building. Diameter (in-
side), 0.021 m. Height, 0.0425 m. Each end
has zigzag between centre and rim. Line of
zigzag is itself a fine zigzag.

Type n. Rings of sheet bronze, sometimes
rather thick, Mnth form of plain, straight
bands, with or without engraved or
punched ornamentation.

(«'.) Closed and unornamented.

1499. Diameter (inside), 0.0184 m. Height,
0.0125 m.

1500. Inside diameter, 0.019 m. Height,
0.02G m.

1501. Inside diametei-, 0.015 m. Height,
0.028 m.

The above appear to be ferrules.

(6'.) Open and ornamented.

1502. Diameter (inside), 0.016 m. Height,
0.063 m. Zigzag on outside, from end to end,
like that of No. 1498.

1503. Diameter (inside), 0.0215 m. Height,
0.0091 m. Zigzag on outside.

1504. Diameter (inside), 0.0167 m. Height,
0.0098 m. Around centre, double band of short
lines.

1505. Bent flat. Diameter, as bent, 0.0198
m. Height, 0.012 m. About centre, zigzag,
from which diverge similar zigzags, running to
edges at angle.'

1506. Part of one end gone. Diameter (in-
side), 0.025 m. Height, 0.0172 m. Zigzag or-
namentation.

1507. Bent flat. Diameter, as bent, 0.017 m.

' Cf. Olympia, No. 403.

Height, 0.027 m. Ornamented with rows of
round punch-marks struck from inside. Ring
coiled about one and a half times.

1508. Preservation poor. Bent flat. Diam-
eter, as bent, 0.020 m. Height, 0.03G3 m.
Ring coiled. Ornamented with three rows of
elliptical marks pimched from inside. Part hid-
den by coiling not decorated.

Discarded: four.

Type o. Open ring of rather thick sheet
bronze (band-ring ), w^ith end or ends ter-
minating in coil of wire.

1509. One end broken. Diameter, 0.017 m.
Width, 0.0009 m. Height, 0.0072 in.^

Type p. Rings of sheet bronze, with sides
straight or nearly so, but ^vith a raised
band about centre, as though in imitation
of the heavy rings of types k and 1, from
Tvhich types they are, hovrever, distin-
guished by shovring the concavity on the
inside. Open.

F^ORM 1. Central raised zone not distin-
guished FROM FIELD EXCEPT BY ELEVA-
TION.

1510. Diameter (inside), 0.0217 m. Height,
0.0098 m.

1511. Fragment. Length, 0.04 m.

1512. Diameter (inside), 0.021 m. Height,
0.011 m. Traces of zigzag on each end.

1513. Diameter (inside), 0.02 m. Height,
0.018 m. Ends flare slightly. Each end has
zigzag made of a zigzag line.

1514. Diameter (inside), 0.018 m. Height,
0.0255 m. Made of two sepai-ate pieces of
bronze, one inside the other, each forming com-
plete ring. Inner ring thicker than outer. On
both ends of outer ring, traces of zigzag. Sim-
ilar to that of No. 1513.

1515. Fragment. Length, 0.032 m. Height,
0.046 m. Zigzag as before.

1516. From south slope. Condition poor. Di-
ameter (inside), 0.0225 m. Height, 0.0523 m.
Traces of zigzag.

1517. Bent flat. Diameter as bent, 0.029 m.
Height, 0.054 m. Zigzag on ends, as in No. 1513.

1518. From south slope. F'ragment. Diame-
ter (inside), 0.029 m. Height, 0.059 m. Zig-
zag as in No. 1513.

Form 2. Highest part of raised central

ZONE has groove ON EITHER SIDE.

1519. Fragment. Diameter (inside), 0.0185
m. Height, 0.0085 m. Zigzag as above.

2 Cf. Olympia, No. 404.

STKUCTURAL KINGS

263

1519 a. From below Cyclopean wall, 1893.
Fragment. Diameter (inside), 0.0175 m.
Height, 0.0185 ni. Zigzag as above. Possibly
the two above pieces are of one ring.

1520. Diameter (inside), 0.0245 m. Height,
0.0145 m. Usual zigzag.

1521. From south slope. Part gone. Bent
open. Height of half of original, 0.0095 m.
Close to edge, three fine engi-aved lines. Be-
tween them and centre, usual zigzag.

1522. Condition poor. Diameter (inside),
0.02 m. Height, 0.0195 m. Two engi-aved lines
close to each end, and zigzag between them and
centre.

1523. Bent. Diameter (inside), 0.0185 m.
Height, 0.023 m. Close to edge, two lines, be-
tween which and centre, usual zigzag.

1524. Part gone. Diameter (inside), 0.0218 m.
Height of half of original, 0.013 m. On one
side of central raised zone, one engi-aved line ;
on other side, two. Close to outer edge, four
fine lines, between which and centre, zigzag of
usual sort. Attached to inside is band, about
0.008 m. in width.

Discards of Type p :

Form 1: unornainented, one; ornamented, two, of
which one from south slope, and one fragment.
Form 2: ornamented, two fragments.

D. STRUCTURAL RINGS OF VARIOUS KINDS.
Type a.

1525. Broken. Diameter (outside), 0.055 m.
Width, 0.0049 m. Height, 0.0055 m. Bar plain.
On one side drilled hole. On opposite side ex-
crescence. Can hardly be any sort of fibula.
Type b.

152a Diameter, 0.049 m. and 0.052 m.
Width of bar, 0.009 m. Height, 0.008 m. Outer
edge forms narrow rim. Top side slopes in some-
what. Bottom flat.
Type c.

1527. From West Building. Diameter of
top, 0.037 m. Diameter of bottom, 0.047 m. Top,
bottom, and inside about flat. Outside slightly
concave. Above bottom, engraved line.
Type d.

1528. Diameter, 0.032 m. Height, 0.004 m.
Outside tapers upward. Top slopes down. Un-
der side flat, but sloping up.

Plate XCH.

1529. From West Building. Diameter,

1 Cf. flat disk rings of diameter 0.02 m. to 0.1 m., with
holes slightly larger than one third diameter. Mas. Kir-
cheriano, Prov. di Cosenza, Commune di Spezzano Albanese,

0.0423 m. Inside diameter, 0.0225 m. Height,
0.005 m. Outer .side beveled toward top and
bottom. Upper bevel concave. Under side flat,
but inner edge beveled.

1529 a. Diameter, 0.08G8 m. Diameter (in-
side), 0.05 m. Height, 0.0105 m. Upper outer
surface slopes down and out, with slight convex-
ity. Upper inner surface slopes in with concav-
ity. Under surface flat. Upper outer surface
has two heavy grooves near top, and two lighter
ones near bottom.
Type e.

1530. Nearly half gone. Diameter, 0.0465 m.
Height, 0.006 m. Same general shape as No.
1529, but outer edge corrugated with angular
teeth.

1531. Diameter, 0.05 m. Height, 0.0105 m.
Same shape. Top concave, slants in. Bottom
flat. Outer edge corrugated.

1532. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.04 m. Diameter (inside), 0.009 m. Out-
side slants up and has uneven, broad, low corru-
gations. Top slants inward, at first sharply,
then gradually. Bottom flat. Near edge a groove,
on either side of which are semicircles adjoining
one another.

Type f.

1533. Diameter, 0.041 m. Diameter (in-
side), 0.013 m. Height, 0.001 m. and less.
Plate CXXXVII.

1533 a. 1533 b. 1533 c. Similar to No.
1533.1

Plate XCII.
Type g.

1534. Diameter, 0.0475 m. Diameter (in-
side), 0.022 m. (Height inside), 0.006 m. (out-
side), 0.001 m. No distinction of upper and
under sides. Both slightly convex.

Type h.

1535. Half gone. Diameter, 0.028 m. Di-
ameter (inside), 0.018 m. Height, 0.002 m. Top
slopes to outer edge, which has blunt pointed
teeth.

Type i.

1536. Diameter, 0.067 m. Diameter (inside),
0.035 m. Height, 0.0065 m. Upper side of two
surfaces ; both concave, and sloping downward.
Under side convex.

Type j.

1537. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.025 m.

Necrop. di Torre del Mordillo, Tomba I. Bull, di Palet.
It. XIV. (1888), p. 139. Noliz. degli Scavi, 1888, pp.
240 £E.

2G4

THE IJKONZES

Diameter (inside), O.OOil in. Height, 0.0075 in.
Upper .surface slope.s down and out. Neck rises
around hole.

1538. Diameter, 0.042 in. Diameter (inside),
0.0 11 J in. Height, 0.008 m. Around hole,
neck. Upper surface slopes down and out con-
vexly. Under side slopes up and into neck.

1539. Diameter, 0.0G45 m. Diameter (in-
side), 0.028 m. Height, 0.01 m. Neck tapers
down. Top of neck flat. Upper surface convex.
Inner surface slants upward and inward convexly.
Type k.

1540. Edges look broken. Diameter,
0.042 m. Outside of top and sides smooth ;
inside rough. Looks like cap for end of bar.

E. PIECES OF WIRE TWISTED INTO FORM
OF RINGS. OPEN.

Type a. Rounded -wixe bar.

1541. Diameter, 0.18.5 m. Width, 0.0008 m.

1542. Diameter, 0.02 m. Width, 0.0009 m.

1543. Diameter, 0.0245 m. Width, 0.0012 m.

1544. Diameter, 0.0267 m. Width, 0.002 m.

1545. Much bent. From south slope. Di-
ameter, 0.027 m. Width, 0.0024 ra.

Discards of Type a : nine.

Type b. Bar irregularly rectangulsur.

1546. Diameter, 0.083 m. Diameter (inside),
0.067 m. Width, of bar, circ. 0.004 m. Bar
mostly rectangular, but projecting end twisted
and flattened. Object uncertain, but the elabo-
rate knot can hardly be unintentional.

4. BEADS.
Type a.

1547. Length, 0.04 m. Diameter, 0.0165 m.
Slightly concave from centre to ends.^

Type b.^

1548. Length, 0.051 m. Diameter, 0.02 m.
Concave from centre to ends.

1549. Length, 0.061 in. Diameter, 0.0325 m.
Concave ends.

1550. In ])art destroyed. Length (estimated),
0.066 m. Diameter, 0.0355 m. Concave ends.
Type c.

1551. From near wall behind west end of
Stoa. Length, 0.0245 m. Diameter, 0.022 m.^

' Cf. Olympia, No. 432. Similar specimen from Megara
Hyblaea, Mon. Ant. Line. I. col. 890 (Orsi).

■^ With this type cf. Olympia, No. 444. For possible
use of these beads, as well as of Nos. 1551, 1552, cf.
Olympia, Nos. 814 b and 814 d.

• Cf. Olympia, No. 440. Similar one from Megara
Hyblaea, Mon. Ant. Line. I. col. 888 (Orsi).

Type d.

1552. Length, 0.017 m. Diameter, 0.0225 m.
Hole rectangular. One end slightly smaller than
other and across it a groove. Convex from
centre to ends.'*

5. PENDANTS.

I. KiNG-FOKM.

1553. Uncertain whether complete. Plain
rounded wire coiled once with ends hanging down
straight. Length, 0.022 in. Diameter of coil,
0.016 m. One end (and probably other) swells
into small knob.

1554. From east of Second Temple. Horse-
shoe-shaped wire, with ends bent outward and
on each a disk. Height, 0.0265 m.

1555. From south slope. Three rings at-
tached ill triangular form. Diameters, 0.017 m. ;
0.0185 m. ; 0.0185 m. On one side engraved
line between rings.^

II. With hole fok suspension.

1556. From south slope. Bell-shaped object.
Height, 0.0195 m. Four lines round bottom
and three above middle.

1557. Height, 0.0385 m. Base square,
0.017 m. Lower part sides concave, pyramidal.
At top, eyelet, and between this and base, a disk.
Bottom has incuse cross. Might serve as seal.''

1558. Height, 0.0365 m. Bound base with
bar rising from centre. Bar consists of two con-
cave surfaces meeting in projecting angle. At
top of upper surface a grooved ring, above which
an eyelet. Rounded gable top with two grooves.
Height of disk, 0.0077 m. It is hollow with
bars across, dividing it into six compartments.
Possibly a seal.

1559. Hoop of bronze with lump of lead at-
tached. Height, 0.033 m.

6. MIRRORS AND MIRROR-HANDLES.

I. Mirrors with handles of same piece.
Handles have hole punched for suspension.
Type a. Entirely plain. Thin.

1560. Length, 0.042 ni. (handle, 0.018 m.).
Diameter of disk, 0.0265 m. Probably not a real
mirror, but an imitation for votive purposes.

* Olympia, No. 441, is similar in shape but has round
hole.

° Cf. Olympia, No. 462. Also Mus. Kircheriano, 66988
(Provincia di Mantova), Commune di Casalromano,
Necrop. di Fontanella. It is somewhat larger.

* Cf. Olympia, No. 430, which is more squat. Also
specimen from Tegea, Athen. Mitth. V. p. 67, pi. iv. c.

MIRRORS AND MIRROR-HANDLES

265

1561. From behind South Building. Condi-
tion poor. Length, 0.14 ni. (handle, 0.065 ni.).
Diameter of disk, 0.075 m. Made of two very
thin sheets, of which outer surfaces are exactly
alike, stuck together.

Plate XCIII.

1562. Fragment. Length of handle, 0.06 m.
Of one piece of metal.

Type b. Projections (or ears) at either
side of upper end of handle.
Class a. Phiin.

1563. Most of disk gone. Length, 0.184 m.
(handle, 0.092 m.). Edges of handle slightly
concave.

1564. Disk much injured. Length, 0.31 m.
(handle, 0.143 m. ). Disk slightly concave-con-
vex.

Class /3. Handle engraved.
Plate XCIV.

1565. Edge of disk bent over. Piece of han-
dle end gone. Length,- 0.235 m. (handle,
0.105 m.). Rosette engraved about suspension
hole, and at upper end of handle, a form of pal-
mette. Disk slightly convex on ornamented
side.

Plate XCV.

1566. Much corroded surface. Length, 0.23 m.
(handle, 0.0985 m.). Thickness of disk, 0.0008
m.-0.0017 m. Disk slightly convex. Rosette
engraved round suspension hole, and above this,
forming base to main design, three lines with
oblique lines from centre line to outer ones. At
top of handle the projections have irregular
spiral. Between these run two lines with ir-
regular criss-cross between them. Between this
band and the lower one, bearded ithyphalic satyr
to right (head to left) with cylix held over head
in raised left hand. Feet have form of horse's
hoof.i

Type c. Thin and plain except for border
of dots in repousse about disk and
handle. Most are small and not for
actual use. Rim bent back slightly,
outside dots giving appearance of
convexity.^
Plate XCIII.

1567. Length, 0.03 m. (handle, 0.0125 m.).

1568. Length, 0.028 m. Handle broken.

1569. From cutting above Old Temple toward
tents. Handle broken. Length, 0.0285 m.

' First noticed by Dr. Biille. Drawing not quite correct.
' Cf. mirrors from Cotilon (Bassae), 'Z<piin. 'Apx- 1903,
coll. 175 £., fig. 9 (Kuruniotis).

1570. From south slope. Edges broken.
Length, 0.034 m. Bending of rim uncer-
tain.

1571. From cutting above Old Temple toward
tents. Edges and handle broken. Length,
0.04 m. (handle, 0.013 m.). Diameter of disk,
0.0262 m.

Plate XCIV.

1572. Length, 0.044 m. (handle, 0.0165 m.).
Diameter of disk, 0.027 m. Near centre of disk,
dot.

1573. P2nd of handle gone. Length, 0.0374 m.
(handle, 0.011 m.). Diameter of disk, 0.0273 m.

1574. Fragment. Diameter of disk, 0.0277 m.

1575. Handle broken. Length, 0.0404 m.
Diameter of disk, 0.0335 ni. In centre of disk,
punch-mark.

Plate XCV.

1576. Disk and handle broken. Diameter of
disk, 0.0344 m.

1577. From AVest Building. Injured. Length,
0.059 m. (handle, 0.023 m.). Diameter of disk,
0.0375 m.

Plate XCIII.

1578. Fragment. Length, 0.0765 m.

1579. Much broken. Diameter of disk (re-
stored), 0.079 m. Edges of handles concave.

Discarded: two fragments of Type c.

Addenda to Division I. Handles,
(a'.) With ears. Plain.

1580. Length, 0.0895 m.

(6'.) With ears. Ornamented.
Plate XCVI.

1581. Broken in two pieces. Surface much cor-
roded. Length, 0.134 m. Thickness, 0.0003 ni.-
0.0008 m. At top of central field, band with
engraved braid of four coils. Within coils, a
dotted circle, and dots between the two circles,
others outside. At top of upper field, between
ears zigzag between lines. Lower end of handle
has rosette round three sides of suspension hole
and zigzag beneath it, with dots opposite the
openings. Above rosette, a zigzag between lines,
and over the latter, row of dots surmounted by
straight line. In main field of handle, a bearded
draped figure to left.'' Wears talaric chiton and
himation, the latter covered with scale pattern.
Lower part of tunic has four rows of pleats.
Left arm raised. Diadem on head. On either
side of figure inscription : see Appendix, p. 882.

■■ For drawing cf. skirt of Artemis in Olt/mpia, No.(i96,
and corselet, ibid. pi. lix.

266

THE BRONZKS

(c'.) Plain handles of uncertain type.
(Form of toj) uncertain.)
Platk XCIII.

1582. From south slope. Length, 0.106 m.

1583. Length, 0.0G9 ni.

1584. Lengtli, 0.1&2 m.

Tlie following seems to be ornamented.
Pl.\tk XCVIII.

1585. Length, 0.0975 m. Central surface
raised. Edges prominent. Possible traces down
centre of braid-pattern.

IL Mirrors with attached handles.^
Handles only.

1586. Length, 0.095 m. Closeness of heads
of rivet to handle show that disk was very
thin.

1587. Lower end gone. Upper end damaged.
Kemaining portion broken into seven pieces.
Length, 0.19 m. Made of sheet of bronze rolled
over at edges. Repousse band down centre.
Along edges and centre band runs a simple
twist pattern made of double lines. Foot of
handle has criss-cross of fine lines at top and
traces of other decoration below. Rivet in
centre and at left side.

III. Mirror without handle — disk mir-

EOR.

Plates XCVI.-XCVIIL

158a Diameter, 0.1305 ni. About edge of
front, raised beaded rim. Surface rises gradu-
ally to centre. Inside rim, horseshoe or leaf
pattern, with double lines. Within this, en-
graved line, followed by double braid pattern,
the basis of which is formed by a zigzag of
curved line, with a dotted circle at every angle.
Within this two engraved lines. In centre of
each side, a minute depression, probably due to
compasses of draughtsman. Back concave and
has six engraved double concentric circles. Edge
of back plain.

Addenda to mirrors (Jiandles).
Pl-vte XCVIII.

1589. Uncertain object. Bottom broken.
Length, 0.066 m. Hole punched in lower part.

1589 a. Both ends gone. Length, 0.026 ni.
Object uncertain. Disk on slightly lower level
than handle on side from which dots are struck,
the depression coming between the rows of
dots.

1 Cf. 'E<()7,M- 'Apx- 1903, col. 173, fig. 8,

7. OBJECTS IN SHEET BRONZE.
A. DIADEMS, ETC.

Of the following fragments the majority are
probably from diadems ; some are perhaps from
girdles, others are uncertain.

a. Fragments with ornaments of punched dots
(repouss(j).
Plate XCIX.

1590. Ends gone. Length, 0.09 m. Along
edges two rows of dots ; another row down centre
of smaller end.

1591. From behind South Building. One end
gone. Length (about), 0.027 m. Dots at ir-
regular intervals along edge and near centre.

1592. From behind South Building. Frag-
ment. Length, 0.0235 m. Six rows of dots
parallel to edge.

1593. Fragment, perhaps from centre of dia-
dem, or girdle. Length, 0.059 m. Single
curved row of dots along centre. Possibly not
of diadem, but of sheet metal for covering.

The following bits are of uncertain use.

1594. From behind South Building. J'rag-
nient of hook end of diadeni-like ornament.
Length, 0.0135 m. Dots along each side coming
together at hook. One side convex. Hook made
by bending over of end of sheet of metal, and
perhaps accidental.

1595. Fragment. Diadem shajjed. Length,
0.043 m. Line of holes along edges.

Plate CXXXVII.

1596. Ends gone. Length, 0.062 m. Three
rows of dots, of which two are continued round
broad end and two dots on ridge in centre.
Plate XCIX.

1596 a. Ends gone. Length, 0.036 m. Rows
of dots along edges and down centre.

h. Fragments with engraved ornamentation
and simple semi-corrugated ends.

1597. Fragment ; one end gone. Length,
0.137 m. Corrugations only go about two thirds
round end. Along edges of flat part (or blade),
on one side seems to be zigzag; other side plain.

1598. Similar to No. 1597. Length. 0.1455 m.
Under side of end flat as in No. 1597. Front
of blade has double zigzag along edges.

c. Blade engi'aved. End has form of pin-head.

1599. Ends probably broken. Length,0.175m.
No. 2, from Cotiloii (Kuruniotis).

DISKS

267

Rings and corrugations of end run all the way
round. On one side a double zigzag on blade ;
double groove along edges and perpendicular
zigzag lines running across blade from opposite
angles of main zigzags. Other side plain. '

B. DISKS.

DIVISION I. WITH HOLE IN CENTRE.^

Type a. Round.
FoKM 1. Plain.

Diameter, 0.02 ni.-0.025 m. Hole round.

1600. From south slope. Diameter, 0.021 m.
Hole, 0.0027 m.

1601. Diameter, 0.021 m. Hole rectangular,
0.0022 m.

1602. Diameter, 0.0218 m. Hole, 0.0018 m.

1603. Diameter, 0.022 m. Hole, 0.003 m.

1604. Diameter, 0.022 m. Hole, 0.0015 m.

1605. Diameter, 0.0234 m. Hole, 0.0013 m.

1606. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Hole, 0.002 m.
The following numbers are somewhat thicker

and look like washers.

1607. From behind South Building. Diam-
eter, 0.021 m. Thickness (circ), 0.001 m.

1608. From behind South Building. Diam-
eter, 0.234 m. Thickness (circ), 0.0009 m.
Concave-convex.

Discard : one broken.

Diameter, 0.025 m.-0.08 m.

1609. Diameter, 0.025 m. Hole, 0.0022 m.

1610. Diameter, 0.0253 m. Hole, 0.0018 m.

1611. Diameter, 0.0265 m. Hole rectangu-
lar.

1612. Diameter, 0.0267 m. Hole, 0.001 m.

1613. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.027 m. Hole, 0.0018 m.

1614. Diameter, 0.0276 m. Hole, 0.003 m.

1615. Diameter, 0.0284 m. Hole, 0.002 m.

1616. Diameter, 0.0284 m. Hole, 0.0028 m.

1617. From behind South Building. Diam-
eter, 0.0292 m. Hole, 0.0015 m.

1618. Diameter, 0.0292 ni. Hole, 0.0018 m.
Discards : two unbroken and twenty broken (of which

two from behind South Building).

Diameter, 0.03 m.-0.085 m.

1619. Diameter, 0.03 m. — Rectangular
punched hole, 0.002 m. x 0.0015 m.

1620. Diameter, 0.0304 m. Hole, 0.0018 m.

1621. Diameter, 0.0305 m. Square hole,
0.0015 m.

• Rings and corriigations nearly identical with ends of
spiral armlet from Boeotia, now in Berlin {Jahrb. III. p.
3C3, i).

^ For plain disks with hole in centre on edge of quiver,

1622. Diameter, 0.0312 ni. Hole, 0.001 m.

1623. Diameter, 0.0318 m. Hole square,
0.0017 m.

1624. Diameter, 0.0319 m. Hole, 0.019 m.

1625. Dianaeter, 0.0325 m. Hole, 0.0015 m.

1626. Diameter, 0.0328 m. Hole, 0.0012 m.

1627. Diameter, 0.033 m. Hole, 0.0016 m.

1628. Diameter, 0.0331 m. Hole, 0.0038 m.

1629. Diameter, 0.0333 m. Hole rectangu-
lar, 0.0015 m.

1630. Diameter, 0.0339 m. Hole, 0.0015 ra.

1631. Diameter, 0.034 m. Hole, 0.0026 m.

1632. From behind South Buildin"-. Diame-
ter, 0.034 m. Hole rectangular, 0.0025 m. x
0.0055 in.

Discards : seven complete, six (two from South Build-
ing) nearly complete, and ten fragments (one fragment
behind South Building, and one from south slope).

Diameter, 0.035 m.-0.04 m.

1633. Diameter, 0.035 m. Hole, 0.002 m.

1634. Diameter, 0.035 m. Hole, 0.001 m.

1635. Diameter, 0.035 m. Hole 0.0019 m.

1636. Diameter, 0.036 m. Hole, 0.0025. m.

1637. Diameter, 0.036 m. Hole, 0.0025 m. x
0.004 m.

1638. Diameter, 0.0365 m. Hole, 0.0019 m.

1639. Diameter, 0.0305 m. Hole, 0.0015 m.

1640. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.0365 m. Rectangular hole, 0.0019 m. x
0.002 m.

1641. Diameter, 0.0368 m. Hole, 0.0014 m.

1642. Diameter, 0.0385 m. Nearly rectangu-
lar hole, 0.0015 m.

1643. Diameter, 0.039 m. Nearly rectangu-
lar. Length, 0.0016 ni. x 0.0023 m.

1644. Diameter, 0.039 m. Hole, 0.0017 m.
Discards : three complete and fourteen fragments.

Diameter, 0.04 ni.-0.045 m.

1645. Diameter, 0.04 m. Hole, 0.0015 x
0.0024 m.

1646. Diameter, 0.04 in. Hole, 0.0023 m.

1647. From behind South Building. Diam-
eter, 0.041 m. Hole, 0.0015 m.

Discarded : two fragments.

Diameter, 0.045 m.-0.05 m.

1648. Diameter, 0.0485 m. Hole, 0.0024 m.
Diameter, 0.05 m.-0.112 m.

1649. Diameter, 0.051 m. Hole, 0.0015 +
0.001 m. Second hole near edge. Diameter,
0.0037 m. x 0.0035 m.

Olympia, No. 717. For possible use for disks with edge,
see necklaces on archaic terra-cotta figurines from Terra-
vecchia, Mon. Ant. Line. VII. coll. 239-241 (Orsi).

268

THE bkonzp:s

1650. Diameter, 0.0525 in. Keetangular hole,

o.ooa m.

1651. From south slope. Diameter, 0.054 m.
Hole, 0.004 111.

1652. Diameter, 0.056 m. Hole, 0.002 m.

1653. Diaineter, 0.0605 in.

1654. From northeast comer of First Temple.
DiaiiietLT, 0.0625 m.

1655. From West Building. Diameter,
0.063 111. Hole, 0.004 m. x 0.0055 m.

1656. Diameter, 0.072 lu. Hole, 0.003 m.

1657. Diameter, 0.091 m. Hole, 0.0055 m.

1658. From behind South Building. Diame-
ter, 0.112 m. Hole, 0.0075 m.

Not quite certain that the two following be-
long here.

1659. Fragment. Diameter, 0.0525 m.
Hole, 0.005 m.

1660. Fragment. Diameter, 0.067 m. Hole,
0.0055 m. Besides centre hole, several rectan-
gular ones.

Discarded: seven fragments, of which one from back
of South Building.

Form 2. Ornamented.

Class a. Single circle of punched dots,
usually near edge.

1661. Diameter, 0.0134 m. Hole, 0.0014 m.
Concave-convex.

Diameter, 0.02 m.-0.025 m.

1662. Diameter, 0.024 m. Hole, 0.0005 m.
Diameter, 0.025 m.-0.03 m.

1663. Diameter, 0.025 m.

1664. Diaineter, 0.0267 m. Hole, 0.0015 ni.

1665. Diameter, 0.0294 m.

1666. Diameter, 0.0282 m. Hole, 0.0022 in.
Discarded : tliree.

Diameter, 0.03 m.-0.035 m.

1667. Diameter, 0.0315 m. Hole, 0.0014 m.

1668. Diameter, 0.0305 m. Two holes to-
gether ill centre.

1669. Diameter, 0.033 m. Hole, 0.0011 m.

1670. Diaineter, 0.034 m. Hole, 0.0024 m.

Discarded : four.

Diameter, 0.035 m.-0.04 m.

1671. Diameter, 0.035 m. Hole, 0.0012 m.

1672. Diameter, 0.035 m.

1673. From behind South Building. Diam-
eter, 0.0355 m. Hole, 0.0017 m.

1674. Diameter, 0.0355 m. Hole, 0.0017 m.

1675. Diaineter, 0.0365 m.
Discarded: four.

Diameter, 0.04 m.-0.05 m.

1676. Diameter, 0.0425 m. Hole, 0.0018 m.

Discarded: three.

Diameter, 0.045 m.-0.05 m.

1677. Diameter, 0.0475 m.

1678. Diameter, 0.0495 lu. Hole, 0.003 m.
X 0.0035 m.

Diameter, 0.05 m.
Plate C.

1679. Diameter. 0.0605 in. Hole, 0.0028 m.

1680. Fragment. Diameter, 0.0725 m.
Discarded : two fragments.

Class y8- Double circle of punched dots.
Diameter, 0.03 m.-0.035 m.

1681. From behind South Building. Diam-
eter, 0.0345 m. Hole, 0.0015 m. x 0.0016 m.

1682. Diameter, 0.035 m. Hole, 0.0012 m.
Diameter, 0.04 m.-0.005 m.

1683. Fragment. Diameter, 0.041 m. Hole,
0.0017 m.x 0.003 m.

1684 Diaineter, 0.049 m.
Discarded : two from behind South Building.

Class y- Three or more rows of punched
dots.

1685. Diameter, 0.0385 m. Rectangular hole,
0.0013 m. X 0.002 m.

1685 a. (Plate CXXXVII.). Diameter,
0.0455 m.

1686. Diameter, 0.092 m.

1687. Diameter, 0.1035 m.

1688. Diameter, 0.105 m. Hole, 0.0055 m.

1689. Diameter, 0.081 m. Hole, 0.0045 m.

1690. Fragment. Diameter (approximate),
0.092 m.

Class 8. Rectangle of punched dotted
circles.

1691. Diameter, 0.0384 m. Slightly concave-
convex. Hole, 0.0027 m. x 0.0028 m.

Class £• Cross and circle of punched dots.

1692. Diameter, 0.036 m. Hole, 0.0007 in.
Class C Rosettes of dots vnth or toithout

circles of dots.

Group i. Without circle.

1693. Diameter, 0.0405 m. Hole, 0.002 m.
Group ii. With circles.

1694. Diameter, 0.0394 m. Hole, 0.002 m.

1695. Diameter, 0.049 m. Hole, 0.0021 iii.

1696. Diameter, 0.111 m. Rectangular hole,
0.0065 m. X 0.007 m.

Class rj. Engraved rosettes with or with-
out engraved circles.
Group i. Without circles.

1697. Diameter, 0.0235 m. Rectangular hole,
0.0024 111. X 0.0028 m. Slightly concave-convex.

1698. Diameter, 0.028 m. Hole, 0.001 m.

DISKS, BINDING STRIPS

269

Group ii. With engraved circles.

1699. Diameter, 0.0322 in. Hole, 0.0034 in.
Type b. Elliptical.

1700. Diameter, 0.03 ni. x 0.02-1: ni. Hole,
0.0017 m. About edge, row of dots.

Type c. Rectangular, -with rounded corners.
C'A/,s,s a. SiiKjIc circle of /mucked dolH.

1701. Diameter, 0.022 m.x 0.0315 m.
Discarded : one fragment.

Class p. Double circle of pxinclied dots.

1702. From behind South Building. Diam-
eter, 0.034 m. X 0.02-t m. Hole, 0.0014 m.
Type d. Triangular, with rounded corners.

1703. Length,0.0033 m. x 0.025m. x 0.0265 m.
About edge, row of punched dots.

DIVISION II. WITHOUT HOLE IN CENTRE.^

Type a. Plain centre and edges.

Form 1. Unornamented. (There are no
certain examples of this form.)

1704. Fi'om south slope. Much broken. Di-
ameter, 0.037 m.

1705. Diameter, 0.054 m. Perhaps mirror
disk.

1706. Diameter, 0.076 m. Perhaps mirror
disk.

Plate CI.

1707. Oval, of uncertain character. Diam-
eter, 0.10 m.x 0.077 m.

Form 2. Ornamented.

Class a. With one circle of punched dots.
Group i. Plain centre.

1708. Broken fragment. Diameter, 0.0335 m.
Discarded: one fragment (mirror disk ?), from south

slope.

Group ii. Dot in centre.

(a'.) Struck from same side as circle.

1709. Fragment. Diameter, 0.03 m.

(S'.) Struck from opposite side to cir-
cle.

1710. Fragment. Diameter, 0.0322 m.

1711. Broken fragment. Diameter, 0.052 m.
Class yS. With two rings of dots, each

ring being double.

1712. Diameter, 0.08 m.

Type b. With edge turned over.
Form 1. Plain.

1713. Diameter, 0.065 m.^

' For use, note sarcopliagiis of Crepereia Tryphaena
(Mus. Cap., Rome; found, 1889), containing plain bronze
disk about four inches in diameter. Bullett. Commiss.
Cam. 1889, pp. 17.5, 496.

■^ Cf. large and small plain gold disks from Myee-

FoRM 2. Divided into concentric zones,

OF WHICH the convex SIDE IS ON SAME

side with roll.

Class a. WiOi plain centre.

1714. Diameter, 0.113 m.

Class p. With two dots in centre.

1715. Diameter, 0.079 m.

Type c. Stamped rosette with hollow boss
at centre and rings of dots outside.

1716. Fragment. Diameter, 0.011 m.
1716 a. Fragment.

1716 b. Fragment. From behind South Build-
ing.

Type d. Transitional.

1717. Diameter, 0.075 m. In centre, boss.
Near edge, hole, 0.002 m. in diameter. Concav-
ity probably not original. Next to boss, rays
followed by ring of dots. Outside ring of dots,
a ring of arrow points.

Discarded : thirty-three, unclassified, among which one
from south slope and three from behind Soutli Building.

Type e. Rectangular. Unornamented.

1718. From behind South Building. Length,
0.028 m. X 0.033 m. Corners rounded.
Plate CXXXVII.

1718 a. Fragment.

1718 b. Fragment. Bent. Radius about 0.07
m. Rosette of punched dots at centre, outside
of which broad zigzag, the line of which is itself
a narrow zigzag. Beyond, two rows of dots, and
a narrower zigzag. On edge, single row of dots.

C. BINDING STRIPS.

Type a. Plain. Most have one original end

left, and rivets.
Plate CI.

1719. Length, 0.0423 m. Width, 0.0048 m.

1720. Length, 0.042 m. Width, 0.0053 m.
Seems complete.

1721. Length, 0.1175 m. Width, 0.0065 m.

1722. From West Buihling. Length, 0.285 m.
Width, 0.0085 m.3

1723. From behind South Building. Length,
0.033 m. Width, 0.008 m.

1724. Length, 0.0534 m. Width, 0.01 m.

1725. Length. 0.105 m. Width, 0.01 m.

1726. Length, 0.128 m. Width, 0.011 m.

1727. Length, 0.129 m. Width, 0.014 m.

nae (fifth tomb. No. 091), with overlapping edges as if
covers.

^ Cf. Olympia, No. 122(5, and iron scrap from Tolen-
tino, Annali, 1881, p. 217, t.av. d' agg. Q No 1, called
rim of shield.

270

THE BRONZES

172a Leiigtli, 0.1435 m. Widtli, 0.0075 m.

Discarded : eighteen, of wliicli one was from behind
South Building.
Type b. With one or more disks attached

by rivets.

1729. One end gone. Length, 0.044 ni.
Wiilth, 0.0075 ni. Fragment of disk at each end.

1730. From south slojji'. Ends broken. Bit
of one disk. Length, 0.075. Width, 0.0078 m.

1731. Broken disk at each end. Length,
0.100. Width, 0.009 m.

1732. Broken disk at one end. Length,
0.135 m. Width, 0.011 m.

1733. Botli ends gone. Length, 0.073 m.
Width, 0.0118 m.

1734. Both ends and disks broken. Length,
0.105 m. Width, 0.012 m.

Discarded : four, of which one was from West Building.

Addendum. Disk ornamented with rosette.

1735. Fragment. Length, 0.089 m. Width,
0.0105 m.

Type c. With rectangular plates attached
by one or more rivets.

1736. Ends gone. Length, 0.084 m. Width,
0.008 m.

1737. Broken across middle. Length,
0.211 m. Width, 0.013 m.

1738. One end gone. Length, 0.103 m.
Width, 0.017 m.

1739. Fragments. Length, 0.146 m. Width,
0.02 m.

Addenda. Uncertain to which type the fol-
lowing number belongs.

1740. From behind South Building. Length,
0.076 m. Width, 0.0083 m.

As the following have no disk plate nor boles,
it is not certain they belong here.

1741. One end gone. Length, 0.032 m.
Width, 0.008 m. On one side, fine double zig-
zag lengthwise above centre.

1741 a. Object uncertain. Length, 0.066 m.
Width, 0.012 m. Two small depressions at one
end.

Discarded : nineteen others of the foregoing types.

The following pieces, while presenting analo-
gies of form, are of uncertain classification and
use.

1742. Both ends seem complete. Length,
0.058 m. Width, 0.0065.

Plate CII.

1743. Both ends broken. Length, 0.10 ni.
Width, 0.0045 m. One edge beveled.

1744. Length, 0.143 m. Width, 0.007 m.
One edge beveled.

1745. Both ends gone. Length, 0.09 ni.
Width, 0.0085 m. One edge beveled, and nar-
row raised band along other edge on one side.

1746. One end complete, other perhaps so.
Length, 0.0562 m. Width. 0.0117 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0015 m.-0.0028 m. All edges slightly
beveled. At one end a B. See Aj)pendix.
Type d. Large plain.

1747. Seems conijilete. Bent in middle.
Length, 0.47 m. Width, 0.0575 m. Six holes
punched through, in one of which (at end of
band) are remains of iron rivet.

D. ORNAMENTED BANDS.
Tjrpe a.

1748. Part of one end preserved. Length,
0.0683 m. Width, 0.018 m. On one side, dots
in double circle connected by tangents. Groove
along edges.

Type b.

1749. Uncleaned because patinated. Found
north of West Building near surface. Ends
gone. Length, 0.04 ni. Width, 0.008 m. Di-
vided into three field.s by two engraved lines.
The larger middle field has circles connected
by tangents, the two outer fields have semicircles
opening outward.

Type c.

1750. Ends broken. Length, 0.121 m. Width
(centre), 0.0154 m. Ends slightly wider. One
side has rounded band along centre, with zigzags
of double line on each side.

Type d.

1751. From behind South Building. Ends
gone. Length, 0.12 m. Width, 0.054 m.
Ornament of rosettes and dots.

E. COATINGS.

Type a. Rectangular. Flat surface.

Form 1. Row of punched dots along each

SIDE.

1752. From West Building. Ends broken.
Length, 0.032 m. Width, 0.011 m.i

Discarded • seven fragments, of which one from south
slope.

Form 2. Three rows of dots.

Class a. How along each edge and one
doum centre.

1753. One end gone. Length, 0.0335 m.
Width, 0.016 m.

» Cf. Olympia, No. 303.

COATINGS

271

1754. Length, 0.078 m. Width, 0.035 in.

1755. One end gone. Length, 0.0467 ni.
Width, 0.037 m.

1756. Length, O.OGG ni. Width, 0.0425 ni.

1757. Length, 0.074 ni. Width, 0.044 ni.

1758. One end gone. Length, 0.041 ni.
Width, 0.044 m.

1759. One end gone. Length, 0.074 ni.
Width, 0.0465 m.

1760. Much bent. Length, 0.058 ni. Width,

0.055 m.

Discarded : two, of which one was from behind South
Building.

Class j8. Same as preceding, but loith dots
across each end.

1761. Bent. Length, 0.027 m. Width, 0.034 m.

1762. Bent and one end gone. Length,
0.046 m. Width, 0.035 m.

1763. Bent. Length, 0.084 m. Width, 0.046 m.

1764. Length, 0.078 m. Width, 0.049 m.

1765. Length, 0.094 m. Width, 0.048 m.
Discarded : seven others, of which the condition was

such that it is uncertain whether they are of Class a or |8.
One came from south slope.

Form 3. Four rows of dots.
Class a. Jioivs parallel.

1766. Length, 0.052 m. Width, 0.0425 m.

Discarded : two.

Class /3. Same as preceding, but with dots
across ends.

1767. Length, 0.057 m. Width, 0.0435 m.
Form 4. Five rows of dots.

Class a. Rows parallel.

1768. End gone. Condition poor. Length,
0.049 m. Width, 0.0042 m.

Class p. Same as Class a, but with dots
across ends.
Group i. Single row at end.

1769. One end gone. Length, 0.022 m.
Width, 0.0415 m.

Group ii. Double row at end.

1770. Lengtli, 0.023 m. Width, 0.033 m.
Discarded : one of doubtful character.

Form 5. Six rows of dots.

1771. From behind South Building. Both
ends gone. Length, 0.047 m. Width, 0.0485 ni.

1772. One end gone. Condition poor.
Length, 0.095 m. Width, 0.045 m.

Form 6. Similar to preceding Forms, but

WITH ONE OR more ROWS OF DOTS DOU-
BLED.

1773. Fragment. Length, 0.035 m. Width,
0.019 in. Double row along one edge.

Plate CUT.

1774. Fragment. Length, 0.063 m. Width,
0.038 111. Four rows ; outer row double.

1775. Fragment. Length, 0.038 m. Width,
0.06 m. Three double rows.

Form 7. Miscellaneous.

1776. Fragment. Length, 0.048 iii. Width,
0.033 ill. Cross rows of dots.

1777. Fragment. Length, 0.085 m. W^idth,
0.046 m. Rows at angle to one another.

1778. End gone. Length, 0.09 m. Width,
0.052 111. Cross rows with zigzags in each
panel.

Form 8. Punched dots and engraving.

1779. End gone. Length, 0.049 m. Width,
0.03 m. Three rows of dots with zigzags be-
tween.

1780. Fragment. Length, 0.057 m. Width,
0.047 m. Two rows of dots and two zig-
zags.

1781. End gone. Length, 0.045 m. Width,
0.0355 111. Dots and zigzags.

1782. Length, 0.069 m. Width, 0.046 m.
Dots and semicircles.

Discarded of Type a: thirty-seven fragments, of which
five were from behind South Building, one from south
slope, and four from AVest Building.

Type b. Rectangular. In centre on long
axis, a raised convex band. All except
t-wo have zigzags ; of these one (No.
1783) may have had; the other is No.
1792, in Avhich the zigzag is apparent
rather than real.

1783. From behind South Building. Frag-
ment. Length, 0.052 m. Width, 0.032 m.

1784. One end gone. Length, 0.062 m.
Width, 0.024 m.

1785. One end gone. Length, 0.062 m.
Width, 0.03 m.

1786. Fragment. From behind South Build-
ing. Length, 0.063 m. Width, 0.035 m.

1787. Length, 0.081 m. Width, 0.036 m.

1788. Length, 0.09 m. Width, 0.041 m.

1789. One end gone. Length, 0.046 m.
Width, 0.042 m.

1790. Length, 0.09 m. Width, 0.045 m.

1791. Fragment. Length, 0.05 m. Width,
0.058 m.

1792. Length, 0.066 m. Width, 0.075 m.
Plate CIV.

1793. Length, 0.013 m. Width, 0.104 m.

Discarded : nine others of Type b, of which three were
from behind South Building.

27-

TllK imONZES

Type c. Rectangular. Punched and

stamped ornaments.

Form 1. Incuse.

1794 (on Plate CI 1 1.). From south slope.
Size, 0.044 in. x 0.0445 m. Made of two sheets
of bronze folded at edges. Ornament: round
dei)ression in centre: this and coiners have
hollows and rings arranged geometrically.

1795. Length, 0.0475 m. Width, 0.0325 m.
Along edges, dots. In centre, depression with
ii-regular knob in centre, on which knob are
repousse dots. At each end, similar figure. Holes
in corners with bronze uail in one.

Form 2. Repousse.

1796. Length, 0.0465 m. Width, 0.024 m.
Nail holes at corners. Dots on edges. Down
centre a long heavy oval, each end forked. Large
raised dots on each side of oval.

F. RIMS.
(Of various uncertain objects.)

1797. Fragment. Length, 0.175 m. Width,
0.075 in. Edge turned over.

1797 a. Fragment. Length, 0.0715 m. Width,
. 0.007 m.

1797b. Fragment. Length, 0.103 m. Width,
0.0255 in.

1797 o. Fragment. Length, 0.034 m. Width,
0.0175 m.

Discarded: two fragments, of which one was from
behind Soutli Building.

1798. Length, 0.117 m. Width, 0.06 m.
Rivets in rim. Outside of fragment convex.

1799. Length, 0.194 m. Width, 0.072 m.
1799 a. Length, 0.068 m. Width, 0.061 m.

Possibly piece of preceding.

1800. From behind South Building. Frag-
ment. Length, 0.092 m. Width, 0.048 m. Dots
in relief on upper side.

Discarded : one fragment.

G. PLATES OF BRONZE.
(None are complete.)
a. Plain.

Form 1. Attached.

1801. Uncleaned. Length, 0.042 m. Width,
0.051 m. Remains of rivet.

Plate CV.

1802. Length, 0.168 m. Width, 0.165 m.
Two rivet-holes. Color indicates much co])per.

1802 a. Length, 0.159 m. Width, 0.106 m.
Rivet-holes. Color indicates much copper.

1 That is, at present. They may

Plate CIV.

1803. Length, 0.106 in. Width, 0.0245 m.
Rivet-holes with remains of rivets.

1804. From behind South Building. 0.055 m.

X 0.054 in.

Discarded : seven fragments (one from behind South
Building and one from West Building).

Form 2. Unattached.

1805. Fragment. Length, 0.084 m. Width,
0.063 ra.

1806. Length, 0.158 in. Width, 0.125 m.

1807. Length, 0.073 m. Width, 0.03 m. On
right side of smaller end, four cuts made by
edged tool.

1808. Fragment. Length, 0.063 ni. Width,
0.056 m.

1809. Edges broken. Length, 0.0955 m.
Width, 0.017 m.

Plate CV.

1810. From behind South Building. Frag-
ment. Length, 0.10 m. Width, 0.03 m.

1811. Fragment. Length, 0.13 m. Width,
0.104 m.

1812. Fragment. Length, 0.114 m. Width,
0.075 m. Bent at edges.

1813. Width, 0.152 in. Height, 0.091 m.

1814. Fragment. Length, 0.0375 m. Width
of sides, 0.026 m. and 0.03 m.

1815. Fragment. Length, 0.042 m.

1816. Fragment. Length, 0.065 m. Width,
0.037 m. The resemblance of this as well as of
No. 1817 and No. 1818 to primitive idols (cf.
'E<f>riix. 'Apx- 1898, pi. ii. No. 2) is probably quite
accidental.

1817. Fragment. Length, 0.056 m. Width,
0.0125 m.

1818. Fragment. Length, 0.045 m. Width,
0.042 m.

1818 a. Fragment. Length, 0.069 m. Width,
0.055 m.

Discarded : eight fragments.

b. Ornamented.

1. Attached.

1819. From south slope. Length, 0.055 m.
Width, 0.052 m. Rivet-holes and dots. Nearly
square, with straight edges.

1820. From south slope. Length, 0.142 m.
Width, 0.07 in. Grooves round edges, and rivet-
holes.

2. Unattached.^

1821. From behind South Building. Length,
0.049 m. Width, 0.039 m. Small knob.

have been attached when complete.

PLATES

273

1822. Length, 0.095 m. AYldth, 0.0G5 m.
Small knob in one corner.

1822 a. Length, 0.034 m. Width, 0.026 ni.
Engraved with half-cii'cles.

1822 b. From south slope. Length, 0.035 m.
Width, 0.035 m. Fine cross hatchings.

1822 c. Length, 0.05 m. Width, 0.0235 m.
Three punched holes and zigzag.

c. Plated with gold.

1823. From south slope. Condition poor.
Length, 0.089 m. Width, 0.075 m.i

d. Inscribed.
Plates CVL, CVII.

1824. Fragment. From West Building.
Height, 0.0266 m. Width (top), 0.022 m. Thick-
ness too slight for accurate measurement. Two
rows of punched letters. Irregular in size.
Space between lines, 0.0015 m.-0.003 m., but
between lower line and bottom edge, 0.0065 m.-
0.008 m. ; hence it is possible these are the last
two lines of the inscription. See below, No.
1825, and Appendix, p. 332.

Plates CVL, CVIL

1825. Left edge seems to be original. Possi-
ble that upper edge is also. Corroded. Height,
0.0225 m. Width, 0.0175 m. Resembles No.
1824. From style of letters (especially the
sigma), reading from left to right would be ex-
pected, thougli they can be read from right to
left. It would be possible to place this fragment
loosely to right of No. 1824, thus making it lower

right corner of list of proper names nxrin^

in which case one must assume the lower edge to
recede from the letters so as to be 0.0045 m.
from § and 0.008 m. from A. The alignment
also is awkward. Use of g in retrogi-ade period
is against such reading, though the general char-
acter of the letters, etc., is the same.
Plates CVL, CVII.

1826.^ Edges at top and bottom smooth, and
for the most part slightly beveled. Considerable
portions gone from ends. Something depends on
interpretation of -T in first line. If it represents
a paragraph, one must assume that the inscrip-
tion was written on several sheets, one above the
other, and that one piece is one of these sections.
Condition of bronze jjoor. Corrosion continued
after being cleaned. Besides the main piece (a)

' In Museum at Eleusis is a piece of broiize plated with
gold, on which is engraved a horse of geometric style.

2 Found near terrace wall west of Second Temple about
four feet below the surface, April, 1895. Rogers, Am.

there are several fragments, i. e. (J) at the left
of the fourth and fifth lines, (c, d, e) at the right
of the sixth line. Letters punched rather deeji
considering thinness of plate.

Fragment a. Height, 0.136 m. Widtii (top),
0.1485 m. Thickness, 0.0003 m.-0.0005 m.

Line 1. (right to left) ouyah ■■ v(8a ■ t '.':

arafiOap^ Letter on right probably a (p, as tail
is shorter (0.0025 m.) than that of the p's (0.0038
m. -0.005 m.). At left end of line slight trace
of bevel.

Line 2 (left to right) hecrvvxtoi •: rasapas

:: Tas . . .

Line 3 (right to left) .... nair^SaT ■'. (rauypa-

a-ar ■': aay Beyond the y a trace of an oblique
stroke, probably of M. To the left of the /*
traces of letter, probably A.

Line 4 (left to right). ( . . . Ka . . . ) avarov !:

ht aAA.o Tt (capov :: h The ku are on Fragment b.
Edge at left of first a of main piece is slightly
concave, but preserves no trace of bevel owing
to corrosion.

Line 5 (right to left), ol i; aeIo-tq6c . ell ortovxt
. . 7r . . . To left of the tt traces of letter or let-
ters. Of the possible combinations M (orwi'x^o-Tr) ^

x\(^onovx(^L7Tt), Tl(oTioi'xeTnre) or ^ l(oTioi/i(€lt7re)

seem the most likely. To left of second € are
traces of upper and side stroke of T ; it cannot
be B owing to t preceding.^ Last straight stroke
on left is of a T, Y, or 9, more probably the last.
To left of this on Fragment b is part of o, the
i-emainder of the outline beinjr on left edge of
the main fragment. Fragments a and b join at
this lower edge of the o. At the left, right bevel
of an upright hasta.

Line 6 (left to right). osiiTrpo po osi-c^Trp
Between the first two p's, probable traces of a tt ;
and between the following two o's no certain traces
of a letter. Fragments c, d, e join the right end
of line. Letters are uncertain. Word may be
c^TrplNAI or e$Trp\\M, according to which end of
Fragment c is considered to come at top. Frag-
ment e is a small bit giving the upper end of
right hasta of the a.

Line 7 (right to left) sioh ::. strtoy ou-

jxaSep. Between the o and y no certain traces
of letter. At the left end of line, bevel of left
hasta is continued only about halfway down, but
as the bevel is perpendicular, and the line of

Jour, of Arch. 1901, pp. 159, 162. For commentary see
Appendix, p. 332.
' But see Appendix

274

THE lJKONZf:S

cleavage is continuous, the letter is probably
sail.

Line 8 (left to right), s apyttas 1: kui hoiFoit.
At right of line no certain traces of letter.

Line 9 (right to left) /noSo^a •• scXvhior

I: o Etlge at left end of line beveled.

Line 10 (left to right) yas •• apyaas ya

:: KaTOK^a. Traces of last a.

Line 11 (right to left). . . . hsanoTr i: oro-cto-
rvovy ....

Plates CVL, CVII.

1827. No original edges. Height, 0.041 m.
Width, 0.004 m. Letters show through on
back.

H. CUT OKNAMENTS.
Plate CV.

1828. Broken at larger end and perhaps at
smaller. Length, 0.051 in. Width (in centre),
0.0295 in. Trace of hole in edge of broader
end.

1829. Length, 0.046 m. Width, 0.0453 m.
Small hole in centre.

1830. From south slope, 1894. Six-pointed
star with loop between points. In alternate
points rivets which formerly held bronze plate.
Diameter, 0.048 m.

183L Three strips of bronze ; one attached
at right angles to ends of others. Length of
cross-bar, 0.084 m. Length of other strips,
0.10 m. and 0.086 m. (broken). Cross-bar plain,
other bits have dots on edges. Small hole in
centre of cross-bar.

1832. Fragment, doubtful whether of this
class. Two small bits fastened together. Length,
0.03 m. Width of longer strip, 0.01 m.
Plate CVIII.

1832 a. Fragment. Remains of nail and
punched holes and dots.

I. FIGURES,
a Cut.^

1833. From behind South Building. Length,
0.065 m. This object is perhaps a claw torn off
a piece of drapery .^

1834. Condition poor. Length, 0.05 m.
Along bit of original edge, row of dots. Head
and neck of a bird.

1835. Bit of original edge on two sides.
Length, 0.038 m. Probably bit of bird's wing
or of snake. With this and No. 1836, of. Olym-
2>ia, Nos. 720, 721.

1836. Fragment. Length, 0.0485 m. Orna-

1 For cut figures from Acropolis, see Bather, J. H. S.
XIII. p. 241.

mented with straight lines and scale pattern.
Perhaps bit of bird.

1837. From behind South Building. Two
fragments that fit together. Combined length,
0.094 m. Decoration of punched double circles,
rectangles, and drops. Probably represents a
dolpliin.

b. Repousse.

1838. From south slope. Three fragments of
a left eyebrow, eyeball, lower lid, and low horn
(height, 0.007 ni.), which was between the
eyes. Length, 0.086 m. Possibly from head of
griffin. (Cf. Olynnria, Nos. 714, 715, 715 a,
and 691.)

J. UNCERTAIN OBJECTS.

1839. Shorter straight edge broken. Length,
0.028 m. Width, 0.042 m. Kivet at one corner
fastening small piece to larger. Decorated with
punched dots.

1840. Fragment. Length, 0.049 m. Width,
0.034 m.

1841. One edge broken. Length, 0.027 m.
Width, 0.021 m. Rows of dots and two small
holes in centre.

1842. Length, 0.064 m. Width, 0.048 m.
Seems complete.

1843. From behind South Building. Condi-
tion poor. Two plates with toothed edges fas-
tened together by rivets along edges. Lower
plate, 0.1025 m. x 0.064 m. Upper plate, 0.106
m. X 0.063 m.

1844. Convex piece. Diameter, 0.028 m.
With three engraved lines about edge. In centre,
small knob of iron pierced by hole.

1845. Edge broken. Length, 0.094 m.
Folded over with foot attached to fold.

1846. Ends broken. Length, 0.097 m. Two
engraved lines on upright surface.

Discarded : fifty-nine small fragments of sheet bronze,
of which one from West Building and one from behind
South Building.

8. LEAVES.

1847. Ends broken. Length, 0.0715 m.
Width, 0.044 m. Axis of leaf concave-convex.
Decorated on both sides with lines and zigzag.
Perhaps was cast and then hammered.

1848. Complete, but bent. Length, 0.113 m.
Decorated on both sides with lines and zig-
zag.

' Professor Norton considers it to be the tail of a
cock.

VASES AND CAULDRONS

275

9. LEATHER GEAR.

1849. From behind South Building. Three
links each made by twisting bi-onze wire. Total
length, 0.373 m. Largest link, length, 0.145 m.
Wire of first link round except at one end. In
second link wire less regular, about half being

rectangular, and having near centre two swell-
ings, and toward one end engraved diagonal
lines. Third link of two strands, one being rec-
tangular. Color indicates much copper. Made
by hammering probably. Object is imitation
of bit of leather gear, probably of harness. (Cf.
somewhat similar piece, Olymjj'ut, pi. v. No. 37.)

V. VESSELS

1. VASES AND CAULDRONS.
A. WITHOUT SHOULDER.
a. Plates.

1. No DEPRESSION. OnE OR TWO HANDLES.

a. One handle.

1850. From above Upper Temple toward tents.
Handle gone. Diameter, 0.059 m. Thickness,
0.0005 m. Edge with two rows of small dots
close together.

fi. Two handles.

1851. From south slope. Handles broken.
Returning ends (ears) preserved. Diameter,
0.0595 m. In centre, boss surrounded by circle of
small dots. Outside these, star pattern punched
likewise from bottom. Around outer edge, two
rows of dots, of which inner concave. Two rows
of dots also around handles, of which the inner
is concave. At left of upper handle, part of
row of concave dots between inner circle and
star.

2. Depressed. Handles small. Rim wide.
Similar to preceding Form (with this
Form in general cf. Olympia, No. 884 b.
The type seems to be rare at Olympia.
Cf. also small bronze patera from Tiryns,
Tiryns, p. 170).

a. Unornamented except on rim near han-
dle or on handle. Dot in centre.
Group i. Convex dots on either side of
handle arranged horizontally.

1852. From south slope. Handles gone. Rim
injured. Diameter, 0.118 m. Width of rim,
0.01 m. Near one handle, four convex dots in
two groups.

Discarded : one from south slope.

Group ii. Three convex dots in triangle
on either side of handle.

1853. Handles gone. Rim injured. Diame-
ter, 0.0567 m. Width of rim, 0.007 m. Handles
had pointed ears. In centre of plate, convex dot.
Plate CIX.

1854. Condition poor. Part of one handle

left. Diameter, 0.06 m. Width of rim, 0.0075 m.
Ears of handles roughly pointed. Dots on rim
as in No. 1853. Single row of dots on handle.
Dot in centre of plate.

Discarded : one fragment similar to No. 1854.

/3. 07ie row of dots round outer edge of
bottom struck from top.
Group i. Dots at handle same as in a,
Group ii. Convex dot in centre.

1855. Condition poor. Handles and rim
mainly destroyed. Diameter, 0.0445 m.

1856. Fragment. Diameter, 0.046 m. Dots
as in No. 1855.

Discards : two fragments with handles.

Group ii. One or more rows of convex
dots on outer edge of rim.

1857. From back of South Building. Frag-
ment of rim and handle. Length, 0.039 rii.
Opposite base of handle, inner row of dots.

1858. From back of South Building. Con-
dition poor, about half gone. Diameter, 0.098 m.

1859. Fragment of rim and handle. Diame-
ter, circ. 0.085 m. Row of dots on handle and
ear, and five dots opposite handle and ear in
groups of three and two.

•y. Around outer edge of bottom, nng of
short straight lines running toward
centre, struck from. top).
Group i. Around outer edge of rim

and on handle, single row of convex

dots.

1860. From south slope. One handle gone.
Diameter, 0.088 m. Width of rim, 0.007 m. In
centre, rather large dot. Lines around edge ap-
proximately parallel.

Discards : small fragment with lines arranged in groups
of three. The groups ahout 0.0035 ra. apart.

Group ii. Similar to Group i., but with
double row of convex dots about han-
dle and rim.

1861. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.052 m.
Width of rim, 0.0085 m. Dots rather oblong
and so close as to have effect of row of lines.

276

THE BRONZES

Direction of lines on bottom irregular. In cen-
tre, large clot.

Group iii. Similar to Group i., but with
triangle of three dots opposite each
end of handle and inside dot-ring of
rim. Double ring of dots aiound rim.

1862. From south slope. Handles broken.
Diameter, 0.0725 m. Width of rim, 0.0085 m.
Across ends of handle, double row. Dots of tri-
angle are larger and probably struck after the
other rows of dots, as is shown b}' the smaller
dots appearing on the surface of the larger
ones. In centre, slight depression, perhaps acci-
dental.

1863. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.068 m.
Triangles of dots same as in No. 1862. In
centre, large dot. Lines about bottom irregu-
lar.

S. Similar to y, but with ring of dots out-
side the lines oh bottom. These dots
struckfrom top.

1864. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.07 m.
Width of rim, 0.008 m. Lines on bottom gen-
erally point toward centre.

t. Similar to Class y, but with lines cres-
cent-shaped and parallel.

1865. Fragment. Condition poor. Row of
small convex dots near outer edge of rim.

^. Around outer edge of bottom, row of dots,
inside of wh ich zigzag of straight lines,
both dots and zigzag being struck from
upper side.

Group i. Row of convex dots about han-
dle and on ears. Triangle of three
convex dots opposite ends of han-
dles.

1866. Illustration shows under side. Condi-
tion poor. Diameter, 0.055 m. Width of rim,
0.007 m. Dots on handle, ears, and rim slightly
larger than those round edge of base. Still
larger convex dot in centre.

Discarded : one.

Group ii. Similar to Group i., but with
row of convex dots around outer edge
of rim. Dots sometimes absent from
ears.

1867. From above Upper Temple toward
tents. One handle mostly gone. Diameter,
0.055 m. Width of rim, 0.0055 m. Dots ab-
sent from one ear. Convex dot in centre.

1868. Illustration shows under side. From

I This decoration is sitnilax to that found on fragment
of pottery from Melos (early Mycenaean), but there be-

soutli slope. One handle gone. Diameter,
0.093 m. Width of rim, 0.01 m. Dots only on
one ear. In centre, low boss, in centre of which
dot. This dot struck from ujjper side.

Group iii. Similar to Group i., but rim
has on inner edge ring of crescents
(open side outward), struck from un-
der side.

1869. From south slope. One handle, one
ear of other handle, and i)arts of rim and bot-
tom gone. Diameter, 0.04 m. Width of rim,
0.005 m. In centre of bottom, convex dot.

ij. Around outer edge of bottom, ring of

truncated ellipses opening outward.

TJiese ellipses struch from upper side.

Dots on handle, ears, and around rim.

On rim ojiposite handles and inside

ring of dots, three dots in triangle as

before (^Class f, Group i.). All these

dots struck from under side.

1870. From south slope. Rim and bottom
damaged. Diameter, 0.074 m. Width of rim,
0.0085 m. In centre of bottom, small convex
dot. Punch employed for striking ellipses had
broad edge (width, 0.0009 m.) with sharp cor-
ners.

6. Around outer edge of bottom, ring of

dots, inside of which, ring of semicircles

or truncated ellipses opening outward.

These dots and semicircles (or ellipses^

struck from upper side.

Group i. Semicircles. On handle and

portion of rim opposite, dots together

with triangles of three dots. All these

dots struck from under side.

1871. One handle gone. Rim damaged.
Diameter, 0.046 m. Width of rim, 0.0045 m.
In handle, hole punched from above. In bottom,
convex dot.

1872. One handle gone. Rim and bottom
damaged. Diameter, 0.063 m. Width of rim,
0.0085 m. In centre, hole (diameter, 0.003 m.)
punched fi'om beneath. Dots in triangles larger
than those on handle and bottom.

Group ii. Truncated ellipses.^

(a'.) Dots on handle and ears. Tri-
angle of dots on rim opposite ends
of handles. All these dots struck
from under side.

1873. Less than half preserved. Width of
rim, 0.0065 m.

longing to a rosette. Edgar, in Excavations at Phylakopi,
p. 122, pi. XX. No. 12.

VASES AND CAULDRONS

277

(5'.) Dots on handles and part of lim
that is opposite. Besides, triangles
of three dots opposite ends of han-
dles. All these dots struck from
beneath.

1874. One handle, one ear, and part of bot-
tom gone. Diameter, 0.057 m. Width of rim,
0.004 ni. In centre of bottom, dot.

(c'.) Row of small dots on handles and
outer edge of rim. Inside this row,
opposite ends of handles, triangles
of three dots. Dots on ears. All
these dots struck from under side.

1875. One ear and part of one handle gone.
Diameter of disk, 0.112 m. Extreme diametei-,
0.142 ra. Width of rim, 0.0105 m. In centre
of bottom, row of six oblong dots. At side of
interspace between the two central dots, two
small dots close together. All these dots struck
from beneath. Punch did not carry outer line
of ellipses as far toward open ends as it did the
inner line, thus making figures look from upper
side as though struck with two separate instru-
ments.

3. Depressed. Narrow rim. No handle.

1876. Plate shows under side. From south
slope. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.067 m.
Width of rim, 0.003 m. On rim, ring of small
dots struck from under side. Also hole in rim
(diameter, 0.002 m.), punched from beneath.

4. Depressed. Wide rim. No handle.
Inscriked.

Plate CX.

1877. (Photograph and copy of inscription.)
Rim abraded. Much corroded and oxidized.
Diameter, 0.109 m. Width of rim, 0.01 m.
Thickness of bottom, perhaps about 0.001 m.
Rim thinner. On under side of rim, stroke made
with hollow punch (diameter, 0.002 m.), which
shows on upper side as dot (lower right side of
photograph). In opposite side of rim, hole (now
broken out) struck witii hollow punch from un-
der side (diameter, 0.0024 m.).

For inscription, see Appendix.

5. Depressed. No rim. No handles. In-
scribed.

Plates CX. (bottom and copy of inscription)
and CXI. (top).

1878. From south slope. Edge considerably
damaged. Corroded and much oxidized. Di-
ameter of top, 0.0685 m. ; of bottom, 0.06 m.
Height, 0.007 m. Thickness, 0.0018 m. On
outside, near bottom, narrow band with grooves

at either side. Also groove 0.001 m. from top
for part of circumference. Space between
upper and first lower grooves occupied by in-
scription. (See Appendix.) On bottom of
plate near centre, mark or scratch (y). Bottom
slightly convex on upper side and concave be-
neath. Forms sharply defined angle with sides.
b. Platters (Fragments of outer edge only).
1. Flat, i. e., edge not turned up.
a. Plain.
Plate CIX.

1879. Condition poor. Length, 0.11 m.
Width, 0.08 m. Thickness, 0.0006 m. and less.
Near outer edge, broad low roll. Similar but
wider rise near inner edge. Inside this, possible
trace of end of petal of rosette.

p. Ornamented with punched dots.
Plate CXI.

1880. Convex edge seems to be original. Con-
dition poor. Length, 0.135 m. Width, 0.042 m.
Fragment does not seem to have had other dots
than those which appear in photograph. Origi-
nal design not clear. Color reddish. Flexible.

Not certain that following number belongs
here.
Plate CIX. (shows reverse).

1881. From back of South Building. No
original edge preserved. Length, 0.026 m.
Width, 0.02 m. Ornamented with large and
small dots struck from upper side.

y. Inscrihed with letters of dots struck from
above.
Plate CXI.

1882. Two fragments, a and h. Fragment a
from back of South Building. Outer edge pre-
served. Condition poor. Length of «, 0.017 m. ;
width, 0.0315 m. Length of h, 0.067 m. ;
width, 0.031 m. Thickness of both, 0.0002 m.
Flat. Photographed and drawn from concave
side of dots. On same side, series of light strokes
of hollow punch (see drawing), perhaps anterior
to dots. They seem to be merely ornamental,
but the design is not clear. For reading of dots,
see Appendix.

Plate CXI.

1883. Fragments a, b, c. Fragment b omitted
from drawings because reversed. Junction of
b and c in photograph not certain. Fragment b
broken from a after cleaning. Outer edge only
preserved. Condition poor. Length of a,
6.081 m. ; width, 0.047 m. Length of b, 0.018 ra. ;
width, 0.005 m. Length of c, 0.138 m. ; width,
0.041 m. Flat except for low convex ridge at

278

THE BRONZES

iinier edge of u, which formed boundary between
centre uiul border of phitter.

Inscription in dotted letters punched from
above, the base of the letters being toward the
outside of the plate. Besides the dots of the
inscription, which are heavily punched, there are
fainter dots and circles (i. e. light strokes of
liollow j)unch) with which they seem to have no
relation. For these ilots, see drawing on Plate ;
and for inscription, see Ajipendix. Flexible.
Color reddish.

2. Outer edge turned up, forming a side

OR RIM.

a. Ornamented with dots punched from
above.
Plate CXII.

1884. Outer edge preserved. Condition poor.
Length, 0.171 m. Width, 0.0595 m. Original
diameter, about 0.435 m. Height of rim,
0.006 m. Two connected semicircles of dots.
At left, three large and six small dots in irregular
oblique line. Color reddish. Flexible.

/8. Inscribed with letters of dots punched
from, above.
Plate CXI.

1885. From back of South Building. Frag-
ment of edge with a piece of centre. Condition
poor. Length, 0.11 m. Width, 0.107 m. Height
of rim, 0.005 m. In edge, letter T. Height,
0.215 m. Between edge and centre, low roll,
beginning at top of letter. Width, 0.012 m.
Color reddish. Flexible.

Plate CXII.

1886. Fragment of edge broken off at begin-
ning of roll which separated edge from centre.
Condition poor. Length, 0.135 m. Width,
0.047 m. Height of rim, 0.0025 m. Original
diameter, about 0.45 m. Inscription in rather
large dots, many of which are roughly triangular.
See Appendix. Color reddish. Flexible.

Addenda. It is uncertain to which form the
following belong.
Plate CXI.

1887. Broken on all sides. Condition poor.
Length, 0.047 m. Width, 0.0353 m. At one
end, letter of heart-shajjed dots punched from
above. See Appendix.

Plate CXI.

1888. Two fragments, a and b, which seem
to belong together. Condition poor. — Frag-
ment a. Broken on all sides. Length, 0.017 m.
Width, 0.032 m. Five large dots forming arc
of a circle perhaps from an 0 or a A. — Frag-

ment b. Broken on all sides. Size, 0.0365 m. x
0.018 m. Two lines, one of two, the other of
three dots, converging toward each other. Per-
haps a K or an A. Tlie order of these frag-
ments is arbitriu-y.
Plate CXII.

1889. Two fragments (« and &) which from
style of letters and texture of bronze seem to
come from same object. Arrangement arbitrary,
being based on possibility that right end of a
joins lower left corner of b, and that they thus
form the projecting corner of a piece of coating.
In this case the bottoms of the letters were
toward the top of the object. Lower edge of
Fragment a seems to be original, that of b may
be. Condition poor. Length of Fragment a,
0.06 m.; width, 0.041 m. Length of Fragment b,
0.079 m.; width, 0.038 m. — Inscription in dots
punched from above. See Appendix. On same
side circles or rings struck with hollow punch
independent of inscriptions, and perhaps earlier.
c. Saucers.

Form 1. Perforated centre. Akin to
similar form of disk. Plain.

1890. Two cracks in edge due to flattening.
Diameter, 0.028 m. Near centre, hole struck
with solid punch from under side. Diameter,
0.002 m. Bottom rises very slightly, perhaps
accidentally.

1891. Diameter, 0.0325 m. Near centre, hole
(diameter, 0.0015 m.) jirobably struck from
under side with hollow punch. About it bottom
rises very slightly in irregular circle about
0.012 m. in diameter, perhaps owing to blow
from punch.

Form 2. Without perforation or boss.

Plain.
Cf. shallow bronze saucer from Mycenae, out-
side shaft-gi-aves, Mus. No. 2343, and Schlie-
mann, Tiryns, pi. xxvii. b (terra-cotta). For use
cf. sai'cophagus of Crepereia Tryphaena, found,
1889, in Rome (Prati di Castello), now in Mus.
dei Conservatori, containing small saucer of sim-
ilar form. Bidlett. Commiss. Com., 1889, pp.
175, 496.

Group i. Outline, continuous flat curve.
Sides, scarcely distinguishable in
smaller specimens, gradually increase
in prominence. No rim.

1892. About one fourth gone. Diameter,
0.034 m. Height, 0.007 m. Holes all seem
due to corrosion.

1893. (Shows bottom.) Condition poor. Di-

VASES AND CAULDRONS

279

ameter, 0.048 m. Height, about 0.011 m. Near
top, hole (diameter, 0.0022 ni.) cut with hollow
punch.

1894. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diame-
ter, 0.049 m. Height, 0.01 m. Near top, hole
(diameter, 0.0017 ni.) cut with hollow punch.

1895. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.075 m.
Height, 0.013 m.

1896. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.08 m.
Height, circ. 0.013 m. Holes all due to corro-
sion.

1897. Fragment, section through centre. Di-
ameter, 0.084 m. Height, 0.0135 m.

1898. (Shows top.) Half gone. Diameter,
0.105 m. Height, 0.02 m.

Discarded: three.

Not certain whether the following had hole in
bottom, as centre is not preserved.

1899. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.027 m.
Height, 0.005 m. Near top, hole (diameter,
0.0025 m.) struck from inside with hollow
punch.

Group ii. Similar to Group i., but with
sides more clearly marked and rims
somewhat thicker.

1900. Top. From West Building. Half
gone. Diameter, 0.084 m. Height, 0.02 m.

1901. (Shows top.) From back of South Build-
ing. Less than half pi'cserved. Diameter, 0.0975
m. Height, 0.023 m. Bottom very thin, but sides
thicken to 0.0018 m. On outside near top, three
fine encircling lines close together. Between low-
est and middle lines a fourth line runs part way
round. [On Plate wrongly numbered 1961.]

Group iii. Rounded cup-like bottom.
Rim but slightly emphasized.

1902. Nearly half gone. Diameter, 0.0235 m.
Height, 0.008 m.

1903. Shows top. From back of South Build-
ing. About one thii'd gone. Diameter, 0.0386 m.
Height, 0.014 m. Near centre, hole punched
roughly from above with solid rectangular punch.
Size, 0.003 m. x 0.005 m.

Group iv. Neai'ly flat bottom, from which
sides are plainly differentiated, but
by rounded angle. Rims not empha-
sized.

1904. Shows top. From south slope. About
one third gone. Diameter, 0.079 m. Height,
0.019 m.

Group V. Similar, but with rim more
emphasized.

1905. Shows top. From back of South

Building. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.0595 m.

X 0.054 m. Height, 0.01 m.

Group vi. Similar to Group v., but
heavier, without emphasis of rim, and
with a more rounded curve between
side and bottom.

Plate CXIII.

1906. Shows top. From back of South
Building. Nearly half gone. Diameter, 0.053 ni.
Height, 0.0075 m.

Group vii. Similar in shape to Group i.,
but with side bent back at top to form
rim.

1907. (Shows top.) Fragment, broken in two
parts (« and 6). Height, 0.013 m. Roll at top
about 0.0015 m. in width.

Form 3. With boss. Shape similar to
Form 2, Group i.
Class a. Plain.
Group i. Small round hole near edge.

1908. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.023 m. x
0.0257 m. Height, 0.0038 m. Near edge, hole
(diameter, 0.0017 m.) cut with hollow punch.
Diameter of boss, 0.006 m.

1909. From south slope. Diameter, 0.0314 m.
Height, 0.003 m. Near top, hole (diameter,
0.002 m. X 0.0028 m.) struck with hollow punch
from inside. Diameter of boss, 0.007 m.

1910. Diameter, 0.032 m. Height, 0.002 m.
Near edge of top, hole (diameter, 0.002 m.) as
in No. 1909. Diameter of boss, 0.0075 m.

1911. From back of South Building. Con-
dition poor. Diameter, 0.0355 m. Near edge,
hole (diameter, 0.0015 m.). Diameter of boss,
0.008 m.

1912. From south slope. Condition poor.
Diameter, 0.039 m. Height, 0.0038 m. Near
edge, hole (diameter, 0.0013 m.) as in No. 1909.
Diameter of boss, 0.008 m.

1913. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.04 m.
Height, 0.0043 m. Near edge, hole (diameter,
0.0018 m.) as in No. 1909. Diameter of boss,
0.0047 m.

1914. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diam-
eter, 0.041 m. Near edge, hole (diameter,
0.0019 m.) as in No. 1909. Diameter of boss,
0.01 m.

1915. One fifth gone. Diameter, 0.0455 m.
Height, 0.0045 m. Near edge, hole (diameter,
0.002 m.) as in No. 1909. Diameter of boss,
0.0065 ni.

1916. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.054 m.
Height, 0.0056 m. Near edge, hole (diameter.

280

THE imONZKS

0.0017 m.) cut with hollow punch. Diameter
of boss, 0.009 in.

1917. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.064 m.
Height, 0.0175 m. Near top, hole (diameter,
0.002 m.) as in No. 1909. Diameter of boss,
0.0105 m.

1918. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.65 m. x
0.07 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0018 m.)
as in No. 1909. Diameter of boss, 0.018 m.

1919. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.085 m.
Height, 0.015 m. Near edge, hole (diameter,
0.002 m.) uncertain whether cut or corroded.
Diameter of boss, 0.015 in.

1920. Diameter, 0.09 m. Near edge, hole
(diameter, 0.0015 m.) as in No. 1909. Diameter
of boss, 0.014 m.

1921. (Top.) Half gone. Diameter, 0.123 m.
Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.002 m.) as in No.
1909. Diameter of boss, 0.037 m.

Discarded : three.

Group ii. No hole.

1922. From West Building. Diameter,
0.0375 m. X 0.043 m. Diameter of boss,
0.0045 m.

1923. (Shows top.) From south slope.
Condition poor. Diameter, 0.073 m. Diameter
of boss, 0.012 m.

The following number may be of either i. or ii.

1924. Half gone. Diameter, 0.010+ m.
Diameter of boss, 0.026 m.

Discarded : four, of which one from south slope.

Clans (i. Ornamented with dots, or lines, or
lines and dots in various patterns.
All the completed rims have small round per-
foration. Incomplete specimens without perfo-
ration are arranged with them. In the same
way are included a few fragments which do not
contain portions of centre, inasmuch as iill the
complete examples with similar ornamentation
have boss.

Group i. Row of dots about boss.
1924 a. (Shows top.) About one fourth
gone. Much oxidized. Diameter, 0.0285 m.
Height, 0.003 m. Diameter of boss, 0.005 m.
Near edge, dot.

Group ii. Lines from boss to edge.
The examples under this Group are nearly flat
and resemble disks.

(a'.) Lines struck from upper side.

1925. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.035 m.
Height, 0.0034 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0085 m.
Near edge, nearly rectangular hole (0.0015 m.
square) struck from inside.

(/;'.) Lines struck from luider side.

1926. (Siiows bottom.) About one third
gone. Diameter, 0.056 m. Diameter of boss,
0.0165 m.

Group iii. Similar to Group ii., (i')' l*"*
with row of small dots about edge
struck from inside, and similar row
about outer edge of top of boss struck
from beneath.

1927. (Shows bottom.) Fragment. Kadius
about 0.03 m. Diameter of boss, 0.019 m.

Group iv. Bottom has straight lines radi-
ating from, but not entering boss, struck
from inside.

1928. (Shows top.) About one fourth gone.
Diameter, 0.026 m. Height, 0.0021 m. Diam-
eter of boss, 0.0073 m.

1929. (Sliows top.) Diameter, 0.029 m.
■ Height, 0.0035 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0065 m.

Near edge, hole (diameter 0.0017 m.) struck
from inside with hollow punch.

1930. Diameter, 0.0345 m. Height, 0.0048
m. Diameter of boss, 0.008 m. Near edge,
hole (diameter, 0.0013) struck from inside.

1931. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.035 m.
Height, 0.0045 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0073 m.
Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0013) as in No.
1929.

Group V. Similar to Group iv., but with
one or more rings of dots punched
from above encircling the rays.
(«'.) One ring at end of rays.

1932. Nearly half gone. Diameter, 0.0283 m.
Height, 0.003 m. Diameter of boss, 0.007 m.
Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0018 m.) as in No.
1929.

1933. (Shows top.) From south slope. Condi-
tion poor. Diameter, 0.039 m. Height, 0.0035 m.
Diameter of boss, 0.0075 m. Near edge, hole
(diameter, 0.002 m.) as in No. 1929.

(i'.) Two rings at end of rays.

1934. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.045 m.x
0.05 m. Height, 0.0073 m. Diameter of boss,
0.0075 m.

1935. (Shows bottom.) From south slope.
Condition poor. Diameter, 0.051 m. Diameter
of boss, 0.0115 m. Near edge, hole (diameter,
0.0018 m.) as in No. 1929.

(c'.) Similar to (5'), but with a second
double ring just inside edge.

1936. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.081 m.
Diameter of boss, 0.0205 m. Near edge, hole
(diameter, 0.0014 m.) as in No. 1929.

VASES AND CAULDRONS

281

Group vi. From boss extend fine parallel
curved lines close together, struck from
above. Beyond lines but close to them,
ring of dots struck from beneath. Out-
side this ring and close to it, straight
rays struck from above. Beyond rays,
ring of small dots struck from above.

1937. (Shows top.) Nearly half gone. Di-
ameter, 0.0645 m. Height, 0.0085 m. Diame-
ter of boss, 0.0135 m. Near edge, hole (diameter,
0.0023 m.) struck from inside.

Group vii. Near boss, one or two rings
of small dots, followed by star jjattern
consisting of zigzag of straight lines.
(«'.) Ornaments struck from above.

1938. (Shows top.) Diameter, 0.024 m.
Height, 0.003 m. Diameter of boss, 0.007 m.
Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0019 m.) as in No.
1929. Single ring of dots.

1939. (Shows bottom.) Edge damaged. Di-
ameter, 0.0523 m. Height, 0.006 m. Diameter
of boss, 0.009 m. Outside first ring of dots, a
second of small faint dots.

(&'.) Ornaments struck from beneath.

1940. Fragment. Diameter of boss, 0.125 m.
About boss, ring of dots so placed that usu-
ally the inner angle of zigzag starts from a
dot.

Group viii. Kays about boss, followed by
one or two rings of dots. Beyond dots,
zigzag or star pattern. Dots and zig-
zag may be repeated. All dots and
lines struck from upper side.
(«'.) Between rays and zigzag a single
row of dots.

1941. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diame-
ter, 0.069 m. Height, 0.0065 m. Diameter of
boss, 0.0135 m. Near edge, hole (diameter,
0.0013 m.) as in No. 1929.

Discarded : one.

(6'.) Between rays and zigzag, double
row of dots.

1942. From south slope. Condition poor.
Diameter of boss, 0.012 m. Near edge, hole
(diameter, 0.0015 m.) as in No. 1929.

1943. Diameter, 0.084 m. Diameter of boss,
0.022 m.

1944. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diame-
ter, 0.099 m. X 0.075 m.

1945. (Shows top.) From south slope. Di-
ameter, 0.091 m. X 0.106 m. Diameter of boss,
0.019 m. Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0025 m.)
as in 1929.

(c'.) Similar to (&'), but with an added
double row of dots and a zigzag.

1946. (Shows bottom.) From West Build-
ing. Fragment. Height, 0.014 m. Diameter
of boss, 0.0245 m.

Group ix. Next to boss, circle of short
rays. Remainder of space between
these and edge occupied by two rings
of large dots inclosing zigzag. All
dots and lines struck from above.

1947. From back of South Building. Condi-
tion poor. Diameter, 0.064 m. Height, 0.006 m.
Diameter of boss, 0.007 m. Though somewhat
flattened, probably better placed here than
among the disks.

Group X. Boss followed by rosette.
Ornaments struck from above.
(«'.) No dots.

1948. (Shows top.) From back of South
Building. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.033 m.
Height, 0.0034 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0057 m.
Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0018 m.) as in No.
1729.

1949. About one fifth gone. Diameter,
0.039 m. Height, 0.0027 m. Near edge, hole
(diameter, 0.002 m.) cut with hollow punch.

(6'.) Ends of rays connected by semi-
circles of fine dots struck from above,
forming rosette.

1950. (Shows top.) From back of South
Building. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.075 m.
Height, 0.0077 m. Diameter of boss, 0.017 m.
Near edge, hole (diametei', 0.0015 m.) as in
No. 1929.

Group xi. Similar to Group x., but with
large dots struck from above, one in
end of each leaf of rosette.
(«'.) Corresponds to Group x. (6').
Plate CXIV.

1951. (Shows top.) About one third gone.
Diameter, 0.0433 m. Height, 0.0051 m. Dia-
meter of boss, 0.0075 m. Near, edge, hole (di-
ameter, 0.001 m.) struck from upper side.

(6'.) Corresponds to Group x. (a'))
with addition of ring of connected
crescents opening outward, between
rosette and edge.

1952. Small segment extending from edge
not quite to boss. Diameter of dots, 0.0055 m.
and 0.006 m.

Group xii. Combinations of rosette with
other forms. All ornament struck
from above.

282

THE BRONZES

(a'.) Rays, double ring of dots, and
leaf pattern.

1953. (Showa bottom.) From back of South
Building. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.08 ni.
Diameter of boss, 0.0175 m. Many rays slightly
curved. Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.001 ni.)
as in No. 1929. This piece has been so flattened
that it could be taken for a disk.

(6'.) Rays, single ring of dots, and leaf
pattern of double lines.

1954. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diam-
eter, 0.043 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0084 m.
Leaves not connected with each other, but
stamped or engraved separately. Near edge,
hole (diameter, 0.0015 m.) as in No. 1929.

(c'.) Outer part has zigzag, single row
of dots, and leaf pattern with dot in
end of leaves, all reckoned from in-
side toward edge. Ends of leaves
double, i. e. plain and dotted lines.
Uncertain whether there were rays.

1955. (Shows top.) Fragments a and b.
Fragment «, length, 0.088 m. : width, 0.027 ra. ;
height, 0.0063 m. Fragment h, length, 0.04 m. ;
width, 0.021 ni. Dots and leaf pattern only
preserved. Both fragments probably from same
object.

Group xiii. Rays, dots, and semicircles.
Semicircles open inward. Ornaments
struck from above.

1956. (Shows top.) About one fourth gone.
Diameter, 0.103 m. Height, 0.014 m. Diameter
of boss, 0.024 m. Near edge, hole (diameter,
0.004 m.) as in No. 1929.

Group xiv. Similar to Group xiii., but
with row of dots and a zigzag added
outside. Dots on boss. All decora-
tions from above.

1957. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diam-
eter, 0.067 m. Height, 0.0107 m. Diameter
of boss, 0.0166 m. Near edge, hole (diameter,
0.002 m.) as iu No. 1929.

Group XV. Triple ring of zigzag form-
ing diamond pattern followed by leaf
pattern. Decoration struck from
above.

1958. (Shows top.) About half gone, and
much flattened. Diameter, 0.091 m. Near edge,
hole (diameter, 0.001 m.) as in No. 1929.

Group xvi. Leaf jiattern, straight lines
and dots in successive zones reckoned
from boss. Followed by row of petals
with open end outward. Between

lower rounded ends of petals a dot.
All decoration struck or engraved from
under side.

1959. Segment from boss to edge. Leaf pat-
tern has closed end outward. Double lines used
in common on sides. Probably ends were double.
Related to following FoKM 4.

A(hl(;ii(htni to Ft)KM 3.

1960. Small fragment containing portion of
side and bottom, but no original edge. Row of
curved parallel lines close together, followed by
double row of dots.

FoKM 4. Similar to Form 3, but with

CRIMPED EDGE. ORNAMENTED.

Group i. Rays about boss. Struck from
above.

1961. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diame-
ter, 0.039 m. Height, 0.0085 ni. Diameter of
boss, 0.008 m. Near edge, hole (diameter,
0.002 m.) as in No. 1929.

Discarded : one.

Group ii. Similar to Group i., but with
one or two rows of dots outside rays.
Struck from above.
((■/'.) One row of dots.

1962. From above Uj^per Temple toward
tents. Nearly half gone. Diameter, 0.037 m.
Height, 0.0115 m. Diameter of boss, 0.009 m.

1963. (Shows top.) Fragment. Flattened.
Diameter of boss, 0.008 m.

Discarded : two.

(J'.) Two rows of dots.

1964. Half gone. Diameter, 0.038 m. Height,
0.0088 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0075 m.

1965. (Shows top.) From back of South
Building. Broken in two pieces and defective.
Diameter, 0.05 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0085
m. Near edge (of smaller fragment), hole
(diameter, 0.0015 m.) as in No. 1929.

Group iii. Similar to Group ii., but with
outer part of bottom divided into seg-
ments by straight lines. All lines and
dots struck from above.

1966. (Shows top.) From back of South
Building. Diameter, 0.034 m. Height, 0.004 m.
Diameter of boss, 0.0068 m. Near edge, hole
(diameter, 0.001 m.) as in No. 1929.

Group iv. Siuiilar to Group iii., but with
ring of zigzag outside ring of dots and
lines from points of zigzag to edge of
bottom. All lines and dots struck from
above.

1967. Defective and in poor condition. Di-

VASES AND CAULDRONS

283

ameter, 0.086 m. Diameter of boss, 0.023 m.
Lines to edge of bottom from alternate points
of zigzag only.

1968. (Shows top.) About one fourth gone.
Condition poor. Diameter, O.OG m. Diameter
of boss, 0.007 m. Outer angles of zigzag accen-
tuated by dots. Lines to edge of bottom from
each angle of zigzag. These lines do not stand
in relation to crimps of edge.

Group V. Similar to Group ii. (a'), but
with second ring of rays, the outer ends
of which connect with the angles of a
zigzag, thus forming a sort of angular
leaf pattern. 1 All ornamentation struck
from top.

1969. (Shows bottom.) About one fifth gone.
Flattened. Diameter, 0.068 m. Diameter of
boss, 0.0135 m. Angles of zigzag independent
of crimps, though sometimes coincident with
them.

Group vi. About midway between boss
and edge of bottom, ring of crescents
opening outward, struck from above.

1970. (Shows top.) From back of South
Building. Condition poor. Diameter, 0.054 m.
Height, 0.0115 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0105 m.

Group vii. After leaf pattern or rosette
with rounded petals, ring of adjoining
crescents, opening outward. From ends
of crescents straight lines to edge of
bottom, generally coinciding with inner
convexity of crimps. Decoration of
centre not preserved, but probably ro-
sette came directly after boss.

1971. Fragment. Height, 0.007 m.

Group viii. Boss followed successively by
one ring each of small dots, short lines,
and connected crescents opening out-
ward. From joinings of crescents,
straight lines extending nearly to edge
and corresponding to inner convexity
of crimps. The entire surface thus
appears to be divided into segments,
although only the crimps are plasti-
cally indicated. All lines and dots
struck from above.

1972. (Shows top.) Condition poor. Diam-
eter, 0.075 m. Height, 0.0195 m. Diameter
of boss, 0.013 m. Lines struck before crimping
of edge. Near edge, hole (diameter, 0.0025 m.)
as in No. 1929.

• Effect of lines and zigzag similar to that of upper
part of decoration of gold cup from second shaft-grave at

Group ix. Crim])ing and section lines as
in Group viii. Inside lines, small zig-
zag followed by a plain line and a ring
of small dots. Succeeding decoration
not preserved.

1973. From back of South Building. Small
fragment. One crimp and one line preserved.
Crimp made after line.

Discards : Groups i.-vii., two, of which one from back
of South Building. Group viii. or ix., one from same place.

Addeiulum. The following fragment, if com-
plete, would probably be best regarded as of a
separate form.

1974. From back of South Building.
Discarded : one, uncertain whether of Form 3 or 4.

Form 5. Boss. More advanced. Sides,

BOTTOM, and rim DIFFERENTIATED. DEC-
ORATION APPLIED FROM OUTSIDE.

1975. (Photograph shows bottom, drawing
shows segment of side and bottom as a single
surface.) Incomj)lete. Condition poor. Diam-
eter, 0.132 m. Height, 0.027 m. Decoration.
Two rings about boss, then ring of double cres-
cents forming base of long loops, which are the
main ornament. Beneath rim, two fields sepa-
rated by heavy lines. Lower field filled with
hatched diamond pattern, the upper with raised
dots or beads. Just beneath lower field, a simi-
lar line of beads (omitted in drawing). Traces
of boundary line beneath. Sides ornamented
with system of v's with returning ends, each v
having another interlacing with it on each side.
Crescents form bottom of loops, but sometimes
upper line connects with one side and the lower
with the other, sometimes both serve as bottom
for both sides, and sometimes lower line seems
to be real bottom of loop. At top between an-
gles, heavy arrowheads are inserted, thus making
continuous zigzag.

With this and the following number cf. Olym-
pia. No. 880.
Plate CXV.

1976. (Photograph shows bottom ; segment as
in No. 1975.) Incomjjlete. Condition poor. Di-
ameter, 0.16 m. Height, 0.0355 in. Diameter of
boss, 0.034 m. Decoration like that of No. 1975,
but clearer and better preserved. Zigzag at top
of loops struck separately and quite freely. Top
of zigzag often open (drawing inaccurate). The
lower of the two fields near top filled with circles.
Slight traces of circles in upper field (omitted in

Mycenae ( = Schliemann, v), Schliemann, A/ycenae, p. 292,
fig. 453.

284

THE BRONZES

drawing). Heavy Hues and thin material of
side and bottom give plastic effect.
Plate CXIV.

1977. (Shows to}).) From above Upper
Temple toward tents. Fragment. Condition
poor. Decoration similar to that of Nos. 1975 f.

Disciirded : six fragments, of which one from back of
South Building.

Similar to preceding.

1978. About two thirds of rim preserved.
Broken into two parts. Diameter, about 0.172 m.
Three fields at toj). Upper and lower fields have
circles, the middle field diamond hatching.

Diicartls of Type c : thirty-two fragments, of which
twelve are from back of South Building, two from soutli
slope, one from West Building, and one from " near wall
southeast of house."

Addendum. The following object, which has
an edge like a plate, the depth of a saucer, and
a convex bottom like a low boss, may be put
here.

1979. (Shows top.) From south slope. Frag-
ment. Condition poor. Radius, about 0.034 m.
Width of rim, O.OOG m.-0.0075 m. Bottom
ornamented with short straight lines extending
from outer edge toward centre and struck from
under side.

d. Bowls.

FoKM 1. Top like that of saucers.
Class a. Without handles.

Under this class are included all vases, and
fragments of rims, which do not have traces of
handles on them, the evidence of the complete
examples being, in a majority of the cases,
against the assumption that there were handles
on the missing portions.

Group i. Plain.
Plate CXV.

1980. Defective. Diameter, 0.105 m. Height,
0.031 m. Rests on slight base ring (diameter,
0.055 m. ; height, 0.0016 m. ; thickness,
0.001 m.). Bottom slightly convex on inside.
No boss. Outer edge of bottom indicated by
fine circle on inside. Around outside near top,
a single line. Could be regarded as a saucer
owing to slight depth.

1981. About two thirds of rim preserved, witii
a scrap of side and possibly of bottom. Condi-
tion poor. Present diameter, 0.018 m.

1982. From south slope. Rim with portion
of side put together from seven fragments. Rim
lacks 0.025 m. of completeness. Diameter,
0.151 m. X 0.145 m. Near top, hole (diameter,

0.0025 m.). Two other small holes diagonally
beneath, but probably not original.
Plate CXVI.

1983. Bottom and part of sides gone. Diame-
ter as now bent, 0.215 m. x 0.09 m.

1984. Circle of rim nearly complete. Broken
in two pieces («, li).

The following less complete rims may be put
here, although some of them were perhaps sau-
cers.
Plate CXV.

1985. (Fragments «, 6.) Two other frag-
ments, c, d, which do not fit the others, but from
appearance belong to same rim. Length of a, b,
0.108 m. ; of c-rd, 0.044 m. On outside of
fragment a is engraved an B. For copy see
Ajjpendix.

1986. From back of South Building. Frag-
ments a, b, and c, d. Chord, 0.159 m.

1987. Fragments a-d. Diameter, about
0.13 m.

1988. Fragments a, b. Chord, 0.137 m.

Discarded : eighteen fragments of rims, of which four
from back of South Building, three from south slope, and
one from West Building. Possible that some of them are
from saucers.

The following fragment may be included here
as most likely coming from a large bowl.

1969. Fragment of rim. Condition poor.
Length, 0.045 ni. Bold outside bevel. Possi-
ble traces of one or two lines just below bevel.
Group ii. Ornamented.

The following numbers (1990-2000) may
possibly be from saucers.

1990. (Drawing of left end.) Found below
wall at southeast of Second Temple, April 25,
1893. Rim of which less than half is preserved.
Condition poor. Chord, 0.153 m. Cf. No. 1975.
Top too heavily shaded in drawing.

1991. Fragment of rim. Chord, 0.103 m.
Plate CXVI.

1992. (Drawing of portion.) From back of
South Building. Fragments a and b. Fragment
a, length, 0.094 m. ; fragment b, length, 0.06 m.

1993. Fragment of rim. Condition poor.
Length, 0.067 m. Top heavy, with bevel on
inside and two rolls on outside.

1994. (Drawing of portion.) Rim of which
less than half is preserved. Chord, 0.183 m.
On lip, at right end, inscription with bottoms of
letters toward inside. See Appendix, p. 337.

1995. From south slope. Fragment of rim.
Length, 0.043 m. Circles dotted.

VASES AND CAULDRONS

285

1996. From south slope. Fragment of rim.
Length, 0.057 m. Decoration uncertain owing
to bad preservation. Perha2)s only one field
and that filled with circles or hatching or both.

1997. Fragments a-f. Fragment/' from soutli
slope. Original diameter, about 0.1-42 m.
Traces of ornament on sides like that of pre-
ceding numbers, but no certain traces of bauds
at top.

1998. Fragment of rim. Length, 0.054 m.
No bevel (that which looks so in drawing is
oxidation.) On outside, at 0.0017 m. from
top, possible traces of single engraved line.

1999. (Drawing of middle part.) From back
of South Building. Fragment of rim. Diame-
ter (nearly complete), 0.0123 m. Top has
bevel, slight on inside and i)rominent on out-
side.

2000. Fragment of rim. Original diameter,
about 0.215 m. Top has on outside moulded
bevel followed by heavy grooves. Beneath, leaf
pattern, below which possible trace of scale pat-
tern. Farther down, single line.

Discarded : six fragments similar to the above.

The following fragments of rims are more cer-
tainly from bowls.

2001. Original diameter, about 0.102 m. At
top, bevel inside and outside. Three bands at
top, with no certain trace of ornament on them.

2002. Fragments a and b. Length, 0.093 ni.
Top has bevel on outside. Beneath, two raised
bands.

Plate CXVII.

2003. Length, 0.281 m. Top has bevel on
outside. Beneath, leaf pattern, above and below
which bands.

2004. Length, 0.0565 m. Top has heavy
bevel on outside. At 0.0015 m., 0.0062 m.,
0.0082 m., and 0.0092 m. from bevel, single jjlain
grooves.

Discarded : one similar to No. 2004.

2005. Length, 0.189 m. Original diameter,
probably about 0.55 m. Width of rim, 0.016 m.
ornament as in Plate. Leaves of palmette and
central leaves of lotus terminate in a series of
adjoining double circles usually open on sides
toward centre of field. At base of lotus leaves,
two of these double circles put together with
open sides facing in opposite directions. In the
small portion left beneath lowest band, semi-
circles (uncertain how nearly complete ori-
ginally), between which arrowhead termination
of ornament.

For ornament cf. Ilolwerda, Jahrh. V. p. 240.
Cf. also Juhrh. VI. Anx. p. 125, No. 12 e.
Addciuhini. Fragment of side of inlaid bowl.

2006. No original edge preserved. Inside
pentagonal space (only three sides preserved)
depressed to about half the thickness of the
bowl, probably for inlaying.

Class ji. With handles.
Group i. Plain.

2007. Found back of South Building in 1894. »
Handles and bottom gone. Diameter, 0.088 m.
On one side, near top, two holes 0.0325 ni. apart
for rivets of handle. On opposite side rivets are
preserved. One of tliem holds small fragment
of handle.

2008. Fragment of rim of large bowl. Length,
0.105 m. Projecting top with bevel beneath.
Near top, holes for handle (diameter, 0.008 m.,
distance apart, 0.0365 m.).

Group ii. Ornamented.

2009. Fragment of rim. Length, 0.03 m.
At one end near top, small hole (broken out).
Decorated with three narrow double bands.

Form 2. Contracted top.
Class a. Without rim.

2010. Fragment of top. Oi'iginal diameter at
toj), about 0.085 m.

2011. From south slope. Fragment of top.
Original diameter, about 0.087 m.

The following fragment is perhaps from a
vessel of similar sliape.

2012. No original edge preserved. Length,
0.04 m.

Class yS. With rims projecting on outside.
Classification of following fragments some-
what uncertain, owing to their small size.
Grouj) i. Plain.

2013. Length, 0.036 m.

2014. Fragments «, h, c. From rim of large
vessel. Length. 0.013 m. Top formed by roll-
ing upper edge outward.

Group ii. Ornamented.

2015. Length, 0.0355 m. No curve. Top as
in No. 2014. Broad zigzag.

2016. Length, 0.022 m. Rim solid. Broad
zigzag with four grooves beneath.

Form 3. Top somewhat contracted and
differentiated from body as a sort

OF NECK.

2017. From back of South Building. Length,
0.055 m. Side crimped from 0.0175 m. from
top. Just above crimps, ring of connected cres-
cents.

286

THE BRONZES

2018. (Fragments a, J. and /t.) Frag-
ments u-L Length of a and b, 0.075 ni. Seems
to have bulged sharply outward at beginning of
crimps, and then to have passed to bottom by a
fairly straight slope.

In Bernardiui tomb(Museo Kircheriano), four
large shallow bowls with crimped sides. No boss
in bottom.
e. Suspension vase.

2019. Found at east end of steps, south slope,
April 24, 1893. In side not photographed, hole
corroded through (0.025 m. x 0.016 m.). Con-
dition poor. Diameter, 0.0395 m. Height,
0.0525 m. Thickness, 0.0008 m. and less.
Rests on standard 0.0154 m. in height. Lower
part of standard rounded. Vase cast as one
piece-
Possible that traces of wire for suspension ex-
isted before cleaning. Similar bronze vase from
Aegina in Nat. Mus., Athens.

B. WITH SHOULDER (UNCERTAIN WHETHER
ORIGINALLY WITH NECK).

2020. Top broken out around edges. Small
, hole in bottom. Condition poor. Diameter,

0.043 m. Height, 0.0295 m. Diameter of
present opening at top, 0.026 m. Bottom dis-
tinguished from sides (height, 0.0012 m. ; di-
ameter, 0.025 m.).

2021. Top and bottom gone. Condition bad.
Diameter, 0.059 m. Height as preserved, 0.03 m.
Side showing in Plate, probably the top.

C. WITH SHOULDER AND NECK.

a. Pitcher.

2022. Bottom broken off, and centre of it
missing. Diameter, 0.041 m. Height, 0.061.
Diameter of top, 0.0235 m.; of opening, 0.0115 m.;
of bottom, 0.0214 m. Surface of top slants
slightly toward opening. Handle riveted at bot-
tom and probably at top. Upper part has form
of serpent's head with jaw resting on rim. Eyes
seem to have been indicated.

For shape and style cf. bronze pitcher from
Mycenae (outside of shaft-graves), Mus. No.
2767.

b. Jars.

Form 1. Short. Vertical or nearly ver-
tical NECK.
Class a. Plain.
Arranged with reference to development of
rim.

2023. From back of South Building. Fraff-

ments of top («, i). Length, 0.026 m. Flares
slightly outward, but has no rim.

2024. From back of South Building. Frag-
ments of top broken in two pieces («, i).
Length, 0.09 ni. Diameter was about 0.138 m.
at top. Slight flare, but no rim. At right end
of fragment 6, near top, small hole now broken
out.

2025. From back of South Building. Frag-
ment of top. Length, 0.0815 m. Thickens and
flares at top.

2026. Fragment of neck. Length, 0.045 m.
Rim formed by outward roll of top (width,
0.009 m.). Height of neck, 0.009 m.

2027. From south slope. Fragment of top
with beginning of shoulder. Length, 0.10 m.
Original diameter at top, about 0.157 m. Rim
formed as in No. 2026. Width, 0.003 m.

2028. Fragments a, c, and f are from back of
South Building. Several fragments of top (^'i-f).
Diameter, 0.15 m. Rim flat (width, 0.005 m.).
Fragments c and d preserve beginning of slioul-
der.

2029. Fragments of top (a, 6) with beginning
of shoulder. Diameter (nearly complete),
0.09 m. Rim flat. Width, 0.006 m.

Class ji. Ornamented.
Plate CXVIII.

2030. Fragment of neck. Length, 0.043 m.
Top flares. Near top four fine parallel encir-
cling lines. Placed here because of similarity
in style to following number.

2031. Fragments of neck («-c, not certain
that h and c join) with beginning of shoulder.
Diameter, 0.089 m. Flares at top and bottom.
Width of rim, 0.004 m. Beneath rim, four lines
as in No. 2030.

2032. (In centre beneath plaster, piece in-
serted as support while photographing.) Frag-
ments of neck, a-d. Flares at top (width of
rim, 0.004 m.). Beneath, three lines as in No.
2030.

2033. From south slope. Two fragments of
rim with handles attached and beginning of
shoulder. Diameter, 0.083 m. Height of neck,
0.0215 m. Rim flat on top (width, 0.0045 m.).
Passes to neck by slight bevel, at base of which
four lines as in No. 2030. Handles flat and plain
on inside. On outside, raised edges and centre,
which are cut down near rim. From point of
junction with rim ends flatten and curve about
neck. Width at end, 0.039 m. This end fas-
tened with rivets, of whicli heads on inside are

VASES AND CAULDRONS

287

larger than those on outside, probably for orna-
ment. Lower end of handles joined vase, but
there is no trace of any fastening.

2034. One handle gone. Surface injured by
corrosion. Diameter, 0.055 m. Height, 0.079 ra.
Kim flat on top (width, 0.0033 m.). Passes to
neck by plain bevel, beneath which two lines as
in No. 2030. Bottom concave on under side.
At top of leaf pattern (left side in Plate) about
body, hole (diameter, 0.0015 m.). Handle fas-
tened at upper end by two rivets, one on each
side. Shafts of corresponding rivets preserved
in opposite side of neck. Rivet-heads not orna-
mental, but slightly larger and more prominent
on inside. Lower end of handle not riveted.
Ends in palmette. On top of handle, resting on
very low basis, sphinx, looking toward inside.
Cast solid with handle. Height, 0.021 m. Lower
part of legs solid and unornamented. No tail.
Wings double and alike in decoration. Short,
thick neck. Rather heavy face, with eyes nearly
circular, full rounded chin, and small mouth.
Hair represented as a mass distinguished plas-
tically from forehead and cheeks, but no details
are given except a single line near front. On
left side of neck three short cross lines, which
may indicate that hair came down side of neck ;
on the right side it is carried down in the
modeling.^

Form 2. Upper part of neck flares to-
ward TOP AND about CORRESPONDS IN
LENGTH TO NECKS OF PRECEDING FORM.

2035. Found on south slope stairs, middle,
April 24, 1895. Handles with small piece of
rim attached. Diameter of top, 0.086 m. ; of
bottom of preserved part, 0.066 m. Heavy,
solid handles, inside plain. On outside, raised
edges and centre which are separated from con-
cave fields by single grooves. On sides of han-
dles, similar groove running down centre. Upper
side cut away near rim as in No. 2033. End of
handle grips rim of vase, and then spreads about
neck beneath ledge. Fastened by rivets at up-
per end. Head of rivets larger on inside. Un-
certain how lower end was fastened. No signs
of attachment. Shape of remainder of neck
uncertain, but it seems to have widened rapidly.

Form 3. Neck closes inward from
shoulder.

2036. From south slope. Fragment of neck.

' For general design cf. Olympia, No. 071, ascribed by
Furtwangler to sixth century. Its form is simpler and less
developed than that of Heraeum specimen. Cf . also for

Length, 0.08 m. Width of rim, 0.009 m. Flare
at bottom probably beginning of shoulder.

Addenda to Vases. («'.) The following frag-
ment is perhaps top of neck of rimless jar.

2037. Fi'om south slope. Condition poor.
Bent. Diameter, 0.082 m. x 0.055 m. About
top, narrow leaf pattern. Leaves indented.
Groove above, below, and across lower end.

(5'.) The following pieces have bottom or bot-
tom and sides backed by lead.

Without shoulder or neck (low basin).

2038. Fragments a-f. Uncleaned. Fragment
a. About two thirds of circle of bottom and
side. Condition poor. Bent. Diameter at
present about 0.30 m. About side and edge of
bottom, inserted lead strip. Thickness, 0.01 m.
to 0.04 m. Lead covered inside and out with
sheet bronze, but changed in shape through being
melted. No indication that sides rose higher
than at present. On under side, two pieces
belonging to bottom attached by rivets. Frag-
ments h-f are of lead except for small pieces of
bronze attached to h, c, and d. Fragments c
and d join. Contour of edge of bottom pre-
served by c and e (Plate shows under side
of e). It was depressed and surrounded by deep
groove.

W^ith shoulder and neck (cauldron).
Plate CXIX.

2039. From West Building. Besides frag-
ments a-7i, which show in Plate, twelve small
bits of bronze. All except a and b may belong
either to this number or to No. 2038. Fragment
a. Part of side and bottom. Length, 0.36 m.
All bronze except for piece of backing about
edge of bottom. Bottom attached to side by
rivets. Was possibly, though not probably,
double. Side j)iece was joined to its continua-
tion at one end by rivets. Fragment b. About
half of rim with piece of side. Diameter of rim,
0.222 m. Height of rim, 0.021 m. Rim double,
with upper edge bent outward. Not certain
where pieces join, but probably in shoulder.
Fragment c. Two pieces of bronze riveted to-
gether. Fragments d-h have rectangular holes
made with solid punch. Large round holes in
fragment g cut with hollow punch from opposite
side to that from which rectangular hole was
struck.

(c'.) Unclassified bottoms (mainly bosses).

shape small clay amphora from Mycenae (outside of shaft-
graves), No. 1111.

288

THE BRONZES

2040. Top luostly gone, and condition poor.
Boss. Diameter, 0.048 m.

2041. Fragment of boss. Diameter, 0.05 m.

2042. From south slo])e. Two fragments
wliieii do not belong to same boss. Kiglit-hand
fragment discarded.

2043. From south slope. Diameter of boss,
0.033 m.

2044. Diameter of boss, 0.022 m.

2045. From 1)ack of South Building. Frag-
ment with part of boss. Dimensions, 0.057 m. x
0.049 in. Beginning of boss indicated by gToove
on under side. Outside, ring of small dots.
Inside (1) ring of short straight lines pointing
toward centre, (2) ring of small dots.

2046. (Shows upper side.) Diameter of boss,
0.03 m.

2047. (Shows under side.) Diameter of boss,
0.041 m. Hole in ornament, 0.0065 m. in di-
ameter, filled with iron.

Dixcards : ten bosses, of which one from back of South
Building and three from south slope. Unclassified frag-
ments of vases, 252, of which 115 from back of South
Building, one from south slope, and one from West Build-
ing.

D. HANDLES OF VASES AND CAULDRONS.

DIVSION I. HORIZONTAL. DIRECT ATTACHMENT.

Type a. Rounded bar.

Form 1. Broad.
Clasn a. Riveted.

2048. From south slope. Width, 0.047 m.
Projected, 0.03 m. One foot has part of bronze
rivet, the other has rivet and small piece from
side of vase adhering.

Class p. Stuck.
(«'.) Plain.

2049. Width, 0.0393 m. Projected, 0.0245 m.

(&'.) Ornamented.

2050. Width, 0.0397 m. Projected, 0.0265 m.
In centre of bar, bead with grooved ring at either
side. At each end of bar transition to foot by
ring.

Form 2. Narrower. Stuck. Unorna-

MENTED.

Group i. Rounded feet.

2051. One side defective. Projected, 0.041 m.
from vase.

2052. From south slope. Width, 0.033 m.
Projected, 0.037 m.

Group ii. Long feet.

2053. One foot about half gone. Projected,
0.0335 m.

1 Identified by Miss

Form 3. Large. Roinded foot. Hori-
zontal PLANES. Feet stuck.

2054. Part of one leg left. Projected, 0.040 m.
Transition ring between leg and foot. Foot
somewhat concave. Small round hole near cen-
tre, probably a flaw.

Form 4. Large. Flower at centre of
BAH. Feet stuck.

2055. Fragment of one leg. Projected, about
0.07 m. Cast in one piece.

Cf. Olympia, No. 911, for complete example
of this handle.
Type b. Flat bar. Projects in horizontal

plane. Feet stuck.

2056. One foot gone. Width, 0.103 m. Pro-
jected, 0.036 m. Foot concave in long axis as
though attached to rim. Leaf jiattern. Small
circles at joinings of tops of leaves.

Similar, but more elaborate, De Ridder,
Bronzes de V Acrojiole, No. 210.
Plate CXX.

2057. Both feet broken and defective. Pro-
jected, 0.0505 m. Feet concave in long axis.^
Type c. Rectangular bar with rounded

corners. Feet probably stuck.

2058. One foot gone, the other damaged and
bent. Width, 0.055 m. Projected, 0.05 m.
Type d. Rectangular bar with broader side

upright.

2059. From back of South Building. Condi-
tion poor. Width, about 0.095 m. Projected,
about 0.03 ni.

2060. Condition poor. Width, 0.08 m. Pro-
jected, 0.061 ni. Feet must have held nearly
rectangular edge.

Discarded : one.

Type e. Rounded polygonal and triangular
bar w^ith legs bent upvrard. Feet stuck.

With this type cf. handles of broken bowls
from Mycenae, e. g. Mus. No. 2368.

Form 1. Triangular bar.

Under side somewhat more convex than the
others, and usually somewhat wider.
Class a. Legs hent.

206L (Shows under side.) Width, 0.0955 m.
Surface of feet flattened on one side for attach-
ment.

2062. (Shows under side.) Width, 0.0585 m.
Foot has slightly concave surface for attachment.

Class /3. Nearly horizontal.

2063. Width, 0.065 m. Surface of foot has
slit lengthwise for attachment.

M. Louise Nichols.

HANDLES OF VASES AND CAULDRONS

289

2064. (Shows upper side.) Width, 0.058 m.
Oblong shallow holes in both feet.

2065. From back of South Building. Width,
0.07G ID. Oblong holes in feet.

Cf. Olympia, No. 926 (no holes in feet).

Form 2. Top and bottom of bar almost
flat, sides convex and wider. at-
tached to surface avith sharp slant.

2066. (Shows upper side.) From back of
South Building. Width, 0.06 m.

Form 3. Rounded bar, in part ellipti-
cal. Broader side in horizontal plane.
Attached to surfaces with sharp
slant.

2067. (Shows upper side.) Width, 0.066 m.
Knobs at side undercut.

2068. Width, 0.075 m. Conical, undercut
knobs.

Type f. Bar broad and flat.

2069. Small fragment. Length, 0.036 m.
Thickness, 0.0018 m. Back flat, bevels only on
one side. Regarded as fragment of handle
(rather than of a wheel) after analogy of follow-
ing number.

2070. Broken at both ends. Length, 0.091 m.
Thickness, 0.002 m.

Type g. Bar has returning ends.

2071. (Drawing of half.) From south slope.
Width, 0.224 m. Thickness, about 0.0035 m.
Holes for nostrils.

Cf . De Ridder, Bronzes de VAcropole, No. 212.

Addenda. The following fragments seem to
be from handles of shape somewhat similar to
No. 2071.

2071 a. Condition poor. Length, 0.038 m.
Two small holes for rivets. Object could be
attached decorative serpent's head.

2071 b. Length, 0.125 m. Rivet for attach-
ment, 0.004 m. in diameter. Head on inside of
vessel, diameter, 0.007 m. Returning end or-
namented with narrow convex surface in cut at
0.0185 m. from tip.

Discarded: two.

DIVISION II. horizontal. INDIRECT ATTACH-
MENT.

Type a. Attachment by external rivet.
Form 1. Foot turns outward.

2072. One foot gone. Present width, 0.03 m.
Form 2. Foot turns inward.

2073. One foot uncoiled, twisted, and broken
off. Condition poor. Width, 0.0535 m.
Through left foot passes rivet with small piece

of metal attached to each end. Between upper
piece and bar, another slightly thicker piece.
Type b. Attachment by eyelet.

Form 1. Bar curves outward at foot.
Plate CXXI.

2074. From above last part of Stoa under
Cyclopean wall. Bar broken at both ends. In
each case, broken out hole through which rivet
passed which held it to side of vase. Length of
bar, 0.054 m. Width on flat side, 0.007 m.
Right eyelet (in Plate) formed by meeting of
two semicircular prongs.

Cf. Olympia, No. 664, with shorter returning
ends. Similar piece with different purpose from
Argos specimen from temple of Athena Cranaea
near Elateia (B. C. H. XIL p. 55 [P. Paris]).

2075. From back of South Building. Both
ends broken. Length, 0.0375 m.

2076. From back of South Building. One
leg preserved. Length, 0.064 m.

2076 a. One end gone. Height, 0.022 m.
Knob at end.

2077. Bar for attachment. Cf. No. 2074.
Length, 0.051 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. Inner
diameter of eyelets, 0.004 m. and 0.0045 m.
Right rivet projects at back 0.001 m., the other
less.

Addenda to Form 1. The following num-
bers are perhaps only bent pieces of wire.

2078. Length, 0.05 m.

For curve of end cf. Olympia, No. 864.

2078 a. From back of South Building.
Height, 0.037 m. Perhaps better regarded as
a spit end.

2078 b. Uncleaned. One end gone. Rec-
tangular bar with ordinary angular knob in cen-
tre of bow. Height, 0.037 m.

Discards of Form 1 : ten (of which six uncleaned).

Form 2. Bar curves inward at foot.

2079. From south slope. One foot gone.
Width, 0.033 m. Cf. No. 2073.

Addeiidtim to Form 2. It is not certain that
the following number is a handle.

2080. Bent. Height, 0.054 m.

Form 3. Bar a simple ring (closed or
open).

Class a. Eyelet passes through object and
is bent back on inside. (Perhaps only
ornamental attached rings, but formally
best put here.)

2081. Condition poor. Diameter of ring,
0.0132 m.

2082. Attached piece damaged, but perhaps

290

THE BRONZES

lias upper edge original. Diameter of ring,
0.0165 in. Ends of eyelet bent back flat on in-
side and in opposite directions. Attached piece
a sort of ear, wliich was itself probably attached
to side of vase.

Cf. ornaments of eyelet and ring on elliptical
bronze cist in Museo Gregoriano, No. 327, Mas.
Gre,j. I. pi. 87.

2083. King and part of eyelet. Diameter,
0.022") ni. King open and ends meet in eyelet.

2084. From back of South Building. One
side of eyelet strap gone. Diameter, 0.0264 m.

2085. Eyelet gone, but ring has narrow de-
pression where it passed. Diameter, 0.035 m.
Bar somewhat flat.

2086. Seems to be complete, although only
one end of strap passed through object. King
rather flat (section would be pear-shaped). Dia-
meter, 0.0198 m.

Discarded: one.

Class /3. Eydet welded to plate which was
riveted to object.

2087. Diameter of ring, 0.046 m. Thickness
of plate, 0.0015 m.-0.003 m. Eyelet cast sepa-
rately. Diameter, 0.0165 m. Above, two rivets.
Type c. Feet turn in and pivot in ends of

attached socket-piece.

Not all cases which fall formally under this
type are true pivots. The feet often meet in the
socket-piece, thus agreeing essentially with
Type b. It seems best to put them all together,
partly because of the formal connection and
partly because it is difficult in many cases to
ascertain whether there is a true pivot or not.

FOKM 1. RODNDED BOW.

Class a. Bar tapers to end of feet without
indication of point where they become
pivots.
Group i. High bow. Bow plain.

(a'.) Handles from which socket-piece
is lost.

2088. Width, 0.0177 m. Height, 0.0165 m.

2089. Width, 0.023 m. Height, 0.014 m.

2090. Width, 0.0233 m. Height, 0.017 m.

2091. Width, 0.024 m. Height, 0.0227 m.

2092. Width, 0.026 m. Height, 0.023 m.

2093. Width, 0.0266 m. Height, 0.0225 m.

2094. Width, 0.0267 m. Height, 0.021 m.

2095. Width, 0.027 m. Height, 0.024 m.

2096. Width, 0.027 m. Height, 0.025 m.

2097. Width, 0.0275 m. Height, 0.0245 m.

2098. Width, 0.028 m. Height, 0.0262 m.

2099. Width, 0.0284 m. Height, 0.0255 m.

2100. From south slope. Width, 0.0287 m.
Height, 0.0215 m.

2101. Width, 0.0287 m. Height, 0.024 m.

2102. Width, 0.029 m. Height, 0.0245 m.

2103. From West Building. Width, 0.029 m.
Height, 0.026 m.

2104. Width, 0.0293 m. Height, 0.0245 m.

2105. From south slope. Width, 0.03 m.
Height, 0.0253 m.

2106. Width, 0.032 m. Height, 0.027 m.

2107. From back of South Building. Width,
0.0323 m. Height, 0.03 m.

2108. Points blunted. Width, 0.0332 m.
Height, 0.0245 m.

2109. From West Building. One point
broken. Width, 0.0357 m. Height, 0.027 m.

2110. Points blunted. Width, 0.0365 m.
Height, 0.027 m.

211L From back of South Building. Points
blunted. Width, 0.0414 m. Height, 0.0317 m.

2112. Points broken. Width, 0.0414 m.
Height, 0.0368 m,

2113. From south slope. Width, 0.0424 m.
Height, 0.0337 m.

2114. Width, 0.051 m. Height, 0.043 m.

2115. Points damaged. Width, 0.122 m.
Height, 0.095 m.

In the following numbers (2116-2118) the
opening is at one end of flat side.

2116. Width, 0.021 m. Height, 0.0215 m.
Ends overlap slightly.

2117. Uncertain whether ends are broken.
Width, 0.0233 m. Height, 0.02 m.

2118. Both ends probably broken. Bent.
Width, 0.0563 m. Not certainly a handle, but
shape of bow hardly accidental.

Addenda. It is not certain whether the follow-
ing numbers (2119-2122) are handles.

2119. Width, 0.0233 m. Height, 0.0275 m.
Bar rectangular at end. Ends overlap at centre
of under side.

2120. Width, 0.032 m. Height, 0.0295 m.
Ends meet.

212L Ends broken. Width, 0.025 m. Height,
0.022 m.

2122. Ends broken. Bent. Width, 0.053 m.
Height, 0.0355 m.

Besides the above, there are a number of open
rings which have on the side where the ends
meet a flattened or pulled-out appearance, sug-
gesting a possible use as handles.

2123. Width, 0.019 m. Height, 0.0215 m.
Ends overlap.

HANDLES OF VASES AND CAULDRONS

291

2124. Points injured. Width, 0.0199 m.
Height, 0.0185 m.

2125. Ends damaged. Width, 0.021 m.
Height, 0.0235 m. Section of bai- would be a
flattened ellipse.

2126. Width, 0.0217 m. Height, 0.023 m.

2127. From West Building. Width,
0.0239 m. Height, 0.0233 m.

2128. Width, 0.0247 m. Height, 0.0237 m.
Ends overlap slightly.

2129. Width, 0.0253 m. Height, 0.0265 m.
overlap.

2130. Ends injured. Width, 0.031 m.
Height, 0.0335 m.

Discards of (a') : twenty-seveu, of which two from back
of South Building aud one from south slope.

(6'.) Handles with socket-piece pre-
served.
(1'.) Socket-piece plain.

2131. Socket-piece partly broken out, but did
not meet originally. Width, 0.0205 m. Height,
0.0243 m. Length of socket-piece, 0.0067 m.

2132. From back of South Building. De-
fective and in poor condition. Width, 0.022 m.
Height, 0.026 m. Socket-piece open. Length,
0.0075 m.

2133. From West Building. Width, 0.032 ra.
Height, 0.0275 m. Socket-piece open. Length,
0.012 m. Interior filled with lead.

2134. Condition poor. 0.0323 m. Height,
0.032 m. Socket-piece open. Length, 0.0135 m.

2135. From south slope. Width, 0.0407 m.
Height, 0.033 m. Socket-piece open. Length,
0.016 m. Interior filled with lead. Socket-
piece turns still.

(2'.) Socket-piece ornamented with
grooves.

2136. From West Building. Socket-piece
damaged at one end. Width, 0.0188 m. Height,
0.018 m. Socket-piece open and sides overlap.
Length, 0.009 m.

2137. Part of ring gone. Condition poor.
Width, 0.021 m. Height, 0.0167 m. Length
of socket-piece, 0.01 m. One side slightly flat-
tened. Ornamented with about five grooves
which in best preserved part look like screw-
thread.

2138. Width, 0.023 m. Height, 0.02 m.
Length of socket-piece, 0.0115 m.

2139. Width, 0.026 m. Height, 0.022 m.
Length of socket-piece, 0.01 m. Turns.

2140. From back of South Building. Width,
0.0275 m. Height, 0.025 m. Length of socket-

piece, 0.016 m. Ends of ring, 0.0015 m. apart,
visible at ojiening between ends of socket-
piece.

2141. Width, 0.0435 m. Height, 0.0405 m.
Socket-piece open. Length, 0.0155 m.

2142. From West Building. Width, 0.06 m.
Height, 0.046 m. Socket-piece flattened on at-
tached side to surface of 0.007 m. in width.
Length, 0.035 m.

Cf. Olympia, No. 843, and for use, ihid.
No. 845 (sketch). Also Burlington Fine Arts
Club, Exhibition of Ancient Greek Art (1904),
A 8 (pi. xlv.).

Discarded: one (under 2').

Group ii. High ornamented bow. Only
one example and that doubtful.

2143. Defective and in poor condition.
Width, 0.0388 m. Height, 0.0275 ni. At
centre of bow, bead with ring at either side (all
one piece with bow). Section of bar would be
octagonal.

Group iii. Bow flattened. Plain.
(«'.) Socket-piece lost.

2144. Width, 0.034 m. Height, 0.019 m.

2145. Width, 0.0345 m. Height, 0.0215 m.

2146. From West Building. Condition poor.
Width, 0.0365 m. Height, 0.019 m.

2147. Width, 0.0365 m. Height, 0.0205 m.

2148. Height, 0.021 m. Width, 0.037 m,

2149. Condition poor. Width, 0.038 m.
Height, 0.019 m.

2150. Width, 0.038 m. Height, 0.025 m.

2151. Width, 0.042 m. Height, 0.023 m.

2152. From south slope. Condition poor.
Width, 0.04 m. Height, 0.023 m.

2153. Width, 0.0455 m. Height, 0.027 m.

2154. From south slope. Width, 0.0455 m.
Height, 0.0235 m.

2155. Width, 0.051 m. Height, 0.0215 m.

2156. Width, 0.0575 m. Height, 0.0265 m.
The following have opening at end of pivot

side.

2157. Part of bottom gone. Width, 0.035 m.
Height, 0.026 m.

2158. Width, 0.0379 m. Height, 0.0196 m.

2159. Width, 0.044 m. Height, 0.0275 m.
The following has ends meeting at centre and

overlapping.

2160. Ends damaged. Width, 0.0373 m.
Height, 0.025 m.

Addendum. The following object has shape
of handle of this group, but is perhaps better
regarded as end of bladed spit.

292

THE BRONZES

2161. Width, 0.052 m. Height, 0.024 m.

Discards of {a') : twenty-one cleaned, mostly fragments,
one being from soutli slope, one from West Building, and
two from back of same building ; also four uncleaned
fragments.

(6'.) Socket-piece preserved. Socket-
piece ornamented.
Plate CXXH.

2162. Condition poor. Width, 0.03 m. Height,
0.018 m. Socket-piece flattened on one side.

2163. Width, 0.0345 m. Height, 0.021 ra.

2164. From West Building. Width, 0.0385 m.
Height, 0.028 m. Shallow holes in socket-piece
in which ends of ring play freely.

Discarded : one.

Group iv. Flattened bow. Bow omar
mented.
(a'.) Ornament in centre of bow.

2165. Width, 0.048 m. Height, 0.035 m.

2166. From south slope. Width, 0.04 m.
Cf. Ofi/mjna, No. 836.

2167. Ring defective. Width, 0.033 m.
Height, 0.02 m.

2168. From West Building. Width, 0.0765 m.
Height, 0.046 m.

Discards of (a') : three uncleaned and uncertain frag-
ments.

(6'.) Ornament at ends of bow.

2169. Width, 0.0375 m. Height, 0.025 m.

2170. Width, 0.094 m. Height, 0.054 m.
Bar octagonal in section, with four broader sides
connected by four that are narrower. Socket-
piece has groove on top extending nearly to
centre. Bottom and side of groove of bronze.

For style of ring part, cf. Olympia, No. 829.
Class p. Pivots separated from remainder
of bar by beads.
Group i. High bow.

2171. Width, 0.0395 m. Height, 0.033 m.

2172. Found probably northeast corner near
east end of Stoa and near or under Cyclopean
wall. Width, 0.048 m. Next to pivots, bead
with narrow ring at either side.

Group ii. Flattened bow.

2173. About half gone. Height, 0.0355 m.

2174. Condition poor. "Width, 0.062 m. Un-
certain whether pivots are inserted or cast with
object. Probably the former.

Cf. Olympia, No. 835.

Discard : one uncleaned, similar to No. 2174.

Form 2. Rectangular bow.
(«'.) Plain.

2175. Ends broken. Width, 0.10 m. Incom-

pleteness renders classification uncertain. Could
be put with Olymjna, No. 602 (horizontal, riveted
fiat ends).

(?>'.) Ornamented.

2176. From back of South Building. Ends
broken. Width, 0.046 m. Bar rectangular,
with sharp corners.

2177. Condition poor. Width, 0.141 m.
Height, 0.004 m. Bar octagonal.

Cf. Olymina, Nos. 825, 827, especially the

latter.

Type d. Similar to Type c, but the socket-
piece is attached to the body of the ring,
forming a sort of eyelet. It is not, how-
ever, a true eyelet any more than it is a
true socket-piece, and hence is best put
apart from Types b and c.

2178. Socket-piece much damaged. Height
of ring, 0.026 m. Original length of socket-
piece, about 0.011 m. Probably plain.

2179. Condition poor. Width of ring,
0.0335 m. Possible traces of ornamental grooves
on socket-piece.

Addenda to Types c and d. Socket-pieces and
applied ornaments of same form. (For another
use, viz. on tripod standards, cf. Olympia, p. 128,
No. 814.)

(a'.) Socket-pieces (holes for pivots in ends).

2180. Length, 0.018 m. Diameter, 0.0125 m.
Interior lead. Plain.

The following numbers (2181-2185) have
ornamental grooves.

2181. From West Building. Length, 0.011 m.
Diameter, 0.0068 m. x 0.005 m. Interior lead.

2182. From West Building. Condition poor.
Length, 0.0164 m. Diameter, 0.007 m. x
0.006 m. Interior filled with lead, in each end
of which small hole.

2183. From West Building. Length, 0.033 m.
Diameter, 0.0135 m. Interior fiUed with lead,
in each end of which hole.

2184. Length, 0.0315 m. Diameter, 0.01 m.
One side flattened to surface of 0.005 m.

2185. Length, 0.0305 m. Diameter, 0.0113 m.
Flattened on one side to 0.007 m.

It is not certain that the following number
belongs here.

2186. Thin sheet rolled so that ends meet.
Length, 0.029 m.

Discards of (a') : Ave (uncleaned).

(6'.) Applied ornaments of same or similar
form.

2187. Length, 0.0505 m. On one side shal-

HANDLES OF VASES AND CAULDRONS

293

low groove, 0.004 m.-O.OOG m. wide, running
lengthwise. Ends smooth and slightly convex.

According to Furtwiingler, Olympiu, p. 135,
groove indicates attachment to a rim.

The following are slightly different.

2188. From West Building. Length, 0.039 m.
Slightly curved. Cf . No. 2788, with which this
should be classed.

2189. From West Building. Length, 0.025 m.
Diameter, 0.0075 m. Round. Solid.

The following is of uncertain use.

2190. Ends probably incomplete. Length,
0.029 m. Diameter, 0.012 m. Slightly curved.
One side slightly flattened.

Discards of (//) : two (uncleaned).

DIVISION III. VERTICAL,

Type a. Top of handle about on level with
top of vase.

2191. Ends broken. Height, 0.043 m. Width,
0.013 m. Convex bands at side ornamented
with zigzag of bent lines.

2192. Upper part damaged. Height, 0.038 m.
Ornament of arrowhead hatching in centre,
and of hatched transverse lines on adjoining
rolls.

2193. Upper end gone. Height, 0.045 m.
Width, 0.025 m. On side ridges, oblique hatch-
ing, at edges of fields, dots. Central ridge has
two lines at top, but elsewhere nothing certain.

2194. Height, 0.042 m. Width, 0.02 m.
Ornament of vertical grooves.

For ornament cf. Olympia, No. 656.
Type b. Top of handle rises above vase.
Class a. Rather heavy flat bar with or
without ridges at side.

2195. Top damaged. Condition poor. Height,
0.051 m. Width, 0.012 m. Vertical grooves.

2196. Condition poor. Height, 0.05 m. Width,
0.016 m. Ornament of vertical grooves.

2197. From back of South Building. Dam-
aged at upper end, lower end gone. Height,
0.071 m. Width, 0.016 m. Grooves.
Plate CXXIII.

2198. Top damaged. Height, about 0.07 m.
Width, 0.032 m. Guilloche of double grooves
at outer edge of each field.

Not certain that following number belongs
here.
Plate CXXII.

2199. From south slope. Ends damaged, un-
certain just how much. Condition poor. Height,
0.038 m. Width, 0.0127 m. Near top, rivet.

Slightly concave, otherwise no certain traces of
ornament.

Class (3. Bar convex on outside.
Plate CXXIII.

2200. Ends damaged. Condition poor. Height,
0.086. Width, 0.012 m. Both ends worked off
from upper side for attachment. No certain
trace of ornament.

Class y. Heavy convex triangular bar. Or-
namented with figure in relief.

2201. Upper part damaged at place of attach-
ment. Condition poor. Height, 0.051 m. Lower
end indented on outside, doubtful whether origi-
nally. Inside of lower end concave. No marks
of attachment. Upper end has deep groove for
attachment to rim. Beneath groove, two rivet-
holes (one now broken out). Above broken-out
hole, a rivet. Above attachment, lion's head in
low relief facing toward vase. Treatment
sketchy and decorative. Nose low and broad,
with nostrils indicated. Ahnond-shaped eyes in
hollow sockets. Mouth indicated by two paral-
lel grooves close together. Small ears. No cer-
tain indication of mane. Contour of handle but
slightly altered.

Type c. Top attached to upper surface of
top of vase.

2202. Height, 0.104 m. Width, 0.0235 m.
In centre of top, hole cut from above (diameter,
0.01 m.). Ornament of arrowheads, in some
places close enough together to be called a zig-
zag. At beginning of top, three large dots,
punched from beneath, at right angles to axis
of handle.

The following object of uncertain use is put
here owing to similarity of form.

2203. Upper end broken. Condition poor.
Length, 0.0575 m. Has tail and beginning of
head. The sort of gill showing on lower side
of head in Plate does not appear on the other
side. Tail has no surface for attachment. Ob-
ject seems to be a handle in form of serpent (or
fish), but roughly executed.

Discards of vertical handles : four, of which two are from
south slope.

Addenda to Handles (D). (a'.) Attachment
pieces for hoop or string handles.

2204. Width, 0.08 m. Lion's head rounded
on top. From it rises ring, cast solid with re-
mainder of object, with hole 0.006 m. in diame-
ter. Treatment of head decorative. Small ears
(only right preserved). Eyes given by small,
round, rather deep (about 0.005 m.) holes, in

294

THE BRONZES

long, shallow, almond-shaped sockets. Nostrils
indicated. jVIoutli rendered by groove. For
style, see III. 5, b (above, p. 203).

For heads of similar use, cf. Oli/mpia, Nos.
789 f.

2205i One ear gone. Condition poor. Width,
0.82 ni. Griffin's head. Sides pi-obably repre-
sent wings. Vessel to which object was at-
tached was large and slightly narrowed at toj).
Details of head sketchy. Ear a rounded blade
with dull point. Horn about 0.003 m. in height.
Beak curved and thin. Between ears, indenta-
tion which seems too slight for place of eyelet.
No other place of attachment for handle. Per-
haps merely ornamental.

Cf. Olympia, No. 791.

(6'.) Not clear whether following two numbers
were intended chiefly as handles or as orna-
ments.

2206. Length, 0.081 m. Ends concave on
under side for attachment to rounded surface.

2207. Length, 0.0615 m. Same on both sides,
except that one side is more concave, and hence
was probably the under side. In end of pro-
jection, deep lengthwise groove, 0.004 m. in
width. Nails pass clear through and have heads
at back.

E. CONNECTING RODS BETWEEN BOWL AND
BASE.

2208. Condition poor. Height, 0.044 m. Top
has thin oxidized piece of metal on both sides.
In foot, hole (diameter, 0.001 m.).

2209. One end bent. Length, 0.111 m. Oc-
tagonal bar. For shape, cf. Olympia, Nos.
672 f.

2210. One end gone. Length, 0.091 m. At-
tached metal was thin, as is shown by slight pro-
jection of rivet.

2211. Bar broken or rather cut sharply off.
Length, 0.068 m.

It is less certain that the following belong
here.

2212. From West Building. Shaft broken.
End of foot gone. Condition poor. Height,
0.0425 m. Width of shaft, 0.008 m. Large
rivet in foot. Attached piece was thin.

2213. Shaft broken. Length, 0.056 m. Small
hole in each foot. Possible trace of engraved
zigzag on bar.

2214. From West Building. Shaft probably
broken at top. Condition poor. Length,
0.0875 m. No rivet in foot.

F. ORNAMENTS OF VASES.

2215. Bar broken. Condition poor. Length,
0.142 m. Shaft was not extended on other side
of vertical bar. Near toj) of latter, a single en-
graved line. Attached to top of large vase.
Projected slightly above rim.

Cf. vase from Vulci (Polledrara tomb) in
British Museum, and Olympia, No. 852.

2216. From wall east of house of guard.
Shaft broken at both ends. Rivet-hole near
centre of vertical bar. In use and attachment
similar to No. 2215.

It is not certain that following number is from
a vase.

2217 ( = 383). From West Building. Ends
of the four projecting arms broken. Length,
0.34 m. Vertical bar attached by a rivet to
back piece. Back piece slightly wider than bar.
From back piece project horizontal arms which
do not seem to be of one piece with it. Bead
ornament on arm.

2. TRIPODS AND STANDARDS.
A. FRAGMENTS OF LARGE TRIPODS.

(a'.) Legs.
Plate CXXIV.

2218. Lower end. Length, 0.181 m. Width,
0.035 m.-0.040 m. Thickness, 0.029 m.-
0.0375 m. Consists of thick three-sided shell,
the inside of which is nearly filled with bronze.
At back, filling projects slightly and has hole in
it. Bottom a separate piece of irregular height
(back, 0.0025 m.-0.015 m. ; front, 0.018 m.-
0.029 m.). Made of same material but more
rudely. Welded to upper part. Ornamental
grooves continued roughly on front, but not on
sides.

For style cf. Olympia, No. 565 (Furtwang-
ler's first class). Ihid. No. 622, is, however,
more akin to Heraeum piece than No. 565.
Plate CXXIII.

2219. Top of leg of small tripod with shal-
low bowl. Length, 0.08 m. Width, 0.03 m.-
0.048 m. Cast in one piece. Concave surface
on back for attachment of bowl, which was held
by three bronze nails in top of leg (piece of
one still in hole). Width of sides of leg,
0.0085 m. and 0.01 m. Decoration like that on
front. From back, at edge of break, pin projects
upward at angle of about 40° to support surface
for bowl. Length, 0.027 m. Diameter, 0.0075 m.

TRIPODS AND STANDARDS

295

This surface has vertical hole (diameter,
0.0175 m.) which continues the open space
between the side bars of leg. Depth of part
of bowl clasped by le<j, 0.058 m. Greatest di-
ameter of bowl was at about 0.023 m. from top
of leg.

Style and fabric similar to Olympia, No. 622.
Cf. also fragment from Zeus cave on Mt. Ida,
Athan. llitth. X. p. 59, Bellage, No. 5 (Fabri-
cius) = Halbherr and Orsi, Antichita delV antro
di Zeus Ideo, col. 54.

2220. Top of leg of large tripod. Small
strip of upper edge seems to preserve original
surface. Height, 0.077 m. Width, 0.057 m.-
0.1025 m. Thickness, 0.007 m. At centre of
top, broken nail-hole ; in upper right corner,
another ; in left corner, possible traces of two
others. On outside of each edge of front, four
parallel vertical ribs. Sides smoothly beveled.

For decoration cf. Olympia, No. 562.
Plate CXXIV.

222L Broken at both ends. Length, 0.33 m.
Width, 0.61 m. Width of sides, 0.037 m.
Space between sides half filled with melted
bronze, apparently for strengthening. This fill-
ing holds in place at upper end the central part
of a bronze supporting pin, both ends of which
are broken off short. The upper stub projects
upward at a sharp angle, the lower is curved only
slightly upward. Diameter of pin, 0.01 m.
On middle of pin two pieces of bronze which
may be remains of further fastenings, or (more
likely) mere drops of metal. At both ends,
between sides, remains of fine drab-colored earth,
perhaps from casting. Ornament of front, dou-
ble arrowhead pattern in centre with zigzag
border at sides. At toji, cross inside zigzag
ring, above and below which, zigzag frame.
Ornament of sides similar, so far as preserved,
except that the vertical zigzag along edges is
lacking.

Cf. Olympia, No. 627.

(6'.) Handles.
Plate CXXIII.

2222. Fragment of large handle. Length,
0.101 m. Width, 0.037 m. Thickness, inner
edge, 0.013 m., outer edge, 0.0065 m. Ribbed
on both sides.
. Cf. Olympia, Nos. 624 f .

The following are uncertain, but probably
belong here.
Plate CXXIV.

222a (Shows convex side.) Perhaps frag-

ment of outer rim of large handle. Length,
0.111 m. Width, 0.0285 m. Thickness of
outer rim, 0.007 m., of teeth, 0.005 m. Outer
edge preserves original surface, the inner is
broken. A bar similar to the outer edge of
No. 2224 came next. Probable that No. 2224
was the piece. One side slightly convex, the other
concave. If this is original, the piece can hardly
have been a tripod-handle. Ornament substan-
tially alike on both sides.

2224. (Shows concave side.) Fragment
similar to No. 2223, but broken on all sides.
Length, 0.113 m. Width, 0.027 m. Bent in
same manner as preceding number, although
not quite the same curve throughout. If they
belong together, they were bent while together
and again after the separation.

With Nos. 2223 f. cf. Ohjmpia, Nos. 636 and
639. Convexity possibly due to imitation of
curve of earlier handles such as Olympia, No.
569.

B. LOW TRIPOD-STANDARDS.

Type a. Block feet.

2225. From south slope. Ring cracked
thi-ough. Diameter (outside), 0.08 m. x 0.076 m.
Width, 0.007 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. Upper
surface roughly grooved as though for attach-
ment of some object or objects. Roughness
probably due to portions of bronze soldering
still adhering. Feet project outward. Length
of feet, 0.013 m. Have form of cylindrical
blocks except on inside. Height of standard
with feet, 0.012 m.

Among uncleaned scraps from Acropolis (Na-
tional Museum, Athens), numerous ring stand-
ards with cylindrical and spool feet.
Type b. Spool feet.

2226. From Old Temple. Length, 0.022 m.
Diameter of ends, 0.0225 m. and 0.024 m. Sin-
gle foot. On one side, smooth edges where foot
was applied, but no trace of fastening. May
possibly have been part of handle.

Cf. Olympia, No. 860, attached to triangular
plate, also Carapanos, Dodone, pi. xlvii. No. 2.

In the Carapanos collection (from Dodona),
half of ring with two spools attached as feet,
welded or cast together ; also similar spool as
part of handle. Mosaic in Capitoline Mus.
(Rome) with howl which rests on spool feet.
Helbig, Fiihrer, I. No. 450.
Type c. Lion's feet.
Class a. Plain.

2227. From back of South Building. Only a

296

THE BRONZES

single leg with small portion of ring above pre-
served. Height, 0.027 ni. Under side of foot
hollow.

Class /3. Edge of ring notched.

2228. Leg and piece of ring. Height, 0.048 m.
Length (straight), 0.113 m. Width, 0.021 m.
Foot has six toes, the outer toe on each side
beinir in flat relief. Rests on thin base, which
may be a separate piece. Roughly cast.

Cf. Ohjmpia, No. 853.
Class y. Engraved.

2229. Leg. Upper edge broken. Height,
0.032 m. Width, 0.02 m. Rounded projec-
tions or ears on each side at top, forming tran-
sition to ring. Between ears and leg, double
line. Four toes. Bottom of foot solid and
flat.

Platk CXXV.

2230. Found east of Northwest Building,
1895. Leg and part of ring. Height, 0.076 m.
Length (straight), 0.138 m. Width of ring,
0.019 ra. Thickness, 0.0015 m.-0.006 m., in-
creasing toward front. Height of front, 0.025 m.
On front, leaf pattern, the lower part of which
is formed by semicircular punch-marks. Leg
set slightly back of outer edge of ring. Convex
at back. Molding at top with simple volute at
either side. Five toes, one of which is very
faintly indicated. The others are sharply and
carefully modeled, showing joints and claws.
Under side of foot hollowed out.

C. FEET OF STANDARDS.

It is uncertain what the following feet sup-
ported.

2231. Condition poor. Height, 0.064 m.
Length, 0.135 m. Upper surface, 0.042 m. x
0.0225 m. In top, two holes (diameter, 0.006 m.)
passing entirely through. Filled with iron — the
remains of rods or rivets. Feet rest on bases
which are not of same jiiece with upper part.
Thickness, 0.004 m. and 0.005 m. Feet do not
stand flatly, the object being bent so that only
inner edges touch the ground. Four toes, the
lines of which continue upward, forming par-
allel ridges. On each side continuous line of
engraving down leg to sole. By means of it
an additional toe is indicated on each side.

2232. Bases gone. Condition poor. Height,
0.056 m. Length, 0.108 m. Two holes through
top. In centre of each foot, a bronze rivet which
held base. Four toes. Claws indicated. Rested
squarely on feet. Limits of feet indicated by

concave band across instep. No engraving, en-
tire decoration being cast.

2233. Soles gone. Condition poor. Height,
0.001 m. Length, 0.1165 m. Two holes through
top, now filled with iron rust. Sides of top
convex and undercut, suggesting imitation of a
buffer or washer. Rivet in bottom of each
foot. Feet have each six toes and double heel.
Above instep, ridge indicating termination of
foot. Probably stood about squarely on feet.

2234. Attached soles gone. Condition poor.
Height, 0.054 m. Length, 0.1085 m. Two
holes through top, of which one partially filled
with iron rust. Sides of top as in drawing, ex-
cept that lower band has rope finish. Beneath
feet, bronze soles cast in same piece with remain-
der of object. From bottom of each projects
a rivet indicating presence of a second pair of
soles, which (as in Nos. 2232 and 2233) were
probably of iron. Six toes and a double heel.
Decoration cast. Seems to have stood squarely
on feet.

The tops of all the above standards seem to
have had resting directly on them some object
which was fastened by iron rivets. Probable
that this object was itself of iron. For soles
on feet, cf. low ring standards from Acropolis,
with lion's feet resting on round sole or square
plinth, or sole and plinth (De Ridder, Cata-
logue, etc., Nos. 80 and 66).

3. MISCELLANEOUS FORMS.
A. CONTAINERS.

2235. Fragment a only. Oblong shallow
ladle. Broken in two pieces (a, 6), which are
in such poor condition that they do not fit.
Combined length, 0.146 m. Length of frag-
ment a, 0.106 m. Width, 0.041 m. Thickness,
less than 0.001 m. Depth, about 0.005 m.
End of handle forms curl just under bottom.
Fragment b, width, 0.035 m. Pointed end.
Length of point, about 0.01 m. Width, 0.005
m.-O.OOl m. (tapering toward end).

2236. End of small ladle. Condition poor.
Length, 0.025 m. Width, 0.02 m. Differs
from fragment b of No. 2235 in that end is
brought over to form a sort of toe. In upper
surface near edge, hole punched from under side
(hence before toe was formed).

2237. Ladle of which handle is lost. Width,
0.0565 m. Depth, about 0.007 m. Thickness,
0.0005 m. and less. Short stub of handle of

VESSELS OF MISCELLANEOUS FORM

297

same piece with cup. In centre of broken edge,
hole (diameter, 0.0022 m.) now broken out. At
0.012 m. from commencement of handle, thin
piece (size, 0.01 m. x 0.018 m.) riveted to inside
of cup. Served as guy to keep handle from
flattening.

The following piece is of uncertain identifica-
tion, Init seems similar to preceding number.

2238. From back of South Building. Small
fragment of cup, part of some object, perhaps a
ladle. Length, 0.029 m. Thickness, 0.0003 m.
and less. At one side, ear (width, 0.01 m.-
0.005 m. ; present length, 0.0035 m.). Probably
longer originally. Bottom of cup distinguished
from sides. Depth, 0.002 m. Ornamented
with cross in circles struck from above with
punch in which cross was intaglio. Cross does
not show sharply enough in drawing.

2239. (Shows back.) Sieve. Before clean-
ing, small piece of bronze net still attached.
Condition poor. Length, 0.22 m. Width of
round part, 0.111 m. Dejith, about 0.007 m.
End of handle turns under and to one side.
Eepresents head and beak of bird. No details.
Back of handle inscribed. See Appendix.

In the Carapanos collection (from Dodona) a
strainer with JI on outer end of bowl.
Plate CXXVI.

2240. From south slope. Bottom gone and
handle — if one existed. Height, 0.067 m.
Diameter at top, 0.0515 m., at bottom, 0.053 ni.
Thickness at top, 0.0025 m. to 0.0035 m. (in-
cluding molding). Lower part formed by separate
jacket, which fitted to outside of drum. Height,
0.0154 m. Width of legs, 0.0255 m. and 0.0265 m.
(third leg mostly broken away). Bottom was
applied to cylinder and held in place by jacket.
Pieces of bronze solder still remain. On one side,
eyelet (height, 0.0052 m.), the ends of which
pass through cylinder and are bent back on in-
side. Diameter of eyelet, 0.0016 m. (inside).
Piece of bronze in top of eyelet, pei'haps wire.
No other eyelet or attachment. Ornament (from
top), molding, row of fine beads, leaf pattern, and
two grooves. Two grooves at top of jacket and
one about legs. All this ornament looks as though
cast.

Cf. Olympia, No. 885, which has, however, a
heavy vertical handle.

The following three pieces are of uncertain
identification, but they may be from sides of
box or casket.

2241. Fragment of rim. Condition poor.

Length, 0.053 m. Height, 0.0145 m. Thick-
ness at top, 0.007 m. ; below, 0.001 m. Narrow
band beneath rim, followed by zigzag in relief.

2242. Broken on all sides. Condition poor.
Length, 0.047 m. Height, 0.0285 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0035 ni.-0.0045 m. Broad molding with
concave centre. Beneath molding, side of vessel
seems to have projected slightly outward.

2243. Fragment of rim. Condition poor.
Length, 0.048 m. Height, 0.0153 m. Width
of rim, 0.0034 m. Edge of under side bent
back to about same width. In intervening space,
plate attached to outside. One rivet remains in
place. Seems to have been a rectangular vessel
with shoulder.

2244. From south slope. Neck and mouth of
flask. Mouth damaged. Sides pressed flat to-
gether. Height, 0.061 m. W^idth of neck,
0.038 m., across rim, 0.041 m. Width of rim,
about 0.012 m. Outer edge of lip turned under
about 0.001 m.

Large flat flask with similar neck and mouth
from Vulci (Polledrara tomb) in British Mu-
seum.

B. HANDLES.

Not certain that all of the following are han-
dles.

(«'.) Straight.

2245. Small fragment. About three fourths
of width preserved. Length, 0.024 m. Width
of half, 0.013 m. Heavy rib in centre, light rib
or band at each side.

2246. Fragment of similar handle preserving
about three fourths of width. Length, 0.029 m.
Width of half, 0.0145 m.

2247. Fragment of similar handle. Original
edge on both sides. Length, 0.032 m. Width,
0.03 m.

2248. (Shows under side.) Perhaps fragment
of end of handle. Original edge at sides, probably
nowhere else. Length, 0.03 m. Width, 0.028 m.-
0.045 m. End appears to be turned under as a
finish.

(&'.) Horizontal grip-handles (doubtful).

2249. Perhaps about half preserved. Length,
0.078 m. Width of shaft, 0.018 m. Thickness,
0.007 m. Diameter of foot, 0.028 m. x 0.034 m.
Grip seems to be a separate piece. Foot con-
cave.

2250. Shaft cut about one third through as
with chisel and then broken off. Condition poor.
Length, 0.042 m. W^idth of shaft, 0.0225 m.
Thickness, 0.009 m. Diameter of foot, 0.037 m. x

298

THE BRONZES

0.044 m. Under side concave and roughly fin-
ished.

2251. Perhaps side piece of composite handle.
Length, 0.058 ui. At top, cleft extending more
than half width. The j)ortion above is concavely
rounded at back but perpendicular in front. It
lacks 0.0025 m. of being in line with edge be-
neath. Cleft 0.0015 m.-0.003 m. wide, 0.007 m.
deep on under side, and 0.0045 m. on upper.
Height of blade, about 0.0165 ni. In upper part

two rivets. Form of object which was attached
uncertain, but, owing to slight projection of rivet-
heads, only a piece of sheet bronze can have been
fastened to blade. This piece will then have
been bent at right angles in case object was a
handle, and may have served as coating for bar
that would have extended at right angles from
notch to assumed corresponding notch in another
end piece opposite. Bottom slightly concave.
Smoothly finished. Diameter, 0.025 m.

VI. IMPLEMENTS, UTENSILS, STRUCTURAL PIECES AND MATERIALS

1. PARTS OF VEHICLES.

A. FRAGMENT OF ANTYX.

2252. Broken at both ends. Length, 0.294 m.
Diameter, 0.026 m. x 0.017 m. at one end, and
0.023 m. X 0.0175 m. at the other. Cast solid.
On one flat side, beginning about 0.024 m. from
small end, an inscription. See A^jpendix.

B. SMALL WHEELS.

2253. From south slope. Over half of felloe
gone. Bent. Diameter, 0.1435 m. x 0.142 m.
(originally about 0.1525 m. x 0.143 m.). Cast
solid and in one piece. Imitates wooden wheel
the parts of which are held together by metal
plates. Central shaft braced in felloe by two
cross-pieces. Diameter of shaft at centre,
0.011 m. Hole for axle, 0.0145 m. x 0.007 m.
At one end, bronze block (probably of same
piece with rest) projects into hole distance
of 0.005 m., representing wedge. Axle and
wheels turned together. Ornamented with par-
allel grooves in groups of three, one group at
either side cross-pieces. Outside of grooves, shaft
hexagonal. Flattened surfaces at joining with
felloe. This joining strengthened by an oblong
plate on each side, fastened by four rivets, two
in felloe and two in axle. Plates and nails re-
presented by engraved lines. Size of better-pre-
served plate, 0.008 m. x 0.0049 m. Cross-pieces,
width, 0.008 m. ; thickness, 0.0017 m. At join-
ing with felloe, plate on both sides held by three
rivets, which probably pass clear through, i. e.
there are three in all. Size of plate, 0.012 m. x
0.0029 m. Cross-piece inserted into felloe, and
plate (like all the others) sunk into prepared
socket and consequently represented as even with
surface. Felloe, width, 0.0085 m. ; thickness,
0.0025 m. inside and 0.0018 m. outside. Orna-
mented with engraved line on each side close to

outer edge. At 0.017 ui. from shaft on one
side, and 0.0195 m. : 0.0175 m. on the other,
sets of two plates, one on each side of felloe and
about opposite to each other. First set, 0.007 m. x
0.0029 m. ; second, 0.0075 m. x 0.003 m. and
0.006 m, X 0.0035 m. Each plate has two rivet-
heads, each set being held together by two rivets.
The plates are intended to hold together sec-
tions of the felloe.

Similar, but much ruder, Olympia, No. 510.
Wooden wheel with similar arrangement of
spokes, but with round hub, from peat-bog of
Mercurago, province of Novara, Italy. Mon-
telius. Civ. Prim. It. I. pi. 1, No. 13. On
sarcophagus from Vulci (Mbn. Ant. VIII. pi.
xix. 0= Martha, L' Art Etrusqiie, p. 357) sim-
ilar wheel, but with curved cross-bars. Add
H. L. Loriraer, J. II. S. XXIII. pp. 132 £f.

2254. From above east end of Stoa under
Cyclopean wall. Three spokes gone and over
half of felloe. Cast solid. Diameter, 0.171
m. (originally, 0.187 m.). Diameter of hub,
0.019 m. Width, 0.019 ra. Spokes do not ap-
pear on inside, but there are perforations where
two have been broken out. Si5okes roughly oval
in section near hub, passing gradually to nearly
round at rim. Size at hub, 0.01 m. x 0.007
m. ; at rim, 0.0045 m.-0.0053 m. x 0.0045 m.
Width of felloe, 0.019 m. Thickness of inner
edge, 0.0035 m. ; of outer edge, 0.005 m. Rim
or tire projects slightly more on side not shown
in Plate.

The following fragment is of doubtful identi-
fication.

2255. Perhaps outer spoke of ornamental
wheel. Hollow ' bell,' smaller end of which joins
inner ring. Outer end of ' bell ' broken off. Of
ring only stubs remain. Length, 0.077 m. ' Bell '
a rounded rectangle placed cornerwise. Circum-
ference at large end, 0.12 m. ; at small end,

VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS

299

0.088 m. Thickness at large end, 0.001 ni.-
0.0038 m. Inner circle solid. Diameter, about
0.01 m. Through small end of ' bell ' and inner
circle passes hole (diameter, O.OOG m.). Through
it may have passed rod (probably of iron) con-
necting centre of wheel with outer felloe. Un-
certain whether large end of ' bell ' joined felloe
or an intermediate outer circle.

For shape cf. Olympia, Nos. 471 (lead) and
472 ; also wheel from a tomba a cercMo at
Vetulonia (delle Pelliccie), now in museum at
Florence. Cf. Scavi, 1887, p. 472. Falchi,
Vetulonia, p. 168, is different.

2. STRIGIL (HANDLE).

2256. Both ends broken. Length, 0.079 m.
Width of upper part, 0.0165 m.-0.0235 m. ; of
lower part, 0.0145 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m.
Inset at beginning of elbow, about 0.001 m. on
each side. Upper end beveled at beginning of
blade.

3. BELL.

2257. Broken at bottom. Clapper gone.
Height, 0.062 m. Thickness of metal at lower
edge, 0.001 m.-0.002 m. Shape that of rounded
rectangle. At top, ring, of one piece with bell.
Diameter of hole, 0.015 m. Clapper was at-
tached to bronze staple which was infixed in
under side of top. About staple, remains of
bronze solder. Diameter of staple, about 0.005 m.

4. CYMBALS.i
(a'.) Plain.

2258. Handle gone. Edges cracked. Diam-
eter, 0.07 m. Thickness at edges, 0.0005 m.-
0.0017 m. Diameter of boss, about 0.042 m.
At about centre of boss, hole cut from above.
Diameter, 0.0035 m. Flange slightly bent up,
especially at edg3.

2259. Handle gone. Condition poor. Diam-
eter, 0.078 m. Diameter of boss, 0.0435 m.
In centre, hole. Diameter, 0.0035 m. Flange
bends back slightly, and at edge is turned up
(depth of roll, 0.001 m. and less).

Plate CXXVII.

2260. Handle gone. Condition poor. Diam-
eter, 0.0945 m. Diameter of boss, 0.055 m.
Flange convex on under side. At edge, rim, of
which width, 0.004 m.-0.005 m. It projects

' The objects from the Dictaean cave published in the
Annual of the British School at Athens, VI. p. 109, fig.

about 0.001 ni. on under side, the remainder on
upper.

Cf. Oli/mpia, No. 513.

(//.) Ornamented.

2261. Handle gone. Condition poor. Diam-
eter, 0.0915 m. Diameter of boss, 0.045 m.
In centre, hole (diameter, 0.005 m.). Thickness
of metal, about 0.0006 m., except at edge, which
is about 0.001 m.-0.0017 m., thus forming slight
backward turn. Flange slightly convex on under
side. Outer and inner edges on upper side have
leaf pattern. Leaves of horseshoe shape. liound
ends toward interior of flange. As leaves are
not exactly alike they are either engraved or else
punched with more than one punch.

Cf. Olympia, No. 517 (dotted adjacent semi-
circles).

5. KEY.
Plate CXXVI.

2262. From West Building. Length, 0.065 m.
King flat on inside and convex on outside. Di-
ameter (inside), 0.0175 m. In barrel, hole. Di-
ameter, 0.005 m. Depth, 0.01 m. Diameter
of barrel, 0.0045 m.-0.0075 m. Thickness of
flange, 0.003 m.-0.0065 m. ; of centre piece,
0.0035 m.-0.0048 m. Except for groove on bar-
rel above flange, ornamented on one side only
(shows in Plate). Teeth on outer edge of flange
have on top, each an x . On back of this edge
a single diagonal line from each lower corner of
depression between teeth, giving effect of zigzag.

6. KNIVES.

(«'.) Sickle.
Plate CXXVII.

2263. Point injured and edge nicked. Length,
0.189 m. Blade fairly sharp where edge is pre-
served. Width, 0.03 m. and less. Thickness
at back, 0.004 m. and less. Blade passes to but
for insertion into handle. Length of but, 0.03 m. ;
width, 0.028 m. ; thickness, 0.002 m.-0.0045 m.
Near end, hole for rivet. Diameter, 0.0057 m.
Hole drilled from side that shows in Plate. Cf.
Tsountas, 'E<^^/^. 'Apx- 1899, cl. 124, pi. 10, No. 43,
from Syra (XaXavSptavr}) ; Schmidt, Schliemann' s
Sammlung, etc.. No. 6454, from Troy VI. ; Rnlfe,
A.J.A.Yl. p. 106, No. XII. from Anthedon.

(&'.) Spatula.
Plate CXXVI.

2264. Length, 0.15 m. Length of blade,
0.0755 ni. Width, 0.025 m. Thickness,

41 (Hogarth), as shields appear to be different from
these.

300

THE BRONZES

0.00025 lu.-O.OOl m. Both sides ornamented
with fine curved zigzags. Pattern consists of
diagonals running from edge to centre of blade.
In upper part they are roughly parallel to each
and cross blade. From about middle of length
downward they do not go clear across. In
some cases they meet each other, forming arrow-
heads. Toward bottom parallelism is dropped
and lines curve slightly outward fanwise. Han-
dle tapers from width of 0.007 m. and thickness
of 0.0026 m. to point. Edges angular. On both
sides of handle, zigzag, the band of which is itself
a zigzag of curved lines. Handle rather than
tang, owing to decoration.

(c'.) Scraper or chopping knife.
Plate CXXVII.

2265. Length, 0.1025 ra. Width, 0.01 m.-
0.0317 m. Thickness at top, 0.0018 m.-0.0027
ni. ; increases to 0. 0043 m. at beginning of blade,
whence decreases on both sides to edge. Edge
still fairly sharp. Groove lengthwise of top.
Hence not intended to be used as chisel or
wedge.

Cf. Dorpfeld (Gotze), Troja u. Ilion, I. p.
346 ; Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos (Bo-
sanquet and Welch), p. 190, pi. xxxviii. No. 3.
Two specimens from Mycenae (outside shaft-
graves), in Nat. Mus., Athens, No. 1347. Both
flare more at blade than Heraeum celt. In Brit-
ish Mus., Third Egyptian Room, Case F, simi-
lar knives attached by means of cloth and wire
to wooden blocks provided with handles, thus
becoming planes.

(<?'.) Scraper or chisel.

2266. Top rough and somewhat battered.
Edge dull and blunted. Length, 0.078 m.
Width, 0.0224 m.-0.0345 m. Thickness at top,
0.005 ni., battered to 0.006 m. Uncertain
whether present surface of top is original.

(e'.) Chisels (and uncertain objects of similar
form).
Round.

2267. Length, 0.133 m. Width of blade,
0.01 m. Edge dull. Top battered. Just be-
neath, raised band roughly executed, but in-
tended to represent a heavy ring to which a
lighter ring is attached on under side. Cf.
Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 167, No. 99.

2268. Uncertain, perhaps end of spit. Top
gone. Blade damaged. Length, 0.052 m.
Diameter of shaft, 0.002 m. Width of blade,
0.0032 m.

2269. From West Building. Uncertain. Top

broken. Length, 0.0035 ni. Flattened toward
top. At break, 0.007 m. x 0.0035 m. Flat side
of top lies diagonally with reference to axis of
blade. Width of blade, 0.006 m.
Rectangular.

2270. Top broken off. Condition poor.
Length, 0.072 m. Shaft, 0.0055 m. at top.
AVidth of blade, 0.009 m. Edge blunted.

227L From West Building. Top gone (partly
cut and partly broken). Length, 0.0775 m.
Bar, 0.0059 m. x 0.0062 m. at top. Blade in
axis of broader side. Width, 0.008 m. Edge
broken concavely. Plate shows narrow side of
blade.

2272. Uncertain. Seems to be complete.
Blade bent over at end. Length, 0.091 m.
Width, 0.004 m.-0.009 m. Thickness of shaft,
0.002 m.-0.003 m. Top somewhat battered.
Blade blunt.

7. SPITS.

A more methodical classification than that
here adopted would be by (1) style of shaft, (2)
jjoint or blade at end, (3) style of knob, (4) num-
ber of knobs. The fact, however, that so large
a proportion of shafts and ends are defective
imposes classification by preserved parts, i. e.
(1) number of knobs, (2) style of knobs, (3)
style of shaft, (4) point or blade.
Type a. No knob.

Class a. Mound shan't.
Pointed ends.

227a Bent. Length, 0.024 m. Thickness,
0.002 m.

2273 a. Uncleaned. Bent. Length, 0.272 m.
Thickness, 0.0025 m.

Addenda, (a'.) Of the following ends some
may belong to pins and pieces of wire, but the
majority are probably from spits.

2274. Length, 0.067 m. Thickness, 0.001 m.
Flexible.

2275. From back of South Building. Length,
0.048 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m.

2276. Length, 0.107 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m.

2277. Length, 0.101 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m.
227a Uncleaned. Patinated. Length, 0.25

m. Thickness, 0.0019 m.

2279. From West Building. Freshly broken.
Length, 0.055 m. Thickness, 0.002 m.

2280. From West Building. Length, 0.049
m. Thickness, 0.0021 m.

2281. From back of South Building. Length,
0.227 m. Thickness, 0.0021 m.

SPITS

301

2282. From West Building. Large end
smooth. Length, 0.10 m. Thickness, 0.0025 ni.
Perhaps part of separable pin.

2283. Broken end split down for distance of
0.08 m. Bent something like a hook. Length,
0.35 m. Thickness, 0.00-4 m.

2284. Bent. Length, 0.272 m. Thickness,
0.004 m.

2285. Length, 0.191 m. Thickness, 0.0043 m.

2286. Length, 0.434 m. Thickness, 0.005 m.

2287. Uncleaned. Bent so that small end
passes through loop. Length, 0.682 m. Thick-
ness, 0.003 m. Length makes classification as
spit doubtful.

Discards : sixteen cleaned and one hundred and thirteen
uncleaned. Sizes represented by above selection.

(6'.) The following bladed ends, though proba-
bly belonging to spits with one or more knobs,
are, for reasons given above, put here.

228a Blunted. Length, 0.116 m. Thickness,
0.0055 m.

2289. Length, 0.124 m. Thickness, 0.006 m.
Width of blade, 0.007 m. Thickness, 0.003 m.

2290. Length, 0.155 m. Thickness, 0.005 m. x
0.006 m. Width of blade, 0.0075 m.

2291. Length, 0.221 m. Thickness, 0.0065 m.
Width of blade, 0.012 m.

2292. Uncleaned. Twisted crack lengthwise.
Length, 0.154 m. Thickness, 0.002 m. x 0.003 m.
Width of blade, 0.004 m.

Discards of (b') : twenty-six, all uncleaned.

(c'.) The following have lost both ends.
Probably the majority are from spits.

2293. Length, 0.054 m. Thickness, 0.0012 m.

2294. Length, 0.113 m. Thickness, 0.0017 m.

2295. Length, 0.104 m. Thickness, 0.0018 m.

2296. From back of South Building. Length,
0.0565 m. Thickness, 0.002 m.

2297. Length, 0.102 m. Thickness, 0.0021 m.

2298. From back South Building. Length,
0.099 m. Thickness, 0.0024 m.

2299. From back of South Building. Length,
0.092 m. Thickness, 0.0024 m.

2300. From south slope. Length, 0.169 m.
Thickness, 0.0025 ra.

2301. From first chamber at east end on lower
terrace, April 28, 1893. Bent. Length, 0.093 m.
Thickness, 0.0028 m. Possibly a part of a
handle.

2302. From West Building. Length, 0.115 m.
Thickness, 0.0035 m.

2303. Length, 0.135 m. Thickness, 0.0047 m.

2304. Length, 0.22 m. Thickness, 0.005 m.

2305. Length, 0.29 m. Thickness, 0.0055 m.

2306. Length, 0.273 m. Thickness, 0.0058 m.

2307. Length, 0.395 m. Thickness, 0.006 m.

2308. Length, 0.418 ra. Tiiickness, 0.006 m.

2309. Length, 0.42 m. Thickness, 0.006 m.

2310. Length, 0.505 m. Thickness, 0.0085 m.
Perhaps used as hook.

In the following numbers the blunted ends
may be original.

2311. Length, 0.353 m. Thickness, 0.0023 ra.-
0.0038 m. Smaller end smoothly rounded.

2312. Length, 0.373 m. Thickness, 0.003 m.-
0.004 m. Smaller end as in No. 2311.

Discards of (c'). Cleaned : forty-six of length and
thickness included in above catalogued specimens. Two
of tliem from south slope and one from back of South
Building. Uncleaned : six hundred and sixty-four of
length and thickness included as above except length,
0.048 in. ; thickness, 0.0075 m.-O.Oll m.

Class p. Shaft rectangular and round.
Group i. Pointed ends.

2313. Uncleaned. Length, 0.261 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0015 m. Rounded toward point.

2314. Ends slightly blunted. Length, 0.126 m.
Thickness, 0.0018 m. and less.

2315. Uncleaned. Bent double and twisted.
Length as now, 0.222 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m.
and less.

Addeiida. Not certain that the following if
complete would belong here.

(a'.) Fragments with pointed end.

2316. Length, 0.086 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m.
and less.

2317. Length, 0.0435 m. Thickness, 0.0019 m.

2318. Uncleaned. Length, 0.15 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0015 m.

2319. Length, 0.122 m. Thickness, 0.003 m.
and less.

2320. Uncleaned. Length, 0.127 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0023 m.x 0.001 m. and less. Toward
large end flattens to 0.0007 m.

Discards of (a') : cleaned, three ; uncleaned, forty.
(6'.) Fragments with blunt ends. Uncertain.

2321. Length, 0.465 m. Thickness, 0.0045 m. x
0.0055 m. to 0.003 m. x 0.0037 m.

2322. Uncleaned. Length, 0.165 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0045 m. and less. Perhaps a nail.

(c'.) Fragments with bladed points.

2323. Uncleaned. Length, 0.312 m. Thick-
ness, 0.002 m. Width of blade, 0.0045 m.

2324. Bent. Length, 0.234 m. Thickness,
0.0045 m. and less. Width of blade, 0.005 m.

2324 a. Uncleaned. Point injured. Length,

302

THE BRONZES

0.303 in. Thickness, 0.0018 ra. aud less. Width
of blade, 0.0025 m.

Tlie following nuiuber has a composite shaft.

2325. Ik'nt. Length, 0.283 m. Thickness,
0.005 ni. and less. AVidth of blade, 0.0065 m.
Rectangle has three engraved lines at transition
to round. Into rectangle is inserted flat piece
(length, 0.026 m. ; width, 0.005 ni. x 0.0015 ni.)
which is held by a rivet. Uncertain how this
piece ended.

Discards of (<•') : two uucleaued.

Group ii. At one end, blunt tip, immedi-
ately preceded by groove.

2326. Uncleaned. Length, 0.304 m. Thick-
ness, 0.003 m. and less. Rectangle terminates
0.069 m. from blunt end and 0.075 m. from point.
Transition to round moi-e abrupt toward blunt
end. Shaft pinched in just before tip, which is
imijerfectly developed.

Addenda. Fragments. Not certain that all
would belong here if complete.
• (a'.) Ends. Arrangement by form of tran-
sition from rectangle to round, beginning with
the more gradual transitions.

2327. Uncleaned. Length, 0.121 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0043 m. and less. Diameter of tip,
0.0025 m.

2328. Uncleaned. Bent. Length, 0.228 m.
Thickness, 0.004 m. Diameter of tip, 0.003 m.
Transition plain but not abrupt.

2329. Uncleaned. Length, 0.154 m. Thick-
ness, 0.004 m. and less. Rectangle swells at
transition. Diameter of tip, 0.0013 m.

2330. Uncleaned. Length, 0.126 m. Rec-
tangle, 0.005 m. sq. and less. Transition
plain.

(6'.) Both ends lacking (corresponding to
Class a, Addenda, c').

2331. Uncleaned. Length, 0.147 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0012 m.

2332. Uncleaned. Length, 0.222 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0013 m. and less.

2333. Length, 0.147 m. Thickness, 0.0018 m.
and less.

2334. From back of South Building. Length,
0.058 m. Thickness, 0.0028 m. and less.

2335. Length, 0.124 m. Thickness, 0.0029
m. and less.

2336. Bent like a hook. Length, 0.213 m.
Thickness, 0.0039 m. and less. Near lower part
of rectangle five lines close together.

2337. Length, 0.381 m. Thickness, 0.0039
m. aud less. Transition gradual.

2338. From south slope. Length, 0.077 m.
Thickness, 0.004 m. and less. Transition sharp.
Probable traces of three lines of engraving on
rectangle just before.

2339. Length, 0.402 m. Thickness, 0.0043 m.
and less. Transition gradual.

Plate CXXVIII.

2340. From West Building. Length, 0.264
m. Thickness, 0.0055 m. and less.

2341. Length, 0.179 m. Thickness, 0.0055
m. and less.

2342. Length, 0.448 m. Thickness, O.OOC m.
and less.

2343. Length, 0.205 m. Thickness, O.OOG m.
and less.

2344. Length, 0.342 m. Thickness, 0.0065
m. and less.

2345. Length, 0.24 m. Thickness, 0.0075 m.
and less.

Discards similar to above : cleaned, fojirteen, of which
one has three lines of engraving at transition and one
comes from West Building ; uncleaned, two hundred and
twenty-eight. Length and thickness of discards included
in catalogued specimens.

The following are composite.

2346. Length, 0.18 m. Thickness, 0.006 m.
and less. Gradual transition emphasized by
three lines of engraving on rectangle. Into
rectangular end is inserted piece, of which
length, 0.029 m., thickness, 0.001 m.-0.0025 m.
Uncertain whether riveted.

2347. Length, 0.19 m. Thickness, 0.0065 m.
and less. In rectangular end, slot for insertion
of separate piece of bronze or iron. Length of
slot, 0.01 m. Width, 0.0013 m.

2348. Length, 0.24 m. Thickness, 0.0065
m. and less. Rectangle has three lines of en-
graving at transition. In end of rectangle is
inserted bronze piece, of which length, 0.029 m.,
width, 0.006, thickness, 0.001 m.-0.003 m.,
increasing toward end of shaft. Fastened by
two rivets.

Class y. Part of shaft a twisted rectangu-
lar bar. (Fragments only.)
Group i. Rectangular (plain and twisted)
and round.
(«'.) Points.

2349. Much bent. Length, about 0.30 m.
Thickness, 0.003 m. and less. Tapers gradually
to point.

(6'.) Blades.

2350. Length, 0.047 m. Thickness, 0.002 m.
and less. Width of blade, 0.004 m.

SPITS

303

(c'.) No end preserved.

2351. Uncleaned. Length, 0.253 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0025 m, and less.

2352. Length, 0.113 ni. Thickness, 0.0034
m. and less.

2353. From back of South Building. Length,
0.215 m. Thickness, 0.003 m. and less.

2354. Condition poor. Length, 0.305 m.
Thickness, 0.0045 in. and less. Color reddish.

Discards of (c') : uncleaned, three. Dimensions in-
cluded in the catalogued specimens.

Group ii. Kectangular (twisted) and
round.

2355. Uncleaned. Length, 0.175 m. Thick-
ness, 0.003 ni. and less.

Discards : uncleaned, three, of which two are thicker,
but all shorter, than No. 2355.

Group iii. Rectangular (plain and
twisted).

2356. Uncleaned. Length, 0.057 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0012 m. and less.

2357. Uncleaned. Length, 0.069 m. Thick-
ness, 0.002 m. and less.

2358. Uncleaned. Length, 0.154 in. Thick-
ness, 0.0025 m. and less. One end turned up
sharply like a hook.

2359. Length, 0.194 m. Thickness, 0.0035 m.
and less.

2360. Uncleaned. Length, 0.262 ni. Thick-
ness, 0.0045 in. and less.

Discards : uncleaned, seven, the dimensions of which
are included among those of the above catalogued speci-
mens, excepting one which is 0.292 m. in length.

Group iv. Rectangular (twisted).

2361. Uncleaned. Length, 0.078 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0037 m. and less.

Discards : uncleaned, two.

Class 8. Rectangular shaft. (No complete
pieces preserved, but some of the ends are
probably complete in essential features
of shaft.)
(a'.) Points.

2362. From West Building. Length, 0.085 m.
Thickness, 0.0006 m. x 0.0008 m.

2363. Part lost since photograph was made.
Present length, 0.307 m. Thickness, 0.001 m. x
0.0007 m. and less.

2364. Uncleaned. Length, 0.312 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0012 m. X 0.001 m.

2365. Length, 0.19 in. Thickness, 0.0015 m. x
0.001 m. Reddish. Flexible.

2366. Length, 0.192 m. Thickness, 0.0024 m.
X 0.0022 m. Reddish. Flexible.

Discards: cleaned, one; uncleaned, five. Dimensions
included in above specimens.

(6'.) Blades.

2367. From back of South Building. Length,
0.088 m. Thickness, 0.003 m. x 0.0022 in. Sec-
tion near centre would be diamond-shaped.
Square toward blade. Width of blade, 0.003 m.
Decrease in thickness toward broken end, which
is 0.002 m. X 0.0018 in., may indicate that object
was a medical instrument.

2368. Uncleaned. Length, 0.331 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0025 in. X 0.002 m. and less. Width of
blade, 0.0032 m.

2369. Condition poor. Length, 0.145 m.
Thickness, 0.0033 m. x 0.0029 m. near centre ;
decreases toward ends. Width of blade,
0.0045 m. (at beginning, 0.0033 m. ; at end,
0.0037 m.).

Discards : uncleaned, four.

(c'.) Ends gone.

2370. Length, 0.101 m. Thickness, 0,0009 in.
x 0.0008 in. and less.

2371. Length, 0.066 m. Thickness, 0.001 m. x
0.0008 m. and less.

2372. Uncleaned. Length, 0.193 in. Thick-
ness, 0.0011 m. X 0.0009 m. and less.

2373. Length, 0.206 m. Thickness, 0.0014 m.
X 0.0009 m. and less.

2374. From back of South Building. Length,
0.046 in. Thickness, 0.0015 m. x 0.0012 m. and
less.

2375. From back of South Building. Length,
0.112 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m. and less.

2376. From south slope. Length, 0.148 m.
Thickness, 0.0015 m. and less.

2377. FromWestBuilding. Length, 0.135 m.
Thickness, 0.0019 in. x 0.0016 m. and less.

2378.' Length, 0.133 m. Thickness, 0.0019 m.
X 0.0016 m. (diamond section). Reddish. Flexi-
ble.

2379. Length, 0.141m. Thickness, 0.0019 m.
X 0.0016 in. and less. Section diamond-shaped.

2380. Length, 0.132 m. Thickness,0.002m. x
0.0016 m. and less. Section diamond-shaped.

2381. Length, 0.12 m. Thickness, 0.002 m. x
0.0018 III. Reddish. Section diamond-shaped.

2382. Length, 0.226 m. Thickness, 0.002 m.
and less. Section diamond-shaped.

2383. Length, 0.065 m. Thickness, 0.0026 m.
X 0.002 m. Section diamond shaped.

2384. Length, 0.128 m. Thickness, 0.003 m.
and less.

2385. Uncleaned. Length, 0.407 m. Thick-

304

THE BRONZES

ness, 0.0035 m. x 0.004 m. and less. Section
diainoud-shaped.

2386. Length, 0.263 m. Thickness, 0.0035 m.
X 0.0038 m.

2387. Length, 0.177 ni. Thickness, 0.004 m.
and less.

2388. Length,0.178 m. Thickness, 0.004 ui. x
0.0037 HI.

2389. Length, 0.2035 m. Thickness, 0.006 m.-
0.0025 m. Sides irregular and covered with
small concave surfaces.

2390. From West Building. Lengtli, 0.086 m.
Thickness, 0.006 m. square. Slight groove near
one end.

2391. Length, 0.062 m. Thickness, 0.0065 m.
X 0.007 m. and less.

Discards: cleaned, nineteen; uncleaned, two hundred
and thirty, the dimensions of which are included in those
of the above specimens.

Type b. One knob.

Form 1. Knob a gradual swelling of
SHAFT. Sides of knob rounded.
Class a. Shaft partly round and partly
rectangular (the portions next to knob
being rectangular).
Both ends pointed.

2392. Length, 0.15 m. Thickness of shaft,
0.001 m. and less. Centre of knob to nearest
end, 0.03 m. Thickness of knob, 0.002 ra.

2393. Bent. Length, 0.208 m. Tiiickness of
shaft, 0.0013 m. and less. Centre of knob to
nearest end, 0.029 m. Thickness of knob,
0.0024 m.

Discards : uncleaned and in poor condition, two.

Addenda. Incomplete pieces,
(a'.) Ends.

2394. Uncleaned. Length, 0.193 m. Size
of shaft, 0.0018 m. x 0.0015 m. and less. Centre
of knob to point, 0.136 m. Thickness of knob,
0.003 m.

2395. Uncleaned. Bent. Length, 0.196 m.
Shaft, 0.0017 m. x 0.0019 m. and less. Centre
of knob to point, 0.0875 m. Thickness of knob,
0.003 m.

Discards of (a') : uncleaned, two. Dimensions included
in preceding.

(6'.) Both ends lacking.

2396. Length, 0.094 m. Shaft, 0.0013 m.
and less. Thickness of knob, 0.0025 m. Reddish.

2397. Uncleaned. Length, 0.215 m. Shaft,
0.0018 m. X 0.0015 m. and less. Thickness of
knob, 0.0035 m.

2398. Uncleaned. Length, 0.205 m. Shaft,

0.002 m.x 0.0017 m. and less. Thickness of
knob, 0.0032 m.

Discards of (b') : cleaned, one; uncleaned, twelve.
Greatest dimensions : length, 0.41 m.; width of shaft,
0.003 ni.; thickness of knob, 0.006 m. (all these measure-
ments from different objects).

Class /8. Similar to Class a, hut with tran-
sition from rectangular to round 2)art of
shaft emphasized. Cf. Nos. 2327 ff.
Ends pointed. Arrangement by de-
velopment of transition.

2399. Length, 0.177 m. Shaft, 0.0015 m.
square at transition, elsewhere less. Centre of
knob to short end, 0.0425 m. Tiiickness of knob,
0.0027 m. Transition plain, but not sharp.

2400. Uncleaned. Length, 0.406 m. Shaft,
0.0014 m. X 0.0015 m. and less. Centre of
knob to nearest point, 0.062 m. Between this
point and knob, slight but sharp transition.
Transition between the other point and knob
gradual. Thickness of knob, 0.0028 m.

Addenda. Incomplete pieces.
(« .) Points. Arrangement by form of tran-
sition.

2401. Uncleaned. Length, 0.307 m. Shaft
generally 0.0013 m. x 0.0015 m. Centre of
knob to nearest point, 0.098 m. Principal tran-
sition, which is plain, but not abrupt, on this end.
On long end shaft thickens to 0.0018 m. at about
0.02 m. from knob and again to about same size
just before transition. Ti'ansition gradual on
this end. Thickness of knob, 0.0035 m.

Discards of (a') : uncleaned, one.

(6'.) Blunted ends, perhaps not pointed origi-
nally. More developed than preceding number.

2402. From back of South Building. Length,
0.10 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. x 0.0018 m. and less.
Centre of knob to end, 0.071 ni. Thickness of
knob, 0.0042 m. Transition abrupt and accom-
panied by thickening of shaft.

2403. Length, 0.102 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x
0.0019 m. and less. Centre of knob to tip,
0.082 m. Thickness of knob, 0.005 m. Tran-
sition fully developed and accompanied by in-
crease of shaft to 0.0025 m. square.

Class y. Similar to Class a, but with a
portion of the rectangle twisted. (Frag-
ments only.)
Points.

2404. Uncleaned. Bent. Length, 0.40 m.
Thickness of knob, 0.004 m. Shaft, 0.0017 m. x
0.0013 m. Centre of knob from point, 0.1525
m. Principal transition on this end prepared by

SPITS

305

increase in shaft to 0.002 m. x 0.0019 m. On
other side of knob transition more gradual. Kec-
tangular part of shaft twisted before principal
transition and in middle of other side. Prob-
ably nearly comjilete.

Discards (both points gone) : uncleaned, two.

Class S. Shaft jjar^Zy round and parthj
rectanyidar, the portions next to knob
being round. (No complete specimens.)
Blade end.

2405. Uncertain how much gone from broken
end, but there were probably no more knobs.
Bent. Length, 0.338 m. Thickness of knob,
0.0075 m. Thickness of shaft, about 0.003 m.
Centre of knob to end of blade, 0.177 m.
Abrupt transition on this end, before which
thickness of shaft increases to 0.0038 m. x
0.004 m. On same end near knob, five encircling
lines of engraving. They serve to emphasize
the transition from round to rectangle.

The following fragment, if complete, would
perhaps belong to a different class.

2406. Both ends gone. Length, 0.136 m.
Thickness of knob, 0.01 m. Thickness of shaft,
0.005 m.

Class e. Shaft rectangular. (Fragments
only.)

(«'.) Points.

2407. Uncleaned. Length, 0.256 m. Thick-
ness of knob, 0.0032 m. Shaft, 0.0013 m. square
and less. Centre of knob to point, 0.16 m.

2408. Length, 0.099 m. Thickness of knob,
0.0035 m. Shaft, 0.0015 m. x 0.0013 m. Centre
of knob from point, 0.0755 m.

Discards of (a') : uncleaned one.

(6'.) Both ends lacking.

2409. Length, 0.084 m. Thickness of knob,
0.003 m. Width of sides, 0.0015 m. and less.

2410. Uncleaned. Length, 0.20 m. Thick-
ness of knob, 0.0027 m. Shaft, 0.0017 m.x
0.0019 m. and less.

2411. Uncleaned. Length, 0.093 m. Thick-
ness of knob, 0.004 m. Shaft, 0.0025 m. square
and less.

Discards of (b') : cleaned, one ; uncleaned, six.

Addenda to Form 1. Fragments,
(a'.) Similar to Class c, but with shaft partly
twisted. Both ends gone.

2412. Length, 0.15 m. Thickness of knob,
0.0065 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.003 m. and less.

(i'.) Fragment with knob at one end. Ad-
jacent shaft first rectangular then angularly
elliptical. Both ends gone.

2413. Length, 0.095 m. Thickness of knob,
0.0035 m. Shaft, 0.0016 m. square near knob,
afterwards 0.0023 m.x 0.008 m.-0.0033 m.x
0.0023 m. Reddish.

Form 2. Knob as in Form 1, but sides
are angular.

Class a. Shaft partly round and j)artly
rectangidar, the 2iortions next to knob
being rectangidar. (No complete pieces.)
(«'.) Points.

2414. Uncleaned. Length, 0.202 m. Knob,
0.003 m. square. Shaft, 0.0013 m. and less.
Centre of knob, 0.14 m. from point.

2415. Uncleaned. Length, 0.185 m. Knob,
0.0025 m. square. Shaft, 0.002 m. and less.
Centre of knob to point, 0.135 m.

2416. Uncleaned. Length, 0.454 m. Knob,
0.0027 m. square. Shaft, 0.0018 m. and less.
Centre of knob to point, 0.3985 m.

2417. Uncleaned. Length, 0.255 m. Knob,
0.003 m. square. Shaft, 0.002 m. square and
less. Centre to point, 0.108 m. Cf. No. 2680.

Discards of (a') ; uncleaned, two.

(6'.) Both ends lacking.

2418. Uncleaned. Length, 0.198 m. Knob,
0.0022 m.x 0.0012 m. Shaft, 0.0017 m.x
0.001 m.

2419. Uncleaned. Length, 0.222 m. Knob,
0.0028 m. X 0.003 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0022 m,
and less.

2420. Uncleaned. Length, 0.403 m. Knob,
0.005 m. square. Shaft, 0.003 m. x 0.0028 m.
and less.

Discards of (b') : cleaned, one ; uncleaned, five.

Class /8. Similar to Class a, but with more
developed transition from rectangidar
part of shaft to round. (No complete
specimens.)
(«'.) Point.

2421. Uncleaned. Length, 0.271 m. Knob,
0.0027 m. square. Shaft, 0.0022 m. x 0.002 m.
and less. Centre of knob, 0.114 m. from point.
Principal transition on this end. Plain but not
abrupt. No swelling. On the other side of
knob, gradual transition.

(6'.) Ends.

2422. Uncleaned. Length, 0.333 m. Knob,
0.0027 m.x 0.0029 m. Shaft, 0.C02 m.x
0.0017 m. and less. Shaft on one side of knob
rectangular to end (0.06 m. from centre of
knob). On the other side, plain transition to
round at 0.14 m. from centre of knob.

2423. Uncleaned. Length, 0.30 m. Knob,

306

THE BRONZES

0.0038 m. square. Shaft, 0.0028 m.x 0.003 lu.
ami less. Short portion at one end entirely rec-
tanguhir. On the other side, plain but easy
transition at 0.0(3 m. from centre of knob.

2424. Uncleaned. Length, 0.203 m. Knob,
0.0038 m.x 0.0045 ni. Shaft, 0.0035 m. and
less. Gradual transitions.

Class y. Similar to Class a, hut with rec-
tangxdar part partially twisted.
Point.

2425. Uncleaned. Condition poor. Length,
0.222 m. Knob, 0.0022 m. x 0.002 m. Sliaft,
0.0016 m. and less. Centre of knob, 0.15 m.
from point. Gradual transition. Shaft mostly
twisted on both sides of knob.

Class 8. Shaft rectangular.
Only pointed ends.

2426. Probably about complete. Length,
0.089 m. Knob, 0.0025 m. x 0.0007 m. Shaft,
0.002 m. X 0.0007 m. and less. Centre of knob to
one end, 0.065 m. Both ends dull. Color reddish.

2427. Uncleaned. Length, 0.155 m. Knob,
0.0025 m. square. Shaft, 0.0017 m. square.
Centre of knob to one end, 0.0735 m.

The following are incomplete,
(a'.) Points.

2428. Length, 0.455 m. Knob, 0.002 m.
square. Shaft, 0.0013 m. square and less.
Centre of knob to point, 0.40 m.

2429. Nearly complete. Length, 0.112 m.
Knob, 0.002 m. x 0.0017 m. Shaft, 0.0016 m. x
0.0015 m. and less. Centre of knob to point,
0.082 m.

2430. Length, 0.108 m. Knob, 0.0025 m. x
0.0024 m. Shaft 0.0015 m. x 0.0017 m. Centre
of knob to point, 0.0027 m.

(J'.) Both ends lacking.

2431. Uncleaned. Length, 0.142 m. Knob,
0.0016 m. X 0.0017 m. Shaft, 0.001 m. and less.

2432. Uncleaned. Length, 0.097 m. Knob,
0.003 m. X 0.0022 m. Shaft, 0.0012 m. square
and less.

2433. Uncleaned. Length, 0.099 m. Knob,
0.0025 m. X 0.0022 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0017
ni. and less.

2434. Length, 0.104 m. Knob, 0.0034 m.
Shaft, 0.0025 m. square and less.

2435. Length, 0.207 m. Knob, 0.0055 m. x
0.005 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0038 m. and less.

The following number is more developed.

2436. Uncleaned. Length, 0.153 m. Knob,
0.0035 m. X 0.0033 m. Shaft, 0.0024 m. square.

Discards of (b') : uncleaned, four.

Form 3. Knob two convex or straight
surfaces with rounded sides which
meet with or without forming an
ANGLE. Shaft cut down at either end

OF KNOB, and at THESE POINTS USUALLY
EMPHASIZED, SUCH EMPHASIS IN THE MORE
DEVELOPED SPECIMENS TAKING THE FORM
OF ONE OR MORE RINGS.

Owing to the lack of sharp distinctions be-
tween the specimens of greater and less degree
of development, it seems best to group all tlie
examples together according to the degree of
development of the knob and its appurtenances.
Class a. Shaft partli/ rectangular and
jKirtly round, the part next to knob being
rectangular.

(«'.) Ends pointed.

2437. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0325 m. Knob,
0.003 m. Shaft, 0.0014 m. x 0.0018 m. at knob,
elsewhere less. Centre of knob to one point,
0.195 m. Transitions gradual, that on short
end being the more marked.

2438. Bent. Length, 0.127 m. Knob, 0.0025
m. Shaft, 0.0018 m.x 0.0023 m. Centre of
knob from one point, 0.0835 ni. Ti-ansition
gradual. Short end rectangular to point.

2439. Uncleaned. Length, 0.467 m. Knob,
0.0034 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0018 m. Centre
of knob to nearest end, 0.12 m. Transitions
gradual.

2440. From back of South Building. Ends
blunted. Length, 0.401 m. Knob, 0.0057 m.
Shaft, 0.0022 m. x 0.0023 m. Centre of knob
to one end, 0.227 m. Transition on this side
plainly marked. The other side is rectangular
to within 0.031 m. of end.

2440 a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.133 m.
Knob, 0.0055 m. Shaft, 0.0027 m. x 0.003 m.
and less. Centre of knob to nearest end, 0.051
m. This end rectangular.

(6'.) Points (enough of shaft pre-
served to render one-knob type
certain).
Slightly developed, oblong knobs.

2441. Roughly coiled. Length, 0.438 m.
Knob, 0.0035 m. Shaft, 0.0015 m. and less.
Centre of knob to point, 0.088 m. Transitions
gradual.

2442. Uncleaned. Light green patina.
Length. 0.422 m. Knob, 0.0045 m. Shaft,
0.0025x0.0023 m. Centre of knob to point,
0.14 m. Transitions gradual, that on long end
being the more plainly marked.

SPITS

307

2443. From south slope. Bent. Length,
0.254 ni. Knob, 0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.0028 m. x
0.0024 m. at knob, elsewhere less. Centre of
knob to point, 0.167 m.

2444. Uncleaned. Length, 0.39 m. Knob,
0.006 m. Shaft, 0.0035 ui. square near knob,
elsewhere less. Transition gradual, but prepared
for by slight increase in thickness of shaft.

2444 a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.375 m. Knob,
0.004 m. Shaft, 0.0019 ni. square and less.
Centre of knob to point, 0.131 ni. Transitions
gradual, but that on short end accompanied by
slight swelling of shaft.

Discards similar to above : uncleaned, two.

The following have more developed knobs,
with a tendency to diminish their length.

2445. From West Building. Length, 0.435 m.
Knob, 0.0028 m. Shaft, 0.0015 m. (at knob,
0.0018 m.). Centre of knob to point, 0.12 m.
Transitions gradual, that on short end being pre-
ceded by slight swelling of shaft.

2246. Length, 0.222 m. Knob, 0.0035 m.
Shaft, 0.002 m. square (at principal transition),
elsewhere less. Centre of knob to point, 0.118 m.
Transition gradual, but preceded by above swell-
ing. The other transition is gradual.

2447. Length, 0.208 m. Knob, 0.004 m.
Shaft, 0.0025 m. square and less. Short end of
shaft rectangular, long end has gradual transi-
tion. Centre of knob to point, 0.176 m.

2448. Uncleaned. Length, 0.305 m. Knob,
0.0075 m. Shaft, 0.0025 m. square and less.
Centre of knob to point, 0.112 m. Transition
plain, but not abrupt. From transition to point,
engraved screw-threading. On other side of
knob, shaft has gradual transition.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2445-2448) r un-
cleaned, one.

(c'.) Points which do not include
enough of shaft to make it certain
that there was one knob only.
Knob oblong. Partially developed.

2449. Uncleaned. Length, 0.42 m. Knob,
0.004 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0017 m. and less.
Transition gradual.

2450. Uncleaned. Length, 0.225 m. Knob,
0.005 m. Shaft, 0.0025 m. square and less.
Advanced transition with preliminary swelling,
connecting ring and round, blunt, ornamented
terminal piece, engraved with spread screw-
threading. This end is distant 0.0865 m. from
centre of knob. On the other side of knob,
gradual transitions.

Discards with knobs similar to Nos. 2440 f. : uncleaned,
one.

Short partially developed knob, re-
sembling ring.

2451. Uncleaned. Length, 0.156 m. Knob,
0.003 m. Shaft, 0.0025 m. x 0.0024 m. and
less.

Short developed knobs with tendency
to angularity.

2452. Point blunted. Length, 0.133 m. Knob,
0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0025 m. and
less. Gradual transitions.

2453. Length, 0.207 m. Knob, 0.005 m.
Shaft, 0.0028 m. x 0.003 m. and less. Short
end rectangular, the other has gradual transition.
Zigzag on shaft at both sides of knob.

2454. Length, 0.153 m. Knob, 0.0045 m.
Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0025 m. and less. Plain
but not abrupt transition, with slight increase in
thickness of sliaft.

2455. Length, 0.219 m. Knob, 0.0085 m.
Sliaft, 0.0045 m. square and less. Preserved
transition gradual but plain.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2452 ff.) : uncleaned,
seven.

((?'.) Complete pieces with blunt ends.
Developed knobs.

2456. Uncleaned. Length, 0.3275 m. Knob,
0.0055 m. Shaft, 0.0027 m. x 0.0029 m. at
knob and main transition, elsewhere less. Ends
plain, but one is preceded by a groove. Diame-
ter, 0.0017 m. Distance from centre of knob,
0.181 m. Transition plain but not abrupt. The
other transition is gradual.

(c'.) Blunt end with insufficient shaft
to make certain that there was one
knob only.

2457. Length, 0.249 m. Knob, 0.009 m.
Shaft, 0.0045 m. square and less. Preserved
transition plain but gradual.

2457 a. Length, 0.3855 m. Knob, 0.01 m.
At either side, ring. Shaft, 0.0038 m. square and
less. Centre of knob to end, 0.231 m. Groove
at end. Gradual transitions.

2457 b. Condition poor. One rivet lost.
Length, 0.114 m. Knob, 0.0095 m. Shaft,
0.0075 m. X 0.008 m. at knob, elsewhere less.
Centre of knob to end, 0.0895 m. Transition
plain but not abrupt. Marked with two (or per-
haps three) grooves. Groove at end, forming
sort of cap. This end of shaft spliced with
blade 0.036 m. in length and 0.0035 m.-O.OOl m.
in thickness, which is inserted and held by two

808

THE BRONZES

rivets. Possibly not a spit, but formally sim-
ilar.
Discards of (e') : one, uncleaned.

(/'•) Ornamented blunt end with ad-
vanced transition.

2458. Nearly complete. Length, 0.265 m.
Knob, 0.006 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0035 m. and
less. Centre of knob to short end, 0.009 m.
Transition accompanied by increase in thickness
and by disk-ring. Terminal piece ornamented
with screw-threading and a convex surface. On
the other side of knob, gradual transition. Might
be taken as a straight pin of Type k. Seems
better to regard it as a mixed or transitional
form midway between pin and spit, the solid disk
corresponding to the separable disk still pre-
served on certain spits, e. g. in the Carapanos
collection (from Dodona.)

(gf'.) Ornamented blunt end with ad-
vanced transition. (Original length
and number of knobs uncertain.)

2459. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0815 m. Knob,
0.007 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. square and less.
Centre of knob to preserved end, O.OG m.
Transition followed by terminal piece with screw-
threading.

2460. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0915 m. Knob,
0.008 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.035 m. at transi-
tion, elsewhere less. Centre of knob to end,
0.0705 m. Ring at transition. Just before
end, convex surface.

2461. Uncleaned. Length, 0.067 m. Knob,
0.0075 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. and less. Centre
of knob to end, 0.0455 m. Short terminal end
ornamented with convex surfaces and screw-
threading.

2462. Uncleaned. Length, 0.1535 m. Knob,
0.008 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. square and less.
Centre of knob to end, 0.1435 m. Ring at
transition. Round part of end covered with fine
threading.

Discard of {g') : uncleaned, two.

(A'.) Similar to ((/')' ^'^i* ^i^'i terminal

more developed. (In no case is

original number of knobs certain.)

246a Length, 0.097 m. Knob, 0.0105 m.

Slight ring at either side. Shaft, 0.005 m.

square at transition, elsewhere less. Centre of

knob to end, 0.079 m. Ring after transition.

(i'.) Similar to (A')) hut with highly
developed mass of rings taking the
place of transition. (Original num-
ber of knobs uncertain.)

2464. Length, 0.071 m. Knob, 0.012 m. At
either side, two rings. Shaft, 0.0055 m. and less.
Centre of knob to end, 0.0075 m. Sides of rec-
tangular part of shaft ornamented with zigzag
framed in five lines.

(J'.) Ends gone. No rings at side of
knob.

Oblong rounded knobs. (Number
of knobs uncertain.)

2465. Uncleaned. Patinated light green.
Length, 0.211 m. Knob, 0.0024 m. Shaft,
0.0017 m. square. Gradual transition.

2466. Uncleaned. Length, 0.192 m. Knob,
0.0034 m. Shaft, 0.0018 m. square and less.
Gradual transition.

2467. Uncleaned. Length, 0.295 m. Knob,
0.0075 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. square and less.
Transition gradual. Size of knob and shaft dis-
proportionate.

2468. Length, 0.262 m. Knob, 0.009 m.
Shaft, 0.007 m. square next to knob, elsewhere
less. On one side of knob, rectangular stub ; on
the other, nearly complete long end with gradual
transition. Next to knob on short end, five or six
faint grooves, beyond which a few circles. On
long end, a single groove, after which faint circles,
of which some are dotted, others crossed, and the
remainder plain.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2465 £E.) : uncleaned,
ten.

Short rounded knobs.

2469. Uncleaned. Length, 0.158 m. Knob,
0.003 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. square and less.
Gradual transition.

2470. Uncleaned. Length, 0.32 m. Knob,
0.004 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. square and less.
Gradual transition.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2469 f.) : uncleaned,
one.

._ Oblong knobs, the sides of which,

convex or straight, meet at a sharp
or slightly rounded angle.

2471. Uncleaned. Length, 0.12 m. Knob,
0.0038 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. square at knob,
elsewhere less. Gradual transition.

2472. Length, 0.09 m. Knob, 0.005 m.
Shaft, 0.0025 m. square and less. Transition
plain but gradual.

2473. Length, 0.132 m. Knob, 0.0057 m.
Shaft 0.003 m. square and less. Transition
gradual.

2474 Length, 0.181 m. Knob, 0.007 m.
Shaft, 0.0037 m. square at knob, elsewhere less.

SPITS

309

Gradual transition emphasized by two grooves.
Rectangular jjart ornamented with broad undu-

lati:

igzag.

2475. From back of South Building. Length,
0.301 m. Knob, 0.008 m. Shaft, 0.0038 m.
square at knob, elsewhere less. Transition,
grooves, and zigzag as in No. 2474.

2476. Length, 0.366 m. Knob, 0.008 m.
Shaft, 0.004 m. square and less. Transitions
gradual.

Plate CXXIX.

2477. Length, 0.772 ni. Knob, 0.013 m.
Shaft, 0.0075 m. x 0.007 m. and less. Gradual
transition.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2471 fP.): uncleaned,
twelve.

Short, angular knobs, similar to pre-
ceding, but shorter.

2478. Length, 0.105 m. Knob, 0.0034 m.
Shaft, 0.0018 m. square at knob, elsewhere less.
Gradual transition. Original number of knobs
uncertain.

2479. Bent, probably purposely, into leaf-
shaped design. Length, 0.395 m. Length as
bent, 0.085 m. Width, 0.045 m. Knob, 0.005 m.
Shaft, 0.0025 m. x 0.0023 m. at knob, elsewhere
less. Transitions gradual, that on shorter end
being plainer.

2480. Uncleaned. Length, 0.395 m. Knob,
0.006 m. Shaft, 0.0024 m. square at knob,
elsewhere less. Gradual transition.

2481. Length, 0.28 m. Knob, 0.007 m.
Shaft, 0.0048 m. x 0.005 m. and less.

2482. Length, 0.085 m. Knob, 0.0127 m.
Shaft, 0.006 m. square at knob, 0.007 m. at
transition, elsewhere less.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2478 ff.): uncleaned,
nineteen.

(^•'.) Ends gone. Shaft has raised rings
adjoining knob.

Rounded knobs with single ring at
either side.
The following may also be regarded as straight
pins of Type k. Cf. No. 2458.

2483. Length, 0.077 ni. Knob, 0.0125 m.
Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.0039 m. and less. Plain,
slightly abrupt transition preceded by three en-
graved lines. On same side (that of which the
more is preserved), zigzag in frame. Traces of
zigzag also on other side. Uncertain how many
knobs originally.

The following two are of doubtfid classification.

2484. Length, 0.219 m. Knob, 0.01m. Shaft,

0.003 m. X 0.0035 m. and less. Short end termi-
nates in convex surface and cap. On longer side,
gradual transition. Probably had only one knob.

2485. Length, 0.117 m. Knob, 0.0095 m.
Shaft, 0.0035 m. square and less. On one side
of knob, ornamented terminal end, on the other,
rather abrupt transition. Traces of fine zigzag
on shaft at either side of knob. Probably sub-
stantially complete.

Discards similar to N'o. 2483: cleaned, one; uncleaned,
thirteen. Similar to No. 2485: uncleaned, one. Number
of knobs in no case certain. Majority probably bad but
one knob.

Rounded knob with double ring at
either side. (Original number of
knobs uncertain.)

2486. Length, 0.16 m. Knob, 0.011 m. At
either side, grooved ring. On one side of knob,
short stub (0.007 m.x 0.003 m.), into which was
inserted piece held by a rivet. On the other
side, easy transition with one or two grooves.
Rectangular part ornamented with double row of
diamond hatching inclosed in frame. Belongs
here formally, though not certain that it was a
spit.

Angular knobs, short or slightly
elongated, with a single ring at
either side. (Original number of
knobs uncertain.)

2487. Length, 0.171 m. Knob, 0.0105 m.
Shaft, 0.0055 m. square and less. On longer
preserved side, abrupt transition with three lines
of engraving.

2488. From "West Building. Length, 0.38 m.
Knob, 0.0085 m. Shaft, 0.0045 m. x 0.005 m.
at knob, elsewhere less. Transition plain, but
gradual.

2489. Length, 0.4405 m. Knob, 0.014 m.
Shaft, 0.0057 m. square and less. Transition
gradual.

2490. From south slope. Length, 0.1355 m.
Knob, 0.01 ni. Shaft, 0.0049 m. square and
less. On longer preserved side, easy transition
emphasized by three rings engraved at beginning
of round part.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2487-2490) : uncleaned,
six.

Oblong slightly angular knobs, with
a single wide flat ring at either
end. Rings rectangular. (Prob-
ably with but one knob origi-
nally.)

2491. Length, 0.234 m. Knob, 0.005 m.

310

THE BRONZES

Shaft, 0.0035 in. x 0.0031 m. and less. Longer
presei'ved side has gradual ti-ausitiou. Probable
traces of fine zigzag near knob.

2492. Found probably at northeast corner of
main terrace near or under Cyclopean wall in
1893. Length, 0.578 m. Knob, 0.007 m. Shaft,
0.0038 ni. X 0.004 m. and less. Gradual tran-
sitions. On longer preserved side, thickening of
shaft (centre from centre of knob, 0.114 m.) to
0.0045 m. square. Probably transitional to two-
knob type.

Similar rings, but knobs are more
angular, and are shorter in pro-
portion to thickness.
249a Length, 0.274 m. Knob, 0.01 m. Shaft,
0.0057 m. square and less. Preserved short
rectangular stub on one side of knob ornamented
with cross inclosed at ends by a single groove.
Longer piece on other side of knob with gradual
transition emphasized by three grooves. On this
side, cross inclosed by double grooves at ends.
Uncertain how many knobs originally.

Angular knobs with several rings at
sides.

2494. Length, 0.222 m. Knob, 0.0085 m.
Shaft, 0.003 ra. square and less. On one side
of knob, three rings, on the other, an uncertain
number and gradual transition. Could be re-
garded as a straight pin of Type k. Uncertain
how many knobs originally.

2495. Length, 0.273 m. Knob, 0.0155 m.
Shaft, 0.006 m. square and less. Single ring at
each side of knob. On one side, coarse zigzasr.
on the other, gradual transition, with four grooves
immediately preceding. Between knob and tran-
sition, another group of about four similar
grooves.

Irregtilarly rounded rather flat knob
with block-like rings, partially
grooved, at either side.

2496. Length, 0.155 m. Knob, 0.007 m.
Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.004 m. at transition, else-
where less. Transition rapid, but not abrupt.

Addendum to Class a. It is uncertain whether
the following was not a straight pin.

2497. Length, 0.166 m. Knob, 0.0105 m.
Shaft, 0.0026 m. x 0.003 m. and less. On longer
stub, gradual transition, marked by one or two
grooves. Rectangle ornamented with zigzag of
bent lines.

Class /8. Shaft rectangular on both sides
of knob. Lony end, partly twisted.
The following two numbers, being ends and

nearly complete, include also a rounded jjortion
beyond rectangle (or twisted rectangle). An-
gular knobs.

(«'.) Pointed end.

2498. From West Building. Length, 0.42 m.
Knob, 0.0064 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.003 m.
and less. Centre of knob from point, 0.082 m.
Transition gradual.

(//.) Blunt end.

2499. Uncleaned. Length, 0.401 m. Knob,
0.007 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. x 0.0035 m. at knob,
elsewhere less. Centre of knob to end, 0.158 m.
Slight cap at end. Gradual transitions.

Discards : uncleaued, three. These have no ends pre-
served, and, probably in consequence thereof, no round part.

Class y. Shaft rectangidar. (^Jn no case
is original number of knobs certain.')
(a'.) Points.

Oblong rounded knob. No rings.

2500. Uncleaned. Length, 0.257 m. Knob,
0.0037 m. Shaft, 0.0019 m. x 0.0022 m. and
less. Centre of knob to point, 0.13 m.

2501. Length, 0.101 m. Knob, 0.0037 m.
Shaft, 0.0025 m. x 0.0027 m. and less. Centre
of knob to point, 0.09 m.

Similar, but with shorter knob.

2502. Length, 0.128 m. Knob, 0.0039 m.
Shaft, 0.003 m. x 0.028 m. and less. Centre of
knob to point, 0.113 m.

Similar, but with angular knob.

2503. Uncleaned. Length, 0.186 m. Knob,
0.0075 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.003 m. and less.
Centre of knob to point, 0.087 m.

Discard similar to above (No. 2503): uncleaned, one.

(b'.'y Blade end. (Original number
of knobs uncertain.)

2504. Uncleaned. Length, 0.141 m. Knob,
0.005 m. Nearly rectangular. Shaft, 0.003 m.
and less. Centre of knob to end of blade,
0.048 m. Width of blade, 0.0055 m.

The following doubtful piece is put here for
convenience.

2505. Uncleaned. Length, 0.065 m. Knob,
0.0135 m. Shaft, 0.0048 m. x 0.0045 m. Centre
of knob to edge of blade, 0.0585 m. On same
side next to knob, ring rising abruptly from
shaft, perhaps transitional to Form 4. Width
of blade, 0.0095 m.

(c'.) Ends gone. Shaft plain at ends
of knob.
Rounded knobs. Oblong.

2506. Length, 0.042 m. Knob, 0.0027 m.
Shaft, 0.0015 m. square and less.

SPITS

311

2506 a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.143 m. Knob,
0.0036 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. x 0.0018 m. and less
except at 0.11 m. from knob, where it swells to
0.002 m. X 0.0025 m., probably to mark the com-
mencement of a terminal end. This piece is
somewhat doubtful.

2507. Uncleaned. Length, 0.114 m. Knob,
0.003 m. Shaft, 0.0025 ra. x 0.0027 m. and less.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2506 ff.): uncleaned, two.

Rounded knobs. Short.

2508. Uncleaned. Length, 0.057 m. Knob,
0.002 m. Shaft, 0.0018 m. square and less.

2509. Uncleaned. Length, 0.057 m. Knob,
0.004 m. Shaft, 0.0027 m. and less.

2510. Uncleaned. Length, 0.2105 m. Knob,
0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.0025 m. square next to
knob, elsewhere less.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2508 f.): uncleaned, two.
Angular oblong knobs.

2511. Length, 0.1125 m. Knob, 0.0037 m.
Shaft, 0.0016 m. x 0.002 m. and less.

2512. Uncleaned. Length, 0.108 m. Knob,
0.004 m. Shaft, 0.0023 m. x 0.0025 m. and
less.

2513. Uncleaned. Length, 0.109 m. Knob,
0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.0018 m.x 0.0025 m. and
less.

2514. Uncleaned. Length, 0.118 m. Knob,
0.006 m. Shaft, 0.0022 m. x 0.0024 m. at knob,
elsewhere less.

2515. Length, 0.066 m. Knob, 0.008 m.
Shaft, 0.0038 m. square and less. Longer pre-
served side has zigzag of bent lines. Could be
put under Class a (because of softening of cor-
ners as though for gradual transition), or under
straight pins of Type k.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2511 ff.): uncleaned,
ten.

Angular knobs. Shorter.

2516. Length, 0.091 m. Knob, 0.0037 m.
Shaft, 0.0023 m. square at knob, elsewhere less.

2517. Length, 0.1275 m. Knob, 0.0037 m.
Shaft, 0.0022 m. square and less. Traces of
zigzag on longer preserved end near knob.

2518. Length, 0.0975 m. Knob, 0.0027 m.
Shaft, 0.0022 m. square at knob, elsewhere about
half as large.

2519. Uncleaned. Length, 0.169 m. Knob,
0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.0015 m. x 0.0019 m. and
less.

2520. Uncleaned. Length, 0.188 m. Knob,
0.0045 m. Shaft, 0.0028 m. x 0.0025 m. and
less.

2521. Uncleaned. Length, 0.16 m. Knob,
0.007 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.003 m. and less.

2522. Uncleaned. Length, 0.069 m. Knob,
0.095 m. Shaft, 0.0039 m.x 0.004 m. Orna-
mented. Short stub has on all sides dot in
circle, preceded by single engraved line next to
knob, followed by zigzag. On long stub, single
line next to knob, followed by row of dots in
circles and dot in double circles.

2523. Length, 0.162 m. Knob, 0.01 m.
Shaft, 0.0052 m. x 0.005 m. and less.

2524. Uncleaned. Length, 0.108 m. Knob,
0.01 m. Shaft, 0.0032 m. square and less.

2525. Uncleaned. Length, 0.221 m. Knob,
0.01 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0045 m. and less.

2526. Uncleaned. Length, 0.123 m. Knob
0.009 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0042 m. and less.
Advanced transition. Followed by short, round
stub (diameter, 0.003 m.). Traces of zigzag
ornament.

2527. Length, 0.11 m. Knob, 0.013 m.
Shaft, 0.0075 m. square and less. Shorter stub
has broken round surface at end, hence there
were probably more knobs than one. Large
zigzag of bent lines at both sides of knob.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2516 ff.) : cleaned, one ;
uncleaned, twenty-seven.

((?'.) Ends gone. A single ring at

each end of knob.

Rounded knobs. Knobs are oblate
or nearly spherical, but with pear-
like flattening of sides toward
poles.

2528. Uncleaned. Length, 0.084 m. Knob,
0.013 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. square and less.
Probably advanced transition on longer stub.

2529. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0545 m. Knob,
0.013 m. Knob and attachments transitional
to FOKM 5".

Discards similar to above (No. 2528) : uncleaned, five.

Angular knobs. Short.

2530. Uncleaned. Length, 0.13 m. Knob,
0.007 m. Shaft, 0.0032 m. x 0.003 m.

2531. Length, 0.106 m. Knob, 0.012 m.
Shaft, 0.0055 m. x 0.006 m. and less.

2532. Length, 0.044 m. Knob, 0.0135 m.

Shaft, 0.0045 m. x 0.005 m.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2530 ff.); uncleaned,
four.

Class S. Shaft round next to Icnob.

(a'.) Ends gone. A single light round
ring at either side of knob.
Rounded knob.

312

THE BRONZES

2533. From West Building. Length, 0.106 m.
Knob, 0.011 m. Shaft, 0.003 m. x 0.0034 m.

(i'.) One end with blade, the other
gone. A single heavy round ring at
either side of knob.
Oblong slightly developed knob re-
sembling rather a simple convex
surface.

2534. Length, 0.43 m. Knob, 0.008 m. x
0.007 m. Shaft, 0.0065 m. at knob, elsewhere
less. Centre of knob to edge of blade, 0.286 m.
Width of blade, 0.004 m.

Form 4. Similar to Form 8, but swell-
ing OF SIDES IS RECTANGULAR. FoRM 4 IS

TO Form 2 as Form 3 is to Form 1. (No
ends preserved.)

Class a. Shaft rectangular and round, the
parts next to knob being rectangidar.
(a'.) Shaft prominent at ends of knob,
but without rings.

2535. Length, 0.1815 m. Knob, 0.0027 m. x
0.0025 m. Shaft, 0.0023 m. and less. Original
number of knobs uncertain. Color reddish.

(6'.) One or more rings at either side
of knob.

2536. Uncleaned. Length, 0.1515 m. Knob,
0.0038 m. X 0.003 m. At either end, single ring.
Shaft, 0.0034 m. x 0.003 m. next to ring, else-
where less. Longer stub has gradual transition.

The following piece is more advanced, and is
ti-ansitional to a rectangular form (not rejjre-
sented at Argos), that would correspond to
Form 5 more closely than does Form 6.

2537. Length, 0.132 m. Knob, 0.005 m.
square. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.003 m. and less.
Raised rectangular rings, one at one end of knob
and two at the other. Possible trace of zigzag
of bent lines on shaft. Original number of
knobs uncertain.

Class (i. Shaft rectangular. (Original
number of knobs uncertain.)

(a'.) Shaft prominent at ends of knob,
but without rings.

2538. Uncleaned. Length, 0.144 m. Knob,
0.0028 m.x 0.003 m. Shaft, 0.0022 m. square
and less. This piece probably had no more knobs.

(6'.) A single ring on shaft at either
end of knob.

2539. Uncleaned. Length, 0.119 m. Knob,
0.005 m. square. Shaft, 0.0025 m. square and
0.003 m. square next to knob. Long stub in-
crases to 0.0035 m. x 0.004 m., part of which is
oxidation.

Form 5. Similar to Form 3 as regards
shape of knob, but the ring on shaft

at ends of KNOB HAS NOW BECOME AN
APPENDAGE TO THE KNOB. KnOB WITH
ITS RINGS APPEARS AS SOMETHING SEPARATE
FROM SHAFT AND IN MOST CASES IS A SEP-
ARATE PIECE. (There are no complete
pieces and in no case is the original num-
ber of knobs known.)
Class a. Shaft rectangular and round, the

2jarts next to knob being j-ectangidar.

Ends gone.

2540. Length, 0.339 m. Knob, 0.02 m. It
is short, with convex sides. It forms one piece
with rings, and is jacketed over the shaft. Shaft,
0.006 m. and less. Gradual transition. Not
certain that this piece is a spit.

Class yS. Shaft (so far as 2»'escrved') rec-
tangular.
(a'.) Point.

2541. Length, 0.108 m. Knob, 0.016 m.
With rings forms one piece which is jacketed
on over shaft. Shaft, 0.004x0.0043 m. and
less.

(6'.) Ends gone.

2542. Length, 0.0525 m. Knob, 0.016 m.
With its rings forms a separate piece which is
jacketed on. Shaft, 0.007 m. x 0.0075 m. At
short end traces of round stub, 0.0065 m. in
diameter.

2543. Length, 0.184 m. Knob, 0.015 m.
Uncertain whether it forms a separate piece.
Shaft, 0.0045 m. square.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2542 ff.): uncleaned,
three.

Form 6. Advanced rectangular knob

WITHOUT RINGS. KnOB RISES SHARPLY
FROM SHAFT, WITH AVHICH IT FORMS ONE

PIECE. (No complete pieces.)
Shaft rectangular (so far as preserved).
Ends gone.
Knob plain.

2544. Uncleaned. Length, 0.13 m. Knob,
0.0041 m. square. Shaft, 0.0028 m. x 0.003 m.
Original number of knobs imeertain.

Knob ornamented.

2545. From West Building. Length, 0.189 m.
Knob, 0.006 m. square. Three fine lines across
each end inclosing cross, on all four sides. Line
of cross double in two places. On one side, fine
lines along long edges, one on each edge. Shaft,
0.004 m. square and less. Probably but one
knob.

SPITS

313

Form 7. Similar to Form 6, but knob
is divided by broad groovk in centre

WITH SLOPING SIDES. EnDS FALL SHARPLY.
In spite OF DIVISION IS ESSENTIALLY ONE
KNOB.

Shaft rectangular and round, the parts next
to knob being rectangular.
Only one piece, the ends of which are

gone, but which probably had but one

knob.

2546. Length, 0.537 m. Length of knob,
0.0095 m. + 0.0085 ra. Sides, about 0.0055 m.
square. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0045 m. and less.
Gradual transitions.

Type c. Two knobs.
Form 1. Knob a thickening of shaft.
Sides op knob round.
Shaft rectangular and round, the parts next
to and between knobs being rectangular.
Only one specimen, and that with both
ends gone.

2547. Uncleaned. Length, 0.257 m. Knobs,
0.007 m. Centre to centre, 0.05 m. Shaft,
0.003 m. X 0.0035 ni. and less. Gradual transi-
tion with slight thickening of shaft on mixed end.

Form 2. Knob a thickening of shaft.
Sides of knob rectangular.
Class a. Shaft rectangular and round, the
parts next to and between hiobs being
rectangular.

Both ends gone.

2548. Uncleaned. Length, 0.314 m. Knobs,
0.0035 m. square. Centres, 0.018 m. apart.
Shaft, 0.0024 m. square and less. One stub
rectangular, the other has gradual transition
with swelling.

Class fi. Shaft rectangular.
Both ends gone.

2549. Uncleaned. Length, 0.193 m. Knobs,
about 0.005 m. square. Centres, 0.034 m. apart.
Shaft, 0.0028 m. square. Longer stub is slightly
twisted and has trace of zigzag.

Class y. Shaft between and adjoining
knobs nearly elliptical (i. e. rectangular
with rounded angles^, but toward point
becomes somewhat more rounded.
Point.

2550. Uncleaned. Length, 0.16 m. Knobs,
0.003 m. X 0.0027 m. Centres, 0.016 m. apart.
Shaft, 0.0025 m.x 0.002 m. and less. Centre
of nearest knob to point, 0.13 m.

' Developed specimen with advanced terminal end from

Form 3. Sides of shaft incut at ends
of knobs, which are convex, with

ROUNDED SIDES. EnDS OF SHAFT AD.IOIN-
ING KNOBS TEND TO INCREASE IN EMPHASIS.

Corresponds to Type b, Form 3.
Class tt. Shaft rectangular and round, the
parts near to and between knobs being
rectangular.^ (No complete pieces.)
(a'.) Point.
Plate CXXX.

255L Length, 0.611 m. Knobs, 0.009 m.
Distance apart, 0.026 m. Shaft, 0.0046 m. x
0.005 m. Centre of nearest knob to point,
0.086 m. At either end of each knob, raised flat
rectangular ring. Transitions gradual.

(6'.) Preserved end plain and blunt.
No cap.

Larger and more developed knob
near more advanced transition.

2552. Length, 0.405 m. Knobs, 0.006 m.-
0.009 m. Distance apart, 0.0185 m. Shaft,
0.004 m. square and less except at transition,
which is 0.005 m. x 0.004 m. Gradual transition.

Knobs of same size, but original
number uncertain.

2553. Length, 0.423 m. Knobs, 0.014 m.
Shaft, 0.0065 m. square and less except at tran-
sition, which is 0.008 m. square. Nearest knob
to end, 0.299 m. Traces of zigzag on rectangular
part of shaft.

(c'.) Preserved end plain and blunt,
but with cap.

Low rounded knobs with a single
ring at either side of each. (Origi-
nal number of knobs uncertain.)

2554. Length, 0.415 m. Knobs, 0.008 m.
Distance apart, 0.064 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. near
knobs, elsewhere less. Centre of knob to end,
0.303 m. Gradual transition.

Rounded knobs with a single ring at
either side of each. (Original
number of knobs uncertain.)

2555. Length, 0.417 m. Knobs, 0.014 m.
Distance apart (between rings), 0.071 m. Shaft,
0.006 m. square near knobs, elsewhere less.
Gradual transition.

Developed angular knobs with sev-
eral rings at either side of each.
(Original number of knobs un-
certain, but probably not less than
three.)

Tegea {Mitth. V. p. 67, pi. iv. a [Milchhofer]). Mov-
able disk at beginning of long end.

314

THE BRONZES

2556. Len5,'tli, 0.293 m. Knobs, 0.0145 m.
Interspace, 0.024 m. Shaft, 0.0055 ni. square
at knobs, elsewhere less. Shorter stub has four
rings next to knob and four at break. Longer
stub has four next to knob and five at transition.
Between knobs, three and five. Transition plain,
but not abrupt. Nearest knob to end, 0.203 m.

((/'.) Preserved end a jjlain round ter-
minal piece, uncertain whether with
cap.

Rounded knobs with grooved ring
at either side.

2557. Length, 0.29 m. Knobs, 0.012 m.
Literspace, 0.073 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. x 0.006 m.
and less. Transition rapid, but not abrupt.
Length of terminal, 0.075 m.

(e'.) Both ends gone.
Rounded knobs with a single ring
at either side of each. (Original
number of knobs uncertain.)

2558. Length, 0.383 m. Knobs, 0.0125 m.
Interspace, 0.07 m. Shaft, 0.006 m. square near
knobs, elsewhere less. Gradual transition.

Oblong angular knobs. No rings.

2559. Length, 0.22 m. Knobs, 0.01 m. In-
terspace, 0.085 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. square and
less. Transition plain but gradual.

2560. Length, 0.226 m. Knobs, about 0.01 m.
Transition followed by terminal, the beginning
of which is rectangular, the remainder round.
Probably no more knobs originally.

Discard similar to above : uncleaaed, one.

Short angular knobs. No rings.

2561. Length, 0.321 m. Knobs, 0.012 m.
Interspace, 0.037 m. Shaft, 0.007 m. square
and less. Probably no more knobs originally.

2562. Length, 0.365 m. Knobs, 0.009 m.
Interval, 0.02 m. Shaft, 0.0045 m. square and
less. Gradual transition. Probably no more
knobs originally.

256a Length, 0.171 m. Knobs, 0.012 m. x
0.015 m. Interval, 0.042 m. Shaft, 0.006 m. x
0.0065 m. and less. Short terminal.

Addenda to Class a. Fragments with knobs
of unequal size. Probable that nearly all had
originally three knobs, but the case of No. 2552
makes it preferable to put them here. Arrange-
ment from rounded to angular knobs.

2564. Length, 0.157 m. Knobs, 0.013 m.
and 0.008 m. Interspace, 0.021 m. Advanced
transition (on side of smaller knob) followed by
round ornamented terminal (length, 0.039 m.),
beginning with disk.

2565. Length, 0.115 ni. Knobs, 0.011 m.,
0.007 m., the smaller being toward transition.
Interspace, 0.014 m. Advanced transition fol-
lowed by ornamented terminal piece beginning
with disk as in No. 2564. Length, 0.054 m.
Traces of zigzag on rectangular part of shaft,
on all four sides.

2566. Uncleaned. Length, 0.157 m. Knobs,
0.014 m. and 0.0095 m., the smaller being to-
ward transition. Interspace, 0.017 m. Advanced
transition followed by round part, after which
secondary transition and round terminal, of which
length, 0.057 m.

The fact that the smaller knob is, in the above
addenda, nearer the transition is without signif-
icance in those cases in which it was balanced
by a similar smaller knob on the other side of
larger knob.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2564 ff.): cleaned, five;
uncleaned, two.

Class y8. Rectangular shaft. As no ends
are jjreserved, the majority were jyrobahly
of Class a. (Original number of knobs
in no case certain.)

2567. Length, 0.258 m. Knobs, 0.007 m. In-
terspace, 0.075 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. square at
knobs, elsewhere less.

2568. Length, 0.063 m. Knobs, 0.016 m.
Interspace, 0.0275 m. ; at each end, on all four
sides, two grooves (distance apart, 0.004 m.) con-
nected by diagonal cross lines.

2569. Length, 0.138 m. Knobs, 0.01 m.
and 0.011 m. Interspace, 0.045 m. Shaft,
near knobs, 0.047 m. square, elsewhere less.

2570. Length, 0.128 m. Knobs, 0.015 m.
Interspace, 0.037 m. Shaft, 0.005 m. and less.
Faint traces of ornament near knobs, perhaps
lines connected by diagonals as in No. 2568, and
circles.

2571. Length, 0.15 m. Knobs, 0.007 m. and
0.0065 m. Interspace, 0.025 m. Shaft, 0.005 m.
(near knobs, elsewhere less).

The following have a single ring on shaft at
either side of knobs.

2572. Length, 0.152 m. Knobs, 0.01 m.
and 0.011 m. Interspace, 0.034 ni. Shaft,
0.006 m. and less. T'l'^ces of zigzag between
knobs.

2573. Length, 0.113 m. Knobs, 0.009 m. In-
terval, 0.017 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0045 m.
near knobs, elsewhere less.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2572 f.): cleaned, one;
uncleaned, four.

SPITS

315

Addenda to Class (3. Knobs of unequal size.
((('.) Without rings.

2574. Length, 0.086 m. Knobs, 0.018 ni.,
0.009 ni. Interval, 0.0315 m. On all four sides,
broad zigzag of bent lines.

2574 a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0365 ra.
Knobs, 0.01 m., 0.005 ui. Interval, 0.022 m.
Shaft, 0.0045 m. square. All four sides occu-
pied with ornament. Space divided by vertical
lines into three sections, in each of which, a di-
agonal cross. Lines and crosses struck with
chisel.

Discard similar to above (Nos. 2574 f .) : one.

(6'.) One or more rings next to each end of
knobs.

2575. Length, 0.055 m. Knobs, 0.022 m. and
0.01 ra. Interval, 0.013 m. Shaft, 0.007 m.
square. Single plain rings.

2576. From West Building. Length, 0.089 m.
Knobs, 0.007 m. and 0.008 m., larger knob being
toward transition. Interspace, 0.0115 m. Shaft
near knobs, 0.0042 m., 0.0045 m. Advanced
transition which was followed by disk and ter-
minal end.

2577. Length, 0.076 m. Knobs, 0.008 m. and
0.013 m. Interval, 0.0115 m. Shaft, 0.004 m.
square. Single rings.

2578. Length, 0.096 m. Knobs, 0.0115 m. and
0.005 m. Interval, 0.011 m. Shaft, 0.003 m.
square. Three rings outside large knob, else-
where two. Between large knob and transition,
framed zigzag. Portion between small knob
and break divided by two lines into two sections,
of which the first has framed zigzag ; the second
is plain.

2579. Uncleaned. Length, 0.04 m. Knobs,
0.0125 m., 0.0095 m. Interspace, 0.02 m. Shaft,
0.0055 m. square. Single rings. Stub of shaft on
side of smaller knob has broken out hole. Di-
ameter, 0.0015 m.

Discards of (b') : uncleaned, six.

Class y. Shaft rectangidar and round, the
ends and the part between knohs being
round.

Both ends blunt, shorter end probably
complete.

2580. Length, 0.322 m. Knobs, 0.0078 m.
Interspace, 0.0115 m. Ornamented with fine
parallel threading. Shaft, 0.003 m. square at
knobs, elsewhere less. Shorter end has plain
but not abrupt transition to round. Longer end
has gradual transition. Near knobs, zigzag of
bent lines on all four sides.

Addendum to Class y. The following could
also be regarded as straight pins of Type f.

2580 a. Both ends inconii)lete. Length,
0.142 m. Knobs, 0.008 m., 0.0125 m. King at
either side of each. Interval between rings,
0.023 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. square. Between
knobs, rounded rectangular bar and outside larger
knob, round shaft.

FoKM 4. Similar to Form 3, but swelling
OF SIDES IS RECTANGULAR. (No complete
specimens.)

Class a. Shaft rectangular and round.
Both ends gone.

2581. Length, 0.827 m. Knobs, 0.0075 m. x
0.0065 m. and 0.007 m. square. Interspace,
0.251 m. Shaft, 0.0005 m. x 0.006 m. near knobs,
elsewhere less. Smaller knob acts as transition
to following end, which is round. Next to knobs,
swelling of shaft but no rings.

Similar but more developed rectangu-
lar knob, with a square ring at either
side of knobs.

2582. Length, 0.307 m. Knobs, 0.007 m.
square. Interval, 0.0575 m. Shaft, 0.0045 m.
square and less. Direct but not abrupt transi-
tion acompanied by slight thickening of shaft.

Class /3. Shaft rectangular and round,
with secondary sivelling near end as well
as at transition.
Ends.

2583. Length, 0.536 m. Knobs, 0.0035 m. x
0.003 m. Slightly developed. Interspace,
0.01 m. Shaft, 0.0027 m.x 0.0025 m. and
less. Plain but gentle transition to round.
Probable that this piece is practically complete.

2584. Uncleaned. Length, 0.25 m. Knobs,
0.0035 m. and 0.0033 m. Interspace, 0.0225 m.
King adjoining each knob on side toward ends.
Shaft, 0.0023 m. square. From middle of sec-
ondary swelling to preserved end, screw-thi-ead-
ing.

Form 5. Similar to Form 3, but ring
at either end of knob has now become

AN APPENDAGE TO IT. Cf. Type b,

Form 5.

Rectangular shafts. No ends pre-
served.
Plate CXXXI.

2585. Length, 0.247 m. Knobs, 0.014 m.
and 0.0135 m. Interspace, 0.002 m. Shaft,
0.005 m. square and less. Advanced transition.
Knobs probably of same piece with shaft.

2586. Length, 0.18 m. Knobs, 0.015 ra.

316

THE BRONZES

Interspace, 0.0665 m. Shaft. 0.0035 m. square
and less. Knobs appear to be jacketed on.

2587. Length, 0.38-1 ni. Knobs, 0.0275 m.
Interval, 0.057 m. Shaft, 0.0083 m. square and
less. Gradual transition on longer stub. Knobs
perhaps of separate pieces from shaft.

2588. From south slope. Length, 0.234 ni.
Knobs, 0.023 m. and 0.0225 m. Interspace,
0.041 m. Shaft, 0.006 ni. square. Rectangular
inset near end of longer stub probably to pre-
pare for transition. Between rings of each knob,
longitudinal striations. Knobs of separate pieces
from shaft.

Type d. Three knobs.'

FoiiM 1. Knob a simple swelling of
SHAFT. Sides of knob rectangular.
Knobs of this form belonging to
Type d are more advanced than those
OF the corresponding forms of Tjrpes
b and c.

Shaft rectangular and round. No com-
plete pieces.

2589. Shorter end may be complete. Length,
0.368 m. Knobs, 0.007 m. square. Interspaces
(reckoned from centres of knobs), 0.027 m.
Shaft, 0.0053 m. square and less. Centre of
nearest knob to end, 0.027 m. On long stub,
gradual transition. On all four sides along
knobs, slightly wavy band of zigzag of bent lines
finely engraved.

2590. Both ends gone. Length, 0.331 m.
Knobs, 0.007 m. square. Centres, 0.032 m.
and 0.029 m. apart. Shaft, 0.005 m. square
and less. One end round, with broad screw-
threading, which is not engraved but struck
with chisel in connecting sections of about 0.002
m. in length. This end preceded by rapid tran-
sition. Between knobs, on all four sides, broad
zigzag of bent lines.

Form 2. Sides of shaft incut at ends
of knobs, which are convex, with
rounded sides. Portions of shaft ad-
joining KNOBS TEND TO INCREASE IN EM-
PHASIS. Cf. Form 3 of Types b and c.
Class a. Shaft rectangular and round.
Group i. Central knob larger than the
other two.
(«'.) Ends.

2591. Plain end probably about complete, the
other not. Length, 0.418 m. Knobs, 0.01 m.,

' On four spits of this type in tlie Carapanos collection
(from Dodona), all of which are straight, is passed a disk
of analogous size. Disk on ornamented end, and rests

0.0135 m., 0.009 m. (from ornamented end).
Interspaces, 0.017 m., 0.016 m. respectively.
Shaft, 0.007 ni. square at principal transition,
elsewhere less. One transition advanced and
followed by ornamented terminal, the other easy
but marked with three lines of enjrravinsr. Zijr-
zag of bent lines on four sides of this part of
rectangle.

2592. Length, 0.515 m. Knobs, 0.01 m. and
0.0075 m. Interspace, 0.022 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m.
and less. Nearest knob to end, 0.40 m. Grad-
ual transition. Broken end had advanced tran-
sition and ornamented round terminal. On
rectangular part of this end, fine zigzag of bent
lines.

(6'.) Both ends gone.

Short angular knobs without ring at
end.

2593. Leng-th, 0.298 m. Knobs, 0.0085 m.,
0.011 m., 0.0095 m. (from direction of advanced
transition). Interspaces, 0.033 m. and 0.032 m.
respectively. Shaft, 0.0055 m. square and less.
One transition advanced (0.075 m. from nearest
knob), the other gradual (0.104 m. from nearest
knob). On rectangular part, narrow zigzag of
bent lines.

2594. Length, 0.293 m. Knobs, 0.009 m.,
0.011 m., 0.0085 m. (from advanced transition).
Interspaces, 0.024 m. Shaft, 0.0055 m. square
and less. One transition advanced (0.098 m.
from nearest knob), the other gradual (0.07 m.
from nearest knob). On rectangular part, traces
of zigzag of bent lines.

Discard similar to above (2593 f.): uhcleaned, one.

Oblate rounded knobs with advanced
ring at either end of each knob.

2595. Length, 0.153 m. Knobs, 0.0135 m.
and 0.0095 m. Intervals, 0.02 m. and 0.0175 m.
Shaft, 0.004 m. square and less. Gi-adual tran-
sitions, one at 0.023 m. from nearest knob
marked by three engraved lines, the other at
0.028 m. from the other small knob with four
lines. The latter led to I'ound terminal. On
all sides of rectangular part, narrow zigzag of
bent lines.

Ordinary knobs. Arrangement from
rounded pear-shaped sides to short
sides with sharp angles. Single
ring at end of each knob.

2596. Length, 0.318 m. Knobs, 0.008 m.

against square basis. Holes in disks round, except one
which is square.

SPITS

317

and 0.012 m. Intervals, 0.01 m. and 0.009 m.
Shaft, 0.005 m. x 0.0055 m. at principal transi-
tion, elsewhere less. At 0.045 ni. from nearest
knob advanced transition, probably followed by
round terminal. At 0.032 m. from the other
small knob, gradual transition with two engraved
lines. Entire rectangular part covered with fine
zigzag of bent lines.

2597. Length, 0.18 m. Knobs, 0.006 m.,
0.012 m., 0.0075 m. (reckoned from principal
transition). Interspaces, 0.015 m. and 0.018 m.
respectively. Shaft, 0.0036 m. square and less,
except at transition, where it is more. At
0.0395 m. from nearest knob, advanced transition
with disk into which round terminal was in-
serted. At 0.032 m. from the other small knob,
gradual transition with two and three lines.
Traces of zigzag of bent lines on rectangular part.

2598. Length, 0.108 m. Knobs, 0.006 m.,
0.012 m., 0.0065 m. Interspaces, 0.014 m.,
0.0125 m. Shaft, 0.0035 m. square and less.
At 0.02 m. from knob, abrupt transition with
ring, groove, and disk. At 0.013 m. from other
small knob, plainly marked transition to round.

2599. Length, 0.124 m. Knobs, 0.006 m.,
0.011 m., 0.0075 m. (counting from shorter
stub). Interspaces (between rings), 0.0085 m.
Shaft, 0.0037 m. x 0.004 m. At 0.0165 ra. from
smallest knob, break, which was followed by
round part. At 0.015 m. from other small knob,
easy transition with three lines.

2600. Length, 0.2055 m. Knobs, 0.008 m.,
0.0135 m. Interspaces, 0.01 m., 0.0125 m.
Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0037 m. and less. Plainly
marked transition. Traces of zigzag of bent
lines on rectangular part.

2601. From West Building. Length, 0.1665m.
Knobs, 0.007 m., 0.01 m. Interspaces, 0.013 m.,
0.017 m. Shaft, 0.003 ra. square and less, ex-
cept at transition (0.0035 m. x 0.004 m.).
Transitions equidistant (0.018 m.) from knobs,
the one advanced to terminal, the other plainly
marked to round.

2602. Length, 0.182 m. Knobs, 0.01 m.,
0.0175 m. Interspaces, 0.022 m., 0.021 m.
Shaft, 0.0057 m. square and less (at transition,
0.006 m. square). At 0.0675 m. from knob,
advanced transition with disk and round orna-
mented terminal. At the other end, stub (length,
0.004 m. ; width, 0.006 m. ; thickness, 0.0024 m.),
in end of which hole (broken out) 0.0025 m. in
diameter. Shaft was therefore composite. Faint
traces of zigzag of bent lines.

2603. Length, 0.133 m. Knobs, 0.0075 m.,
0.01 m., 0.008 m. Interspaces, 0.018 m., 0.02 m.
Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0045 m. and less. Advanced
transition with disk, followed by ornamented
round terminal.

2604. Length, 0.225 m. Knobs, 0.009 m.,
0.012 m. Interspaces, 0.03 m., 0.031 m. Shaft,
0.0034 m. X 0.0038 m. and less, but increasing
to 0.0055 m. square at transition. Advanced
transition with disk at 0.055 m., gradual transi-
tion at 0.045 m. from respective nearest knobs.
Traces of zigzag of short bent lines.

Discards simitar to above (Sos. 2590 S.): cleaned, two;
uncleaned, one.

Group ii. All three knobs equal or nearly
equal in size. (No ends preserved ex-
cept possibly terminal of No. 2610.)
The following numbers are without rings at
ends of knobs.

2605. Length, 0.357 m. Knobs, 0.009 m.
Interspaces, 0.021 m., 0.015m. Shaft, 0.0045m. x
0.0043 m. and less. One stub rectangular, the
other has gradual transition to round.

2606. Uncleaned. Length, 0.438 m. Knobs,
0.006 m. Interspaces, 0.021 m., 0.0215 m.
Shaft, 0.0026 m. x 0.0028 m. Transitions at
0.05 m. and 0.053 m. from knobs, the one plain
to rectangle with rounded corners (traces of
beginning of screw-threading), the other gradual.

At either side of each ring a single
knob.

2607. Length, 0.393 m. Knobs, 0.008 m.
Interspaces, 0.012 m. Shaft, 0.0038 m. square
and less. On one side rectangular to break, on
the other, gradual transition to round.

On shaft adjacent to ends of knobs,
two grooves, which with notch
form two low rings.

2608. Length, 0.328 m. Knobs, 0.0085 m.
Interspaces, 0.0135 m.,0.012 m. Shaft,0.0045 m.
square and less. On one stub, plain but not ab-
rupt transition ; the other stub is rectangular to
break. In interspaces, a single line of engraving
along each edge.

Single heavy ring at either side of
each knob. Knobs angular but
rather flat. Knob and ring form
transition to form in which knob
and ring are one piece in construc-
tion.

2609. Length, 0.463 m. Knobs, 0.012 m.
Interspaces, 0.009 m., 0.015 m. Shaft, 0.007 m.
square and less. On one stub, gradual transi-

318

THE BRONZES

tion to round ; the other stub is rectangular to

break.

Raised double ring at either end of
each knob. Knobs similar to
those of preceding number (2609).

2610. Terminal perhaps about complete.
Length, 0.258 ni. Knobs, 0.012 m. Inter-
spaces, 0.018 m., 0.01-4 m. Shaft, 0.0065 m. x
O.OOG m. and less, but increases to 0.01 m. square
at transition. Transition advanced. After it,
rectangular piece forming secondary transition,
and round plain terminal. The other stub is
rectangular to break. From a distance of
0.003 m. from break, incut 0.001 m. on two
adjacent sides ; purpose not clear.

Class p. Shaft rectangular.
Group i. Central knob largest.

Ordinary knobs with a single ring
at either side of each. Arrange-
ment from less to greater angu-
larity.

2611. Length, 0.135 m. Knobs, 0.008 m.,
0.01 m., 0.0085 m. Interspaces, 0.0335 m.,
0.0315 ra. Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.0033 m. and
less.

2612. Length, 0.14 m. Knobs, 0.0095 m.,
0.0165 m., 0.009 m. Interspaces, 0.0125 m.
Shaft, 0.0045 m.x 0.0053 m. and less, but in-
creases to 0.005 m. X 0.006 m. at transition. Ad-
vanced transition. Zigzag of bent lines through-
out.

2613. Length, 0.186 m. Knobs, 0.009 m.,
0.0175 m., 0.0095 m. Interspaces, 0.026 m.,
0.029 m. Shaft, 0.0055 m. square at transition,
elsewhere less. Advanced transition followed
by short stub in which hole (diameter, 0.0028 m.,
depth, 0.01 m.) into which terminal (probably
of iron) was inserted. Zigzag of bent lines
throughout.

Addendum to Group i. The following piece
is perhajis best put here.

2613 a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.083 m. Knobs,
0.007 m., 0.0125 m. Interspaces, 0.017 m.
Shaft, 0.0035 m. x 0.0032 m. At either side of
large knob and at inner end of one of the others,
three raised rings. At either side of the other
small knob, double ring. Original number of
knobs uncertain.

Discards of Group i. : cleaned, one ; uncleaned, fonr.

Group ii. Knobs of equal or nearly equal

size.

(«'.) Blade end.
Ordinary knobs.

No rings.

2614. Length, 0.105 m. Knobs, 0.008 m. In-
tervals, 0.017 m., 0.0185 m. Shaft, 0.005 m.
square and less. Width of blade, 0.00G5 m.
Thickness, 0.003 m. Blade probably slightly
longer originally.

(i'.) Ends gone.

Ordinary knobs. No rings.

2615. Length, 0.177 ni. Knobs, 0.01 ni. In-
terspaces, 0.003 m., 0.0028 ni. Shaft, 0.0065 m.
and less. Advanced transition with hole (diam-
eter, 0.003 m. X 0.002 m.) in end containing
stub of inserted bronze terminal.

At either side of each knob a single
ring formed by enlargement of
adjoining portions of shaft.

2616. Length, 0.146 m. Knobs, 0.0095 m.,
0.01 m. Interspaces, 0.013 m., 0.0145 m. Shaft,
0.0052 m. square and less, but increases to
0.0063 m. square at transition. Advanced tran-
sition with disk, after which round terminal.
Zigzag of bent lines throughout. Possibly more
knobs originally.

Rings separated from knobs and ad-
joining portions of shaft by deep
groove. Ordinary angular knobs.

2617. Length, 0.1825 m. Knobs, 0.0115 m.,
0.012 m. Intei-spaces, 0.0335 m., 0.03 m.
Shaft, 0.0065 ni. square and less. Advanced
transition with disk followed by stub of terminal.
The other end has broken round surface at 0.031
m. from nearest knob.

Rings more advanced in that they
are raised above the shaft. In-
dependent of knobs, from which
they are separated by a shallow
groove. Cf. No. 2529. Knobs
slightly angular.

2618. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0715 m. Knobs,
0.015 m. Interspaces, 0.02 m. Shaft, 0.001 m. x
0.009 m. May have been part of rod or staff,
but formally belongs here.

Form 3. Similar to Form 2, but sides of
knobs are rectangular. form 3 : form
2 = Form 1 : plain round knob with-
out GROOVE AT ENDS (NOT REPRESENTED

at Heraeum).

Shaft rectangular and round.
End.

2619. Length, 0.42 m. Knobs, 0.007 m.
square, and 0.0075 ni. x 0.008 m. (hin). Inter-
spaces, 0.0385 m. and 0.04 m. Shaft, 0.0053 m. x
0.0057 m. and less. Nearest knob to end,
0.194 m.

SPITS

319

Form 4. Knob similar to that of Form 2,
but combined with kings to form an
organic whole. outer ends on rings
abrufr, inside slopes inward toward

BASE OF KNOB. GrOOVE DEEPER THAN
LINE OF SHAFT.

Shaft rectangular and round.
Plate CXXXII.

2620. Both ends gone. Length, 0.292 ni.
Knobs, 0.008 m., 0.0078 m., 0.0085 lu. Inter-
spaces, 0.0235 in., 0.02G in. Shaft, 0.0037 m. x
0.003 m. and less. Gradual transition to round.
Corners of shaft beveled off in interspaces.

Form 5. Knob as in Form 2, but combined

WITH RINGS to FORM AN ORGANIC WHOLE,
WHICH MAY BE A SEPARATE PIECE.

Cf. Form 5 of Types b and c.

Shaft rectangular and round.
Both ends gone.

2621. Length, 0.151 m. Knobs, 0.0105 m.,
0.012 ni., 0.011 m. Interspaces, 0.02 m., 0.021 m.
Shaft, 0.0053 m. square and less. Abrupt but
not advanced transition. Knobs with their rings
probably separate pieces from shaft.

2622. Length, 0.503 m. Knobs, 0.018 m.
Interspaces, 0.029 m., 0.023 m. Shaft, 0.005 m.
square. Plain but gradual transition, marked
by three engraved lines. Two or three lines also
at each end of knobs (outside rings). Knobs
and rings probably separate pieces from shaft.

Form 6. Advanced rounded knobs rising
abruptly from shait and divided by
groove in centre so that each has

THE FORM OF TWO BROAD RINGS. (Knobs

and shaft of one piece.)

Shaft rectangular and round.

2623. Both ends gone. Length, 0.409 m.
Knobs, 0.008 m., 0.0085 m., 0.008 m. Inter-
spaces, 0.086 m., 0.085 m. Shaft, 0.0052 m.
square and less. Gradual transitions.

Form 7. Advanced rectangular knobs
rising abruptly from shaft.
Shaft rectangular and round.
Ends gone.

2624. Length, 0.468 m. Knobs, about 0.008 m.
square. Shaft, 0.0055 m. square and less. Grad-
ual transition. On each side of each knob,
diagonal cross running; from corner to corner.
Engraved or struck with chisel.

Type e. Four knobs.

Ordinary developed knobs with rounded
angles. Shaft grooved at either end of each
knob. Adjoining portions of shaft emphasized

so as to form rings. Similar to three-knob type,
with central knob largest, except that between
central knob and one of the smaller ones (that
nearest small end) a still smaller knob is in-
serted.

Shaft rectangular and round.

2625. Both ends gone. Length, 0.197 m.
Knobs, 0.009 m., 0.013 m., 0.005 m., 0.009 m.
(reckoned from principal transition). Intervals,
0.0165 m., 0.01 m., 0.0065 m. Shaft, 0.004 m.
square. Advanced transition at 0.045 m. from
nearest knob, gradual at 0.025 m.

Addendum to Type e. The following piece
probably had five knobs originally.

2626. End. Length, 0.243 m. Knobs,
0.0045 m.-0.0065 m. Shaft, 0.0037 m. square,
increasing at transition to 0.005 m. x 0.0052 m.
Advanced transition, ornamented with two
grooves. After it, terminal ornamented with
screw-threading.

Type f. Five knobs.

Angular or slightly rounded knobs

WITH GROOVE AT EACH END. EmPHASIS
OF ADJOINING PORTION OF SHAFT.

Shaft rectangular and round (except in
incomplete fragments^.
Group i. Knobs of three sizes, the largest
being in centre and the two smallest
at either side of central knob.

Ends gone,
(a'.) Smallest knobs slightly developed
and but slightly larger than shaft.

2627. Length, 0.158 m. Knobs, 0.01 ni.,
0.005 m., 0.008 m. Interspaces, 0.005 m.-
0.008 m. Small ring at either side of central
knob. Elsewhere, emphasis. Transitions (about
equidistant from knobs), the one gradual, the
other advanced. The latter is followed by orna-
mented round terminal. Nari-ow zigzag of bent
lines throughout rectangular part.

2628. Length, 0.139 m. Knobs, 0.011 m.,
0.0063 m., 0.0065 m., 0.0085 m. Intervals,
0.009 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. square and less. Ad-
vanced transition followed by round terminal.
Zigzag of bent lines throughout rectangular
part.

2629. Length, 0.1485 m. Knobs, 0.01 m.,
0.0047 m., 0.0075 m. Interspaces, interior,
0.0085 m. ; exterior, 0.0075 m. Transitions ad-
vanced, with disk followed by ornamented termi-
nal, and gradual. Throughout rectangular part
zigzag of bent lines.

2630. Length, 0.162 m. Knobs, 0.01 m..

320

THE BRONZES

0.0047 m., 0.0075 m. Interspaces, interior,
0.075 ni., 0.06 m. ; exterior, 0.0055 ni. Shaft,
0.004 lu. and less. Gradual transition preserved,
the other was probably advanced. Traces of
zigzag of bent lines.

Discards similar to Nos. 2620 f . ; luicleaned, one.

(6'.) Interior knobs developed. Eings.

2633. Length, 0.368 m. Knobs, 0.0165 m.,
0.012 m., 0.0115 m., 0.0125 m., 0.0115 m. In-
tervals, interior, 0.017 m., 0.0185 m. ; exterior,
0.0215 m., 0,0225 m. Shaft, 0.0067 ni.x
0.0065 m. at transition. Advanced transition
followed by ring and round stub. On all sides
zigzag of bent lines.

Group ii. Central knob largest. Smaller
knobs of uniform size.

No ends preserved. Arrangement
toward angularity.
2632. Length, 0.219 m. Knobs, 0.0175 m. ;
0.011 m., 0.0115 m. ; 0.01 m. Interspaces,
0.0235 m. (interior), 0.018 m., 0.017 m. (ex-
terior). Shaft, 0.0065 m. square and less, in-
creasing to 0.0068 m. square at transition.
Advanced transition.

263a Length, 0.28 m. Knobs, 0.0195 m. ;
0.011 m., 0.012 m. Intervals, 0.031 m., 0.029 m.
(interior), 0.0225 m., 0.023 m. (exterior).
Shaft, 0.008 m. square and less. Advanced
transition followed by round stub. On all sides
zigzag of bent lines.

2634. Length, 0.232 m. Knobs, 0.021 m. ;
0.011 m.-0.012 m. Interspaces, 0.034 m.,
0.0325 m. (interior), 0.022 m., 0.024 m. (ex-
terior). Shaft, 0.006 m. square and less. Ad-
vanced transition.

Addenda to Type f. The following fragments
with three and four knobs may be put here
owing to their similarity to the better preserved
specimens of the type.

(a'.) Similar to Group i., (a').
Similar to Nos. 2627 ff.

2635. Three knobs. Length, 0.0915 m.
Traces of zigzag of bent lines.

2636. Four knobs. Length, 0.132 m.

Similar to Nos. 2629 f.

2637. Three knobs. Length, 0.0975 m.
Advanced transition followed by stub of round
terminal. Broad but close zigzag of bent lines
througliout rectangular part.

2638. Three knobs. Length, 0.088 ra. Slight
traces of zigzag of bent lines.

The following is similar to Group i., (6').

2639. Four knobs. Length, 0.304 m. Ad-

vanced transition with two grooves, followed by
round terminal. Slight traces of narrow zigzag
on rectangular part.

2640. Three knobs. Length, 0.087 m. Fine
ziffzas: of bent lines.

(Z)'.) Similar to Group ii.

2641. Three knobs. Length, 0.357 m. Grad-
ual transition.

2642. Four knobs. Length, 0.11 m.

2643. Four knobs. Length, 0.137 m. On
all sides, fine zigzag of bent lines.

(c'.) The following fragment probably

had seven or more knobs originally.

Shaft rectangular. Angular knobs

with a single ring at either end of

each.

2644. Four knobs. Length, 0.2345 m.
Knobs, 0.0225 m., 0.015 m., 0.0135 m. (bis).
Interspaces, 0.031 m., 0.0325 m., 0.0425 m.
Shaft, 0.0075 m. square and less. On all sides,
zigzag of bent lines.

Addenda to Types a-f. (a'.) Ends.
Plain, pointed.

2645. Uncleaned. Length, 0.275 m. Ring
followed by rectangular part (length, 0.029 m.),
after which round. Gradual transition.

Discard similar to No. 2645 : uncleaned, one.

Plain, blunt without cap.

2646. Length, 0.14 m. Round.
Plain, blunt with cap.

2647. From West Building. Length, 0.196 m.
Discards similar to No. 2647 : cleaned, one ; uncleaned,

four.

Advanced. Simple terminal. Plain, blunt.

2648. Length, 0.053 m.
Discard similar to No. 2648 : one.

Ornamented, somewhat advanced terminal
pieces.
Simple screw-threading.

2649. Uncleaned. Length, 0.129 m.
Double screw-threading, changing to sin-
gle near end.

2650. From West Building. Length, 0.167 m.
Plain sections separated by simple threading

or grooves (three to six).

2651. Uncleaned. Length, 0.071 m. Six
plain sections, besides end.

Convex sections separated by a single ring.
Sections short.

2652. Uncleaned. Length, 0.063 m. Ten
sections.

2653. Uncleaned. Length, 0.1035 m. Eleven
sections.

SPITS

321

2654. Uncleaned. Length, 0.1G25 m. Fif-
teen sections.

Discard similar to above (Nos. 2652 £f.) : uiicleaued,
one. Eight sections.

Convex sections separated by two rings.
Sections long.

2655. From West Building. Probably in-
complete at end. Length, 0.1125 m. Four sec-
tions.

Similar but with short sections.

2656. Incomplete. Length, 0.52 m. Five
sections.

2657. From south slope. Length, 0.122 m.
Fifteen sections.

2658. From West Building. Incomplete.
Length, 0.063 m. Six sections.

Convex sections separated by three rings.
Sections short.

2659. Length, 0.175 m. Eleven sections.

2660. Length, 0.15 m. Twelve sections be-
sides short initial section.

Discards similar to Nos. 2659 f. : cleaned, one ; un-
cleaned, three.

Convex sections separated by two, three,

and four rings. Sections long.

266L From West Building. Length, 0.131 m.

Six sections. First two sections separated by

four rings, last two by two, the others by

three.

Convex sections separated usually by four
rings. Sections short.

2662. Length, 0.175 m. Twelve sections.
Between first two sections one ring, between last
five, elsewhere four.

Convex sections separated by five rings
usually. Sections short.

2663. Length, 0.099 m. Eight sections. At
end, bunch of rings (number uncertain) and
cap. Between last two sections, screw-threading
equivalent to about six rings.

Discard similar to above : uncleaned, one.

Convex sections (short) separated by four,
five, and six rings.

2664. From back of South Building. Length,
0.1163 m. Eight sections. First four groups
of rings have six each, the next two five each,
and the last four.

Convex sections (short) separated by four,
five, six, seven, and nine rings.

2665. Length, 0.133 m. First group of
rings numbers seven, the second nine, third,
fourth, and sixth six each, the seventh four, the
eighth six or seven, and the fifth five.

The following number could also be regarded
as a pin.

Terminal piece, the latter part of which
has two convex surfaces sei)arated by
plain space. At either side of surfaces,
rings.

2666. Incomjjlete. Length, 0.0905 m. First
convex section preceded by three rings and fol-
lowed by one, the second is preceded by two
and followed by two plus ca}).

(6'.) Neither end preserved.
Plain and simple.

2667. Length, 0.235 m. Gradual transition.

2668. Length, 0.6G8 m. Gradual transition.

2669. From West Building. Length,
0.523 m. Gradual but plain transition.

Discards similar to above (Nos. 2667 ff.) : cleaned, two ;
uncleaned, fifty.

More advanced. Transition piece.

2670. Length, 0.074 m. Easy but plain
transition followed by piece of round end which
is ornamented with coarse screw-threading.

Advanced transitional pieces. Ordinary.

2671. Length, 0.1005 m. Two lines engraved
at transition and four on shaft arranged in
pairs.

Discards similar to No. 2671, but plainer : cleaned,
two ; uncleaned, five.

Advanced transition consisting of heavy
ring with rounded sides.

2672. Uncleaned. Length, 0.105 m., of
which 0.092 m. belongs to terminal. Terminal
rectangular so far as jireserved.

One knob and ring of another knob. Shaft
rectangular.

2673. Length, 0.19 m. Rings double.
Discards (uncleaned) : fragments with single knob,

forty-five ; fragment with two knobs, one ; fragments
with single knob, which are perhaps better regarded as
straight pins (Type k), twenty-six ; uncertain, one.

Knob only.
Plate CXXXIII.

2674. From south slope. Length, 0.026 m.
Diameter, 0.022 m. Heavy ring on one side,
lighter on the other.

Bronze knob on iron shaft. Knobs rounded
without rings. Shafts of uncertain
shape, probably rectangular.

2675. Uncleaned. Length, 0.024 m. Di-
ameter of knob, 0.015 m. Shaft, 0.006 m.
square.

2676. Uncleaned. Length, 0.038 m. Knob,
0.013 m. Shaft, 0.006 m.

322

THE BRONZES

2677. Length, 0.2G1 m. Knob, 0.019 m.
Shaft, 0.005 ni.

(c'.) Shafts so twisted or bent as to suggest
decorative or other purpose, which is, how-
ever, in no case certain.
Knotted or braided. No knobs.

2678. Uncleaned. Preserved end pointed.
Ik'ut into .shape of ellipse the sides of which
are formed by a double coil with its strands
twisted about each other. Length, about 0.35 m.
Shaft, 0.001 m.x 0.0013 m. Kectangular and
round.

2679. Uncleaned. Preserved end blunt.
Complex knob near centre with single loop at
each end, one loop being larger than the other.
Length as bent, 0.099 m. Rectangular and
round (size, 0.0016 m. x 0.0018 m.).

Discards similar to Nos. 2678 f., but simpler : un-
cleaned, four.

Ends twisted so as to form one large loop.
One knob.

2680. Si)it of Type b, Form 2, Class a, (a').
Length, 0.185 m. Knob, 0.019 m. x 0.017 m.
Shaft, 0.0012 m.x 0.001 m. and less. Grad-
ual transitions. Twisted purposely, perhaps to
fasten.

Looped shafts, possibly decorative. No
knobs.

2681. Both ends gone. Length, 0.092 m.
Shaft round. Thickness, 0.0018 m. x 0.0016 m.
and less. Small loop with returning end.

2682. Uncleaned. Length as bent, 0.025 m.
Shaft rounded. Thickness, 0.0017m. x 0.0015m.
Two narrow loops with returning ends.

2683. Uncleaned. Length as bent, 0.10 m.
Shaft partly rectangular, partly rounded. Thick-
ness, 0.0024 m. X 0.0023 m. At one end, double
loop with returning end.

The following tyjjes are related to the pre-
ceding by jinalogies of form.
Type g. Knob represented by flattening
of shaft.

Class a. Shaft rectangular from one end
of flat part and round from the other.

2684. Uncleaned. Ends gone. Length,
0.132 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0045 m. (flat-
tened to 0.0075 m. X 0.0018 m.). About half
of shaft round.

Class /8. Shaft rectangidar from both ends
of flat part.

2685. Uncleaned. Ends gone. Length,
0.055 m. Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.0035 m. (at flat
part, 0.0065 m. x 0.004 m.).

Class y- Shaft roitnd.

2686. Uncleaned. End. Length, 0.1165 m.
Shaft, 0.0028 m.x 0.0025 m. (flattened to
0.0035 m.x 0.001 m.).

Discard : uncleaned, one.

Type h. Head at one end. Single knob.

Elongated knob with rounded sides. Shaft
rectangular, with corners slightly rounded.
Slightly grooved on side of knob toward point.

2687. Uncleaned. Length, 0.12 m. Knob,
0.003 m. Shaft, 0.002 m.x 0.0015 m. Head,
0.0025 m.x 0.002 m. Somewhat similar to
simplest form of pins.

Type i. Head at one end resembling knob.
Composite shaft, rectangular, with round part
inserted.

2688. From south slope. Other end gone.
Length, 0.16 m. Head, 0.011 m. Jacket,
0.0085 m.x 0.007 m. Split for 0.0555 m.
where i-ound is inserted. At lower end, four
engraved lines. Much more oxidized than round
part.

Type j. Blade at one end of shaft, and per-
haps blunt round terminal at the other.
No knob.

Form 1. Shaft not solid but formed by

folding together a narrow thin strip.

Class a. Folded so as to form a small

tube. Edges do not form straight line.

Sometimes they overlap.

Ends. Flattened to form blades.

2689. Length, 0.074 m. Thickness, 0.0024
m. Width of blade, 0.0035 m.

2690. Uncleaned. Length, 0.126 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0038 m. and less. Width of blade,
0.004 m.

Both ends gone.

2691. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0317 m. Thick-
ness, 0.002 m. and less.

2692. Length, 0.1525 m. Thickness, 0.0024
ra. and less.

2693. Length, 0.079m. Thickness, 0.0028m.

2694. Uncleaned. Length, 0.041 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0034 m.-0.002 m.

2695. Uncleaned. Length, 0.074 m. Thick-
ness, 0.004 m. and less.

Discards similar to the above (Nos. 2691 ff.) : uncleaned,
two.

Class p. Edges folded in and brought
close together, the holloio between the tioo
rolls taking the place of tube.
One end blade-shaped, the other blunt
and round.

SPITS

323

2696. From soutli slope. Possibly not com-
plete. Length, 0.087 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m.
X 0.0015 m. Width of blade, 0.0027 m.

2697. Uncleaned. Possibly not complete.
Length, 0.483 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m. and
less. Width of blade, 0.0035 m.

Both ends gone.

2698. Uncleaned. Length, 0.242 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0025 m.x 0.0018 m.

Discards similar to No. 2698 : uncleaned, three.

Form 2. Solid shaft, rounded. Blade

DOUBLE.

Blade ends only.
The following have both parts of blade in the
same plane.

2699. Uncleaned. Length, 0.424 m. Thick-
ness, 0.002 m. Length of blade, 0.011 m.+
0.0115 m. Width, 0.003 m. and less.

2700. Uncleaned. Length, 0.07 m. Thick-
ness, 0.003 m. and less. Length of blade,
0.011 m. + 0.011 m. Width, 0.0049 m. and
less. End has sides rounded to point.

2701. Uncleaned. Length, 0.063 m. Thick-
ness, 0.003 m. Length of blade, 0.01 m. +
0.009 m. Width, 0.0075 m. and less. Near cen-
tre of first part, round hole (diameter, 0.001 m.).

Both parts of blade in planes which are
at right angles to each other.

2702. Uncleaned. Length, 0.084 m. Thick-
ness, 0.004 m. and less. Length of blade,
0.027 m. Width, 0.005 m.

Type k. Solid rounded shaft (without
knob), one end of which terminates in
blade -which is not set in same plane
-with shaft.
End.

2703. Uncleaned. Length, 0.1365 m. Shaft,
0.0017 m. Use uncertain.

Type 1. Similar but straight. Slight knob
or convex surface near beginning of
blade. Shaft round except near blade.

2704. Found in first chamber at east end on
lower terrace, April 28, 1893. Probably in-
complete at other end. Bent. Length, 0.115 m.
Knob, 0.0032 m. Shaft, 0.0023 m. to 0.0017 m.
Length of blade, 0.008 m. + 0.018 m. Width,
0.0052 m. and less. Rectangular part orna-
mented with grooves and fine lines. Use uncer-
tain. Pei-haps a medical instrument.

Type m. Plain shafts without knob, termi-
nating at one end in hook or loop. The
other end in the only case preserved is
a flat point.

Class a. Itectaiifjular shaft.

2705. Uncleaned. Other end gone. Length,
0.19. Thickness, 0.0015 m. x 0.0013 m. Loop,
0.008 m.x 0.0055 m.

Class /8. Hounded shaft.

2706. Probably complete. Length, 0.335 m.
Shaft, about 0.0030 m. Diameter of loop,
0.012 m.

Only loop end preserved.

2707. Length, 0.170 m. Thickness, 0.0017m.
Loop, 0.0115 m.x 0.007 m.

2708. From back of South Building.
Length, 0.086 m. Thickness, 0.0023 m. Loop,
0.008 m. X 0.007 m.

2709. Uncleaned. Length, 0.102 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0037 m. Loop, 0.021 m. x 0.009 m.

2710. Length, 0.349 m. Thickness, 0.006 m.
Loop, 0.02 m. X 0.006 m.

Addendum. Irregularly elliptical shaft with
closed loop. Resemblance to this type jjerhaps
accidental.

2711. From back of South Building. Length,
0.05 m. Shaft, 0.0017 m. x 0.0013 m. Loop,
0.0055 m. X 0.003 m. DifPers from the others
in having loop closed with end protracted.
Type n. Terminal follows knob. Single

knob, angular, ^^th groove at either end.

(Probably better regarded as spits than as

straight pins, e. g. of Type d.)
Class a. Hectangidar terminals.

2711a. Uncleaned. Length, 0.165 m. Knob,
0.0035 m. Shaft, 0.002 m. square. Length
of terminal, 0.0255 m.

2711 b. Uncleaned. End of shaft gone.
Length, 0.14 m. Knob, 0.0075 m. Length
of terminal, 0.0455 m. Ends in round knob
(diameter, 0.003 m.).

2711 c. Uncleaned. Fragment of terminal.
Length, 0.033 m. More advanced than the pre-
ceding number.

2711 d. Fragment of terminal. Length,
0.055 m. Size at break, 0.0018 m. x 0.002 m.
Base, 0.0075 m. x 0.007 m. Interior rectangle
set (perhaps inserted) diagonally to outer. The
triangular corners thus left project slightly.
Class /3. Hottnd terminal.

2711 e. End incomplete. Length, 0.055 m.
Diameter, 0.003 m.-0.008 m. Tapers con-
cavely. Heavy ring at base.

Discard of Class B : uncleaned, one.

8. SPEAR-BUTT.

2712. Broken at large end. Length, 0.115 m.

324

THE BRONZES

Bronze shell (thickness, 0.001 m.-0.002 m.).
with iron filling to depth of 0.04 in. Remain-
der of filling probablj' bronze. Near molding
at lower end, incised line (probably cast).
Cf. Nat. Mus., Athens, No. 6866 (Acropolis).

9. PESTLE OR PLEKTRON.

2713. Uncleaned. Length, 0.115 m. Ronnd
shaft terminating at one end in molding, at the
other in swelling. Thickness, 0.0034 m., in-
creasing toward end to 0.0054 m. Decoration
of head: convex surface with double ring be-
neath and single ring and cap above. Length
of head, 0.017 ra.

10. HOOKS.
A. FREE.
Type a. End of shaft turns up.

Class a. Plain handles.

2714. Uncleaned. Length, 0.07 m. Length
of handle, 0.022 m.

Class p. Handle has eyelet at end.

2715i From upper terrace. Length, 0.283 m.
Eyelet formed by flattening and bending back
handle. Width of shaft, 0.007G m. and less.
Thickness, 0.0045 m., decreasing toward point,
where it is 0.001 m.

Addenda to Type a. It is uncertain whether
any of the following are hooks, but they bear a
general resemblance in form.

2716. Condition poor, but probably about
complete. Bent. Length, 0.155 m. Handle
(length, 0.052 m.), shaft, and hook. Entire
object could be regarded as a handle.

2717. Long end may be incomplete. Length,
0.146 m. Shaft partly rectangular, but mostly
round. Thickness, 0.0045 m. and less.

2718. Long end broken. Length, 0.0775 m.
Shaft irregularly rectangular. Thickness,
0.0045 m. square and less.

2719. Uncleaned. Broken at both ends.
Length, 0.057 m. Shaft, 0.0065 m. x 0.0057 m.
and less.

The following have hook at only a slight an-
gle (obtuse).

2720. Uncleaned. Length, 0.16 m. Length
of handle, 0.049 m. Shaft round. Diameter,
0.0045 m. and less. End pointed.

2721. Uncleaned. Both ends broken. Length,
0.085 m. Handle, 0.0035 m. square at begin-
ning. Passes gradually to round and tapers
toward end.

Type b. Shaft straight. No hook.

2722. End of handle as though hacked off
with chisel. Length, 0.54 m. Length of han-
dle, 0.129 m. Width, 0.026 m. -0.015 m.
Thickness, 0.004 m. and less. Width of blade,
0.014 m.-O.Ol m. Thickness, 0.007 m.-0.003m.
Decoration at beginning of handle and on one
side only. Zigzag bounded on outer side by two
straight lines. Between lines, faint diagonal
line. Outside lines to break, short parallel lines
along each edge.

B. ATTACHED.

All examples belong to one type.

Class a. Shaft rectanrjular and round.

2723. Uncleaned. Length, 0.084 m. Shaft,
0.0032 m. X 0.0035 m. Length of hook, 0.018 m.
Gradual transition to round at elbow.

Discard similar to No. 2723 : one.

2724. Uncleaned. Hook damaged. Length,
0.105 m. Shaft, 0.001 m. x 0.005 m. and less.
Near elbow, passes to round. Length of hook,
0.015 m. Forms obtuse angle with shaft. Pos-
sibly not a hook.

Class /3. Rectangular shaft.

2725. Length, 0.143 m. Shaft, 0.0043 m. x
0.0053 m. and less, decreasing toward point.
Length of hook, 0.012 m.

2726. Length, 0.153 m. Shaft, 0.006 m.
square near elbow, from whence decreases to-
ward blunt point. Length of hook, 0.016 m.
Size, 0.006 m.x 0.0065 m. at top, decreasing
toward elbow.

2727. Both ends damaged. Length, 0.112 m.
Shaft, 0.0045 m.x 0.005 m., tajjering toward
point. Length of hook, 0.02 m. Flat surfaces
lie in diagonal planes, giving effect of section
of a diamond.

Addendum to p. Uncertain whether the fol-
lowing is a hook or not.

2728. Both ends damaged. Length, 0.177 m.
Shaft, 0.007 m., decreasing to 0.0038 m. at end.
Length of hook, 0.03 m. Decreases in size
from 0.0065 m. (elbow) to 0.0015 m. (point).

Discards : probably rather ends of spits than hooks :
cleaned, two ; uncleaned, one.

11. NAILS.

All the certain specimens have heads. Such
as do not are classed as " Addenda."
Type a. Small, thin, flat head. Shaft round.

(a'.) End pointed.

2729. Length, 0.118 m. Diameter of head,

NAILS

325

0.008 m. ; of shaft, 0.00G3 m. Rectangular
jjoint.

(6'.) End blunt and flat.

2730. Uncleaned. Length, 0.0735 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.0088 m.; of shaft, 0.0065 m.
End, O.OOG m. x 0.0039 m.

Cf. two plain round nails from Mycenae
(shaft-grave v, No. 8-12), with plain, small,
flat heads and shaft that tapers to blunt point.

(c'. ) End gone (hence pieces may be rivets).

2731. Length, 0.116 m. Head somewhat
convex. Diameter, 0.0069 m. Diameter of
shaft, 0.0065 m.

2732. Length, 0.112 m. Diameter of head,
0.0215 m. ; of shaft, 0.014 m. and less.

Cf. nails from Mycenae, especially example
cited s. n. 2730.

Discards of (c') : uiiclea|ied, two.

Type b. Round thick head. Flat top.

Shaft rectangular.

2733. End gone. Length, 0.077 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.02 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m.
Shaft, 0.006 m. square near head, elsewhere
less. Uncertain whether head and shaft are of
one piece.

Type c. Round thick head. Rounded top.
Shaft round.

2734. End gone. Length, 0.048 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.018 m. Thickness, 0.004 m.
Diameter of shaft, 0.0055 m. and less.

2735. End gone. Length, 0.045 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.0195 m. Thickness, 0.0055 m.
Diameter of shaft, 0.0048 m. near head, else-
where less. Head of two parts, the inner rec-
tangular, the outer round. Inner part of same
piece with shaft. Size, 0.006 m. square on un-
der side, 0.0067 m. x 0.007 m. on upper.

Shaft round and rectangular.

2736. End gone. Length, 0.04 m. Diam-
eter of head, 0.021 m. Thickness, 0.003 m.
Shaft round in upper part. Abrupt transition.
Size of rectangular part, 0.003 m.x 0.004 m.
Flattens toward break.

The following number is of uncertain use.

2737. Length, 0.038 m. Diameter of head,
0.015 m. Thickness, 0.003 m. Shaft round.
Diameter, 0.0037 m. and less. Flattens in
lower part. Was probably inserted and fastened
by rivet which passed through hole at end.
Shaft terminates in rectangle (0.006 m. x
0.0065 m.), which projects slightly on under
side of head. Remainder of head perhaps a
separate piece.

Type d. Round thick head. Conical top
(undeveloped).
Rectangular shaft.

2738. End injured. Length, 0.133 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.02 m. Thickness, 0.002 m.-
0.005 m. Slightly concave on under side. Shaft,
0.005 m. and less.

2739. Broken near head. Diameter of head,
0.0215 m. Thickness, 0.0065 m. at centre, de-
creasing to edge. Under side flat. Groove near
outer edge of top side.

Cf. Olt/mpia, No. 1210 (hammered). Accord-
ing to Furtwiingler, one example was found under
the Ileraeum in Olympia.
Type e. Solid round head resembling an-
gular knob with grooved shaft.
Shaft rectangular.

2740. End gone. Length, 0.101 m. Diame-
ter of head, 0.015 m. Top a smooth rectangular
surface. Shaft, 0.0064 m. x 0.007 m. and less.
Type f. Solid cubiced head.

Shaft round.

2741. Uncleaned. End incomplete. Con-
dition poor. Length, 0.08 m. Head, 0.0085 m.
square. Thickness, 0.007 m. Shaft, 0.006 m.
and less.

2742. Uncleaned. End gone. Condition
poor. Length, 0.092 m. Head, 0.009 m.
square on top and 0.007 m. at bottom. Thick-
ness, 0.007 m. Shaft, 0.0065 m.x 0.0055 m.
and less.

Type g. Hollovr round head vrith convex
top.

Nail-shaft of iron.

2743. Short stub only of shaft remains. Di-
ameter of head, 0.0285 m. Shaft, 0.007 m. x
0.0085 m. Inserted into bronze socket which
reaches to under side of head.

2744. Short stub only of shaft remaining.
Diameter of head, 0.0475 m. Shaft, 0.007 m. x
0.008 m. Inserted into low socket on imder
side of head.

Cf. Olymina, No. 1214. Iron nail.
Type h. Round hollow head with conical

top.

Cf. gold tacks with rounded head from My-
cenae (shaft-grave IV, Mus. Nos. 359, 371) and
from Heraeum tomb, No. 3317; also bronze
nails from Mycenae (not from shaft-graves).
No. 2892, and from shaft-grave in. No. 49.
The last has conical head and is em])loyed to
hold together rosettes. All the above in Nat.
Mus., Athens.

326

THE bronzp:s

Plain.

2745. Shaft broken close to head. Diame-
ter of head, 0.0227 m. Tliit-kness of head, 0.008
ni. Shaft stub, 0.0065 in. in diameter. What re-
mains looks more like bottom of a socket the
sides of whicli have been broken down. Re-
mainder of shaft may therefore have been of
iron.

2746. Shaft incomplete. Sides of head
crushed flat. Length, 0.0525 m. Diameter of
head, 0.012 m. Thickness, 0.012 m. Diameter
of shaft, 0.0018 m. and less.

2747. From West Building. Shaft gone.
Diameter of head, 0.0175 m. Thickness, 0.009
m. On under side, hole (diameter, 0.0016 m.)
for insertion of shaft.

Ornamented.

2748. Shaft incomplete. Head in poor con-
dition. Length, 0.107 ni. Diameter of head,
0.034 m. Thickness, 0.036 m. At0.004m. and
0.009 m. from top of head narrow raised en-
circling bands. Near lower edge, shallow groove.
Inside about two thirds filled with bronze and
another substance (perhaps lead) to hold shaft.
Shaft, 0.004 m. x 0.005 m. and less.

Plate CXXXIV.

2749. Shaft incomplete. Length, 0.10 m.
Diameter of head, 0.062 m. Thickness, 0.035 m.
Narrow raised bands near top and at bottom
of cone and at top and bottom of outer edge.
Surface of top slightly concave, of outer edge
convex. Inside of cone half filled with bronze
and perhaps a little lead (see No. 2748) for in-
sertion of shaft. Shaft rectangular (0.0055 m. x
0.006 m.) at first, afterwards round.

Cf. Olympia, No. 1220.
Plate CXXXIV.

2750. About one third of flange gone. Shaft
incomplete, and bent. Length, 0.148 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.063 m. Thickness, 0.062 m.
Shape and decoration similar to that of No. 2749.
Shaft, 0.006 m. x 0.005 m. and less. Held in
place by melted bronze.

Cf. nail from Necropoli del Fusco, Notiz.
degli Scavi, 1893, p. 456.

Addenda <o Types a-h. The following shafts
probably had heads originally, but their form is
uncertain. Possible that some are ends of spits.

(a'.) Round shaft.

Ends originally pointed, now rather blunt.
Plate CXXXIII.

2751. Length, 0.104 m. Diameter, 0.006 m.
and less.

2752. Length, 0.11 m. Diameter, 0.0085 m.,
decreasing toward flat point.

Ends blunt.

2753. Length, 0.058m. Thickness, 0.0078 m.
X 0.0087 m., decreasing toward end.

2754. Length,0.134ni. Thickness,0.008m. x
0.007 m. at top, passing immediately to round
and tapering toward end. Toj) smooth and pos-
sibly original.

Both ends gone.

2755. Length, 0.098 m. Thickness, 0.01 m. x
0.011 m. and less.

(6'.) Rectangular shaft.

End originally probably pointed, now blunt.

2756. Length, 0.136 m. Size, 0.007 m.
square, tapering toward end.

The following types are ornamental, and,
with the exception of the first (Type i), of un-
certain use and a])plication.
Type L Ornamental head developed from

cone of Type h. No shaft.
Plate CXXXIV.

2757. Injured at top and bottom, but practi-
cally complete. Length, 0.102 m. Diameter
of bottom, 0.0685 m. ; of top, 0.007 m. Lower
edge preserved to depth of 0.006 m. in places.
Flares outward. Under side hollow, but greater
part of cone is solid. Ornamented with grooves,
rings, and convex surface as in Plate.

Cf. De Ridder, Bronzes de VAcropole, No.
885.

Plate CXXXIII.
Type j. Ornamental composite head.

2758. From back of South Building. Height,
0.024 m. Diameter of bottom, 0.0405 m.; of
top, 0.018 m. ; of waist of shaft, 0.01 m. Bot-
tom smooth and slightly concave. Thickness
of edge, 0.002 m. In centre, hole, 0.019 m.
across and 0.006 m. deep. In top, hole, 0.01 m.
X 0.0085 m. across and 0.0035 m. deep, into
which another section may have been fastened.

Cf. Nat. Mus., Athens, Nos. 7185, 7190,
7191, 7193, which are similar, and No. 7189,
which has flat top (all from Acropolis). Olym-
pia, No. 1224, has bole clear through.
Type k. Ornamental globular heads at-
tached to round shaft.
Class a. Plain shaft.
Plate CXXXIV.

2759. End gone. Bent (uncertain whether
of original design). Length, 0.095 m. Di-
ameter of head, 0.013 m. ; of shaft, 0.0065 m.

2760. Shaft incomplete. Length, 0.039 m.

NAILS, BUTTON, AND FASTENERS

527

Diameter of head, 0.027 m. ; of shaft, 0.0085 m.
and less. Head represents bud or fruit.
Cf. Olympia, No. 1183 (apple on stem).
Class p. Shaft ornamented ivith heavy
screw- threading .

2761. Shaft incomplete. Length, 0.05 m.
Diameter of head, 0.024 m. Flat on top. Shaft
(0.006 m. X 0.007 m.) inserted into under
side.

Addendum to Class p. Headless shaft.

2762. Neither end complete. Length, 0.078 m.
Diameter, 0.0065 m.

Type 1. Elongated ornamental head •vrith.
hole in end.

2763. Shaft which probably was of iron en-
tirely gone. Length, 0.0465 m. Diameter at
top and bottom rings, 0.013 m. ; at centre,
0.02 m. Above top ring, extension with groove
on each narrow side. Diameter of hole,
0.0025 m. In bottom, hole (diameter, 0.0045 m. ;
depth, 0.0039 m.). From hole grooves radiate
to outer edge. General appearance, especially
of hole, favors classification here rather than as
pin-head.

Object of somewhat similar appearance from
Megara Hyblaea published by Orsi, Mon. Ant.
Line. I. col. 828, as a pendant. Not stated
whether object has hole in bottom.
Type m. Ornamental head representing

floTver.

2764. Uncleaned. Shaft gone. Condition
poor. Length, 0.027 m. Consists structurally
of three parts (though all are of one piece).
Upper part (length, 0.017 m.; sides, 0.009 m.
square) has four slightly flaring petals, one at
each corner. On outside of each petal, a smaller
petal. lietween petals, bud-like centre extend-
ing to top. In top, slight hole. Middle section
(length, 0.005 m. ; sides, 0.009 m. x 0.01 m.)
has two grooves (or three raised bands). Lower
section (diameter, 0.008 m.) has small hole in
bottom for insertion of shaft and two grooves
about side.

12. BUTTON.

2765. About one third of head gone. Di-
ameter, 0.0185 m. Length, 0.003 m. Thin
rounded head. In centre of under side, heavy
eyelet (diameter of hole, 0.001 m.).

Cf . button from uncleaned scraps from Acrop-
olis now in Nat. Mus., Athens. Similar buttons
from Villa Benvenuti near Este found in cist-
grave of iron age : Montelius, Civ. Prim. It. Text,

col. 292, fig. e. Likewise from Este : Ghirar-
dini, Mon. Ant. Line. VIII. col. 27, pi. I.
No. 31. In Villa Papa Giulio, § xxxv. (Rome),
many bronze buttons, very similar, with eyelets
underneath.

Discard : uucertaiu, one.

13. FASTENERS.

A. WIRE.

2766. Band damaged. Length of wire, about
0.255 m. Size, 0.0015 m. x 0.0013 m. and less.
Rectangular. Band, 0.027 m. x 0.023 m. Small
repousse dots about edge, and two or three rows
in interior running lengthwise. At present,
band encircles only one end of wire.

2767. From Old Temple. Ends probably
incomplete. Length at present, 0.062 m. Wire,
0.0022 m. X 0.0014 m. (diamond-shaped sec-
tion with obtuse angles softened). Irregular
coil, from which proceed two arras on one side
and one on the other. Their ends meet and are
twisted about each other. Two pieces of wire,
of which one forms the single arm and one of
the pair.

Place of coil taken by bronze disk.

2768. None of the ends complete. Length,
0.059 m. Wire, 0.0027 m.x 0.0015 m. near
disk, decreasing toward ends. Section as in
No. 2767. Disk (diameter, 0.0205 m.) has row
of small dots about edge convex side up2)ermost.
Rivet holds at back of disk three pieces of wire
one on top of the other, passing through flat-
tened ends of two and middle of the third.

Addendum. The following disk may have
similar value to that of No. 2768.

2769. (Shows under side.) From back of
South Building. Uncertain how much is lost.
Diameter, 0.016 m. Thickness, 0.0015 m. On
top, close to edge, groove. In centre, hole
(0.0045 m.x 0.002 m.) from which bar
(0.0015 m. X 0.0017 m.) projects 0.005 m. At
back, bar seems to spread and hold wire in place.

B. CHAIN.

2770. From West Building. Uncertain
whether and to what extent incomplete. Length,
0.038 m. Four links of horseshoe shape made
of round wire and open at small end.

The following object is put here on the sup-
position that there were originally more links.

2771. Length, 0.0225 m. Rectangular and
round wire. Tapers nearly to point at end of

328

THE BRONZES

larger loop — an objectiou to making this object
a link of a chain.

C. EYELET OR HINGE.

2772. Both ends probably incomiilete.
Length, 0.0925 m. Two bars tenninating in
interlocked dosed eyelets. Bar of eyelets rec-
tangular (0.00G5 m. X 0.0025 m.), of shafts
rounded rectangular.

14. CLAMPS.

2773. One cleat on under side broken off
close to bar. Length, 0.09 m. Width of bar,
0.01 m.-0.0215 m. Thickness, 0.0025 m.-
0.008 ni. On under side at 0.018 m. from one
end, and 0.028 m. from the other, small cleat.

2774. Length, 0.102m. Thickness, 0.0045 m.-
0.00G7 m. On under side near each end
(0.012 m., 0.009 m.), cleat. Height of each,
0.0135 m. Width, about 0.014 m. Thick-
ness, 0.004 m. and 0.007 m.

2775. Length, 0.10 m. Width of bar,
0.039 m.and less. Thickness, 0.004 m.-0.007 m.
Height of cleats, 0.013 m.

Hole in ends makes identification as clamp
uncertain.

2776. (Shows under side.) One end prob-
ably incomplete. Length, 0.06 m. Width,
0.035 m. and less. Thickness, 0.0038 m. and
less. Near one end, hole (diameter, 0.0075 m.).
Groove on top nearly at right angles to sides.

15. CAPS.

2777. From back of South Building. De-
fective. Diameter, 0.077 m. Height, 0.026 m.
and less. Upper edge bent slightly outward in
parts.

2778. Defective. Condition poor. Sides
bent flat against bottom. Diameter, 0.0717 m.
Height of sides, 0.0115 m. and less.

2779. Found in South Stoa, April 24, 1895.
Height, 0.06 m. Diameter, 0.077 m. and less.
Thickness of sides, 0.007 m. and less. Near top,
bronze rivet from side to side. On outside near
top, shallow groove.

Different from Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 281,
No. 120.

The following with ear or ears at side is prob-
ably to be put here.

2780. (Shows under side.) Defective.
Height, 0.01 m. + 0.005 m. Diameter, 0.028 m.

On one side of top, ear (width, 0.01 m. Length,
0.006 ni.). At base, hole (diameter, 0.003 m.).
The following objects of uncertain classifica-
tion probably had similar use.

2781. From back of South Building. De-
fective. Diameter, 0.048 ni. Toothed edge. In
centre, convexity with hole (diameter, 0.005 m.).
On same side, leaf pattern, at base of teeth and
about centre.

2782. Perhaps from northeast corner of Old
Temple. About complete. Height, 0.021 m.
Diameter, 0.024 m. (top), 0.045 m. (bottom).
Neck (length, 0.006 m.), beneath which, convex
lower part. Perhaps coating of end of staff.

16. CENTREPIECE.

2783. Found back of South Building, 1894.
Defective. Condition poor. Size, 0.053 m.
Ends, 0.0115 m. square and less. Thickness
of metal, 0.0015 m. Inside hollow. About ends
on all sides except back, grooves, two about each
end.

17. BINDING.

2784. From back of South Building. Ends
broken. Length, 0.135 m. Width, 0.048 m.
and less. Consists of two j^arts : upper ribbed
flange, inner line of which is broken. The
second part (same piece with top) ; length,
0.068 m. ; width, 0.0275 m. ; thickness,
0.005 m. at junction with upper part, from
which decreases toward rounded edge. Under
side flat ; forms acute angle with upjier part.
Doubtful whether object can have been part of
binding of shield rim, one objection being that
original diameter was only 0.23 m.

18. DECORATIVE BRACES AND
STRIPS.

A. STRAIGHT ORNAMENTAL APPLIED
BRACES.

{Each object differs from the others in type.)

2785. Small end broken at nail-hole. Length,
0.045 m.

2786. Large end broken. Length, 0.049 m.
Claw, length, 0.0065 m. rounded. Diameter,
0.005 m. at base, decreases toward end. Shaft
rectangular, with beveled corners (0.0077 m.
and less).

2787. (Shows reverse side.) Both ends prob-
ably defective. Nails broken close to surface.

DECORATIVE BRACES AND STRIPS

329

Length, 0.221 m. Width of centre, 0.0235 m.
anil less. Thickness, 0.012 m. and less. At
0.009 m. from end, nail. Blade, width,
0.125 ni. Thickness, 0.00G4 m. Near centre,
nail. At 0.015 m. beyond nail, on narrow side,
round hole in shaft. Depth, O.OOG m. Diam-
eter, 0.0035 m. Perhaps cross brace of grating
or, more likely, leg of small chair or bed. Cf.
lower part of leg of bed in archaic relief from
Tegea (Ibrahim Effendi, Ath. Mitth. IV. p.
136, pi. vii. Milchhofer).

B. CURVED ORNAMENTAL APPLIED BRACE.

Plate CXXXV.

2788. One end broken. Length, 0.221 m.
Width, 0.051 m. and less. Thickness, 0.027 m.
Ribs i-aised above surface, 0.0045 m. Near
whole end, nail (diameter, 0.006 m.). On under
side, hole filled with iron rust. Hence only head
is of bronze. At 0.085 m. from first nail, sec-
ond nail of bronze. Object east solid, but with
many flaws which show on under side. Diame-
ter of jjrotracted circle (inside), about 0.955 m.
This and similar objects probably applied to
edge of large kettles or caldrons, like the small
pieces Nos. 2188, etc. See, however, Olymjna,
Nos. 1229 f., which are very similar in shape but
smaller. Several similar pieces, both larger and
smaller in Nat. Mus., Athens, among scraps from
Acropolis (uncleaned). In Museum of Flor-
ence similar small ornaments, but not flat on
one side (Tomba a circolo di Poggio alia Guardia,
1895).

C. STRIPS AND RODS.

Type a. Triangular, the vndest side being
applied.

2789. One end broken. Length, 0.168 ra.
Sides, 0.0075 m., 0.0042 m., 0.004 m. End
undercut on wide side, probably for purpose of
fastening.

2790. One end gone, the other defective.
Length, 0.146 m. Sides, 0.0078 m., 0.0043 m.,
0.0052 m. Single engraved line near outer edge
of each of short sides.

2791. Both ends broken. Length (arc),
0.0585 m. On each of narrow sides, line close
to each edge ; in interior, broad, rounded, obtuse-
angled zigzag of bent lines. Both ends turn
slightly outward, hence best put here.

Discards of Type a : uncleaned, two.

Type b. Quadrangular (two acute and two
obtuse angles).
Manner of application differs from that of

objects of preceding type, one of the obtuse
angles being applied.

2792. Uncleaned. Both ends gone. Length,
0.173 m. Thickness, 0.0035 m. x 0.0024 m.
One end flattens from near break. At break,
hole (diameter, 0.002 m.). Shows manner of
ai)plication and fastening.

2793. Uncleaned. Both ends gone. Length,
0.245 m. Width, 0.0036 m. x 0.0025 m.

2794. Uncleaned. Length, 0.241 m. Forms
at centre 8-shaped loop.

Discards of Type b : uncleaned, two.

Type c. Quadrangular. Right angles.

Manner of a2)plication uncertain.

2795. Uncleaned. Ends gone. Length,
0.085 m. Sides, 0.002 m. x 0.0005 m.

2796. Uncleaned. Length, 0.164 m. Sides,
0.0024 m. X 0.0007 m. and less.

2797. Ends gone. Length, 0.093 m. Width,
0.0035 m. and less. On both sides, rough
groove.

2798. Uncleaned. One end broken. Length,
0.084 m. Width, 0.0035 m. and less. Near wide
end crossed at right angles by heavy grooves.

2799. Uncleaned. Ends gone. Length,
0.067 m. Width, 0.0055 m. Thickness, 0.0015
ni. Near one end, four small fragments of sheet
gold, three of which rest on bronze incrusta-
tion. This incrustation, and consequently the
gold fragments, belongs to some other piece of
bronze.

Type d. Flat, quadrangular (as in preced-
ing type), and round shaft combined.

2800. Uncleaned. Ends gone. Length,
0.19 m. Shaft rectangular and round. Size,
0.0053 m. X 0.0008 m.

Probably also : 2800 a. Uncleaned. One end
gone. Length, 0.21 m. Shaft rectangular and
round.
Type e. Round shaft, plain.

Manner of application imcertain.

2801. Large end broken. Length, 0.053 m.
Diameter, 0.003 m. and less. Use vnicertain.
Placed here because of similarity to following
number.

2802. From West Building. One end broken.
Length, 0.25 m. Diameter, 0.0047 m.

2803. Uncleaned. Both ends gone. Length
as bent, 0.044 m. Diameter of shaft, 0.0038 m.
Type f. Shaft round (or nearly round), with

coil at one end.
Class a. Plain.

2804. One end gone. Length as bent, 0.025 m.

830

THE BRONZES

Diameter of shaft, 0.0008 m. Uncertain whether
loop is original.

Class (i- Chord flat for ajiplication. Iti-

maindcr of circumference has interrupted

rope pattern. Coil plain.

2805. One end gone. Length, 0.152 m.
Diameter of shaft, 0.0033 ni.

Type g. Round shaft consisting of three
plain strands tvristed together.

2806. Both ends gone. Length, 0.086 m.
Diameter, 0.0033 m.

2807. Both ends gone. Length, 0.134 m.
Diameter, 0.004 m.

2808. Both ends gone. Length, 0.189 m.
Diameter, 0.0037 m.

19. INSERTED DISKS.

Type a. Plain.

2809. Cracked nearly through. Diameter,
0.069 m. Thickness, 0.0043 m. and less. On
both sides, slight depressions which look like
marks of hammer.

Type b. Ornamented simple disk.

2810. Split by corrosion into several laminae.
Diameter, 0.062 m. Thickness, 0.006 m. On
outside, rosette, the centre of which is slightly
concave; reverse plain.

Type c. Plain, with dowel at back for in-
sertion.

2811. Diameter, 0.0062 m. Thickness,
0.0042 m. Length of dowel, 0.021 m. Disk
and dowel of one piece. Cast.

Addenda. Composite disks.

2812. From back of South Building. De-
fective. Lead kernel nearly intact. Bronze
covering mostly preserved. Diameter of leaden
part, 0.051 m. Thickness, 0.0053 m. Bronze
follows conformation of outer surface.

2812 a. Uncleaued. Lead kernel nearly
complete. Bronze only partially preserved.
Similar to preceding. Diameter, 0.0525 m.

20. OTHER DECORATIVE ATTACH-
MENTS AND FRAGMENTS.

2813. One end gone, the other defective.
Length, 0.085 m. Width, 0.0105 m. and less.
Sides slightly convex. Manner of attachment
uncertain.

2813 a. Uncleaned. Similar to No. 2813.
Length, 0.039 m.

2814. Top broken. Height, 0.043 m. Di-

ameter, 0.055 m. Five layers of bronze, de-
creasing toward top. Diameter of uppermost
layer, 0.015 m. Bronze part forms thick coni-
cal shell, into which is inserted from bottom
solid cone of lead. This cone projects 0.006 m.
below bottom, and partially overlaps inner edges
of bronze. On top, mass of iron oxide, prob-
ably remains of rod which held object as pend-
ant.

2815. lioth ends broken. Length, 0.175 m.
Width, 0.022 m.

2816. Both ends broken. Length, 0.042 m.
Stem with short blade. Width of stem, 0.0097
m. ; of blade, 0.0145 m. Blade curved.

21. SUPPORTS.

2817. Found at east end of south slope, April
24, 1893. Height, about 0.125 m. Length of
foot, 0.017 m. Width, 0.016 m. Upper part
of shaft rectangular. Lower part round.

2818. Uncleaned. Top damaged. Height,
0.088 m. Length of foot, 0.01 m. Width,
0.005 m. Formed by cutting back shaft and
bending end. Diameter of shaft, 0.005 m.
and less.

2818 a. Fragment. Height, 0.0225 m.
Width, 0.011 m.

22. RODS.
Solid.

2819. From West Building. One end broken.
Length, 0.476 m. Diameter, 0.006 m.

Hollow.

2820. From south slope. One end broken.
Length, 0.121 m. Diameter, 0.01 m. Com-
plete end nearly triangular. Elsewhere, rounded.
Open cylinder. Edges do not form straight
line.

Filled.

2821. Both ends gone. Shell cracked entire
length. Length, 0.123 m. Diameter, 0.023 m.
Interior filled with iron rust and another sub-
stance which is probably part of core.

23. BARS.
Plain.

2822. From back of South Building. One
end broken. Length, 0.06 m. Width, 0.023 m.-
0.041 m. Thickness, 0.0033 m. and less.

2823. Length, 0.0735 m. Width, 0.022 m.
and less. Thickness, 0.0047 m. and less.

2824. One end damaged. Length, 0.10 m.

BARS, BALL, AND CASTINGS

331

Width, 0.013 m. Thickness, 0.0095 m. and
less.

2825. Condition poor. Length, 0.00 m.
Width, 0.025 m. and less, especially toward
one end, which terminates in rounded beveled
point.

2826. From south slope. Both ends gone.
Length, 0.044 m. Width, 0.018 m. and less.

Inscribed.

2827. Both ends roughly cut off. Length,
0.084 m. Width, 0.02 m.-0.0215 m. Thick-
ness, 0.0065 m. -0.0085 m. For inscription see
Appendix.

24. BALL.

2828. From West Building. Diameter,
0.014 m.

25. CASTINGS.
A. PARTIALLY FORMED OBJECTS.

Plate CXXXVI.

2829. Standard and paw. Height, about
0.154 m. Height of standard, 0.112 m. Diame-
ter of top of standard, 0.088 m. Attachments
cast in one piece with standard: 1. From a
point 0.03 m. below toj) of standard rises diag-
onally lion's paw with four toes. Toes have
claws. From heel projects round stub (length,
0.018 m. ; diameter, 0.013 m.). This stub per-
haps marks pipe through which bronze was
poured. 2. Near top of standard, oblong
rounded attachment in line with paws. Length,
0.026 m. 3. From middle of upper part of
standard, on opposite side from preceding at-
tachment, round stub rising diagonally.

2830. Crimped arc. Length, 0.109 m.

Width, 0.035 m. and less. Thickness, 0.01 m.
and less. Top side has ornament of slightly
raised rays which do not quite reach outer edge.
Inner edge beveled.

2831. Convex-concave arc. Outside diame-
ter, 0.083 m. Width of ring, 0.031 m. and
less. Thickness, 0.005 m. and less.

2832. Perhaps part of mold. Size, 0.057 m. x
0.035 m. X 0.009 m. In edge, outlines of at least
three circles, of which only the largest shows
trace of bottom.

2833. Bar. One end complete. Size,
0.087 m. X 0.027 m. xO.Ol m.

2834. Segment of sphere. Width, 0.072 m.
Thickness, 0.037 m. and less.

2835. Uncleaned. Fragment of sphere.
Entire surface rough. Diameter, 0.253 m.

B. CASTINGS WHICH PRESENT ACCIDENTAL
RESEMBLANCES TO VARIOUS OBJECTS.

2836. (Penis.) Length, 0.083 m.

2837. Bird. Height, 0.04 m.

2838. (Binding for corner.) Length, 0.063 m.

2839. (Saddle.) Height, 0.046 m. Length,
0.05 m.

C. FORMLESS CASTINGS.

2840. Length, 0.14 m. Width, 0.12 m.
Thickness, 0.004 m.

2841. Condition poor. Size, 0.085 m. x
0.00 m.x 0.008 m.

Discards ofC: six, of which one from West Building.

Other discards. Here belong a number of pieces, partly
castings, partly pieces of sheet bronze, which have been
partly melted and fused together, or mixed with other
substances, as lead, rock, sand. Most of them show ac-
tion of fire. Uncleaned, seventy-eight, of which two
from back of South Building, near retaining wall.

APPENDIX
INSCRIPTIONS ON THE BRONZES

964. Plate LXXXIX. (photographs). Two
copies below. The second, on reijxaniination, seemed
to represent more accurately tiie actnal condition of
the bronze. Letters scarcely legible. Height, about
0.003 m.

(1) 0ucrtrTta[s ''■]r/[s] EXXaSi[ou

(2) 0i;a"(rTta|[s] HcAAaSt^ou
Translation : {Pro2)erty) of Thystia, daughter (or

wife) of Jfelladios.

©iKroTia[s : does not seem to occur, but Hesychius
has 6v(TTr]^ (quoted by L. and S.) and ©votoiScs (quoted
by P.-B.). Cf. also ©[u]o-o-iSai, Atketi. Mitth. IX.
p. 321 (Ceos), 'E7rtTe[u^w3 ©vo-tas, Arch.-Eing. Mitth.
arts Oest. XI. p. 181, and ®va-<x>v, 'E>^. 'kpx- 1883, col.
215, 1. 125 (the last two also in P.-B.). For -(to-t-
see G. Meyer, Griech. Grram' p. 304, Brugmann,
Griech. Gram^ § 100, 1 a and § 119, 1. — t]^[9] :
it seems better to assume a blank space between the
words than to supply this word, which is not of the
Argive dialect. — 'EAAa8i[ou : see P.-B. s. v. and also
C. I. A. III. 1343, C. I. S. 53, 179. Another pos-
sibility would be 'E\\avw\^v or 'EAAai/to[vos, but the
nominative case of the former is an objection, and for
the latter there is hardly space. The word occurs
B. M. I. III. § 1, p. 65 (lasos), 'EAXaviajv Tapo-cvs.

158L Plate XCVI. (photograph and drawing).
Copy below. Retrograde-boustrophedon, beginning

(•

with lower right corner. Height of letters, 0.002 m.-
0.0047 m. Letters in lines 1 and 2 increase in size
with the direction of the writing.

The letters of the first line are very legible, inas-
much as they are clearly cut and well preserved.
Those of the second line, however, have been nearly
effaced by the oxidation of the bronze, and were ex-

tremely difficult to decipher. Nevertheless, the forms
of the letters as given in drawing and copy are for
the most part fairly sure. The single letter of the
third (middle) line is faint but certain.

ApicTTtta E/c€ I ^aioi(?) aviOlK \ e

Translation : Aristela offered (me) on behalf of
Ekethaio.

For ' A pia-Tua, cL C. I. G. 155 (Attic), quoted by
P.-B., and there accented 'Apurreia. The first letter
of the second (top) line may be either 6 or 0, but the
balance of probability is in favor of 6. Neither 'Eke-
6aiui nor 'EKe<^aio) seems to occur. For 'EkckX^s,
''EiKi<f>&7)'i, 'E)C6<^vi\os, which present the nearest anal-
ogy, see B. C. H. Index. The reading of the word
as a feminine form from an o/- stem instead of a mas-
culine form from an o- stem is arbitrary. Dedica-
tion on behalf of another person in an inscription
from Athens published by Korte, Athen. Mitth. XXI.
p. 294, M.i'T](rnrTo\i//.ri VTrip AtKaio^dvous 'Aa-K\rjTnw
'A/jivvia avi6r]Ke. That Ekethaio or Ekephaio is an
unknown name of a person is more probable than
that it is an unknown epithet of Hera.

1746. Plate CII. (photograph). Drawing be-
low. A single letter. Height, 0.008 m.

Initial letter of 'Hpas or 'Hpai. Cf. No. 1985,
and B. M. Catalogue of Greek Coins, Peloponnesus,
Introd. p. Iv.

1824, 1825. Plates CVL, CVII. (photograph
and copy). Retrograde. Height of letters, 0.0055 m.-
0.008 m.

] iXX i t^

The reading makes it probable that the fragments
are to be combined, in spite of the difficulty of adjust-
ment. This part of the inscription probably con-
tained names only. It is probable that the fathers'
names were added in a second column at the left, but
even if they were placed under the names of the
sons, the first name on the fragment, as next to the
last, would still be in the nominative.

The first name is probably <ftX\i'as, cf. C. I. G.
1514 (cited by Pape-Benseler), ntortKA^s ^iWia;
C. I. S. III. i. 446 (Stratos), 1. 4. <l>iXXias Tr/Aafi'ytos,

APPENDIX: INSCRIPTIONS

383

or ^iX\l8a% cf. C. I. S. III. i. Appendix, 106G, 1. 2,
^iXXiSuL ; JJ. C. H. V. p. 413, No. 22, 1. 3, Ti>wi/
*iAAi8a 'A/it^io-oreus ; ibid. p. 414, No. 23, 11. 14, 15,
$iAXiSa?. It may also have been 4>iAAts. Cf. B. C. If.
Index, 1877-«6, and vol. XX. p. 20G (Delphi), 1.
36, *tA.is 'Apyeios, *iA.Ais 'Apyaos. For 4>iAXi8as and
*tAAis in literature, see P.-B. The second name is
probably the nominative, possibly the genitive, of
StuSa/ios. Cf. the indices to the various Corpora, and
to B. C. H., and 'E<^. 'Apx- 1883, col. 29, No. 9
(Epidauros), Ntxarav 2a)3aj«.ou. An Argive named
2a)Sa/xas is mentioned by Faus. III. ix. 8 (quoted by
P.-B.).

Double writing of consonants is the rule for Argive
inscriptions which have four-stroke sigma, so even in
A. J. A. XI. p. 43, 1. 5, 'YAXtu's. In those which
have three-stroke sigma there are no cases in point.
Those which use san write but one consonant in eases
of gemination. Cf. /. G. A. 30, 1. 5, and Nos. 1826,

I. 9, "YA.??, and 2252, e SiKeAi'tM. It follows that for
the period to which an Argive retrograde insci'iption
would naturally be assigned the single consonant
should be expected. The double writing of the con-
sonants in this inscription, taken together with the
style of the letters, makes it probable that this is an
exceptional example of retrograde writing at a later
period. Cf. the retrograde writing of names of Ar-
give kings on the hemicycle on the north side of the
sacred way at Delphi. B. C. H. XVIII. p. 186, and
Frazer on Paus. X. x. 5.

1826.' Plates CVI. (photograph) and CVII.
(drawing).^

1. 'i'iP^' p)a-6jxaTa \\ t aStv :: \iayvo-

2. [b]« (Tvvxeoi •■ Tas apas i| ras

3. yttS :: tus Apytias •■ ra Se 7ra/i[aTa

4. -Ka \^d'\avaTOV •• he aWo Tt, Kafov •• h-

5. €]7r[tT]e;^voiTO •• £[h(?)o]t fto-^eic ■■ [T0r9]o-

6. -OS .; ■irpo[7r(?)]/5o[p(?)]os •• e^Vpita-

7. at Se /;i]e Sa/nito[p]yr« Tts .• hoi[s (?)

8. -s] Apytias jj Kat hot Ful €-

9. -o ■• Tot HuXts ;| aTToSo/i^ci/ot
10. yas II Apyttasya || KaraK^a-

II. -yvov Fill €<TTO I: irot ras H||fpas

The interpretation depends to a considerable ex-
tent on the view which may be taken of the dot after
T in the first line. Rogers, who thinks it an attempt
to puncture the plate for a nail-hole {I. c. p. 166),
and Frankel disregard it in reading, and join r to
what follows. The reading thus obtained, t<i8' eV, is
easy and plausible, and there are examples of allow-
ance of space for nail-holes.' Preparation for the nail

1 Published by J. D. Rogers in A. J. A., Second Series,
V. (1901), pp. 159 ff., and by Max Frankel in Insc. Argol.
No. .'iOO (I. G. IV.).

2 By E. Gilliferon.

' See Rogers, I. c. p. 107. Add the inscription from Olyra-

by means of a carefully worked indentation is a some-
what ditt'erent matter ; and until examples are found
for it, it may be well to look for some other explana-
tion, especially as in this case the indentation was
not actually used for such a purpose. The analogy
of the Locrian inscription (/. G. A. 321), where let-
ters (usually prostrate) with three dots on either side
serve as a means of numbering the paragraphs, sug-
gests that II T" in this inscription may have a similar
use. In this case the letter would probably introduce
the last paragraph in the document, namely, that con-
taining the sanctions. If so, additions to the main
body of the document are not to be expected, but
simply measures to secure the fulfillment of the pro-
visions of the preceding paragraphs.

Line 1. (fiaOfiara : for the slight preference in favor
of (jy as against p, see above s. n. For (jiavfiaTa with
substitution of -a-fjia for -Ofia, cf. Brugmann, Griech.
Gram^ p. 186. In the absence of the preceding
context, it is uncertain whether the word is complete
as it stands, and, if so, in what sense it was meant.
Nor is it possible to look forward for a reference, if
the above hypothesis regarding the paragraphs be
correct. The termination would also fit {KJida/xaTa.
A*<^a.^yu,aTa like (jyrjfirj, fari, Sansk. bha-ti, seems not to
have existed in Greek. Rogers and Frankel take
the initial letter to be p. The former suggests (I. c.
p. 165) ypdO/J,aTa = ypd.tTp.aTa = ypajxpara, Spd6 jxara =
Spd<Tp.aTa • i7vv6dp.aTa, dyopdcrp-ara, and (J. C. p. 174)
lap6dp.aTa. In understanding ypdcrpara ( < ypdOp.aTa)
as ypafifiara he agrees with Robert (to whom he re-
fers), who thus interprets ypaa-(rp.dT(av in the inscrip-
tion from Hermione {Man. Ant. Line. I. col. 598).
Neither indicates the process by which *grabh-nia
becomes ypa-6p,a or ypa-ap-a.* Frankel reads
-p or o^dOfiaTa without explanation. To these con-
jectures may be added pddp.aTa =. *pdcriJ.aTa = pdp.-
ynttra (C. /. G. S. 2421). For the sense of this, as
also of v<l>dcrp.aTa above, cf . the prescriptions for dress
in the sacrificial inscription from Andania (Cauer,
Delectus^, p. 33, No. 47). However, as in the case
of ypa-dfia above, it is difficult to account for the sub-
stitution of suffix-initial 6 or cr for the final labial con-
sonant of the root without a somewhat extensive and
perhaps unsafe application of the principle of analogy.
— aSev: if this word begins the paragraph, it can
scarcely be anything but d8ev (in sense of S^So^^Oai)
or aSti/^ (in sense of eSoiev), from avSdyw. The diffi-
culty with regard to the breathing is pointed out by
Rogers, l. c. pp. 163 f . ; nor do examples of ij/lXoxtis
like 'l7r(7r)o/u,£Sa)v, J. G. A. 30 (cited by Klllner-Blass,
I. p. 109), and "Hpas, lapoij.vdp.oves, A. J. A. XI.

pia published in tlie JahresheJXe d. Oesterreich. Arch. Instituts,
I. p. 197 (Szauto).

■* For a discussion of this word see Helen M. Searles, A
Lexicographical Studi/ of the. Greek Inscriptions, s. v. ypiiaff/ia.

^ Mentioned as a possibility by Rogers, /. c. p. 1(33.

884

THE BRONZES

(1896), p. 43 (cited by Rogers), quite suffice to obviate
it. — ay»'o[»'(?) : as theainouiit of text lost at the sides
of the i)late is uncertain, it is useless to try to fill out
the lines. From the position of the word and that of
avvxtoL below, it may be that the sense of the begin-
ning of the sanction was something like ayvoi' to aBiys
TovTO • ot Se Tis Tavra Trapjiaivoi hr/ awxioi k.t.X.

Line 2. awxtoi : L. and S. s. v. II. 2. Cf. I.G.A.

500. Toi'j vufjiov TovTov Yiv TIS ^eXjj [""vyj^tai ri irpo&jj-
Tu[i] ij/yj(f>oi' <uoT« [/xr/ tjii'at Tor vo/u.ov tovtoi'. Slightly
different in sense in the inscription of the Labyadae,
li. C. H. XIX. p. 12, 1. 28 (Homolle). — dpas: genitive.
Tlie apodosis begins here. The form tus ipa% tus shows
that a definite curse, described in the missing part of
the line, is meant. For similar formulae see Rogers,
I. c. J). 168. Something like eio^os co-tcd may be sui)i)lied
with Rogers. Cf. Cauer, Delectiisi No. 430 (Eresos),
A 11. 24 f. [K]a[i] roAXa «[i']oxos [cjo-TcuTui voytia) [tw
or tS orl Tui\ rav ardXKav avtXovTi. ; also D 1. 16,
£voxot[s ?^fc€]i'ai Tu) I'o/xu) (dative or genitive). Speci-
mens of dpat'(public),/.G.^.497 (Teos)and (private),
C. I. A. III. ii. 1417-1420 (Herodes Atticus) ; cf.
Wuensch, C. I. A. Appendix, p. ii., and Ziebarth's
article there cited, ' Der Fluch im Griech. Recht,'
Hermes, XXX. (1895), pp. 57 if., where other ex-
amples are given.

Line 3. Besides inclusion in the curse mentioned
above, the culprit is to be banished from Argive ter-
ritory and his property (Tra.fi.\_aTa) is to be confiscated.
Cf. the tablet from Hermione above mentioned, 1. 5,
: TpfTO Koi haix(.vi<T<Tdo ': lv% \ 'AOavaiav : . Rogers
quotes appositely, /. G. A. 500 (Halicarnassus), 11.
35^7.

Lirie 4- -"o [^jdvoTov or Ka[t] ai'aToi', Rogers. K[^a
Ol^dvaTov, Fx-ankel. There is sufficient trace of con-
cavity in the edge at the left of a (see s. n.) to make
it likely that 6 is the correct reading. There is room
for Ka[i ^], but the letters would be somewhat more
crowded than they are in other parts of the line.
-Ka [6]avaTov is therefore epigraphically preferable.
So far as concerns the context, it is too scanty to
afford a sure basis for choice, but it is at least clear
that the verb of which [^javaToi/ is the object cannot
be directly connected with the verb of which •!rd/i[aTa
is the subject, because death is not a penalty which
can be inflicted after confiscation of property and
banishment. Some new set of circumstances must
intervene. On the other hand, consistency with the
general view of the inscription taken above requires
that the [6]dvaTov h^ oAAo tl Ka^bv refer to the same
person with the subject of ctvvx^ol. It is probable,
then, that the commencement of a new clause or sen-
tence has been lost, and that if there is a connective
before [^jdvaTov, it joins the verb on which [6]di'aTov
depends with the verb of a lost preceding clause of
similar purport, i. e. [' If any one should . . .] and
[should contrive] death or any other harm [against

the exile.' Unless a full clause be supplied before
[^jdi'aToi', some other reading than '<a[t] must be
found, an adverbial use being unlikely. Rogers
suggests iroj/cd, which would be suitable, and, taking
the scantiness of space into account, is to be preferred
to Ka[l^ . — h- : it is useless to try to ('omjilete the
word. Rogers suggests h[oTtai>' and h[aTii't {L c.
p. 169).

Liyie 5. For the first word Rogers and FrSnkel
have i\Tzi!\^T\f)(yZM.To, which the former takes directly
with Ka^bv. The reading is jirobably correct, but the
combination with Ka?6i', though it makes good sense,
is rendered doubtful by the lack of evidence as to the
length of the lines. It seems reasonable to suppose
that the verb is in protasis, but so far as concerns its
jjosition it might also be in apodosis, as the expression
of a wish or curse : only, in that case, some other
reading would have to be found, — something more
plausible than c]7r[if]€xi'otTO (cf. Pamphylian Fexi-
TU), LG. A. 505, 1. 24; G. Meyer, Griech. Gram^.
sections 198, 240 ; Prellwitz, Etymolog. Worterbucfi,
s. V. oxos ; Searles, op. cit. s. v. ^^x"")' "'' xaToy
7r[o-]»jx''oiTo (but the existence of a i/^ in epichoric
Argive is rendered probable by the presence of <^,
and by the occurrence oi a. ij/ among the builders'
marks on the stereobate of the New Temple ; cf.
Brownson, A. J. A. VIII. p. 219), neither of which
has been found in Greek. Unfortunately, the fol-
lowing clause is itself so mutilated and difficult as
to afford no assistance. Here Rogers reads (I. c.
p. 174) ^[■'■o]' Fi-c^f^V "i" ^]'' <"]' Fi.<T^(i.7], and Fran-
kel, i. oLFia-^fte, with the remark, " e[7r (sive i[t', £[^)]
oiFi(Tt,ei( (sive -cr^iiTi) explicent peritiores." The lacuna
after the first letter of the clause preserves the out-
line of a letter at each side, that at the left being
either o or 6, as is evident from shape and size. Be-
tween it and the opposite edge there is space for one
letter of average size, or for two letters, if one were i,
and the other a narrow letter like k, y, or A. Of the
letter at the right there remains the right bevel of
a full-length vertical hasta. It is also beveled at the
top, contrary to the custom of the inscription in the
case of the ends of strokes, and continued horizon-
tally to the left for about 0.0005 m., thus making it
probable that the vertical hasta was met by a stroke
which joined it from the left, and, more likely than
not, at right angles. The letters which correspond
best to these indications are T, B, Q, and ^. It
will be seen at once that T (as in ^[to]i) is impos-
sible, nor are the conditions favorable for the letters
with slanted tops, as 1, M, ^, etc. This fact and
the doubtful i/iiXwo-is seem to render i[y (u]t very im-
probable. Of the indicated letters, S and p seem to
yield only optatives, e. g. *i[_8o']i, e[p(p)o]i, the rela-
tion of which to the context would be difficult of ex-
planation ; IT also leads to a series of improbabilities,
e. g. (1) ^iroi for ^-irov, which involves difficulty of

APPENDIX: INSCRIPTIONS

335

form and sense ; (2) *£7rot for omn, wliich might
be construed with a following optative, but does
not occur, and cannot well be invented because the
pronominal root o (Brugmann, Grundriss, II. p. 768,
Griech. Gram!) p. 243 ; cf. G. Meyer, Griech. Gi-anv'
p. 179), apart from its rarity in Greek, is not used
to form relatives; (3) *£7rot for «Vet (cf. otKoi: olku),
also construable but also non-existent, and in use con-
trary to the other conjunctive-adverbial forms in -oi.
There remains h, with which it might be possible to
read c[h(ij]i (so. iv hwi), provided the absence of
the -V could be explained. As we have no right to
assume errors in an inscription so carefully cut, and
as assimilation of v before h is out of the question, it
seems necessary to assume a parallel form k, derived
from iv; (cf. the inscription, 3Ton. Ant. Line. I.
col. 594, 1. 5, of an earlier period than /. G. A. 38,
1. 4, -avs Taj's), in accordance with the principle
stated by Brugmann (Griech. Gram? p. 75, 3), and
like ev used with cases of rest. Proclitic preposition
and object forming practically one word, the -9 would
become medial between vowels and change to -h ac-
cording to the principle also exemplified in /. G. A.
38, so that iB- would represent £(h)h. — What fol-
lows is read by Rogers Fia-^urj and explained as eiScn;.
Context and usage make this interpretation seem very
probable. The presence of o-^(t) is, however, diffi-
cult to account for («S-£((r)-t7/). Elean ftt^ws is, of
course, of no assistance because of ^txaios, etc. (Cf.
G. Meyer, Griech. Grant: p. 269.) The weak form
of the root seems to encourage the conjecture that we
may possibly have here a trace of the direct applica-
tion of the optative suffix (11;) to the root (fi8), the
sibilant thus produced being afterward extended to
the sigmatic aorist. Cf. Brugmann, Griech. Gram?
p. 337, and Grundriss, II. p. 1302. Rogers also sug-
gests and rejects " ns (yts • . . . la-;^^?, Hesychius) i,iU
(*^^yLu)." To add another improbability, it might be
possible to think of a *fts, nominative of foi, fiv (large
inscription from Gortyna, col. II. 40 ; Roehl, Ima-
gines, p. 45, No. 6 = Roberts, Introduction to Greek
Epigraphy, No. 304 a), as a parallel form of i, Sopho-
cles, Frag. 427 (Nauck), cf. Kuhner-Blass, I. pp. 583,
595 f., G. Meyer, Griech. Gram? p. 508, n. 1. — At
the end of the line Rogers reads, 9o\_6apo^ or ro\vrov,
andFrankel [t(?)]o-. As has been stated before(s. n.),
conditions of space and preservation admit t, 9, or v,
with slight, if any, preference. Beyond the o the
edge has a vertical bevel, 0.0105 m. in length, show-
ing that the right hasta of the missing letter was a
straight upright stroke. This renders both 6 {9o6a-
pos) and V (tovtov) impossible. Owing to the position
it is unlikely that the indirect object of €]7ri[T]ex>'wiT0
(e. g. [T](u[t 4>vydSi, [T]o[rs <l>vyd(Tiv, [t]o[is 'Apyeiois)
is to be supplied. It is more probable that this is
the beginning of the apodosis, which stated the con-
templated result of the preceding clause, i. e. reward

if tlie action of e37r([T]e;(i'wtTo was directed against
the exiles, punishment if it was directed against state
or people.

Line 6. As Rogers has remarked (I. c. p. 170), the
line treats of property (presumably the Trdfi^ara of
1. 3), which is to be bought. The word ending in
-OS at the beginning evidently designated the person
who was to have the first right of purchase. Rogers
infers 8a/itopy[6s from the following line, or, with less
probability, os i)(<j}v fx.iyi.(TTov rcAjjos. — For the fol-
lowing word Rogers reads Trp6[y]po[(^]os, Frilnkel,
Trpd[T]po[ir]os. As the left side of the Iiole termi-
nates with an upright bevel with no trace of protrac-
tion of a top-bar to the left, the latter reading is im-
possible. The former reading is plausible so far as
concerns the sense, but it is rendered doubtful by the
fact that the upper edge of the hole, while it can
scarcely be said to be beveled, is nevertheless hori-
zontal, and suggests cleavage along tlie line of a hori-
zontal stroke. Furthermore the point of departure of
a downward stroke seems to be visible in the upper
edge at about 0.0055 m. from the left hasta. As
there is no trace of a corresponding stroke on the
under side of the lacuna, the letter thus outlined
could not well be other than P. If this is correct, it
is not easy to see just what the reading was. Setting
aside evident impossibilities like 7rpo[ir]po [li]os and
irpo [Tr]po[tK]os, one might perhaps think of h€[7r]po-
poi on a bronze basis from Ligouri6, from which
Kretschmer in Jahreshefte, III. pp. 134 f., evolves
TTpiopoi (for (f>povpoi). But that the person designated
could be qualified as TrpoTrpwpos even in a transferred
sense, or the action of the verb as ■n-poTrpwpui'i (i. e.
' as a precautionary measure '), seems a hazardous
supposition. — The condition of the bronze at the end
of the line is described s. n. As there is an upright
bevel at the right edge of fragment d, it is possible
to read i$irpud.[^a-6io with Rogers, or t^pita[iTo or
£^7rptta[/[*€i'os. The first is preferable. For -«- see
on next line.

Li7ie 7. ai 8k /xjt 8a/j,iio[p]yor ns : so Rogers and
Frankel, except that at the beginning they bracket
only the first letter, inasmuch as the lettei'S i 8c (qu.
and p. ?) were traceable when the plate was found
(cf. Rogers, I. c. p. 160). — Sa|u,uo[p]yoi : with the -u-
cf. i^Trpaa- above, K.apvtua'i (1877), SiKfXaas (2252),
and the aXuos yipiav inscription /. G. A. 34 ( = Col-
litz, S. G. D. L No. 3261= Olympia, IV. pp. 101 £E.,
pi. xxxix., V. No. 693). For relations with Cypriot
and Pamphylian see Brugmann, Griech. Gram]
p. 18, and i/mt! p. 37. Cf. G. Meyer, Griech.
Gram? p. 220, and Rogers' note, I. c. p. 171. It is
perhaps worth while to notice that, while in Cypriot
in every case between i + vowel (and u + vowel) a
corresponding semivowel -i- (or -u-) is developed (cf.
Hoffmann, Griech. Dialekte, I. pp. 37 ff.), in Pamphy-
lian this semivowel is written at least, chiefly in the

836

THE BRONZES

older inscriptions (Sillyou and coins of Aspendos and
Perge). As to the character of the sound there
appears to be substantial agreement between Pani-
phylia and Argos, for there exist in both probable
cases of an inherited -lo suffix, e. g. Ta/xtias, iinmiSuw;
(Pamph.), uXiios (Argive), along with eases like
TToKue (Pamph.) and Ka/jvei'jas (Argive), where pri-
mary inheritance is less certain, and again instances
where a secondary t appears in the place formerly
occupied by an entirely different consonant, e. g.
Pamphylian Itapoia-i (-S-, cf. Sansk. -s-), rtVqa (-S-),
Argive Sa/xuoQjjyoi (-F-). Pamphylian and Argive
also aj)proach each other and differ from Cypriot in
allowing the j; to be developed after otiier sonants
than simple i, e. g. Fereia, Kapvuia^. In this in-
scription, however, 'Ap-yei'as is written without t. —
The next word is uncertain owing to the difficulty of
deciding between san and /x at the end of the line.
From the description previously given (s. n.) there
seems to be a slight preference in favor of san. We
may therefore, with due allowance, read oh. Rogers
suggests hots (viz. rpoTrois ois [ho vo/xos KcXtuft Foi
and oi fji^iyiaTa TeXea £| xovti). That here and in the
following lines there are, as Rogers has observed (l. c.
p. 171), provisions for the carrying out of the confis-
cation of the property of the exile, and for the punisli-
ment of the magistrates who fail of their duty in the
matter, seems probable, but there are not sufficient
data for any probable completion of the lines. For a
variety of ingenious attempts, see Rogers' article.

Line 8. ras] may be supplied at the beginning.
Frankel remarks that the absence of punctuation
(cf. 11. 3 and 10) points to the article, yas may have
preceded. Banishment of the Sa/xtopyos, or of the
officials upon whom the duty would next devolve,
is probably indicated. In the former case kox oX foi,
with which Rogers reads e[yywraTa ciiv, would be ap-
propriate, in the latter oTfot (as in Cypriot for epic
oloi, also suggested by Rogers), with which we might
perhaps supply i\y tSj. dpat ivi)(oivTO (cf. /. G. A.
110).

Line 9. The first letter might be the end of an
optative, e. g. ^(LXoivto, as Rogers conjectures, or
possibly of a pronoun, e. g. tovto, avro. Under cer;
tain circumstances, specified in the preceding lines,
the tribe of the Hylleis (cf. A. J. A. XI. p. 43, No.
xii. 1. 5, and Richardson's note, pp. 45 f.) are to sell
the property (diroSo/jL^cvoL), probably, as Rogers sug-
gests, for the benefit of the sacred treasury. The
edge at the end of the line is beveled, indicating 'y.

Line 10. ya for ye ; so Rogers and Friinkel. The
territory of Argos is contrasted with some other dis-
trict or place specified in the inscription, or with
extra- Argive territory in general. — At the end of the
line the left bevel of the left hasta of an a is pre-
served for nearly its entire length. Rogers, who sup-
plies KaTa)c[a\coi, is probably right in assuming that

the sentence refers to the recall of the banished per-
son. It is also conceivable that in this and the
following line approval in the sight of Hera is invoked
for any one wlio sliall slay a fugitive (original offender
or derelict official) from Argive territory at least, in
which case KaTaK[^dvoi could be read.

Line 11. The y at tlie beginning is certain. Ac-
cording to the view which may be taken of the intent
of the preceding line, the word may be completed as
ai'a\yi'ov or CTTvjyi'oV (both suggested by Rogers), or,
if KaTaK'i^d.voL (or something of similar meaning) be
read, as hayi'di'. — ttoi for Trpos (cf . Prellwitz, Ktyni.
Woerterb. s. v. ttoti, Searles, Lexicog. Study, s. v.,
G. Meyer, Griech. Granvi p. 389, n. 1). — H[ipas:
the right bevel of the upright of the c is preserved.

1827. Plates CVI., CVII. (photograph and
copy). Height, 0.0085 m. and 0.0035 m.

TO

It is possible but not probable that part of an a
remains on the right.

1877. Plate CX. (photograph and copy). The
letters faint but certain. Height, 0.007 m.

0a/xo^tXos |Lie aveBiKf. rai Wipai : ras Kapceua?

Translation : Thamophilos dedicated me to Hera
from (i. e. perliaps s])oil froni) the Karneia.

@aix6<f)t\o^ : second, third, and fourth letters very
faint. The name does not seem to occur. Analogous
are ®ap,iKX^s, C. /. G. 1840 (Corcyra), ©t/xti/oo-rpa-
Tos, B. M. L II. p. 83, No. 298, 1. 26 (Calymna), and
perhaps ©a/xvpos, C. I. A. IV. Add. No. 23, 1. 4.
See Fick-Bechtel, Griech. Eigennamen, p. 139. —
aviOiKi : cross-bar of a uncertain, but lowest of the three
possibilities indicated in copy is the most probable.
— Kapvei'ias : the dotted line in copy of K represents
a false stroke in the original. Right side of p un-
certain owing to oxidation. The lines indicated by
dots in copy are fairly clear, but probably do not belong
to the letter. Preller-Robert, Griech. Mythologie, I.
p. 250, n. 3, assume a festival of Apollo Cavneios at
Argos on the basis of Schol. to Theocritus, V. 83, and
Hesych. s. v. ayrjTrj^, according to whom Apollo
Carneios was called 'Ayi^rutp at Argos, and was wor-
shiped at the festival called ayr/ropia. The use of
the singular is noticeable. Elsewhere ra Kdpvua. Here
it probably agrees with the genitive singular of coprj;,
a word used by the Scholiast above cited in speaking
of the Carneia, and by Herodotus, I. 31, in referi'ing
to the Heraea (iovcrrj'; oprrji rrj 'Hpjy Toicri 'Apyci-
oio-t), or possibly with d/tepas (genitive singular), cf.
Kapvetai rjp.epaL (J. H. S. IX. p. 328, from Cos).
The genitive is slightly freer than in rdpycioi aviOiv
TiS Aifi Tu>v KopivdoOev {I. G. A. 32), but resembles
that in sttJi 'Pa^o'tdSai IToSioji' /ne [^KareOriKev --'] Aai'Tret-
(5ov 'S.OeviSai on a bronze fragment from the Acro])olis.
Bather, J. H. S. XIII. p. 129. For -«-, see on No.
1826, 1. 7.

APPENDIX : INSCRIPTIONS

337

1878. Plate CX. (photograph and copy). Let-
ters faint and in part illegible owing to oxidation.
Height, 0.0045 m.

N[i]Ka(nas /xt avtOiKi rat Hepai.

Translation : Nlkasias dedicated me to Hera.

'HiKaxTLa';: right bar of N and following letter hid-
den by oxidation. Instead of -o-i-, -vu- may be read,
as the upper right hasta of the san is faint and not
quite certain. It does not seem to have been joined
at the top to the remainder of the letter. For NiKai/ia?,
which does not seem to occur, cf. \v(T-avia% Ilaua--
avia^. For -u- see on No. 1826, 1.7; Ntxao-ias, for
'NiKr](ria<;, is found C. I. G. 1513, 1. 18 (Tegea). —
Hepat : middle bar of e uncertain. Cross-bar of a given
by upper stroke. Nevertheless, the dotted line prob-
ably represents a real stroke.

1882. Plate CXI. (photograph and drawing).
Both show concave side of dots. Inscription retro-
grade. Broken at both ends, and abraded at bottom.
Preserved height, 0.028 m.

Perhaps a proper name beginning with \vKa-. On
the same side, a number of circles (see drawing), per-
haps decorative, and in any case independent of the
inscription.

1883. Plate CXI. (photograph and drawing,
both showing concave side of dots). Fragments a, h,
and c, of which h is in uninscribed part. Uncertain
whether c joined h. Defective at both ends and in
interior. Height of best preserved letter, 0.024 m.
On the same side with the inscription and intermingled
with it are many circles faintly struck, which do not,
however, seem to form part of a system.

Fragment a. The only certain letter is Y. At the left
along and near broken edge, lightly
struck dots and circles, which may
form part of an H. At the right
near edge, complex of dots in which
it is difficult to recognize any letter
except possibly an un-Argive A, or
a P reversed (51), or an A. It is
profitless to speculate as to what
name beginning 'YX- or 'Yp- or "Ya-
may have stood here.

Fragment c. In central part, A I
in heavy dots. At left edge, three
similar dots which may have formed
part of a T. At right edge, G, also in heavy dots. The
inscription may be read TAIG, i. e. T]at H£[pai.
With the rounded B cf. the rounded G in No. 1886,
and the G (if for B) on coins of Argos, B. M. C.
Peloponnesus, p. Iv. For A, cf. /. G. A. 351 f.
(Aegina), and alphabet tables in Larfeld (Iw. Muller,
II. p. 532), and Roberts, Greek Fjng. The inscrip-
tion is archaic.

At the right of A, a sort of T of faint circles, fol-

lowed by a straight line and an s-shaped line of the
same. Probably not intended for letters.

1885. Plate CXI. See s. n.

1886. Plate CXII. Shows concave side of dots.
Defective at both ends. Height of letters, 0.025 m.-
0.032 m.

GRIA -cpia-

With G cf. H in No. 1883. Beneath loop of p,
three or four dots, faintly struck, perhaps for tail.

1887. Plate CXI. Shows concave side of dots.
A single letter, one side of which is gone. Height,
0.02 m.

Probably an B. The middle bar is entire. Above
end at edge of break, beginning of dot.

1888. Plate CXI. See s. n.

1889. Plate CXII. (photograph and drawing,
both showing concave side of dots). Fragments
a and b. They probably do not adjoin. Letters, none
of which is complete, in heavy dots. Independent of
them, numerous circles without systematic arrange-
ment.

Fragment a. Parts of two letters, perhaps F and
P (the latter reversed).

Fragment b. Perhaps I A T, i a\T, i. e. rjat.

1965. Plate CXV. (photograph). Copy below.
Height, 0.014 m.

N

Initial letter of 'Hpas or 'Hpai. Cf . No. 1746.

1994. Plate CXVI. (photograph). Copy be-
low. Letters poorly preserved. Height that of
thickness of rim (0.004 ni.-0.005 m.). Tops toward
outside.

<^l

'^^

tJ^

. . ip TOLL Hfpai Sa/xo<u> ivai, . . 2

Translation uncertain. Perhaps a record of de-
posit with Hera for the benefit of the people.

The first letter looks like half of an o, but may be
only an accident of incrustation. On the latter sup-
position possibly to be supplied . . iraT-qp or p.-^Trjp pre-
ceded by a personal name in gen. Cf. /. G. A. 495
(Erythrae) .... roSt cr[^]/xa p-rj-rqp hriBriKf Oavovri.
$avo[K]ptTi; TratSt )(apd,op.orq, though not a close par-

338

THE BRONZES

allel either in construction or sense. — (5«/io <i> :
probably -ov (ratlier than u>), as was usage after the
introduction of the Ionic alphabet. Absence of article
could be taken to indicate the j)resence of a proper
name, i. e. Damos. — cvai = rjvai or perhaps better
t'l'Qi, to be consistent with 8afiov. The form seems
here to be Arcadian. — In the third space after evai
there seems to be a S. It may liave been preceded
by £s ( = €«). Otherwise possibly similar to J. H. S.
XIII. p. 128, No. 53, 'A$rjvaiai M, where Bather
suggests Mi^Su)!'. Cf., however, Rouse, Greek Votive
Offerings, p. 105, n. 1. — B'or use of shrines on
Acropolis at Athens as places of deposit, see Bather,
ihiiL p. 129.

2239. Plate CXXV. (photograph and copy).
Length, 0.052 m. Letters much damaged by corro-
sion. Height, 0.0044 m.-0.013 m.
Tas Hepas

Tus : upper cross-bar slightly heavier and probably
to be preferred. — 'Hpas : tail of p certain. In case
of last letter the fourth stroke seems to have been at
the lower edge of the upper excoriation, but the cor-
rosion renders the intention of the engraver somewhat
doubtful.

For interpretation, cf. Upov Trji 'A6r]vaiai, J. H. S.
XIII. p. 126, No. 10, and 'AOrivaii, ibid. p. 128,
. No. 52. On an axe from Calabria, ras 'Hpas lapos
€ifi.i, I. G. A. 543. Cf. also the inscriptions from the
Cabirion near Thebes, Szanto, Athen. Mltth. XV.
pp. 388 ff.

2252. Plate CXXVI. (photograph). Copy be-
low. Length, 0.115 m. Letters not engraved, but
struck with chisels. Height, 0.005 m.-0.007 m.

Evt)«^^^K|^^^i;^l'^■f©£^^^ff^/l„,^^.tlA^^

EvSa/xas : jjx aviOlKt : e <s> StKtXiios

Translation : Eudamas of Sicily dedicated me.

Ev8d/ias: the penultimate letter is badly made,
but probably was intended for an a. The name oc-
curs also in C. I. G. II. 2266. /. G. A. Add. 43 a,
said to be from Argos, has EYA ... 2. — i ^iKiXl.-
La's: i<<i> for Ik. Cf. e NavTraKTo) (/. G. A. 321),
€ Tas XaA-tiSos, € Tos OiavStSos {ibid. 322), and espe-
cially es TToXios, C. I. P. I. 492, 1. 2. For the single
writing, cf. tov a-vvap-rvovTai in the Tyskiewicz inscrip-
tion, 1. 2 (Mon. Ant. Line., I. p. 594). The for-
mula is similar to Naftot i^ (2)iKf\ta9 in an inscrip-
tion of the lepoTTOLoi at Delos {B. C. H. VI. p. 34,
11. 51 f .). On the other hand, Tavpo/xcviTat ol awo "SiiKt-
\tas in an inventory from the same place {B. C. H. X.
p. 465, 1. 115). The former is of about 180 b. c,
the latter of 364 b. c. The island is probably meant.
Another Sicily in the Peloponnese is mentioned by

• Published with the Bronzes because of the inscrip-
tion. Impressions and photographs thereof, together with

Stephanus, s. v. and Eupolis, Fragm. 280 (Kock,
cited by P.-B.). For the -«- see on No. 1826, 1. 7.
— With the punctuation contrast I /a' d • vt^extlinthe
Euthykartidas inscription {B. C. H. X. p. 464).

2827. Plate CXXXV. (photograph and cojjy).
Incomplete at both ends. Height of letters, 0.01 m.-
0.016 m.

avidl.K\( Tou He[pa(

SILVER RING' FROM THE HERAEUM.

Plate CXXXVII. Photograph of ring (actual
size) and of impression of seal (enlarged). Copy of
inscription. Condition fairly good except at end of
inscription where there is a break of 0.0055 m.-
0.0065 m. Uncertain how nmch of bar is missing, but
there is space for only one or two letters. Diameter,
0.0185 m.x 0.0145 m. Height, 0.004-0.0043 m.,
increasing to 0.006 m. at seal. Thickness of bar,
about 0.0065 m.

Bar ornamented with fine beading near each edge.
On the seal, incised figure of uncertain character. On
the original as well as on the photograph thereof, one
seems to see a crouching figure resembling a monkey,
which might perhaps be intended for Bes, a repre-
sentation of whom in porcelain was found in the
first year's campaign. However, the wax impression
and its enlarged photograph show rather a winged
figure with cylindrical body, around the bottom of
which are two bands. The head seems to be de-
tached and slightly removed from the axis of the
body. There seem to be three slender legs, but only
two feet ; the third is perhaps behind the others. This
figure would probably be that of some daemon, per-
haps a form of 'Ep,-
TTouo-a. For others,
not very similar, see
Furtwangler, Die
Antiken Gemmen, vol. I. pis. viii. 25 (cf. vol. I. p.
100), iv. 52, and xviii. 41. Between the head and the
inscription, ornamental gold rivet. Cf. Furtwangler,
op. cit. vol. III. p. 90.

Inscriiytion. This occupies entire band, between
beading, except seal. Scarcely legible toward end of
preserved part. Height of letters, 0.002 m.-0.0024 m.
KaXos : tpi : xaXas : ivc (?)
The first sigma has three strokes. Lowest stroke
of the second sigma faint and doubtful. The last
letter looks like a lunate sigma, but apart from the
difficulty in the form of the letter, the reading iw or
Iva-- is unintelligible. It is of course useless to think
of ih, C.I.A. IV. b, 373, 100 ; I. 398, 4 (cf. Meis-
terhans, Grammatik d. att. Inschriften, p. 47, n. 413
a, b. G. Meyer, Griech. Gravvi ^ 320). The letter
could also be considered as part of a p, in which case,
instead of reading : IVC after xaXas, an alternative

some notes, were kindly furnished by Professor R. B.
Richardson.

APPENDIX: INSCRIPTIONS 339

reading could be adopted, viz., 3 IF"- i. e. Hepfas.

Af „o,fn;,. f;^ I ■ . • r w n- SILVER PIN IN BRITISH MUSEUM, SAID TO

At certain t mes and ,n a certam hght tins see.ns ^^, ^.^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ HERAEUM.

almost plausible. In any case some word like daxTuAios

is probably to be supplied with KaXds, and the inscrip- Plate CXXXVII. For description, see after No.

tion will have nothing to do with the xaXd^-inscrip- 490, p- 223, and for inscription, Insc. Argol. (/. Q.

tions on vases.^ IV.), No. 508, and of. No. 2239 above.

• Cf. Rolfe, ' An Inscribed Kotylos from Boeotia,' Harvard Studies in Class. Philol. II. pp. 89 £E.

The Argive IIeraeum

Plate LXX

BRONZES. -FRAGMENTS OF STATUES. STATUETTES.

The Argive IIeraeum

Plate LXXI

BRONZE S.- STATUETTE

The Argive IIeraeum

Plate LXXII

ill

r\^^M^^M

arimii^ir ■ ill

10

BRONZES.— ANIMAL FIGURINES

TuF. Argive IIeraeiim

Plate LXXIII

13

16

15

(19)

20

(20)

19

BRONZES.— ANIMAL FIGURINES.

The Argive Ueraeum

Pi-ate LXXIV

BRONZES.— ANIMAL FIGURINES.

Thk Aroive Herakum

Plate LXXV

BRONZES.— ANIMAL FIGURINES

The Argive Heraeum

Plate LXXVI

BRONZES.— ANIMAL FIGURINES

The Arcivf. IIeraeum

Plate LXXVII

■y 1*

42

(42)

(44)

(47)

BRONZES.— ANIMAL FIGURINES.

The Argive Heraeum

Plate LXXVIII

183 184

157

BRONZES.— ANIMAL FIGURINES, STRAIGHT PINS

The Argive Herabum

Plate LXXIX

315

332

BRONZES— STRAIGHT PINS

The Argivr Herakum

Plate LXXX

t-:F^

353

> ^ ^' ,^

358
I oc-7 369 ^

373 r

384

409

412 414

415

BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS

The Argive Herabum

Plate LXXXI

495

BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS.

The Argivk Heraeum

Plate LXXXII

600

606

BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS.

The Argive Herabum

Plate LXXXIII

708

682

BRONZES— STRAIGHT PINS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate LXXXIV

BRONZES.— STRAIGHT PINS. SAFETY PINS

The Argive Herabum

Plate LXXXV

833 ^ "'^° ^|Bl ^^'^

BRONZES.— SAFETY PINS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate LXXXVI

879

BRONZES.— SAFETY PINS

The Argive Herabum

Plate LXXXVII

BRONZES.— SAFETY PINS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate LXXXVIII

956

957

958 959 (960)

(961)

BRONZES.— SAFETY PINS ETC. NEEDLE, FINGER-RINGS

The Argivk Herakum

Plate LXXXIX

973

972

BRONZES.— FINGER-RINGS AND BRACELETS

The Argive Hkraeum

Plate XC

1360

1372

1380

1379

BRONZES.— DECORATIVE RINGS

Thb Argivk Heraeum

Plate XCI

1526

.1527

1525

BRONZES.— DECORATIVE AND STRUCTURAL RINGS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate XCII

1555

(1557) 1557

1558

1561

1560

BRONZES.— STRUCTURAL RINGS ETC. BEADS, PENDANTS, MIRRORS

The Argivk Ueraeum

Plate XCIII

1584

BRONZES.— MIRRORS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate XCIV

(1565)

BRONZES.— MIRRORS

The Argivk Heraeum

Plate XCV

1577

(1566)

BRONZES.— MIRRORS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate XCVI

BRONZES.— MIRRORS

The Aroive Herabum

Plate XCVII

■ ^■,.,.L L .kiA,^\^-, ^^r:^,'.'. \'. ^.^>k^^^^Y^^^

1588

BRONZES.— MIRROR

The Argivb Heraeum

Plate XCVIII

1588. back,

1586

(1588. back.)

1589a

BRONZES.— MIRRORS

The Argivk Meraeum

Plate XCIX

1599

8k I Mi I I ^^~

1661

1676

16 7

1674

1670

1678

BRONZES.— DIADEMS, ETC. DISCS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate C

1705

1706

BRONZES.— DISCS

The Argivk Heraeum

Plate CI

1738

1740

(b) 1739

BRONZES— DISCS, BINDING-STRIPS

The Argivf. Heraeum

Plate CII

1770

1768

1772

BRONZES — BINDING-STRIPS, ORNAMENTED BANDS, COATINGS

The Argivk Heraeum

Plate CIII

1792

(1792)

BRONZES— COATINGS

The Argivf. Herael

Plate CIV

BRONZES.— COATINGS, RIMS, PLATE

The Argivk IIeraeum

Plate CV

1829

1823

BRONZES— PLATE, CUT ORNAMENTS

The Argivk IIeraeum

Plate CVI

CM
00

CM
W

CM
00

BRONZES.- PLATE WITH INSCRIPTION

The Argivf. IIerael'm

Plate CVII

in
<N
00

CM
00

CM
OO

V^.

BRONZES.- PLATE WITH INSCRIPTION

TnK Argive Heraeum

Plate CVIII

,«^*^^%^' ?^W^

•%.^^' W

1848

1850

BRONZES.— FIGURES, ETC. LEAVES, THONG, PLATES

The Argivb Herabum

Plate CIX

1879

BRONZES.— PLATES, PLATTERS

The Argive Uerabum

Plate CX

,<^^^t-rA/

O

0

V

IL.

a

■■■;:?;

?-

A

>

21,

BRONZES.— PLATES

TlIK Argive Heraeum

Plate CXI

BRONZES.— PLATES, PLATTERS

The Argive IIeraeum

Plate CXII

1981

1903

1905

BRONZES.— PLATTERS, SAUCERS

The Argive Herabum

Plate CXIII

1946

1950

BRONZES.— SAUCERS

The Argivk Herakum

Plate CXIV

1978

BRONZES.— SAUCERS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXV

1990

"'^"^^^(i«/i4

1991

BRONZES.— SAUCERS, BOWLS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXVI

2002

1996

BRONZES BOWLS

The Argivk IIeraeum

Plate CXVII

2025

BRONZES.-BOWLS SUSPENSION VASE, ETC. PITCHER, JARS

The Argive Hbrabum

Plate CXVIII

2038 (a^

2038

BRONZES JARS, BASIN

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXIX

2053

2054

BRONZES.— CAULDRON, BOSSES, HORIZONTAL HANDLES

The Argivk Heraeum

Plate CXX

BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL HANDLES

The Argive Herabum

Plate CXXI

2156

2160

BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL HANDLES

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXXII

2194

BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL HANDLES

The Argive Herael'm

Plate CXXIII

(2219)

BRONZES.— VERTICAL HANDLES, VARIOUS ORNAMENTS, FRAGMENTS OF LARGE TRIPODS.

The Argivk Herakum

Plate CXXIV

2227 2229

2225

2224

BRONZES.— FRAGMENTS OF LARGE TRIPODS. SMALL TRIPOD-STANDARDS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXXV

2239

BRONZES.-FEET OF STANDARDS, MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXXVI

2259

2264

BRONZES.— MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS AND HANDLES, VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS

The Argive Herabvm

Plate CXXVII

2323

BRONZES.— VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS, SPITS

The Argivk Heraeum

Plate CXXVIII

BRONZES.— SPITS

The Argivk Heraeum

Plate CXXIX

2502

2545

2527

2531

2546

BRONZES.— SPITS

The Argive IIeraeum

Plate CXXX

2555

2556

BRONZES.— SPITS

The Argive Heragum

Plate CXXXI

2619

2592

2590

BRONZES.— SPITS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXXXII

2643 2647

2633

2640

BRONZES.— SPITS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXXXIII

2738

2725

2727

2751

2753

2758

BRONZES.— SPITS, VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS

i

The Argive Herakum

Plate CXXXIV

2787

BRONZES.— VARIOUS UTENSILS AND CONSTRUCTIVE PIECES

The Argivk Hekaeum

Plate CXXXV

2788

(2827)

BRONZES.— CONSTRUCTIVE AND DECORATIVE PIECES

/

The Argive IIeraeum

Plate CXXXVI

-^:^

■^^ 2830

2832

2836

2837

2834

2840

BRONZES.— CASTINGS

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXXXVII

195 a ^^^^^^^^^

WAX IMPRESSION OF SEAL
OF ABOVE SILVER RING (enlarged)

TOP SIDE OF HEAD UNDER SIDE OF HEAD

SILVER PIN IN BRITISH MUSEUM

BRONZES.— ^MISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA

ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES FROM THE

ARGIVE HERAEUM

ENGHAYED STONES, GEMS, AND lYOUIES

By RICHARD NORTON

THE STONES AND GEMS

The engraved stones found (though only in hmited numbers) at the Heraeum might
disappoint one who sought among them things of beauty. It is not that they are second-
class works of their kind, but they belong to the beginnings of Greek art before the
craftsmen had attained to the power which later enabled them to turn into shapes of
beauty even the commonest article of daily use. But such disappointment is more than
counterbalanced by the interest of another kind inherent in them, — a double interest,
in fact, connected in part with the Heraeum and in part with the broader question of
the early stages of Greek art.

Not one of these stones is much later than the seventh century b. c, and most of
them are probably much earlier. This phenomenon of the absence of late work is the
same in the other classes of objects found on the site, the very large majority of which
belong to prehistoric and archaic times. But beside this fact there is another equally
noteworthy, which is that a lai'ge proportion of the stones are of a style heretofore but
little known. That is to say, they put before us a new local art, and it can be shown, I
believe, that the most probable home of this art was the Heraeum,' by which name must
be understood the town in the vicinity (which of the many there were we cannot with
certainty say) that supplied the needs of the sanctuary.

That they are the product of one locality is suggested by the following facts. (All are,
of course, intaglios.)

1. The material is the same in almost all. It is steatite.

2. There is little variety in the shapes, and one or two peculiar forms are frequently
repeated. If the stones had been imported from many places, it is certain that they would
vary much in form.

3. The range of subjects carved upon them is very limited.

4. The style of the carving is practically the same in all, and in most cases so rude
that it would be hard to believe that the ancient Argives should have found it worth their
while to import such work.

It is worth noting that there is scarcely a trace of the use of the drill, which was con-
stantly employed by the Mycenaeans. On Nos. 17, 21, 33, and a few others, there seem to
be traces of it, but the rule is for the design to be cut. This was perhaps induced by the
softness of the stone ; or the fact that, in the main, only soft stone was used may imply
that the drill was not generally known.

The drawing of the human figures and of horses, the representation of birds and snakes
(also found in great numbers on the vases from the Heraeum), remind one of ' geo-
metric ' vases. A few gems were found that distinctly belong to the ' geometric ' style,

» I shall use the word Heraeum throughout this article, embracing all the neighborhood of the temple where lived
not as meaning the sacred temenos, but in a broader sense, the people to whom the sanctuary belonged.

343

344 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES

and those of what is I believe a new type may, perhaps, be the forerunner of the ' geo-
metric' It is noticeable that on the true 'geometric' stones occur none of the odd or
inexplicable forms that we see on the new class.

It might be thought that the use of steatite, a mineral not found in Greece proper, was
a proof that the stones were imported from some distant place ; but when one considers
that, as noted above, stones of this style have been found in considerable numbers only
at the Heraeum, it seems more likely that it was merely the material and not the finished
product that was imported. The carving was then done at the Heraeum. This stiitement
is borne out by the fact that only a very insignificant amount of objects of unquestion-
able foreign make were found in the excavations, and also by the finding of one or two
stones all ready shaped but without any design.

For the detiiiled study of the stones several methods of classification are possible :
according to their material, shape, subject represented, or style. As there are a few
stones absolutely different in style from the others while the material is the same, it is
manifest that any attempt at classification according to material would be barren of
result. Similar reasons make classification according to shape or subject undesirable, so
that nothing is left but to classify them, so far as my own judgment goes, according to
style. Others may consider that individual stones belong to other classes than those in
which I have arranged them, but the separation of the classes in general Avill, I trust,
find acceptance.

Before discussing the stones in detail a word must be said in regard to the use to which
such objects were put. They are often spoken of as seals, but it seems improbable that
their owners used them as such. Had they done so, it is incredible that no impressions of
them should ever have been found. I refer of course only to Greece, and not to the coun-
tries in the farther east where seals were in common use. Furthermore, what imaginable
way is there for their use as seals ? Documents that could be sealed by any such stones
as these were unknown in the days when they were made. They are too small and insig-
nificant to have been used as marks of proprietorship of objects, — were this extravagant
hypothesis to be brought forwai-d, — and the fact that there is a very noticeable repeti-
tion of design disproves any such idea. That most of them are bored shows that they
were meant for suspension, but were they seals, it is quite certain they would have been
given some stiff and permanent setting. Gold rings like those found at Mycenae, or
others of less valuable material, might (so far as usability is concerned) — except for
the other reasons I have adduced — be called seals. Such rings, however, form but
an infinitesimal division of the whole class of these objects. If they were not seals,
what were they ? Probably, in the majority of cases, amulets. The fact that they are
bored suits this explanation. They may well have been worn in old times, as they are
still to-day by the women in Crete, hung by a string round the neck. The style of
subject carved upon them is well suited to amulets. Religious scenes, for instance, or
the figures of strange beings are what one would expect on amulets. When we remember
the close relation of animals to deities in ancient times, we see how stones which to our
ignorant eyes present only the picture of a cow or lion may, in every likelihood, have
conveyed a religious and sacred impression to the original owner. Others, too, suggest
from their shape, or size, or carving, that they were merely beads, for it is not at all
likely that all were used in tlie same way. Evans ' in his epoch-marking works shows
reasons to believe that he has found a form of writing on the earliest of these stones.

1 Cretan Pictographs and Prae- Phoenician Script and Further Discoveries of Cretan and Aegean Script.

PRIMITIVE CLASS 345

This, however, is no reason for thinking them to he other than amulets; though no one
has heen ahle to read the signs found hy Evans, and they may possibly he abbreviated
prayers or sacred and evil-averting signs.

There is one more question difficult of explanation, and that is how there came to be
so many stones of this sort at a place hke the Heraeum. I can only suggest the explana-
tion that if these stones were amulets, it may well be that such powerful and sacred ol)jects
were made by the priests, — that they were issued from the temple somewhat as indul-
gences are given out by the Catholic Church. Or it is possible that perhaps after the
death of the owner, or at some such solemn moment, they were dedicated in the temple.
These are, of course, mere hypotheses.

CLASS I. PREHISTORIC OR PRIMITIVE.

Only eight stones of this sort were found (Nos. 1-8). The only carving on them con-
sists of scratches, and they show no trace of true masterly cutting. Similar scratchings
were found by Schliemann on whorls he dug up at Troy, and by other excavators. It is
possible that these lines conveyed some meaning to the original owner of the object, but,
at present, it is impossible to say what it was. Evans ' suggests that certain somewhat
similar carvings found by him stand for letters. None of the examples from the Heraeum
suggest this or anything more than being the haphazard work of an untrained carver.
They seem to be merely attempts to decorate the stones with more or less symmetrical
patterns.

In shape they show some variety, and it is difficult to explain why the makers of these
stones should have been satisfied with such rude carving of designs when they were able
to model the forms so comparatively well.

PLATE CXXXVIII.

1. Circular; both sides slightly convex. Boietl. Both sides scratched. Dark blue steatite.
1.5 cm. Perhai3s a bead. Found during first year's work.

2. Button shape. Double bore-hole. Design : star. 2.8 cm. The stone is broken, but both
parts were found. Found on stairs south of Second Temple.

3. Hemispherical. Bored. Scratches on flat surface. Red steatite. Diameter, 1.9 cm. Found
back of West Building.

4. Circular ; both sides convex. Bored. Both sides scratched. Dark green steatite. 1.8 cm.
Found on southeast slope near bottom.

5. Spool shape. Ends concave. Cross lines and circle scratched on one end. Dark red steatite.
Diameter, 1.7 cm. The form is, perhaps, an imitation of a fish's vertebra. Found back of South
Building, at southwest corner of Second Temple terrace.

6. Flat ; circular. Bored through centre. Light green steatite. 1.5 cm. No engraving ;
accidental scratches. Perhaps a bead. This is one of those which being formed but not decorated
implies that the decoration was done at the Heraeum, as do the following. Found back of South
Building near No. 5.

7. Circular and .shghtly spool-shaped. Not bored. Mottled green steatite. Diameter, 1.8 cm.
Thickness, 0.8 cm. Like No. 6, this is apparently unfinished. Found east of chambers on Second

Temple terrace.

8. Steatite pebble. 1.7 cm. long. Perhaps shows the sort of stone used by the engravers.

Found during first year's work.

1 Cretan Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Script, fig. 16, and p. 16 (285).

346 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES

CLASS II. NEW TYPE— 'ARGIVE.'

The following are stones of a new, or at least very unusual tyjie. There are thirty-
three (Nos. 9-41) of them. They vary considerably in shape : —

1. Hemispherical ; 11 (Nos. 9-19).

2. Button shape ; 4 (Nos. 20-23).

3. Cylindrical; 1 (No. 24).

4. Shield shape ; 1 (No. 25).

5. Rectangular; 8 (Nos. 26-33).

6. Lenticular and lozenge ; 6 (Nos. 34-88).

7. Rectangular and oval with animal on top; 3 (Nos. 39-41).

The designs vary less than the shapes. They fall into three classes : —

1. Human.

2. Animal.

8. Geometric.

Perhaps a fourth class unintelligible ought to be added. The stones are often carved
on all their various surfaces, whether curved or flat. Of the hemispherical group six
have carving only on the flat surface, and the other five have their I'ounded back deco-
rated with zigzags.

The button-shape group contains but one exception (No. 23) to the rule that the speci-
mens of this shape have both of their flat surfaces carved.

The one cylindrical stone has one end carved and the other smooth.

The shield-shaped stone is carved only on the flat surface.

The rectangular group also shows one exception (No. 31) to the same rule.

Three of the five lozenge-shaped stones are carved on both sides ; one on only one.
One is doubtful (No. 36).

Of the animal group, No. 41 is the only example that has more than one surface adapt-
able to carving. In this case the animal is on the edge of the stone and both flat sur-
faces are carved.

On first sight one sees that these stones have little or nothing to do with the tcue
Mycenaean stones with which it seems, from the proximity of the Heraeum to Mycenae,
they might well have had some connection. The few Mycenaean stones that were found
in the excavation are easily differentiated from those of the new class, and that so very
few Mycenaean ones were found appears to be another bit of evidence to show how little
the Heraeum depended on foreign trade for the satisfaction of its needs. The nature of
the carving on the new stones, rude and awkward as it is, is quite unlike that of true
Mycenaean work. Nor did the Mycenaean carvers show any special preference for steatite,
while the subjects which they were fond of representing, such as lions, cows, fish flying,
religious and hunting scenes, do not occur on the Heraeum stones. A few stones of the
same character as those under discussion have been found in other parts of the Greek
world, and they will be noted in connection with the sjjecial specimens to which they bear
the closest resemblance. Further excavation will undoubtedly bring others to light, but
for the present the Heraeum must be considered if not the original source of this work, at
least a place where it was in considerable demand.

One curious point in regard to their discovery which may throw light not only on the
stones themselves but also on the history of the Heraeum is that none were found on the
Old Temple terrace, but all came from the neighborhood of the Fifth-century Temple and

ARGIVE TYPE 347

the majority from the south slojie, — a spot that seems to have been used for the laying
aside of discarded objects. The enormous number of objects of all sorts found in this
one place suggests that it may have been used as a sort of burying-ground for things that
had, for some now unknown reason, become too sacred for such further mortal use as
they had originally served. That there were such burying-grounds is, of course, proved
by the discoveries on the Acropolis of Athens.

Ilemisjjherical. All are bored.

9. Zigzag pattern in different directions over back. Design : man and horse, also irregular
marks to fill space. Diameter, 2.4 cm. Dark red steatite. Found during first year's work.

10. Smooth back. Design : horse and decorative marks. Red steatite. 2 cm. Much rubbed.
Found east of chambers on Second Temple terrace.

11. Zigzags on back (cf. No. 12). Design : horse and decorative marks. Red steatite. Diam-
eter, 2.9 cm. Found at east end of Stoa below Cyclopean wall.

12. Zigzag on back. Design : horse, beyond which stands man with upraised arms, holding
perhaps a sword over the horse's head. Slightly fractured. 3 cm. Found in Northwest Building.

13. Smooth back. Design : man liokling something in raised hand ; behind him marks similar
to those Evans ' takes to have to do with a house. Red steatite. Diameter, 1.8 cm. Found dur-
ing first year's work.

14. Zigzags on back. Design : man seated, arms raised. Cf. No. 39. Red steatite with yellowish
streaks. 2.2 cm. Found east of chambers on Second Temple terrace.

15. Half stone, broken along bore-hole. Smooth back. Design : man seated. Cf . No. 14. Dark
blue steatite. 2 cm. Found above east end of Stoa below Cyclopean wall.

16. Smooth back. Design : man standing. There are other marks, but the gem is so broken
they are inexplicable. Light blue steatite. 2.1 cm. Found back of West Building in the large .
deposit.

17. Elongated hemispherical. Smooth back. Design : two men, perhaps fighting. It suggests
one of the gold rings from Mycenae. Dark red steatite. 3 cm. x 2.5 cm. Found above east end
of Stoa below Cyclopean wall.

18. Not absolutely hemispherical. Three divided rows of arrowhead pattern on back. Design :
circle divided into quarters by crossed lines. Each quarter has three ' arrow ' markings one
within the other. Blue steatite. 2 cm. Found during first year's woi-k.

19. Elongated hemispherical. Smooth back. Design : double axe.^ Blue steatite. Length,
2.7 cm. Found back of West Building in the large deposit.

Button shape. All are bored (except No. 23).

20. Much broken. Design, Large side: branches of trees ^ surrounded by circle of cog-wheel
pattern. Small side : snake (?) and lines that are distinct, but scarcely explicable. They do not re-
semble any of Evans's pictographic signs, and it is plain from the sureness of the cutting that they
are not haphazard. They are also quite unlike the ordinary space-filling patterns. It is possible
that they represent a horned animal lying down ; the head to the left. Red steatite. Large side,
3.5 cm. X 3.75 cm. Small side, 2 cm. Found east of chambers on Second Temple terrace.

21. Design, Large side : two figures holding a bough upright between them ; below the bough a
crescent-shaped object. Snake surrounding left half of design. Small side : sunk circle with raised
cross, the arms of the latter having incision down the middle. Green steatite. Large side, 2.5 cm.
Found near the southeast corner of the Second Temple.

22. Design, Larr/e side : two figures holding hands, and in free hand branches ; between their
feet a bird upside down, and below this a snake (?). Between the heads of the figures traces of
another bird (?). Cog-wheel circle surrounds the group. Small side: scarcely explicable. Per-
haps animal with branch above and below. Red steatite. Large side, 3.5 cm. Found on south

> Cretan Pictographs, p. 38 (307). ' Cf. Evans, Cretan Pictographs, p. 43 (312), and Further

" Cf. Evans, Cretan Pictographs, p. 35 (304). Discoveries, fig. 16.

348 ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES

slope. A stone of about this size and carved with figures like tliose on the larger side of this one
is in the Museum in Athens. It is uncatalogued, and I could not find whence it came.

23. Not engraved or bored. Pale green steatite. Largest diameter, 2.1 cm. Found at south-
east corner of Second Temple terrace, outside i)eribolus wall.

Ci/lbidricul.

z. At other end traces
Jl was never wholly

24. Double branch pattern. One end with geometric design, thus : ^||
of three drill holes directed along the long axis ; stone is broken and "^ '
drilled. Red steatite. Found during first year's work.

Shiehl shape.

25. Bored. Smooth back. Design : man upright, arms raised. Decorative markings. Incised
line around whole. Dark red steatite. 2.8 cm. long. Found above east end of Stoa below
Cyclopean wall.

Ilectangular. All but No. 31 bored.

26. Stone broken through bore-hole, only half preserved. Design : on one side
cattle superposed. (For somewhat similar representation of cattle, cf. Evans, Cretan
Pictographs, fig. 11 a.) Behind cattle unintelligible curved lines. On other side
cattle (? ) facing, and between them snake (?). On the unbroken edge pattern (see
cut). Found back of West Building in the large deposit.

27. Flat (brick shape). Both sides engraved ; edges smooth. Design, one side :
winged horses. Other side : distinct but unintelligible. Red steatite. 4 cm. x 3 cm.
Found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace, outside peribolus wall.

28. Brick shape. Both sides engraved ; edges smooth. Design (same on both
No. 26. sides) : animal and decorative marks, framed by straight lines. 1.6 cm. x 2 cm. x

1.1 cm. Found on surface of ground of the Old Temple terrace.

29. Broken along bore-hole, only half found. Both sides and the complete edge engraved.
Design : each side divided into two compartments. When the stone was complete there were
undoubtedly four such divisions. On one side are squares, one within the other, the smallest
having its diagonals drawn. On the other side each division has merely lines drawn parallel to
the diagonal, — those in one division from left to right, the other from right to left. On edge
' arrowhead ' pattern. Red steatite. 4 cm. Found in the deposit at southwest corner of Second
Temple terrace.

30. Broken ; only part found. Both sides engraved ; edges smooth. Design : on one side deeply
cut, but unintelligible (but cf. Evans's sign for a house, Cretan Pictographs,^. 37 [308]). Green
steatite. 5 cm. x 1 cm. (thick). Found near East Building. Another stone very similar to this
one was shown me by Mr. Evans. He obtained it in Delos. It is now, I believe, in the Ash-
molean Museum.

31. Bored, and bit of original bronze fastening still in hole. Both sides engraved. Design :
on one side two men ; one holds branch, other holds weapon (?). The former seems to be clad
differently from the latter. Other side : four compartments, each filled with patterns of straight
lines. Green steatite. 2.7 cm. x 2.3 cm. Found in deposit at southwest corner of Second Temple
terrace.

32. Both sides engraved. Design, on one side : man fighting or hunting ; the disk in front of
him may be his shield. On other side : animal. Dai-k blue steatite. 1.7 cm. x
1.4 cm. Found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace.

33. Only one side engraved. Design : crab or spider ^ and snake. Light green
steatite ; not bored. 1.9 cm. square. Place of discovery not known.

Lozenne. All are bored.

No. 33. .

34. Both sides engraved and deeply cut all around edge, so that it resembles

the ' spool ' shape. Design, one side : flying bird. Other side : branch. Light green steatite.
2.1 cm. Place of discovery unknown.

^ Cf. Evans, Further Discoveries, figs. 5, C, and p. 339, pi. ii. 14, 15.

GEOMETRIC TYPE

349

Dark red steatite.

35. Engraved on one side. Design : two winged creatures face to face.
l.G cm. Found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace.

36. Broken through bore-hole ; only half found. Botli sides engraved. Design, on one side :
bull's-head, full front. On other side : starfish pattern. 1.2 cm. thick. Diameter, circ. 4 cm. Red
steatite. Found m deposit back of West Building.

37. Both sides apparently engraved, but are so worn as to be undecipherable. Red steatite (?).
2.4 cm. Found during first year's work.

38. Engraved on both sides. Design, on one side: flying bird. On other: winged animal.
Dark red steatite. 1.5 cm. Found on south slope.

JVos. 39-41 have animals on top.

39. Bored.. Cow (?) lying down. Design : man seated (cf. No. 14). Red
steatite. Length, 1.3 cm. Found during first year's work.

40. Bored (below belly of animal). Monkey -like animal crouching. Design :
animals, — very rude and much scattered over field, — perhaps also a scorpion. No. 39.
(Cf. Evans, Further Discoveries, fig. 31.) Light red mottled green steatite.

Design : 2.5 cm. x 3 em. Height, 2.5 cm. Found east of the Northwest Building.

41. Animal much worn. Both sides and all three edges engraved. Design on both sides unde-
cipherable. On the edges are these patterns : —

AA/V

Fkont End. Bottom.

Found on south slope. Light blue steatite. 2.8 cm. x 2.3 cm.

Back End.

CLASS III. 'GEOMETRIC {CIBC. TENTH CENTURY B. C).

The next class of stones to consider are of a type which, though by no means common,
is less strange than that of the preceding stones, and can be dated by external evidence.
It is the ' geometric ' type ; a type that is plainly of the same epoch as the ' geometric '
vases. These show a distinct advance over the earlier stones in being made of harder
material, and in the carving being much stronger and more certain. They show none of
the sketchy and tentative quality of the more primitive work. In shape and material,
too, they vary from the earlier and from Mycenaean work. All are of a fine-grain white
marble, and all are square. One peculiar shape, that of a low truncated pyramid, occurs.
The backs have no firjure design. The bore-hole runs from hack to front, hence these
could not be used as seals.

42. Bored from back to front. Shape : truncated pyramid. Back
smooth. Design : two ' geometric ' figures to right holding branches (?).
Decorative marks. White marble. 3.4 cm. square. (In the Ashmolean
Museum is a stone closely resembling this one ; it was found in Melos in
1894.) The design is of two figures, and between them a branch. Found
at east end of Second Temple terrace, near East Building.

PLATE CXXXIX. (tipper part).

43. Broken at corners. Bored from front to back. Shape : truncated

pyramid. On one sloping side of back are cut circles with dots in their centres. Design : divided
into four equal divisions. Only one, a human figure with space-filling markings, decipherable.
Lower part of human figure in a second division. White marble. Circ. 4.5 cm. Found in West
Building.

44. Fragment. Similar to No. 43. Square, brick shape, not pyramidal. Design in compart-
ments, but destroyed. Human figure visible on left. White marble. Size originally about same as
No. 43. Found at east end of Second Temple terrace, near East Building.

No. 42.

350 engravp:d stones, gems, and ivories

45. Bit of white marble similar to that used for Nos. 41-44. Square, 4.2 em. Edges and both
sides carefully worked. Edges curve very slightly outward, which is not the case in Nos. 41-44.
Possibly an unfinished work. Found near No. 44.

46. Bored from back to front. Back smooth, and edges only beveled very slightly. Design
undecipherable. It seems to be merely decorative, and perhaps is a connecting link between the
preceding and those that follow. Found above Stoa and below Cyclopean wall.

47-51. All bored from back to front. Backs flat and smooth. Design :
decorative (?). White marble. Size: (No. 47) 2 cm.; (No. 48) 2 cm.;
(No. 49) 1.8 cm. ; (No. 50) 2.1 cm. ; (No. 51) 1.8 cm. It is noteworthy
that the cutting of these differs from that of the preceding in being less
angular, and the hollows are curved instead of being sunk to an edge. The
designs of Nos. 47, 48, and 49 are exactly the same. Another stone of this
same sort was bought by me in Athens in the spring of 1898. It is 3.3 cm.
square and fractured at one corner (see adjacent cut).
No. 47 was found near East Building.

Nos. 48, 49, 50, found in deposit back of West Building.

No. 51, found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace, within the peribolus wall.

CLASS IV. MYCENAEAN.

The Mycenaean stones do not call for special comment. It is, however, noteworthy
that so few stones of this class were found. Considering the proximity of Mycenae, one
might well have expected them to be among the objects often found at the Heraeum.

52. Circular-lenticular. Bored. Design : animal to left and bough over its back. Blue stea-
tite. 2 cm. Found in South Building.

53. Circular-lenticular. Bored. Design : horned animal (bull ?) to right, head turned over
back. Branch vertically in front of animal and below the beast decorative marks. Dark blue
steatite. 1.7 cm. Found in South Building.

54. Circular, flat. Bored. Design : horned animal to right. Red steatite. 1.3 cm. Stone
very much rubbed. Found at southeast corner o£ Second Temple terrace.

55. Fragment of large (probably 3-4 cm. diameter) circular-lenticular stone.
Undoubtedly bored. Cornelian. Design : two cattle to left, the further one turn-
ing head backward. Best Mycenaean work. Place of discovery unknown.

56. Circular, flat. Bored. Design : two fore-quarters of horned
animal joined ; branch in front of one of the animals. Found in
deposit at southwest corner of Second Temple terrace.

57. Circular. Back slightly convex. Bored. Design : anthropomorphic mon-
ster running. White calkspar. 1.3 cm. Found near West Building. ^pp^' /

58. Lenticular. Bored. Design : griffin to right and below dolphin upside down jf
to left. Hard white stone. 1.9 cm. long. Found near West Building. .\o. .j7.

CLASS V. NONDESCRIPT.
59. Cylinder. Bored. Design : eagle, snake (above its head star), and

.... "T^S? fore-part of lion (with something in front of head). Light green steatite,
SDv i ( ^ ^"'' ^ong. Found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace.

60. Earth glazed with gray slip now much destroyed. Circular. Bored.
Back smooth. Design : three rows of three crosses or dots divided by two
pairs of parallel lines. Diameter, 1.3 cm. Found on south slope.

61. Earth glazed. Glaze destroyed. Circular. Bored. Incised line around edge. Design :
griffin seated to right and snake (?), Rosette on back. Diameter, 1.7 cm. Cf. Ivory, No. 7.
Found on south slope.

THE IVORIES

851

THE IVORIES.

Among the smaller antiquities found at the Heraeum were a considerable number of
objects of ivory representing many different purposes, most of which can be easily under-
stood. Some are more difficult to comprehend, and are particularly interesting because
of the similarity they bear to certain of the stones that have been described above.

The use of the following objects is uncertain. They are all of them bored, and this,
taken nito consideration with their peculiar shape (hi section t, ^ ), has led me to

wonder whether they might not have been used as covers of bottles or vases. The fact
that they are carved on both sides does not preclude the possibility of such a use. One
similar bit of worked ivory was found at Olympia {Ohjmpia, 'Bronzen,'p. 188, 1194).

There are several points that are common to all five examples to be noted.' All are
bored. All are engraved on both sides. All are tlie same shape and nearly the same
size. All have a more elaborate border on the smaller side, the larger side having merely
a line. ^

PLATE CXXXIX. {lower paH).

1. Design, Large side : Winged griffin seated to left. Right paw raised. Small side : Lioness
seated, head turned hack, right paw raised. Between front legs star

of dots. Greater diameter, 4.6 cm. Broken. Found at southwest
corner of Second Temple.

2. Design, Large side: Winged man-headed griffin with orna-
ment projecting from head, seated
to left. Right paw raised ; be-
tween paws flying double-headed
bird to left. Small side : Lion in
same position as lioness on No. 1,

' ^ with three stars of dots and lines
between front feet. Greater di-
ameter, 4.5 cm. Found in black No. 4.
layer at west end of Second Temple.
' 3. Design, Large side: Lion seated to right. Right paw
raised. Head turned back. Decorative dot in front of and
behind head. Small side : Eaarle
flying to right. Greater diameter,
4.6 cm. Broken. Found during
first year's work, prohahlg at west end of Second Temple.

4. Design, Large side : Two winged gorgons holding branches.
Small side : Lion running to right. Head with crest turned back.
Decorative stars. Greater diameter, 4.4 cm. The lion is less Ori-
ental in type than those on the preceding ivories. The drawing of
the paws suggests the early Attic vases. Found at southwest corner
of Second Temple terrace.

5. Design, Large side : Double, winged, single-headed gorgon,
seated with front paws on support shaped like an Ionic capital. The
hair is rolled, as on the Tenean Apollo. Small side : Eagle flying

to right. Elaborate detail. Six ornamental dots, one above bird, one below, one above and one
below head, one above and one below root of tail. Greater diameter, 5.3 cm. Found at southeast
corner of Second Temple terrace.

The following are apparently ornaments of various sorts.

6. Circular bit of ivory. One side convex, other flat and edge beveled. Small hole
in centre of flat surface. No decoration. Diameter, 4.2 cm. Found on south slope.

No. o a.

yo. o I,.

352

ENGRAVED STONES, GEMS, AND IVORIES

7. Circular. Design : griffin. Back of ivory slightly convex, decorated with raised rosette
having small hole in centre. Diameter, 2.7 cm. Cf. stone No. 61. Found at east end of Second
Temple terrace, near East Building.

8. Similar to No. 7. No design. Hole bored through. Diameter, 3.6 cm. Found in burnt
layer at west end of Second Temple.

9. Circular. Flat on both sides. Bored. Design : frog (?) with tail (?), seen from above. On
back of ivory rosette. Diameter, 1.5 cm. Found in same place as No. 8.

10. Circular. Flat. Bored. Design : five circles with centres dotted (like a dice), the outer
circles connected with the inner one by straight lines. On other side rosette. Diameter, 1.7 cm.
Found during first year's work.

11. Button shape. Bored. Design, Large side: Bird flying to right within circle. Small
side: Four-leafed rosette within 'cog-wheel' circle. Greater diameter, 1.8 cm. Found at south-
east corner of Second Temple terrace, outside peribolus wall.

12. Circular. Flat. Bored, and little hole in centre of each side. Design : eagle with snake
in beak flying to left, circumscribed by three circles. On other side rosette. Diameter, 2 cm.
Found in burnt layer at west end of Second Temple.

13. Same shape as Nos. 1-5. Bored. Design, Large side : Swan to left ; behind head four-
pointed star, circumscribed by two circles. Small side : Flying fish (?) to right, circumscribed by
two circles. Greater diameter, 2 cm. Found in same place as No. 12.

14. Circular scarab. Broken. Design : bird flying to right, circumscribed by two circles.
Diameter, 1.4 cm. Found in same place as No. 12.

15. Circular. Bored (split through bore-hole and top not found). Design : bird flying to right.
Diameter, 1.5 cm. Found during first year's work.

16. Button shape. Bored. Design : Androsphinx to right, circumscribed by circle on each
side. Greater diameter, 2.7 cm. Found in West Building.

17. Circular. Flat. Bored. Design : bird flying to right, circumscribed by three circles. On
other side .,^=::;:>x Diameter, 2.3. Found in West Building.

18. Circular. Fiat. Bored, — broken through bore-hole. Design : on
one side, butterfly (?). On other side, rosette, so much rubbed that it is
imi^ossible to be sure of the design. Diameter, 2.5 cm.

19. Circular. Bored. Fragment of one side showing rosette. Diameter,
3.2 cm. Found in burnt layer at west end of Second Temple.

20. Circular. Flat and very thin. Small hole through centre. Design : six-petaled star.
Back smooth. Diameter, 2.1 cm. Found near East Building on Second Temple terrace.

2L Circular. Bored. Too much worn to tell what the decoration was. Probably animal to
left.

22.

Found near East Build-

Diameter, 1.6 cm. Found in West Building.
One half of spool-like object. Bored. Diameter of top, 2.6 cm.
ing on Second Temple terrace.

23. Fragment, probably of No. 22.

24. Button shape. Unengraved. Place of discovery not known.

25. Oval slice with bit of bronze through centre. Perhaps orna-
ment of a fibula. Found during first year's woi-k.

26. Rectangular bead. Bored lengthwise. Arrowhead pattern
No. 27. on opposite sides. 2 cm. x .9 cm. x 5 cm. West Building.

PLATE CXL.
27. Cubical bead. Bored. Circles cut round bore-hole. Two ends and two sides engraved.
On one end, head of griffin, on other bird. Both sides decorative. Length,
2.1 cm. Foimd on south slope.

28. Similar to last. On two sides flying bird. On two ends decorative
pattern of wings (?) similar to last. Length, 3.6 cm. Found at west end of

Ivo. -iH. Second Temple.

29. Fragment. Shape similar to last. Design. Seated figure. Seated
griffin. Length, 2.1 cm. Found probably in West Building. No. 29.

THE IVORIES 868

30. Fragment of flat disk. Bored. Diameter, 2.7 cm. Place of discovery unknown.

31. Fragment. Shaped like a large-necked flat aryballos. Both sides split off . Height, 2.1 cm.
Found at west end of Second Temple.

ARTICLES OF APPAREL OR OF HOUSEHOLD USE.

32. Fibula, of which the bi-onze pin is oxidized away. Design : one thin strip of ivory cut to
i-esemble three disks in a row. Each disk decorated with patterns of circles. Length, 6.G cm.
Found in the deposit at southwest corner.

33. Fragment of fibula similar to last. Bronze pin still attached. Central one of the three
disks represented by only a section. The hoUowed-out circles in centres of two end disks and on
each side of central section probably originally inlaid. Length (of fragment), 4 cm. Found at
southwest corner of Second Temple.

34. Fragment of end disk of fibula of same design as No. 32. Found at southwest corner of
Second Temple.

35. Fragment of end disk of fibula of same design as No. 33. Found at southwest corner of
Second Temple.

36. Fragment. Perhaps head of large pin (like a hairpin). At base two rams back to back.
Length, 7 cm. Found east of Northwest Building.

37. Fragment. Perhaps of pin. Both sides decorated with incised circles. Length, 3.3 cm.
Found at southeast corner of Second Temple.

38-43. Fragments of worked ivory, the uses of which cannot be made out. Lengths : (No. 38)
4.1 cm. ; (No. 39) 2.7 cm. ; (No. 40) 1.5 cm. ; (No. 41) 1.1 cm. ; (No. 42) 3.4 cm. ; (No. 43) 3.6 cm.
Nos. 42 and 43 are bored lengthwise, and in the hole is bronze wire. All found in deposit at south-
east corner.

44-46, 47-58, 59. Ivory bodkins and heads of bodkins of simple undecorated type. Most were
found in the deposit at the southeast corner, as wei'e also the following items.

60. Head of bodkin of more elaborate type or pin.

61-65, 66, 67, 68. Ivory pins. Many were found in or near the West Building, or in the
deposit at southwest corner.

69. Head of pin. Same shape as that of numerous bronze pins found at the Heraeum.

70-72. Fragments, perhaps of pins.

73-83. Fragments of bodkins or pins.

84. Small circular-bowled spoon.

85. Use uncertain, perhaps a stylus.

86. Use uncertain.

HUMAN OR ANIMAL FIGURES.

87. Animal lying down. Head and upper half of body destroyed. Base formed of thin sheet
of ivory 3 cm. x 1.6 cm. Found in West Building.

88. Plaque, on which in low relief are the lower halves of two figures. On left a man moving
to right towards what was probably meant for a xoanon. The latter from the drapery was evi-
dently of a goddess. The tunic of the man and the chiton of the statue are very carefully orna-
mented with patterns of squares and diamonds. Style of the end of the sixth century B. C.

89. Figure like the Egyptian god Bes. Bored. Much broken.

MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.

About a dozen fragments of colored glass (" Phoenician ") bottles.

Several glass and two or three stone beads.

Few fragments of obsidian.

Many small steatite whorls. Several were found in the deposit at the southeast corner.

Bit of shell of bird's egg— probably ostrich.

354 ENGRAVED STONES, GP:MS, AND IVORIES

^rr-,~~^.^ ^^—v^ Two beads of glazed paste.

<^U^^ .^^^^^"^Z^^, Terra-cotta disk with turtle in high relief. Circ. 2.5 cm.
^^\MJ^ ^^^ Small stone arrowhead.

90. Leg of stand for vase (?). Decorated with zigzags. Red steatite. 7.3 cm. high, 3.6 cm.
broad. Same style of work as the early engraved stones.

91. Bit of terracotta. Decorated on one side with zigzags. Perhaps leg of vase-stand.
Length, 5.5 cm.

92. Bit of coral. Length, 6 cm.

93. Rectangidar bit of shell conglomerate. Bored in centre of side. 2.7 cm. x 2.2 cm. x 1.1 cm.
Found at southeast corner of Second Temple terrace.

94. Disk of teiTa-cotta. Relief on both sides. Traces of glaze. Not bored. Design : figure
driving a biga to right. On other side enthroned woman (?) to left holding an object, now not to
be made out, in each liand. Found in the West Building. This figure may well be a representa-
tion of the statue of Hera at the Ileraeum which is shown on coins in almost exactly this form,
(Cf. Frazer, Pauaanias, vol. III. p. 184, fig. 29.)

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXXXVIII

IVORIES.— ENGRAVED STONES: CLASSES I-II

The Arg:vf. Uerabum

Plate CXXXIX

ENGRAVED STONES: CLASSES III-V; IVORIES

The Argive Herael

Plate CXL

IVORIES, ARTICLES OF APPAREL OR HOUSEHOLD USE, HUMAN OR ANIMAL FIGURES, MISCELLANEOUS

COINS FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM

COINS FROM THE ARGIVE HERAEUM

By HERBERT FLETCHER DeCOU

The coins described iii the following- list were found in the excavations on the site of
the Argive Heraeum, 1892-1895.

The finding-places are given so far as they are known. When they are omitted, it is
to be assumed that no record exists. Details of finding-place, depth, etc., are not uidi-
cated.

Of the 46 coins of known provenience, 21 come from the West Building, 9 from the
South slope, and 2 from the same neighborhood, i. e. from back of the South Building.
The remainder are from various parts of the excavation. No relations between the
period of the coins and the building in which they were found can be established. It
may, however, be noticed that the Byzantine coins are with one exception probably from
the Lower Stoa (X).

The small proportion (about j^^) of the coins belonging to the period of free Greece
is somewhat remarkable, as well as the fact that for the archaic period Corinth alone is
represented. However, it scarcely needs to be pointed out that the circumstances do not
in this case warrant any conclusions based on negative evidence. For the later period,
in particular, it would be quite futile to attempt to explain the absence of any particular
pieces, and nearly so to explain their presence. Nevertheless, though the coins tell us
nothing about the later history of the Heraeum, or of its condition at the period they
were minted, still in the obscurity which enshrouds the latter days of the sanctuary, even
these slight records of the occasional presence of human beings on the site are not with-
out a certain interest.

CATALOGUE

A. GREECE (AUTONOMOUS AND MUNICIPAL).
Thessaly. Larisa. angular pattern. Rev. Broad wreath within

Plate CXLI. ^^^^''^ '^■

1. FromWestBuikling. Bronze. Size, 0.018 ni. Cormthia. Cm-mth.

Ofru. Female head (Larisa), three-quarter face, 1. 3. From South slope. Silver. Weight, 9

Loosely floating hair confined by fillet. Itev. grammes. Size, 0.0245 m. Ohv. Pegasos, bri-

Horseman, r., clad in petasus and chiton, and died with curled wing, walking 1. Beneath, 9.

holding lance. Horse prancing. Above, 1. A A. liev. Incuse square consisting of eight triangu-

Incrustation beneath horse prevents letters, if lav compartments alternately raised and mdented.

any, from showing. Of the indentations one is flat, another repeated.

Fabric rather flat.

Phods. 4 Silver. Weight, 8.50 grammes. Size,

2. From South slope. Bronze. Size, 0.0215 m. 0.0245 m. Ohv. Pegasos with curled wing trot-
Ohv. Three bull's heads, full-face, forming tri- ting or flying I. Uncertain whether with bridle.

358

COINS

Beneath, 9, Hev. Quadripartite incuse square
resembling swastika. Fabric flat.

5. From South slope. Silver. Weight, 8.50
grammes. Size, 0.0225 m. Obv. Pegasos. At-
titude uncertain. No trace of 9. Jiev. Quad-
ripartite incuse square resembling swastika.
Fabric flat. Hole for suspension, 0.0025 m. in
diameter.

6. Bronze. Size, 0.0115 m. Obv. Pegasos
flying) !• Hev. Trident. At r., in fleld, torch.

(^Municipal.}

7. Bronze. Size, 0.0213 m. Obv. Head of
Roman emperor, r. (resembles Augustus). In-
scription illegible. Hev. Pegasos, flying, r. Un-
certain whether with rider. At 1., in field, CO!
(remainder illegible).

8. Bronze. Size, 0.0215 m. Obv. Head of
Tiberius, 1., laur. At 1., HERE. At r., C. Re-
mainder of inscription effaced. Hev. Front of
hexastyle temple. Seems to be Doric with three
steps. In upper I. field, LA. At r. of gable,
RE^. At r. of columns, I IVI I. Beneath temple,
^ DR for (COR).

Duovirate of L. Aerius Peregrinus and L.
Furius Labeo.

9. Bronze. Size, 0.0205 m. Obv. Female
bust (Tyche, according to B. M. C. Corinth,
p. 71, No. 572), r., turreted. At 1., ROMAL
At r., ETIMPER (for Homae et imperio). Rev.
Tetrastyle temple on high base, seen from cor-
ner. Infield, LCANAGRIPPAE IIVI. Beneath,
COR.

L. Caninius Agrippa, Duovir.

10. Bronze. Size, 0.032 m. Obv. Head, beard-
less, and laureate, r. Rev. Horseman moving
rapidly to r.

Much worn. Resembles B. M. C. Corinth,
No. 580 (Domitian), but features of head of
obv. are not quite the same. Attribution to Cor-
inth doubtful.

11. Bronze. Size, 0.02 m. Obv. Head of Ro-
man emperor, r. Resembles Domitian. Rev.
Perhaps temple on Acrocorinthus as in B. M. C.
Corinth, No. 541 (Claudius).

Patinated. Attribution uncertain.

12. Bronze. Size, 0.0245 m. Obv. Draped
bust of youthful Marcus Aurelius, laureate, r.
In 1. field, MAVKLMVS. Rev. Zeus, with lower
part of body draped, seated on throne, 1. Holds
Nike in r., and rests uplifted 1. on sceptre. In
1. field, CLI, in r. COR.

13. From West Building. Bronze. Size,

0.02G m. Obv. Head of Commodns, beardless
and laureate, r. In 1. field, COM M 10^. In r.
field, ^V^AVC. Rev. Aphrodite standing,
body in front view, face 1., holding shield. Nude
to groin. In 1. field, CLI, in r., COR.

14. From East Building. Bronze. Size,
0.025 m. Obv. Head of Commodus, laureate, r.
In r. field, NVS (Antoninus. Remainder of in-
scription illegible). Rev. Aphrodite upright, 1.,
looking into shield which she holds in hands.
Possible traces of Eros at her feet. In field at
r., COR (remainder of inscription illegible).

15. Bronze. Size, 0.028 m. Obv. Head of Ro-
man emperor, laureate, r. Features resemble
those of Antoninus I'ius rather than those of
Commodus. At 1., IMPCAESCOM. In r. field,
M^AVCCERM^ (perhaps two illegible letters
after CERM). Rev. Wreath of pine within

which

MiM

Sicyonia. Sicyon,

16. From Roman Building, season of 1895.
Silver. Weight, 2.50 grammes. Size, 0.015 m.
Obv. Chiraaera, 1. Letters, if any, invisible
owing to incrustation, ^ei-. Dove flying, 1.

Achaia. Patrae (^Colonia Augusta Aroe
Patrensis).

17. From N. W. of West Building. Bronze.
Size, 0.024 m. Obv. Head of Commodus, beard-
less, and laureate, r. At 1., o^o (remainder
effaced). Rev. Three military standards. The
central standard is surmounted by an eagle
perched on a thunderbolt. Above, CO L (remain-
der illegible).

Laconia (^Roman emperors).

18. From West Building. Bronze. Size,
0.0235 m. Obv. Draped bust of L. Verus or
M. Aurelius, laureate, r. In 1. field, illegible
inscription. Rev. Winged thunderbolt. In 1.
field, N^INoMMA^ (the first part perhaps for
YAnto']neinos). In r. field, uncertain letters,
i. e. LAA.

The attribution to Laconia rests on slis'ht
ground, as the winged thunderbolt is common
also in Elis ; cf. B. M. C. Peloponnesus, p. 215.

19. Bronze. Size, 0.023 m. Obv. Draped
bust of youthful Commodus, r. In r. field,
MOAOS. Remainder of inscription illegible.

AAKG
Rev. Wreath, within which AAI

MONI

ADDENDA

859

20. From South slope. Bronze. Size, 0.0205 in.
Obv. Bearded male head, laureate, r. Inscrip-
tion illegible, liev. Draped female figure, stand-
ing, 1. Holds in r. sistrum and in 1. situla. In 1.
field AAa. In r. field l^KjON.

Put here because of uncertain identification
of head of obverse.

Aryolis. A njos.

21. Found March 22, 1894, at west end of
Stoa. Bronze. Size, 0.0155 m. Ohv. Head of
Hera, r., wearing Stephanos. Rev. Quiver. At

A

1. in field, B , at r., 11^.

T X

(^Municipal.^

22. From South slope. Bronze. Size, 0.025 m.
Ohv. Male bust, r. Seems to be beardless. Per-
haps Hadrian. In field at 1., ^AN. Remainder
of inscription effaced. Rev. Nude male figure,
bearded, standing, 1. In r., long spear. L. rests
against side. In 1. field, G (of 'Apyci'wi/). Re-
mainder of inscription effaced.

23. From West Building. Bronze. Size,
0.0252 m. Obv. Beardless bust, r., uncertain
whether laureate. Masculine features resembling
those of M. Aurelius or of Commodus. In r.
field GINO (Antoneinos). Remainder of inscrip-
tion incrusted. Rev. Upright female figure, r.,
with r. raised, and 1. extended over small figure
to r. Group identified with Leto and Chloris,
B. M. a reloj). p. 151, No. 168 (coin of Julia
Domna).

24. From back of South Building. Bronze.
Size, 0.025 m. Obv. Head and bust of Ju-
lia Domna, r. L. field incrusted. In r. field,
^TAAOMNA. Rev. Similar to that of No. 23.
In 1. field, pPre, in r., lUUN ('Apy«W).

25. From West Building. Bronze. Size,
0.0235 m. Obv. Beardless male head, 1. Head
bare. Features, especially the nose, like those of
Caracalla. Rev. Draped female figure stand-
ing. Holds in either uplifted hand uncertain
object, perhaps torch. In I. field, vPL, in r.,

einN.

ADDENDA TO COINS OF ARGOS.

The following minute pieces, all of which are
of bronze, form a collection which was kept to-
gether among the various objects brought from
the Heraeum to Athens, but there is no record
of provenience either for the collection as a whole
or for the individual pieces. It is therefore un-
certain whether they were found in the same
place, or thrown together later for convenience.

That the objects are coins seems altogether
probable, and that they should be attributed to
Argos is likely from the fact that they come
from the Heraeum, and also from the presence
of A on several specimens.

A rather indefinite criterion of date is afforded
by the fact that all the alphas have the cross-bar
broken. To judge from such material, however,
as has been available, the A has a straight cross-
bar at Argos so long as it stands for the name
of the town, that is to 146 b. C, when the coin-
asre ceases, to be resumed later under Hadrian.
It may be, then, that, though the broken bar was
regular in the monogram of the Achaean League,
we have here a hitherto unknown local coinage
permitted to Argos after the suppression of the
league. That the pieces continued to be issued
under the emperors seems likely from the style
of some of the heads.

JYote. — In the following list the coins with

symbols on the reverse precede those bearing
letters. Within these classes the arrangement
is by the style or form of head, but the minute-
ness and poor preservation of many of the pieces
renders accuracy impossible.

26. Size, 0.01 m. Obv. Head of archaic style,
r., beardless, and perhaps female. Rev. Raised
ring in which >*-« .

27 [wrongly given on Plate as 29]. Size,
0.009 m. Obv. Head with upper part of shoul-
ders, r. Head seems to be radiate and beardless.
Rev. W (perhaps flower or tree).

28. Size, 0.0095 m. Obv. Head and shoul-
ders, r. Top and' back covered with bristling
dress like lion's skin. Head appears to be male.
Rev. Uncertain. From one side there seem to
be two advancing figures, r., from the other some
monogram or symbol similar to that on No. 38.

29. Size, 0.0095 m. Ohv. Object resembling
head with draped bust, r. In r. field, possible
traces of letters, among which G. Rev. Wreath,
in which ^ .

30. Size, 0.0074 m. Obv. Struck on one side.
Only JL appears, which is probably part of dra-
pery of shoulder. Rev. Perhaps X in wreath.

31. Size, 0.009 m. Obv. Head, r. Rev. 9¥.

32. Size, 0.0085m. Obv. Head, r. Rev. Un-
certain symbol, resembling tree, i. e. 3BL.

860

COINS

33. Size, 0.009 m. Ohv. Uncertain head.
^er. X ¥.

34. Size 0.0085 m. Ohv. Uncertain, perhaps
head. Rev. Worn. At side, ^.

35. Size, 0.009 m. Ohv. Uncertain. Possible
traces of head. Reo. W.

36. Size. 0.0095 m. Ohv. Possible traces of
head, r. 2iev. Perhaps symbol similar to that
of No. 29.

37. Size, 0.0095 ra. Obr. Possible trace of
face, r. Sev. Uncertain symbol or letter, re-
sembling A.

3a Size, 0.0094 m. Ohv. Incrusted. Bev.
K ¥.

39. Ohv. Uncertain. liev. 9.

40. Ohv. Uncertain. liev. Perhaps 1^.

41. Ohv. Uncertain. liev. Perhaps ■it^ .

42. Ohv. Uncertain. Hev. Similar to that of
No. 41.

43. Size, 0.0105 ra. Ohv. Worn away. Hev.
Uncertain. Perhaps ^ .

44. Size, 0.008 m. Ohv. Uncertain. Hev.
Flower or tree, ef. Nos. 27, 35.

45. Size, 0.009 m. Ohv. Uncertain. Hev.
Shrub or flower W .

46. Ohv. Uncertain. Hev. Tree.

47. Ohv. Uncertain. Hev. Perhaps tree.

48. Ohv. Uncertain. liev. Perhaps tree.

49. Ohv. Uncertain. JRev. Perhaps tree
and 0.

50. Size, 0.009 m. Ohv. Beardless head, r.
Rev. Perhaps A.

51. Size, 0.0083 m. Ohv. Head, wearing dia-
dem or crown, and upper part of shoulders,
r. Head apparently beardless. Rev. Large J5..
The circle under the bar of the alpha seems
nearly certain.

52. Size, 0.0095 m. Ohv. Head, uncertain
whether bearded, radiate, with upper part of
draped shoulders, r. Rev. A .

53. Size, 0.0085 m. Ohv. Head, with draped
bust, r. Rev. A.

54. Size, 0.008 m. Ohv. Faint but prob-
able traces of head and draped shoulders, r.
Rev. A.

55. Size, 0.0092 m. Ohv. Faint but probable
traces of head, r. Rev. A- (Height, 0.005 m.)

56. Size, 0.0085 m. Ohv. Incrusted. Rev.
A.

57. Size, 0.0079. Ohv. Worn away. Bev. N.
For this N, cf. £. M. C. Pelop. p. 146, No. 124

Ne

NEandp. 148, No. 153 MGI

A

58. Size, 0.0085 m. Oiy. Uncertain. Rev.N.

59. Size, 0.009 m. Ohv. Beardless head, r.
Rev. ^, i. e. letter and symbols combined.

60. Size, 0.008 m. Ohv. Perhaps head. Rev.
t* .

61. Size, 0.0085 m. Ohv. Uncertain. Rev.
N .

62. Size, 0.0088 m. Obv. Uncertain. Rev.

63. Size, 0.008 m. Ohv. Uncertain. Rev.

64. Size, 0.008 m. Ohv. Uncertain. Rev.
"Hif (incru.sted).

65. Ohv. Uncertain. Rev. x^ (not very
certain).

66. Half gone. Size, 0.0145 m. Obv. Upper
part of head with diadem, r. Rev. Worn and
incrusted.

67. Size, 0.0085. Ohv. Beardless head and
bust, r. Upper lip heavj^, as though with mus-
tache. Two locks of hair down back of neck.
On breast of garment, spiral ornament. Rev.
Uncertain.

68-102. Sizes 0.0065-0.0115. Oxidized and
effaced.

103. Plain on both sides.

104. Plain on both sides. Perhaps not a coin.

Attribution uncertain.

105. From West Building. Bronze. Size,
0.0135 m. Much oxidized. Probably Greek.

106. Bronze. Size, 0.02 m. Ohv. Head of
Roman emperor, perhaps (Nero or Titus ? ), r.
Rev. Effaced.

107. Found at E. end of Stoa, April 4, 1898.
Bronze. Size, 0.03 m. Ohv. Bearded head, r.
Perhaps Antoninus Pius or Hadrian. Much
worn. Rev. Draped female figure, standing 1.,
with r. hand outstretched.

108. From West Building. Bronze. Size,
0.027 m. Ohv. Youthful and jirobably male
bust, r. Neck thin. Rev. (ri) . In field, slight but
probable traces of letters.

Plate CXLII.

109. Found in Northwest Building, 1894.
Bronze. Size, 0.027 m. Obv. Head,r. Rev. S%.

110. From West Building. Bronze. Size,
0.028 m.

ROMAN

861

B. ROME (EMPIRE).

Antoninus Pius.

111. Bronze. Size, 0.0195 m. Ohv. Head of
Antoninus Pius, v. In 1. field, ANTONINVS^
(remainder incrnsted). Rev. Standing- draped
figure. In 1. field, ^PX. In r. f., COS llll ^.
Incrusted.

Julia Domna (?).

112. From West Building. Bronze. Size,
0.018 ni. Obv. Draped female bust, r. Head-
dress of style which begins about time of Jidia
Domna (also Titiana and Manlia Scantilk).
Inscription effaced. Rev. Draped female figure
standing, 1., with r. hand extended and with
cornucopia in 1. Inscription illegible except
for E in r. field.

Pupienus.

113. Bronze. Size, 0.031 m. Ohv. Draped
bust of Pupienus, laureate, r. In field, IMP-
CAESPVPIENMAXIMVSAVC. Rev. Draped
female figure seated in chair, 1., holding in out-
stretched r. olive branch, in 1. transverse sceptre.
Inscription beginning in 1. field, PAX PVBLICA.
Beneath, SC . Cf. Cohen, Medailles Imp. vol.
V. p. 17, No. 24.

Gallienus.

114. Found on South slope, west end, 1894.
Bronze. Size, 0.0205 m. Obv. Head of Gal-
lienus, r., radiate. Military drapery. Begin-
ning in 1. field, CALLIENVSAVC. Rev. Draped
female figure standing 1., holding in r. hand olive
branch, in 1. transverse sceptre. In 1. field,
PAX. In r. field, a . Unless these characters
are for AVC the coin is not included in Cohen,
op. cit. The characters are clear.

Axirelian.

115. From South slope. Bronze. Size,
0.0223 m. Ohv. Draped bust of Anrelian, r.,
radiate. Beginning in 1. field, IMPAVRELIA-
NVSAVC Rev. Two upright figures, 1., man in
toga, r., r. draped woman, clasp hands. Begin-
ning in 1. field, CONCORDIAMILITVM. Be-
neath, P*.

116. From West Building. Bronze. Size,
0.0205 m. Obv. Draped bust of Aurelian, r., ra-
diate. Beginning in 1. field, IMPCAVRELIANVS
AVC. Rev. Sol upright, radiate, with mantle
falling over 1. shoulder, faces 1., with r. arm

raised, and 1. hand extended and supporting
perhaps a globe. In 1. field a star. At his feet
on either side, a captive. The 1. captive has liis
hands bound behind his back. Beneath, S. Be-
ginning in 1. field, ORIENSAVC.

Prohus.

117. Bronze. Size, 0.0235 m. Nearly half
gone. Obv. Probus, with helmet, shield, and
spear, 1. Helmet radiate. Inscription, ^P
PROB VSAUC. /eetJ. Horseman (Probus) gal-
loping, 1. K. hand raised, in 1. spear or sceptre.
In front under raised leg of horse, i)ossible trace
of figure. Beginning in 1. field, ADV EN TVSAV
(remainder lost).

118. Bronze. Size, 0.024 m. Ohv. Bust of
Probus, r., radiate with military drapery. Be-
ginning in 1. field, IMPCPROBVSPFAVC. Rev.
Draped female figure, upright, 1., holding in
either hand military standard. Beneath, III XXT.
Beginning in 1. field, FIDES M I LIT.

Cams.

119. From East Building. Bronze. Size,
0.0224 m. Obv. Bust of Carus, r., radiate. Mili-
tary drapery. Beginning in 1. field, ^PCMAVR-
CARVSPFAVC. Rev. Female figure draped,
standing 1., and pointing with staff at object
(globe) lying at feet. In her 1. hand, long
upright sceptre. Beginning in 1. field, PRO-
VIDE N TIAAVCC.

Constantius Chlorus.

120. Probably from Lower Stoa. Bronze.
Size, 0.0215 m. Ohv. Draped bust of Con-
stantius Chlorus, r., radiate. In field, FL^CON-
STANTIVS NOB CAES. Rev. Draped figure,
upright, facing r., receiving figure of Victoi-y
from figure with mantle over shoulder (other-
wise nude), facing 1. In field, CONCORDIA
MILITVM. Beneath, Victory, HA

Galerius.

121. Bronze. Size, 0.021 m. Obv. Draped
bust of Galerius, r., radiate. Beginning in 1.
field, CALVALMAXIMIANVSNOBCAE^. Rev.
Draped male figure with cloak hanging over
shoulder, r., joins hands with nude figure hold-
ing long sceptre, 1. Their joined hands support
small draped female figure. Beginning in 1. field,
CONCORDIAMILITVM. Beneath, HB.

362

COINS

122. From West Building. Bronze. Size,
0.019 m. Obv. Male head, r., radiate, witii
features resembling those of Cialerius. Inscrip-
tion partly illegible, g|;XIMIANVSPLAVC. Jiev.
Two upright figures clasp hands. Their hands
support small figure. In field, CO N CORD I-
A^TVM. Beneath, HS.

Ziicinius.

123. Bronze. Size, 0.02 m. Obv. Bust of
Licinius, r., laureate. Military drapery. Be-
ginning in 1. field, IMPLICIN^^FAVC. liev.
Partially draped male figure (genius), upright,
1., holding some object in extended r., and in
1. cornucopia. Inscription nearly effaced. In 1.
field, ^IIII I . In r. field, ^o. In inner r.
field, F. In exergue, uncertain letters.

Constantius II.

124. Bronze. Size, 0.0173 m. Obv. Beard-
less draped bust of Constantius, r., with diadem.
In 1. field, DNCONSTAN ; in r. field, TiVS
PFAVC. Rev. Two figures fighting, one partly
down, the other thrusting spear into him from
above. In 1. field, slight traces of inscription
(FELTEMP), inr., REPARATIO. Beneath, QC.

125. Bronze. Size, 0.0162 m. Obv. Head
of Constantius, r., with diadem. In r. field,
TIVSPFA^. Remainder of inscription illegi-
ble, liev. Soldier rushing to 1. upon prostrate
enemy. In r. field, REPARATIO (remainder
of inscription illegible). In exergue, uncertain
traces of letters.

126. Found back of South Building in " grave
of April 13, 1894." Bronze. Size, 0.015 m. Obv.
Head, laureate or diademed, similar to that of
Constantius. Inscription illegible except for
Ave in r. field. Rev. Wreath, within which
V 6 T In exergue, four letters, of which the third
MVLT is N. Cf. Cohen, op. cit. vol. VII. i>. 492,

No. 335.

Julian (called the Apostate).

127. Bronze. Size, 0.0165 m. Obv. Bust
of Julian, r. Head bare and beardless. Begin-

ning in 1. fiehl, ^LIVIL^ (remainder incrusted
and illegible). Rev. Soldier upriglit, 1., pier-
cing with spear fallen enemy (horseman). On
ground, a shield. lu r. field, PAR ATI 0 (re-
mainder illegible). In exergue, SMKA.

Grutiun.

128. Bronze. Size, 0.017 m. Obv. Bust of
Gratian, r., wearing diadem. Beginning in 1.
field, DNCRATIA^;PFAVC. Rev. Draped hel-
meted female figure (Roma) seated front, look-
ing 1. Holds sceptre in r., and has 1. raised. In
1. field VIRTVSRO ; in r. field, MANORv - . In
exergue, TES.

Attnbution uncertain.

129. From West Building. Bronze. Size,
0.021 m. Obv. Bust of emperor, r., radiate.
Uncertain whether with beard. Heavy features ;
thick neck. Inscription, ^CD^ (remainder
incrusted). Rev. Two male figures, the 1.
draped, the other nude except for cloak over
shoulder, clasp hands, above which, figure.
Figure at r. holds in 1. long sceptre. In field,
CONCORDIAMILITVM. Beneath hands above
exergue, F. In exergue, ALE.

Cf. Nos. 121 f, but the inscription ^C(aesar)
D(omitius)^ would seem to point rather to
Aurelian, under whom coins of a similar type
(Jupiter presenting globe to emperor) were
struck.

130. Found in Northwest
Bronze. Size, 0.019 ra. Obv.
Rev. Standing draped figure.

131 From West Building.
Bronze. Size, 0.014 m. Obv.
ble inscription. Rev. In centre, figure,
edge, letters, all illegible.

132. Much incrusted. Bronze. Size, 0.018 m.
Obv. Head, 1. Inscription illegible excepting
COS^C in r. field. Incrusted.

133. From South slope. Condition bad.
Bronze. Size, 0.02 m. Obv. Head, r. Rev.
Draped standing figure, 1.

Building, 1894.
Drajjed bust, r.

Much damaged.
Head, r. Illegi-
About

C. ROME (EASTERN EMPIRE).

Arcadius.

134. From West Building. Bronze. Size,

0.0143 m. Obv. Draped bust of Arcadius, r.,

wearing diadem. Infield DNARCADIVS PFAVC.

Rev. Draped male figure upright, moving to 1.,

but with head turned to r., has r. hand raised,

and with 1. drags captive. In 1. field, S A'^R E^ ;
in r. field, PVBLICAE. In inner I. field, ^F. In
exergue, SMKA,

EASTERN EMPIRE AND VENICE

868

John Zimisces (a. d. 969-976).

135. Probably from Lower Stoa. Perforated.
Urouze. Size, 0.0345 m.

Obv. + 1 h 5 t liev. Bust of Christ in halo and
b A s I L e ^^'°^^ facing, and holding proba-
''^.^■li'* bly book of gospel. At side,
IC-XC. Inl. field, H-EMMA.

136. Probably from Lower Stoa. Perforated
and much worn. Bronze. Size, 0.0282 m.
Obv. + 1 h'l M Hev. Bust of Christ with halo

and cross facing, and probably
holding book of gospel.

h I <E T •«

137. From
0.028 m.
Obv.

. isjxs

East Building. Bronze. Size,

Bev. Bust of Christ with halo
and diadem facing, and holding
gospel. Struck twice, the sec-
ond time to 1. of first. To second

impression belong IC in L field and +EMMA.
To first impression belong in r. field 'XC and

NOVN. +

138. Probably from Lower Stoa. Perforated.
Bronze. Size, 0.0255 ni.
Hev. Head and bust of Christ
facing. Details effaced.

Condition poor
Obv. , s

i AS|M.

IAS

Attiibution uncertain.

139. Probably from Lower Stoa. Perforated.
Bronze. Size, 0.025 m. Obv. Indistinct male
figure, perhaps laureate. Above head there
seems to be a small +. Rev. £. At 1., two

or three balls

If on this coin the head is that of Christ, the
words " Obv." and " Rev. " are to change
places.

D. VENICE.

140. Bronze. Size, 0.016 m. Obv. Head and
mane of lion. About edge, V EN ETI • + • S . Ma'
Rev. + around which partly effaced inscription,
^ARBATICO -07+ •

141. Found in West Building, April 25, 1893.
Bronze. Size, 0.028 m. Obv. Head and mane
of lion. About edge, * S • MARC • VEN • In
exergue, ij: H *

Rev. I SOLE

E T Above and beneath, rosette.

ARMATA

Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante.
142. Bronze. Size, 0.0263m. Obv. Lion's head
with mane. About edge, * ^ARCVS • VE *
In exergue, ^ I ^
Rev. CORFV
CEFAL
ZANTE

143-155. Numbers 143-148 from
Building. Numbers 143-145 found in

E. UNCERTAIN

West

1894.

Much worn or oxidized or both.
0.0135-0.0212 m.

Bronze. Sizes,

The Argive Herabum

Plate CXLI

^^^^S^.^\ /^ ^

^^ ^

55 57

58 60

107

(107)

108

COINS.— MAINLY GREEK

Thb Argive Heraeum

Plate CXLII

114

,1 ; I,

^P™

119

(119)

122

136

^/-^

(136)

1.116)

(122) 124 (124)

130

135

121

'"^

1121)

i*'- ^V^\

(130)

(135)

COINS.— MAINLY ROMAN

THE EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECOEGYPTIAN, OBJECTS FROM

THE ARGIVE HERAEUM

EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS FROM

THE ARGIVE HERAEUM '

By albert MORTON LYTHGOE

The intercourse between Egypt and her neighbors on the north, which we should
expect to trace, first to the nearer islands and then on to Greece itself, has been proved by
recent evidence to have begun at least as early as the XVIth Egyptian dynasty. This
earliest fixed date lies in the finding by Mr. Arthur Evans, in the palace of Cnossos,
of the lid of an alabaster vase inscribed with the names of Khyan, one of a group of
kings who have now been proved beyond all doubt to belong to the intermediate period
between the Xllth and XVIIIth dynasties, and to be in all probability Hyksos.^

The evidence of an earlier intercourse than this between these two centres of civiliza-
tion is yet problematical, in the absence of any earlier material to which an absolutely
certain dating can be given. Types of pottery and otlier objects, similar to the earlier
Aegean types though not identical with them, have been found by Flinders Petrie in the
Xllth dynasty town site of Kahun, and in the royal tombs and old temple of the Isl
dynasty at Abydos ; ^ but in these cases the types themselves lack identification as known
Aegean types, and the evidence of their occurrence is not sufficiently conclusive to war-
i"ant ascribing them to the periods in apparent relation to which they were found. Until
known material of this character comes to hand, which can be dated firmly by its occur-
rence, under undisturbed conditions, with fixed Egyptian types, we can hardly go beyond
this earliest date which Crete has now given us.

On the other hand, the evidence of the intercourse between Greece and Egypt from
that date on is conclusive. Beginning with the dated objects of Egyptian origin found
in the Mycenaean sites of Greece and the islands, which prove that period in Greek
civihzation to have been contemporary, in part at least, with the XVIIIth dynasty, the
connection appears to have been interrupted during the disturbed period of the XXIst
to the XXV th dynasties, and then finally, with the influx of Greeks into Egypt in the
XXVIth dynasty, trade and intercourse between the two countries becomes so constant
that they both furnish, from that time on, abundant evidence of their common relation.
It is of this evidence, of the period known as the Late New Empire, — the XXVIth and
succeeding dynasties previous to the conquest by Alexander, — that the Egyptian objects
from the Heraeum are a part, and objects of identically the same character have been
found also at Eleusis,* Aegina,^ and Camirus," and in Egypt itself at Naukratis.^ In fact,
it is this Greek colony of Naukratis, which rose to great importance under the privileges
granted it by Amasis (569-526 b. c), and which, as the capital of the Egyptian Greeks,

■ I am indebted to Mr. P. Kabbadias, Director-General fessor Petrie is in Methods and Aims in Archaeology,

of Antiquities, for permission to photograph the Egyptian London, 1904.

objects from Aegina (now in the Museum at Athens), * Cf. Philios, 'Z<p. 'Apx-, 1889, 171 ff.

for comparison with these from the Heraeum (Plate » Cf. Staes, 'E.^. 'Apx-, 1895, 193 ff. and 201-255.

CXLIV.). ° Cf. Murray, Cat. of Gems in Brit. Mm. pp. 46-58.

2 Cf. Griffith, Arch. Report, 1901, p. 37. ' Cf. Naukratis, parts I. and II., by W. M. Flinders

» The most recent discussion of this material by Pro- Petrie, E. A. Gardner, and others.

367

868 EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS

WHS visited by Herodotus nearly a century later, that we now see to have been the
original source of all this evidence, and to it the origin of the Egyptian objects, both
from the Heraeuni and the other sites mentioned, is to be traced.

If we start with the fact that at Naukratis itself examples were found of nearly all the
types which have come from the Greek sites named, and that the examples of each type,
tliongh coming from places widely separated, are in many cases so closely identical
that they might almost have been cast in the same moulds, then we must surely look to
Naukratis as their common source. We find, for example, that the series of scarabs from
the Heraeum (Plate CXLIII. Nos. 1 to 39) have their counterparts in those from Nau-
kratis' and also in those from Aegina (Plate CXLIV. Nos. 1 to 6) ; similarly, the
figures of Apollo from the Heraeum (Plate CXLHI. 51 and CXLIV. .53) duphcated
at Naukratis ' ; the figure of Bes (Plate CXLIII. 47) also occurring at Aegina (Plate
CXLIV. 10) ; and the two whorls (Plate CXLIV. 58 and 59) reproduced in one from
Aegina (Plate CXLIV. 8). With such a repetition in so limited a range of subjects,
the source of them all cannot be a matter of doubt. There were found at Naukratis,
moreover, not only most of the types which are duplicated in these from the Greek
sites, but even the moulds in which certain types of the scarabs, for example, were
cast. That the examples from the Greek sites were not locally made is obvious, and it
is equally clear not only that they must all h^ve been drawn from a common Egyptian
source, but that, from the evidence, that source must be Naukratis, the largest and most
important centre of trade between Greece and her colonists in the Delta.

There not only did the Greeks erect temples and statues to Greek divinities and carry
on the manufacture of Greek pottery, figurines, and other objects of the same types and
in the same manner as in Greece itself, but they became skilled in the arts of Egypt,
and learned to reproduce Egyptian types of deities, Egyptian forms of decoration, and
Egyptian hieroglyphics. In some cases they copied the hieroglyphics correctly, and in
others their errors show clearly they had little knowledge of the language. They learned,
moreover, to work in the materials in common use among the Egyptians, and we find in
greatest number scarabs, vases, and figurines of glazed porcelain. On the scarabs they
not only reproduced Egyptian inscriptions and designs, but they ornamented them with
scenes reminiscent of their own Greek art, as the two running stags, and the stag pur-
sued by a hound (Plate CXLIII. 32 and 33), while in the case of the porcelain figures
they both imitated well-known Egyptian subjects — such as the animals sacred to the
gods, as the cat (Plate CXLIII. 48) and the rabbit (Plate CXLIV. 54), and the
Egyptian divinities themselves, as Bes (Plate CXLIII. 47) — and also introduced their
own Apollo (Plates CXLIII. 51 and CXLIV. 53), here represented as playing on the
double pipe.^

In date this whole class of objects does not vary, but, without a single exception, is
to be assigned to this period of the XXV Ith and following dynasties of the Late New
Empire, when Naukratis was the centre of Greek influence. None of this material from
the Heraeum, or that from any other of the Greek sites mentioned, can be dated more
closely to any particular dynasty or reign, from evidence contained in itself. The only
objects from the Heraeum inscribed with a royal name are the three scarabs (Plate
CXLIII. 17, 18, and 19), the first of which, and possibly the last two also, is inscribed
with the name of Thothmes III., of the XVIIIth dynasty. (See Catalogue below.) None

' Cf. Naukratis, I. pis. xxxvii. and xxxviii. ' Cf. also Naukratis, I. § 17, and pi. ii.

« Cf. Naukratis, I. pi. ii. 7 and 13.

EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, ORTECTS 369

o£ these, however, date from the reij^n of that king, but rather from this period begin-
ning with the XXVIth dynasty in whicli we have ah-eady inehided them. The well-
known custom in this later period of copying and repeating upon scarabs the names and
titles of the earlier kings is of such common occurrence that we Hnd them even em-
ploying the names of the kings of the Old Empire, — a period when the
inscribed scarab had not yet come into existence. The name of Thothmes
III. seems, however, to occur much more frequently in these later copies
than any other royal name, and in Egyptian cemeteries of this XXVIth
dynasty as many as ten to twenty per cent, of the scarabs have sometimes
FROM Eleusis. been found to bear this cartouche. It is therefore not surprising that
It is iiisciMljetl with scarabs of this type should have been found not only here at the

name of 1 liotUnies t^^ • i i xn • i /tt -i \

III., but is of later Heraeum, but at Camirus and at Eleusis also (Fig. 1).

Apart from these Egyptian, or Graeco-Egyptian, objects from the
Heraeum, which are thus to be grouped in a single class of obviously the same date and
origin, there are in addition two glass scarabeoids (Plate CXLIII. 40 and 41) which,
while seemingly Egyptian in character, need special consideration. They are clearly
Egyptian in form and partly in device, but in style and treatment they belong to a class
of scarabs and scarabeoids which show Asiatic influence, and which have been identified
in general as of Phoenician origin. The extent to which the Phoenicians borrowed
Egyptian forms and imitated Egyptian designs both in metal working and in the engrav-
ing of gems is attested by the considerable number of objects known in which this fact
can be easily identified.' Scarabs and scarabeoids of this class are generally found to
bear a design either purely Egyptian or adopted from the Egyptian, but in rare cases
they actually occur with an inscription in Phoenician characters.^

As to the origin of these two scarabeoids from the Heraeum, Avhether they were made
by Phoenician colonists in the Delta or were brought there by Phoenician merchants and
then exported to Greece, we have no evidence ; but that they are of the same date and
were brought into Greece at the same period as the other objects of Egyptian character
is made certain by the occurrence at Eleusis of a similar glass scarabeoid (Fig. 2), found
under exactly similar conditions, — with some fifteen scarabs of the same character as
these from the Heraeum, one of which is inscribed with the name of Thothmes III. (Fig.

1, referred to above), but is of later date just as is No. 17 from the Heraeum. This
double occurrence certainly disposes of all doubt in the matter of dating these scarabe-
oids, but apart from the fact that they were evidently brought into Greece at the same
period as these other objects we are considering, they are clearly not of the same origin
and not to be classed with them.

1 Cf. Murray, Cat. of Gems in Brit. Mus. p. 13. " For description of such scarabs in the British Museum,

2 Cf. Maspero, Struggle of the Nations, pp. 580 ff. ef. Budge, The Mummy, p. 250.

370

EGYPTIAN, OR GKAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS

CATALOGUE

Plate CXLIII. (scale 1 : 1).

1. Inscribed Amen Ita 7ie6 = ' Amen Ka, the
Lord.' Here, and also in Nos. 2, 3, and 4, tlie
maker lias shown his nnfaniiliarity with the
signs in having mistaken this sign of the ostricli-
feather, the symbol of the goddess Ma'at, or
Truth (of. No. 13, where it occurs properly) for
the reedleaf, in the name of the god Amen ((!f.
No. 5). For the feather, see Griffith, Beni Ha-
san, part III. pi. V. 72 ; and for the reedleaf,
Griffith, Hieroglyphs, pi. vii. 106.

Blue-glazed frit.

2. Same inscription as No. 1, and same error
in the reedleaf sign. In addition, the men sign
is very badly formed, and in other cases, as No.
4, has become quite shapeless.

Blue-glazed frit.

3. Same inscription.
Blue-glazed frit.

4. Same inscription. Cf. No. 2.
Blue-glazed frit.

5. Same inscription. Here the reedleaf is cor-
rectly represented.

Frit, the glaze completely gone.

6. Same inscription. Characters more care-
fully rendered than usual.

Blue-glazed frit.

7. Probably to be read Amen Ra neb ma'at =
' Amen Ra, Lord of Truth.' The middle signs
are badly moulded and are fused together.

Blue-glazed frit.

8. Probably to be read as No. 7. The last sign
certainly seems to be the ostrich-feather.

Frit, with traces of blue glaze.

9. ^wM »ra'a< = ' Living is Truth.'
Blue-glazed frit.

10. Ha neb ma'at — '■Ra., Lord of Truth,' fol-
losved by the uraeus, the protector of the sun-god.

Frit, glaze completely gone.

11. Probably to be read as No. 10. The third
sign seems to be a misshapen ostrich-feather.
Lastly, an unintelligible sign, possibly an at-
tempt at an ankk sign.

Blue-glazed frit.

12. Ha nefer neb ma'at = ' The good Ra, Lord
of Truth.'

Frit, no traces of glaze.

13. Ha neb ma'at = ' Ra, Lord of Truth.'
Blue-glazed frit.

14. Ma'at «p/er = ' Truth is beautiful.' This

sign which we have read as 7iefer must be the
lute-sign, as in No. 12, but crudely represented.
(Cf. Griffith, Ilieroyli/p/is, pi. ix. 164.)
Blue-glazed frit.

15. Probably same inscription as No. 13.
Frit, badly worn and glaze gone.

16. Same inscription as No. 13.
Blue-glazed frit.

17. Inscribed with the prenomen of Thoth-
mes III., Men kheper i?« = ' Established (i. e.
enduring) is the being of Ra.' Outside the car-
touche are the red crown of Lower Egypt (dsrt,
cf. Griffith, Hieroglyphs, p. 56), and the mallet
sign {Jm, cf. Griffith, op. cit. pi. vii. 104), both
symbols of royalty.

Of steatite, with traces of a deep yellow glaze.
The whole style of the scarab, and especially
the cutting of the back, would assign it to the
XXVIth dynasty, or the period immediately
following.

18. In upper register : stni-hiti = ' King of
Upper and Lower Egypt.' Below in the car-
touche : At the top, the sun's disk, Ra. At the
bottom, the beetle sign, hheper; and between the
two an indistinct sign, which seems in all prob-
ability to be the men, and which would thus
give us again the prenomen of Thothmes III.,
as in No. 17. On either side of the cartouche is
an uraeus, the protector of royalty.

Of frit, the glazing completely gone ; and in
style, of same i)eriod as No. 17.

19. Too badly worn to be read with any de-
gree of certainty. At lower right side is a car-
touche, of which the upper sign is certainly the
sun's disk, and the lower sign possibly the
hheper. The intermediate sign cannot be dis-
tinguished, but it is possible that we may have
again the name of Thothmes III.

Scarabeoid, of soft paste or frit, bordered by
a moulded band ornamented around the side
with a twisted rope pattern. (Cf. Petrie, Deco-
rative Art, fig. 169.)

20. Above, the barque of Ra, surmounted by
the sun's disk. Beneath, the figure of a hawk,
symbolic of the sun-god.

Of a deep blue-colored frit : glaze gone.

21. Intended to read Amen Ra, but in A men
the sign of the eagle is incorrectly used, instead
of that of the reedleaf.

Of a blue irit, like No. 20, and glaze also gone.

EGYPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS

871

22. The figure of a sphinx, recumbent, the in-
carnation of Ka, the sun-god, as the protector of
mankind. (Cf. Wiedemann, lidkjion, p. 197.)
Above, the sun's disk ; and in front, the feather,
symbol of divinity.

Blue-glazed frit.

23. Above, the barque of Ra, surmounted by
the sun's disk. Below, the uraeus, protector of
the god.

Frit, glaze gone.

24. At the right the crooked sceptre, which
as a word-sign has the value hk = ' ruler, prince ; '
then the uraeus, symbol of royalty ; followed by
a third sign, the form and significance of which
cannot be determined.

Blue-glazed frit.

25. Iluman-headed sphinx, standing, crowned
with the white crown of Upper Egypt, with
uraeus at front, and represented bearded. Same
significance as in No. 22, — the incarnation of
Ra, the sun-god. Above, the sun's disk. Before
the sphinx, the crooked sceptre as in No. 24.
(Cf. Griffith, Hieroglyphs, fig. 39.)

Blue-glazed frit.

26. Above, the sun's disk. Below, seemingly
a squatting figure, as of the god himself (Ra).

Frit, with traces of a yellow glaze.

27. Standing figure, representing some god
or royal personage. In the right hand a uraeus,
in the left a sceptre, and evidently crowned with
the white crown of Upper Egypt.

Frit, all traces of glazing gone.

28. Representation of some animal of long
and slender body, and with long snout, — per-
haps the jackal. (Cf. Davies, Mastaba of
Ptahhetep, part I. fig. 63.)

Frit, glaze gone.

29. Amen Ra before a seated god or king.
Amen Ra is represented as hawk-headed, crowned
with the crown of Upper Egypt and the double
plume, and in his left hand the ii'«,s sceptre.
(Cf. Griffith, Hieroglyphs, p. 59.) The seated
figure is represented with the same sceptre, and
is bearded.

Blue-glazed frit.

30. The ankh sign, or sign of life, with two
uraei intertwined, — a design which occurs in
Egypt as early as the Vlth dynasty. (Cf.
Petrie, Methods and Aims in Archaeology,
fig. 62.)

Frit, glaze gone.

31. Representation of the griffin, one of the
fantastic beasts which inhabited the desert, in

the belief of the Egyptians. (Cf. Masiiero,
Dawn of Civilization, p. 83.)
Frit, glaze gone.

32. Two running ibexes. (For the Egyptian
ibex, cf. Newberry, Beni Hasan, part 1. pi.
xxviii.)

Pottery, pale blue-gray color, surface glaze
gone.

33. Ibex pursued by a hound. (For similar
representations in Egyptian art, cf. Newberry,
Beni Hasan, part I. pi. xxx., and Davies, Mas-
taba of Ptahhetep, part I. pis. xxii. and xxv.)

Blue-glazed pottery.

34. Duck rising from a marsh or swamp.
(For the duck, cf. Griffith, Beni Hasan, part III.
pi. ii. figs. 1 and 8.) Behind is a tall-stemmed
plant tipped with a clump of leaves, and before
the duck is the so-called sedge, a plant identified
with the South, or Upper Egypt. (Cf. Bor-
chardt, Pflanzensiiide, Abb. 35.) The scarab
is broken at this end and another character can-
not be determined.

Porcelain, of a dark brownish color, as if
subjected at some later period to the action of
fire. Glaze gone.

35. In upper register a recumbent sphinx, with
tail raised. Over the animal the sun's disk.
(Cf. No. 22.) Below, a hawk, symbolic of the
sun-god, is represented in a papyrus-marsh, with
a clump of three papyrus stems behind. (Cf.
Griffith, Beni Hasan, part III. pi. iii. fig. 16.)

Blue-glazed frit.

36. Representation of some animal.
Frit, badly worn, glaze gone.

37. So worn that the design is undetermin-
able.

Frit, glaze gone.

38. The winged uraeus protecting the sun's
disk.

Frit, glaze gone.

39. Two winged uraei, protecting a seated di-
vinity, who appears to have the sun's disk on his
head and to be holding a sceptre.

Frit, traces of greenish blue glaze.

40. Above, the hawk-headed Ra, winged, and
crowned with the double crown. Below, a scara-
baeus with wings outspread, — an emblem of the
sun-god.

Scarabeoid, of blue glass.

Although the subject of this design is Egyp-
tian, yet it is non-Egyptian in style and charac-
ter, and is certainly of a class of Phoenician
scarabs of which a considerable number are

372

EGYPTIAN, OR (JRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS

known. (Cf. Murray, Cat. of Gems in Brit.
Mas. pi. B, 146.)

41. Apparently, a conventionalized design, of
which the centre is a scarabaeus with outspread
wings.

• Scarabeoid, of yellow glass.

Of same style and undoubt-
edly of same origin as 40; cf.
Fig. 2, a similar scarabeoid of
^'BEom~oF*'A'^- gi'eenish blue glass found at
ATic, AND riiOB- Elcusis (Atlieus Mus. 10960).

ABLY 1'HOE.NI- .— ,» •, 1 1 i.

ciAN, ouioiN. 42. Papyrus-capital amulet.

Found at Eleusis. Asa hieroglyphic word-sign the

papyrus stem has the value

wa^= green, flourishing (cf. Borchardt, Pjlati-

zem'dule, p. 26, and Griffith, Hieroglyphs, fig.

125).

Here, as an amulet, with its suggestion of use
as a column, it seems to have borne the idea of
solidity, strength, and hence well-being.

Blue-glazed porcelain. Pierced, at the base
of the die, for suspension.

43. Pendant or amulet, of unknown meaning.

Of crystal. Similar pendants occur in Egypt

at nearly every period, from the Xllth dynasty

on.

44. Like No. 43, but of blue-glazed porcelain,
and pierced perpendicularly in the base by a
small square hole, as if for use as a knob.

45. Head of a male figure, of blue-glazed
porcelain. The modeling of the head, with its
thick, massive wig, is characteristically Egyp-
tian.

46. Head of a male figure, evidently of the
" Apollo " type. See below. No. 51.

Blue-glazed porcelain.

47. Figure of the god Bes. Represented in a
characteristic attitude, as a bearded dwarf, with
long ears, bowed legs, and arms resting on
thighs. He is sometimes represented also with
proti'uding tongue, and dressed in the skin of an
animal, with tail hanging down at the back.
(Cf. Wiedemann, Rd'ujion., pp. 159 ff.)

This figure originally had a crown of feathers,
which has been broken off.

Of blue-glazed porcelain.

There is nothing to prove the generally ex-
pressed idea that this god was one of foreign
origin brought into Egypt at a later period, per-
haps at the beginning of the New Empire.
Amulets in the form of this god are now known
as early as the Vth or Vlth dynasty, and his
worship certainly began as early as that. In the

period of the Late New Empire (to which our
figure belongs) these representations of him be-
came extremely common, and they have been
found at nearly all the Greek sites to which
Egyptian influence sjjread. (Cf. also the one
from Aegina, Plate CXLIV. 10.)

48. Seated figure of a cat.
White-glazed porcelain.

The cat figures in Egyptian art as the sacred
animal of the goddess Bast, the centre of whose
cult was at Bubastis, in the Delta. Innumera-
ble representations of this animal, in bronze
as well as in porcelain, have been found there,
and from its proximity to Naukratis it is easy to
account for the manner in which these figures
have found their way to Greek sites. A similar
figure to this was found at Aegina (cf. Plate
CXLIV. 9).

49. Figure of Ptah, in the form Ptah-Seker-
Osiris, a composite deity, who figures jjrincijjally
as a god of the dead. As such he is represented
as here, as a squatty figure crowned with feathers,
and with bowed legs and hands on his hips.

Blue-glazed porcelain.

50. Figure of a deity (?), bearded and with
the heavy wig falling down before the shoulders.
Originally crowned with some attribute, now
missing.

Blue-glazed porcelain.

51. Figure of the " Apollo " type, represent-
ing the god as playing on the double pipe.

Blue-glazed poi'celain.

This motive, of playing on the double pipe,
occurs in Egyptian art in mural paintings of the
XVIIIth dynasty and onwards, in scenes of feast-
ing and dancing (cf. Erman, Life in Ancient
Egypt, p. 250), but is unknown in the case of
faience or bronze figures. Figures of this type
are solely the product of Graeco-Egyptian art,
and were first identified at Naukratis (see above).
Another example was also found here at the
Heraeum. (Plate CXLIV. 53.)

52. Figure similar in type to No. 51, which
may possibly represent one of the other tyjjes of
Apollo identified at Naukratis. (Cf. Naukratis,
I. § 17.)

Blue-glazed porcelain.

The figure is represented with the heavy wig,
broadening out over the ears and falling behind
them on the shoulders. In feature this type has
nothing in common with Egyptian art of the
period, the long face narrowing down at the chin
and the eyes protruding from their sockets being

EGYPTIi\J^, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS

373

strongly characteristic, rather, of contemporary
Greek art. These same characteristics appear
also in Nos. 46 and 51, and they are all un-
doubtedly duo to one and the same influence.
Platk CXLIV. (sca^e 5: 6 [left], 1 : 1 [right]).

53. Same motive as in No. 51. Apollo playing
on the double pipe.

Blue-glazed porcelain.

54. Figure of a hare, recumbent.
Blue-glazed porcelain.

As a hieroglyphic word -sign, the hare has the
value wen — 'to be.' It is the conmion desert
hare of Egypt, and is generally represented, as
here, with greatly exaggerated ears (cf. Griffith,
Hieroglyphs, pi. i. 2). This animal was sacred
to Osiris Wen-nefer, and votive figures anil
amulets in this form are very common.

55. Fragment : form undeterminable.
Blue-glazed porcelain.

56. Fragment of a porcelain vase, blue-glazed.
The ornamentation consists of a double band

moulded in relief ; the upper, of perpendicular
parallel lines between two horizontal ones, and
the lower, of a series of rectangles, each with a
circle at the centre, separated by two perpen-
dicular lines.

Both of these forms are well-known Egyptian
ones, and occur regularly as border patterns in
wall-decoration and the like. (Cf. Petrie, Deco-
rative Art, figs. 186 and 194.)

57. Fragment of a vase, with decoration simi-
lar to the upper band on No. 56.

Blue-glazed porcelain.

58. Porcelain whorl, blue-glazed. In shape,
like two truncated cones base to base, and with

a hole through centre
perpendicularly. (Fig.
3.) Decoration, on both
sides, of a rosette. This
form of ornament, the
rosette, is one of the
commonest in Egyptian
art at all periods, but it
is often so conventionalized that it is difficult
to determine its derivation. In this form, with
broad, round-ended petals, it has been identified
by Petrie (Decorative Art, pp. 56-58) as the
daisy, and by Borchardt (^PJlanzensdule, p. 4,
note 1) as the chrysanthemum coronaritim.
Among the objects from Aegina, however, is the
cover of a kohl pot in blue-glazed porcelain
(Plate CXLIV. 7), which, with its centre in
relief, certainly represents the daisy; and it

Fig. 3. — Porcelain
Whorl.

would seem, from the more coiumou occurrence
of the daisy, that that would more likely have
been taken as a motive.

It also occurs with petals with pointed ends,
as, for example, on another whorl from the He-
raeum (Plate CXLIV. 59), but in such cases
it is certainly derived from another source.

One of the earliest occurrences of the rosette
is the eight-petaled form on the headband of
the statue of Nefert, of the IVth dynasty, from
Medum, now in the Cairo Museum, and we find
it employed afterwards in innumerable ways, —
not only as an ornament on sculpture, but, in
combination with other patterns, as a border-
pattern in wall-painting (cf. Petrie, op. cit. figs.
125, 126), as a motive in ceiling decoration (cf.
Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, 2d ed. I. pi.
viii.), in the glazed-porcelain tile decoration of
Tell el-Amarna (cf. Petrie, Tell el-Amariia, pis.
xiii. ff.), and the similar decoration of the palace
of Rameses III. at Tell el-Yahudieh (cf. Hayter-
Lewis, in Trans. Soc. Bill. Arch. vol. vii.). It
likewise occurs as a pattern in the cloth and
leather coverings of royal thrones (cf. Wilkin-
son, op. cit. I. Frontispiece), in bead-work (cf.
Garstang, £1 Arahah, pi. xxii.), and in decora-
tive metal-work, as in the silver bowls from
Mendes, now in the Cairo Museum (cf. Maspero,
llamial -Egypt. Arch. figs. 285 and 286).

59. Porcelain whorl, blue -glazed, of same
shape as No. 58. Here the decoration consists of
a flower with petals sharply pointed, — a form
which occurs constantly and has been identified
with certainty by Borchardt as derived from the
nym-phaea cuervlca (cf. Pjlanzensilule, p. 12).

60. Fragment of a group of two figures, in
blue-glazed porcelain. The right figure is male,
and the left female, with breasts clearly pro-
nounced. They are represented side by side, a
position which occurs so frequently in Egyptian
sculpture, both in standing and seated groups of
husband and wife. Each has the heavy wig, —
which here shows traces of having been originally
colored black, — falling down behind the ears
upon the shoulders, while on the right breast of
the female figure are two black dots, as if a neck-
lace had been represented.

61. Base and lower part of a haK-kneeling
figure, of blue-glazed porcelain.

Represented kneeling on the left knee, with
right knee raised and foot squarely on base. It
is the position of one about to rise, or to upraise
an object, from the ground, and occurs in figures

374 p:GyPTIAN, OR GRAECO-EGYPTIAN, OBJECTS

of the god Shu, wlio is rei)iesented with arms tions of him are very common in the Late New

uplifted and supporting the liorizon and sun's Empire, and are the only ones in which this un-

disk above his head (cf. Maspero, Dawn of Civ- usual jjosition occurs, so far as I know. Conse-

ilizution, p. 127). Shu was the "uplifter"of quently we may have here the lower part of such

the heavens from the earth. These representa- a figure.

The Argive Heraeum

Plate CXLIII

The Argive IIeraeum

Plate CXLIV

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INDEX

INDEX

By may LOUISE NICHOLS

Achaean League, 183, 359.

Acliaean origin of Mycenaean style, 71.

Achaia, coin of, 358.

Acropolis (Athens), development in terrarcotta figu-
rines, compared with that of female figures from, 8,
18 ; poros heads from, 29 ; terra^cottas from, 34 ;
statue from, compared with terra-cotta figurine,
35 ; group of bulls attacked by lions from, com-
pared with terra-cotta group from Heraemn, 40 ;
bronze reliefs from, compared with terra-cotta re-
liefs from Heraeum, 50, 51 ; marble relief of
charioteer from, compared with terra-cotta relief
from Heraeum, 53 ; vases from, 74, 76, 89, 133 ;
bronze relief from, compared with design on vase,
169 ; bronzes from, compared with bronzes from
Heraeum, 194 n. 2, 204 n. 2, 274 n. 1, 288, 289,
295, 296, 324, 326, 327, 329, 336.

Advanced Archaic terra-cotta figurines, 9, 38 f.

Advanced Argive terrarcotta figurines, 5, 7, 8, 9,
24 if.

" Aegean " pottery, 66, 71, 77.

Aegina, relief from, compared with terra-cotta relief,
51 ; vases from, 64, 76, 89, 116, 119, 120, 130,
131, 133, 135, 138, 152, 153, 158, 175 n. 4 ; men-
tion of, 174, 175 ; suspension vase from, similar to
bronze one from the Heraeum, 286 ; Egyptian
objects from, 367, 368, 372.

Aeolian vases, 150, 151.

Agrigentum, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1.

Agrippa, L. Caninius, name on coin, 358.

AiFa's (?), on vase, 173, 185.

Atvcas (?), on vase from Heraeum, 173, 185.

aKpo^etpio'/Aos, represented on terra-cotta plaque (?),
52.

Alabastra, 126, 155, 166, 171, 178.

Aliki, vases from, 89.

Amathus, shield from, 40 ; fibula from, 251 n. 3.

Amen Ra, on scarabs from Heraeum, 370, 371 ;
barque of Ra, 370, 371.

Amorgos, bracelet from, 251 n. 2.

Amphora a colonette, preliminary step to, 135 ; frag-
ments of, 172, 173 ; in Berlin, 185.

Amphoras, primitive, 69 ; Mycenaean, 73, 79, 83, 84,
88, 92, 93, 96 ; geometric, 105, 106, 107, 109, 112,
117, 118, 137, 157 ; miscellaneous types, 160 ;
Corinthian, 166, 171, 172, 173; black-figured
style, 176, 178 ; red-figured style, 179.

Amulets, 344, 372, 373.

Amyclae, vase fragment from. 112 n. 1.

Analysis of clay of vase fragments, 64 n. 9.

Androsphinx, on ivory, 352.

Animal figures, on vases, in Mycenaean style, 90, 91,
geometric style, 104, 107 ff., Argive style, 127, 139,
143, 145, 149, 153, 155, on miscellaneous types,
160, 161, heads of (calves ?), 98 ; in Corinthian
style, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 ; in black-fig-
ured style, 177 ; on engraved stones, 343, 346,
347, 350, winged, 349, monkey-like, 349.

Animals, of terra-cotta, 5, 9, 15, 23, 39 ff. ; of bronze,
193, 197-207 : for head of bronze pin, 235 ; in
ivory, 353.

Anthedon, knife from, 299.

" Anthro])omorphic " vases, 148.

Antoninus Pius, coin of, 358, 360, 361.

Antyx (aiTvf), on terra-cotta plaque, 53 ; on vases,
163, 164 ; of bronze, 298.

Aphidna, vase fragment from, 69, 99.

A])hrodite, represented in terra-cotta figurines (?), 14,
15, 34 ; bronze statuette, probably of, 197 ; on
coins, 358.

Apollo of Canachus, 195, 197.

ApoUo of Melos, compared with figure on terra-
cotta plaque, 48 ; with bronze statuette, 195 and
n. 4.

Apollo, Ptoan, bronze i-eliefs from temple of, com-
pared with terrarcotta reliefs from Heraeum, 51,
52.

Apollo, Tenean, compared with figure on terra-cotta
plaque, 48, 49 ; treatment of hair similar to that of,
in figure on vase, 154, in gorgon on ivory, 351.

" Apollo " type, 14, 29 ; bronze statuette compared
with, 195, treatment of hair in, 195 n. 4 ; porcelain
figure of, 372, 373.

Apparel, articles of, in ivory, 353.

Apples, terra-cotta figurine holding (?) , 36.

Applied color, use of, in vases, 123, 156-159, 160, 163.

Apulia, Sikel village in, pin from, 240 n. 1 and 7 ;
ring from, 251 n. 3.

Arcadius, coin of, 362.

Archaic heads on terra-cotta figurines, 7, 9, 14 n. 5.

Archaic terra-cotta figurines, 8, 9, 14.

Archermus, Nik(? of, 7, 52, 195 w. 3.

Argive-Linear decoration, on terra-cotta figurines, 7,
27 ; on vases, 126-144. See also Linear.

878

INDEX

Argive ('• Proto-Corinthian ") style in vases, Argivc
origin, 62 f., 64 ti. 9, 67, 111) tt'. ; linear character-
istics, 6(), lliO : derived from Mycenaean style,
121 ; contemporaneous with geometric, 121 ff. ;
ahsorption of Oriental influence, 122 £E., 144 ff. ;
relation to Corinth, 123, 153.

Argive enjbargo against Attic vases, 175, 180, 183.

Argive tyi)e of engraved stones and gems, 346-349.

Argolid, the, as centre of Mycenaean civilization, 78 ;
silver pin from, now in British Museum, 191 n. 1,
217 ». 2, 339 ; coins of, 359.

Argos, vase fragment <it, compared with Heraeum
fragment, 114; vases from, 119; coins of, 359 f.

Aristeia, name in inscription on bronze, 332.

" Aristonothos " vase, compared in technique with
one from Heraeum, 160 n. 1, 163, 164 and n. 1.

Arrow, on vases, 113, 151, 162, 163, 181.

Arrowhead pattern, on bronzes, 199, 200, 259, 262,
283, 285, 293, 295 ; on engraved stones, 347, 348 ;
on ivory, 352.

Arrowhead, of stone, found at Heraeum, 354.

Artemis, represented in terrorcotta figurines (?), 14,
15, 35. See also Persian Artemis.

ArybaUoi, 70, 71, 126, 143, and 148 n. 1 (ring-form),
153, 166, 171, 185 ; of ivory, 353.

Askos, 166, 171.

Astarte, 13 n. 10 ; with Hathor crown, compared
with bronze statuette, 197.

Athena, represented in terra-cotta figurines (?) , 14 ;
on vase, 179 ; bronze serpent from aegis of, 204.

Athena Cranaea, temple of, bronze fibulae from, 244
71. 2 ; handle from, 289.

Athenaeus, quoted, 13 n. 11, 175 n. 1.

Athens, vases from, 142, 154 ; bronze relief in, com-
pared with design on vase from Heraeum, 169 ;
bronzes found at, relation to Heraeum bronzes,
193 ; embargo on pottery from, 175 ; inscription
from, 332. See also Acropolis.

Attica, vases from, 64, 107, 119.

Augustus, head of, on coin, 358.

Aurelian, coins of, 361, 362.

Aurelius, Marcus, head of, on coin, 358, 359.

Auxesia, story concerning statue of, 174.

Bakeshop scene, terrarcotta, 15, 43.

Ball, bronze, 331.

Balls, on vases, 159, 177 (on shield) ; on coin, 363.

Bands, bronze, ornamented, 270.

Bars, bronze, 330 f.

Bather, A. G., references to, 50 n. 1, 51 n. 8, 54 ?i. 3,

192 n. 2, 202 n. 3, 274 n. 1, 336, 338.
Bathos, terraHiotta figurines from, 10 n. 1.
" Bauernstil," 103.
Beads, bronze, 264 ; engraved stones used as, 344,

345 ; of glass or stone, 92, 353 ; of glazed paste,

354.
Bear, terra-cotta, 15, head of, 41.

Bed, terra-cotta, 42 ; bronze fragment of, 329.

Bee-hive tomb, near Mycenae, 10 n. 2 ; tombs near
Heraeum, 73, 75, 79, 81, 88, 89, 91-95, 98.

Beetle, intaglio on bronze seal ring, 251.

Bell, bronze, 299 ; bell-shaped pendant, 264.

•• Bell •' of wheel, bronze, 298 f.

Berlin, tripod vase from Tanagra in, 52 ; Corinthian
pinakes in, relation to pinakes from Heraeum, 54 ;
Argive lekythos in, 145, 163, 179 ; tripod bowl in,
170 ; vase in, 195 n. 3 ; arndet in, compared with
bronze from Heraeum, 267 7i. 1.

Bes, terra-cotta figures of type of, 8, 13, 28, 29 ; on
seal of silver ring, 338 ; ivory figure of, 363 ;
porcelain figure of, 368, 372.

Biga, on vase, 154 ; on terra-cotta disk, 354.

Binding, bronze, 328.

Binding-strips, bronze, 269.

Bird, human-headed, terra-cotta, 41 ; '• bird-face "
in terra-cotta figurines, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and n. 6,
14 n. 6, 16 ff.

Birds, terra-cotta, 15 ; terra-cotta figurine holding,
36 ; on vases, 90, 108, 109, 111, 114, 116, 116.
117, 118, 127, 129, 130, 133, 135, 139, 144, 146,
149, 150, 152, 153, 162, 163, 167, 168, 169, 171,
172, 174, 183, 185; of bronze, aquatic, 204 f.,
land, 205-207, on safety-pin, 244, head and neck
of, wing of, 274, head, beak of, 297 ; 331 ; on en-
graved stones, 343, 347, flying, 348, 349 ; on ivory,
351, 352 ; shell of egg of, 363.

Black-figured style, 60, 62, 65, 66, 174-178.

Boar, on vases, 147, 152, 165, 167, 169.

Boat, on vase, 113 and ?!. 2, 116 ; inverted, form of
arch of bronze safety-pin, 242.

Bodkins, of ivory, 363.

Boehlau, J., references to, 64 7i. 6, 144 n. 2, 146, 150
n. 2, 161, 160 notes 1, 2, 235 n. 4, 240 n. 6, 242
71. 4, 243 n. 1.

Boeotia, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1, 14 and
n. 5 ; vases from, 109, 116, 143 ; bronze pin from,
235 n. 4, 240 n. 6, 242 m. 4 ; armlet from, 267 «. 1.

Bologna, fibulae from, 240 w. 1, 242 notes 1 and 2,
244 71. 4.

Borgo S. Sepolchro, pins from, 223 n. 3.

Bos-ojuk, vases from, compared with those from the
Heraeum, 68, 70, 97.

Boston, Argive lekythoi in, 135, 146, 152 n. 1.

Bottle, of colored glass (" Phoenician "), 363.

Bow, terra-cotta figure holding, 16 n. 4, 35 ; on vases,
113, 181.

Bowls, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 96, 98, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
110, 112, 113, 114, 116, 116, 158, 161, 170, 173 ;
three-legged, 70, 74 ; bronze, 284-286.

Boxing-match, represented on terrarCotta plaque, 52 ;
on vase, 113.

Boyd, Harriet A., reference to, 241 n. 7.

Bracelets, bronze, 251.

INDEX

879

Brachycephalism, in head of bronze horseman, 195
n. 1.

Braid-pattern. See Guilloehe.

Branchidae, seated figures from, 14, 36.

Bread, woman kneading, terra-cotta figurine, 18.

Bricks, terra-cotta, 47.

Bridle, on vases, 148, 154, 184.

Britisli Museum, vases in, compared with Heraeum
specimens, 131, 132, 135, 138, 143 n. 1, 144, 14G,
154, 155, 160 n. 1, 166 n. 2, 180 ; silver pin in,
from Argolis, 191 n. 1, 217 n. 2, 339 ; bronzes in,
compared with Heraeum bronzes, 204 notes 1, 2,
217 n. 1, 240 n. 1, 244 n. 3, 251 n. 3, 294, 300.

Bronzes from the Heraeum, 191-339 ; introduction,
191-193 ; process of cleaning, 192 and n. 2 ; classi-
fication, 192 ; various periods in, 193 ; technique
of, 193 ; relation to metal work of other centres,
193 ; catalogue, 194-331 ; fragments of statues, 194,
statuettes and fragments of statuettes, 194-197, an-
imals, 197-207, ornament and toilet, 207-275, ves-
sels, 275-298, implements, utensils, structural j)ieces
and materials, 298-331; appendix, inscriptions on
the bronzes, 332-339.

Buckles, bronze, 249.

Bud, bronze nail-head representing, 327.

Bull, attacked by lion, terra-cotta group, 15, 39 f.,
motive in Greek art, 40 ; on vases, 139, 146, 167,
169. See also Cattle.

Bull's head, in terra-cotta, 14, 23, 41 ; on vases,
146, 183 ; on engraved stones, 349 ; on coin, 357.

Bulle, H., reference to, 265 n. 1.

Butterfly (?), on ivory, 352.

Button, bronze, 327 ; button-shajie, in engraved stones,
345, 346, 347, 348 ; in ivory, 352.

Byzantine coins, 357, 362 f.

Byzantine ware, vases, 180, 184.

Cabirion near Thebes, potters at, 64 ; vases found at,

180 ; inscription from, 338.
Cakes, dish of, terra-cotta, 15, 42.

Calathi, representation of, on terra-cotta figurines,
10 n. 2, 12 f., 26, 27, 32 ; vases, 124 f., 145.

CaUaly Castle (Forman Collection), oinochoe formerly
at, 129.

Caminis, poros statuette from, compared with terra-
cotta figurine, 35 ; gold honnus from, compared
with terra-cotta plaque, 51 ; vases from, 143, 155,

181 ; bronze statuette of goat from, 201 n. 1 ;
Egyptian objects from, 367, 369.

Canachus. See Apollo of.

Caps, bronze, 328.

Captive, on coin, 361.

Caracalla, head of, on coin, 359.

Carneia, in inscription on bronze, 336.

Cams, coin of, 361.

Castings, bronze, 331.

Cat, porcelain figure of, 368, 372.

Cattle, bronze, 201 ff.; on engi'aved stones, 348, 350.

Cauldron, on vase, 164, 165 ; of bronze, 275 fi'., 329.

Centaur, terra-cotta, 15, 40 ; on terra-cotta plaijue,
48, 53 f.; on relief vase in Louvre, 49 n. 1 ; on
vases, 162, 163, 181.

Centre-piece, bronze, 328.

Cephalonia. See Corfu.

Cervetri, gold breastplate from, design of, compared
with that of bronze from Heraeum, 251 n. 1.

Cesnola, L. P. di, references to, 38, 40, 197 n. 1, 250
M. 1.

Chaeronea, bronze rings from, in Atliens Museum,
250 n. 3.

Chain, bronze, 327 f.

Chair, terracotta, 5 and n. 1, 42, 92.

Chalcidian origin of " Proto-Corintliian " style, 119.

Chalcidian vases, 163, 169.

Chariot, on terra-cotta jJaques, 48, 53, 54 ; on vases,
113, 163, 164, 177.

Charioteer, on terra-cotta plaque, 53.

Chase, G. H. See Waldstein.

Checkerboard pattern, on vases, 105, 106, 109, 114,
127, 128, 129, 130, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 151,
152, 153, 155, 162, 168.

Cheraniyes, statue, 30.

Chimaera, on coin, 358.

Chisel, bronze, 300.

Chiton, method of fastening as shown by terra-cotta
figurines, 11 ; on terra-cotta plaque, 50; on vases,
117, 169 ; on bronze, talaric, 265 ; on coin, 357.

Chiusi, vase from, 118.

CIdoris (in group \vith Leto), on coin, 359.

Cluist, bust of, on coins, 363.

Circles (with or without central dot), on vases, 69, 84.
86, 87, 88, 105, 107, 109, 111, 115, 145, 146, 149,
157, 158, 163, 170, 183 ; on lamp, 184 ; on bronzes,
206, 209, 210, 213, 220, 223, 227, 228, 229, 231.
235, 248, 249, 250, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 274,
275, 278, 283, 284, 285, 297, 311, 314, on en-
graved stone, 349 ; on ivory, 352, 353.

Cist, bronze, in Museo Gregoriano, compared with
Heraeum bronze, 290.

Clamps, bronze, 328.

Claw, bronze, 274.

Clazomenae, technique of sarcophagi from, compared
with that of vase fragments from Heraeum, 150.

"Clover-leaf " tyj)e of fibula, on terra-cotta figurines,
10 and n. 2, 21, 23, 26, 31.

Coatings, bronze, 270.

Cock, tei-ra-cotta, 15, 41; on vase, 178; of bronze,
205 f., 274 n. 2.

Codrus, legend of, 104.

Coins from the Heraeum, 357-363 ; general discus-
sion, 357 ; catalogue, 357-363 ; of Greece, 357-
360 ; of Rome (Empire), 361 f., (Eastern Empire),
362 f . ; Venice, 363 ; uncertain, 363.

Color, use of, on terra-cotta figurines, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 :

380

INDEX

use of extra or applied, in vases, V2li, 156—159,
160, 163.

Comiuodus, head of, on coins. ;i58, 359.

Cones of terra-cotta, 15 and /(. 10, 43 f.

Constantius Clilorus, coin of, 361.

Constantius II., coins of, 362.

Containers, bronze, 296 f.

Conventionalism, in Mycenaean vases, 76, 81.

Conze, A., reference to, 54 h. 4, 163, 195 a. 4.

Copenhagen, vases in, 52, 113, 114, 115.

Copper, 272, 275. See also Pins.

Coral, bit of, 354.

Corcyra, terracotta figurines from, 14 n. 4, 34, 35.

Corfu, Cejjhalonia, Zante, coin of, 363.

Corinth, vases from, 107, 144; its connection witli
Argos in history of vase painting, 122, 123, 145,
166 ; archaic bronze relief from, 197 n. 2 : coins
of, 357 f.

Corinthia, coins of, 357 f.

Corinthian jjinakes in Berlin, connected with those
from Heraeum, 54.

Corinthian style, in vases, 8, 60, 62, 65, 66, 119, 122,
145, 165-173, 182, 185 ; Old, 167 ff. ; New, 172 ff.

Cornucopia, on coin, 361, 362.

Coroplastic art, interaction of vase painting and, 6
and n. 9, 7.

Corselet, on vase, 177.

Cotilon (Bassae), mirrors from, 265 n. 2, 266 n. 1.

Cover-knobs, 140.

Covers, horses on covers of geometric vases, 23 ; of
vases, 115, 116, 137, 138, 139, 140, 169.

Cow, terrarcotta, 15, head of, 14, 23 ; on vases, 151 ;
of bronze, 201 and n. 3, 202 ; on engi-aved stone,
349. See also Cattle.

Crab, on engraved stone, 348.

Crepereia Tryphaena, sarco2)hagus of, 269 n. 1, 278.

Crescents, on vase, 71 ; on bronze, 204, 276, 283, 285.

Crete, winged human figures from, 50 ra. 5 ; as possi-
ble centre of source of Mycenaean civilization, 66,
71 ; vases from, 79, 115, 156.

Cross, Greek, on terrarCOtta spools, 44 ; of terrarCotta,
44.

Cross, on vases, 82, 105, 111, 149, 151, 154 ; on
lamps, 184 ; on bronzes, 209, 210, 213, 264, 295,
297, 310, 312, 315 ; on engraved stone, 350 ; on
coins, 212, 363.

Cups, 72, 92, 95, 107, 180, 184.

Curtius, E., concerning "heraldic" animals, 28, 110
n. 1 ; concerning running figures, 28 ; other refer-
ences to, 50 n. 2, 52 n. 1, 175 n. 3.

Cut ornaments, bronze, 274.

Cybele, represented in terra-cotta figurines (?), 14.

Cyclades, primitive vases from, compared with those
from Heraeum, 68, 69, 70.

Cylixes, vases. 74, 81, 86. 88, 92, 95, 166, 172, 173.
174. 176, 177. 178, 179; cylix on bronze mirror-
handle in liand of satyr, 265.

Cymbals, bronze, 299.

Cyprus, influence of, in terra-cotta figurines, 15 ;
terraniotta figurines from, 27 ; vases from, 10 n. 1,
^ii, 135, 148 ; head from, compared with bronze
statuette, 197 n. 1 ; rings from, 251 n. 3.

Cyrenaica, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1, 19, .34.

Cyrenean vases, 62, 65, 148, 173.

Daimons, on reliefs from Olympia. comj)ared with
winged figures on terra-cotta placpies from He-
raeum, 52 ; on silver ring from Heraeum, 338.

Daisy, design on porcelain whorl, 373.

Damia, story concerning statue of, 174.

Saixuofjyol, in inscription on bronze, 333.

Dancing, re))resented on vase, 114.

DeCou, H. F., Bronzes of the Argive Heraeum, 191-
331 ; Inscriptions on the Bronzes, 332-339 ; Coins
from the Argive Heraeum, 357-363 ; theory as to
headdress of terra-cotta figurines, 13 n. 4.

Dedicatory use of vases at the Heraeum, 64.

Deer, terra-cotta figure holding, 15 n. 4 ; on vases,
108, 115, 116, 150, 151, 164, 167, 168 ; of bronze,
200 f .

Deianeira, earliest representation of, on vase, 163.

Deinoi, 135, 185.

Delos, Nicandra statue from, 8 ; winged female figure
from, compared with terra-cotta figurine, 28 ; en-
graved stone from, 348.

Delphi, statue by Polymedes at, 195 ; retrograde
writing in names of Argive kings at, 333.

Demeter, terra-cotta figurines dedicated to, 13 ; re-
presented in terra-cotta groups (?), 14, 22.

Deposits of terracotta figurines, 3 w. 3.

De Ridder, A., refei-ences to, 49 n. 1, 51 7i. 9, 52,
181 and n.' 3, 194 notes 2, 4, 196 notes 2, 3, 4, 197,
204, n. 2, 288, 289, 296.

Diadems, bronze, 196, 240 n. 5, 265, 266 f . ; on
coins, 360, 362, 363.

Diamonds, on terra-cotta plaque, 48 ; on vases, 83,
84, 87, 90, 142 ; on bronzes, 200, 243, 282, 283,
284, 309 ; on ivory, 353.

Dictaean Cave, pins from, 217 n. 1 ; rosettes on
objects from, 232 »t. 1, 299 ?i. 1.

Digamma, in inscription on bronze, 333.

Diodorus Siculus, quoted, 51 n. 4.

Dionysus, on vase, 178 (head of), 179.

Dipylon style, on terra-cotta plaques, 53, 54, in vases,
65, 102 f., 115, 118, 122, 157 ; in bronzes, 193.

Disks, as earrings of terra-cotta figurines, 12 ; flower-
like, 15, 43 ; of bronze, 267-269 ; use of, 267 «. 2,
269 n. 1 ; gold disks from Mycenae, 269 n. 2 ;
insei'ted disks, 330 ; terra-cotta disk, 354.

Dodona, bronze plaque from, compared with terra-
cotta plaque from Heraeum, 50 f. ; bronze reliefs
from, compared with terra-cotta reliefs from He-
raeum, 51 ; bronzes from, compared with bronzes
from Heraeum, 193, 295. 297, 308, 316 n. 1.

INDEX

881

"Dodwell" vase. 169.

Dog, teiTa-cotta lieacl of, 15, 41 ; on vases, 108, 115,
147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 182 ; on .scarabs, 368, 371.

Doll, in arms of terra-cotta figurine, 37.

Dolpliin, bronze, 274 ; on engraved .stone, 350.

Domitian, liead of, on coins, 358.

Dorian Invasion, 66, 102, 103, 121.

" Dorian " technicjue, 156.

Diirpfeld, W., references to, 30, 300.

Doryphoros of Polycleitus, Furtwangler's view sup-
ported by relief on lamp from Heraeum, 184.

Double-axe, on vases, 112 f., 116; on engraved
stones, 347.

Double writing of consonants in Ai-give inscriptions,
333.

Dove, terra-cotta figure holding, 15 n. 4, 34 ; of terrar
cotta, 41 ; on coin, 358.

Dresden, terra-cotta figure from Thisb^ in, 24 ; vases
in, compared with Heraeum specimens, 146, 148
n.l.

Duck, on vases, 90, 110, 169 ; on scarab, 371.

" Dumb-bell " form of safety-pin, on terra-cotta figu-
rines in Athens Museum, 10 u. 2 ; from Heraeum,
25 ; of bronze, 242.

Dummler, F., references to, 120, 143, 181.

Eagle, on vase, 174 ; on engraved stone, 350 ; on
ivory, 351, 352 ; on coin, 358.

Ear, on vase, 179.

Early Archaic terra-cotta figurines, 8, 9, 29 ff.

Early Argive vases, 121, 124 ff.

Early Attic vases, 62, 65, 66, 122, 145, 165, 173,
351.

Early Naturalistic style in bronzes, 199, 201.

Earrings, forms of, on terra-cotta figurines, 12.

Edgar, C. C, reference to, 276 n. 1.

Eel, on vases, 80.

Egg, bit of shell of, 353.

Egypt, excavations in, as throwing light on date of
Mycenaean civilization, 77 ; Mycenaean ware from,
156.

Egyptian (or Graeco-Egyptian) objects from the
Argive Heraeum, 367-374 ; general discussion,
367-369 ; catalogue, 370-374.

Egyptian horseman in terra-cotta of Egyptian manu-
facture, 8, 29.

ICileithyia, represented in terra-cotta groups (?), 14.
See also Hera Eileithyia.

Ekethaio (?), name in inscription on bronze, 332.

Eleusis, skyphoi from, 112 n. 2, 113 notes 1, 2 ; vases
from, 119, 124 ,i. 1, 128, 132, 144, 158 ; pin in
museum at, 235 n. 3 ; gold ring in museum at, 261
n. 2 ; bronze plated with gold in museum at, 273
n. 1 ; Egyptian objects from, 367, 369, 372.

£\if, represented on terra-cotta figurines, 10, 11, 21.

Ellipses, truncated, decoration on bronze, 276, 277.

Engraved stones, gems, and Ivories, 343-354 ; gen-

eral discussion, 343-345; classification and cata-
logue, 345-354.

Epidaurus, story concerning, 174.

Eros (?), on coin, 3/58.

Este, buttons from, 327.

Eudamas, name in inscription on bronze, 338.

Euphronios, vase in style of, 180.

Evans, A. .!., references to, 48 n. 2, 66, 79, 113, 344,
345, 347, 348, 349, 367.

Exergue, 173, 179.

Eye, on vases, 177, 179.

Fasteners, bronze, 327 f.

Female figures, large proportion of, among terrarcotta
figurines, 4 «. 4, 13 and n. 5 ; on terracotta platjue,
48 ; on vases, 108, 114, 162, 163, 169, 170, 172,
174, 179, 183 ; of bronze, 196 f. ; on terracotta
disk, 354; on coins, 359, 360, 361, 362.

Fibulae, forms of, on terra-cotta figurines, 10 f . ;
bronze, 191, 193, 203 n. 1, 240 n. 1 ; of sangui-
suf/a type, 244 n. 4; of ivory, 353 (with broir/.e
pin). See also Safety-pins.

Figurines. See Terra-cotta.

Finger-rings, bronze, 250 f. See also Rings.

Fish, on vases, 78, 80 f., 91, 94, 111, 112, 113, 115,
117, 134 ; bronze handle in form of (?), 293; on
ivory, 352.

Flower, terrarCotta figure holding, 15 n. 4, 34 ; on
terra-cotta plaque, 50 ; in mouth of lion on gold
breastplate from Cervetri, 251 n. 1 ; on handle of
vessel, 288 ; nail-head representing, 327 ; on coin,
359, 360 ; on porcelain whorl, 373.

Flower pattern, on vases, 79, 80, 83, 85, 88, 94, 105,
128, 134, 137, 138, 167, 178 ; on bronze pins, 234
n. 2, 251.

Flute-player, terra-cotta, 17, 18. >

Fly, in intaglio on bronze seal ring, 251.

Foot with sandal, terra-cotta, 16, 43.

Fortune (Tychd), on coin, 358.

Franfois vase, group on, compared with gi-oup on
terra-cotta plaque, 53 ; other reference to, 195 ii. 3.

Frankel, Max, references to, 195 n. 4, 196 n. 4, 204
M. 1, 333 and ti. 1, 334, 335, 336.

Free style, terra-cotta figurines of, 9, 39.

Frog, bronze, 203 ; ivory, 352.

Fruit, terra-cotta figure holding, 15 n. 4, 34 ; on
terrarcotta mould, 43, 48 ; nail-head representing,
352.

Furtwangler and Loeschcke, classification of My-
cenaean vases, 62, 72, 74-77, 82 f. ; theory for
origin of geometric style, 66, 102 ; other references
to, 85, 86, 93, 119.

Furtwangler, A., interpretation of winged figures
on Olympia reliefs, 52 ; concerning the Aristono-
thos vase, 164 ; on bronze relief in Athens, 169 ;
view as to Doryphoros of Polycleitus supported by
relief on lamp from Heraeum, 184 ; theory as to

382

INDEX

bronze safety-pin, 249 ». 1 ; dating of vase similar
to Hevaeuni specimen, 287 7i. 1, other references
to, 10 n. 8, 15 n. 5, 17, 42, 51 n. 6, 52 n. 7, 53
H. 1, 54 n. 5, 64 n. 2, 99 n. 2, 119, 143, 160 n. 2,
164 n. 3, 170, 183 n. 1, 186. 194 n. 5, 200 n. 2.
215 notes 1, 2, 232 n. 2. 243 w. 1, 246 w. 3, 247
n. 2, 261 «.. 1, 287 n 1, 293, 294, 325, 338. See
also Olympia.

Galerius, coins of, 361 f.

Galley, on vase, 113 n. 2.

Gallienus, coin of, 361.

Gamedes oinochoe, compared with one from the He-
raeum, 160 and n. 1.

Gardner, E. A., references to, 29, 173, 367 n. 7.

Gear, leather, imitated in bronze, 275.

Gela, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1.

Gems, Mycenaean, compared with terra-cotta plaque
from Heraeum, 28. See also Engraved stones.

Genre scenes, on vases, in geometric style, 104, 108,
113, 157.

Geometric, terra-cotta figurines, 5, 6, 9, 14, 23 ;
geometric style in vases, 60, 62, 64, 101 ff., i-esult
of Dorian Invasion, 66, 102, method of classifica-
tion, 101, 102, 104, difference from Mycenaean
vases, 102, 104, theories as to origin of, 102, de-
velopment of, 103, 104, connection with Dipylon
style, 104, 115, date of, 104, relation to Argive
style, 121, 157 ; " geometric " period in bronzes,
193, geometric style in bronzes, 197, 200, 204,
geometric ornamentation on safety-pins, 242, 243 ;
engraved stones, 343, 346, 349 f.

Girdle, bronze, 266.

Glass, vases, 184 ; bottles of, 35.3.

Glaze color, use of, on terra-cotta figurines, 6.

Globe, on coin, 361, 362.

Goad, on vases, 162, 163, 164, 177.

Goat, on vases, 150, 153, 154, 167, 168, 169, 172,
1 74 ; bronze statuette from Camirus in British
Museum, 201 n. 1.

Gold, bronze plated with, 273 and 7i. 1 ; tacks from
Mycenae, 325, fragments of sheet gold, 329, rivet,
338.

Goose, on vases, 159, 167.

Gordion, fibulae from, 246 notes 2, 4.

Gorgon, terrarcotta figurine representing (?), 28 ; on
terra-cotta plaque (?), 52 ; gorgoneion on vase frag-
ment, 171 ; on ivory, 351.

Gospel, book of the, on coins, 363.

Graeco-Egyptian. See Egyptian.

Gratian, coin of, 362.

Greaves, on vases, 161, 162, 172, 177.

Greece, coins of, 357 fP.

Griffin, terra-cotta, head of, 41 ; on vases, 152, 171 ;
on bronzes, 193, 274, 294 ; on engraved stones,
350; on ivory", 351, 352; on scarab, 371.

Griffitli, F. LI., references to, 367 7i. 2, 370, 371, 373.

GuiUoche, on vases, 82, 86, 87, 88, 107, 109, 129,
130, 143, 145, 158, 161, 162, 163 ; on bronzes, 266,
293.

Gurlitt, W., reference to, 196 n. 1.

Hadaczek. C, references to, 44 «., 240 ?;. 4.

Hadrian, head of, on coins, 359, 360.

Hagliios Sostis, terra-cotta figurines from, 9.

Hair, development of, on terra-cotta figurines, 12 ;
treatment of, on terracotta plaque, 49, on vase,
154 ; bronze, lock of, 194, treatment of, 195 and
notes 3, 4, 197, 287.

Hallstatt period, vase fragments in Vienna from
graves of, 69 ; in relation to geometric style, 103.

Halo, on coins, 363.

Handles, bronze, rings used as, 254 n. 1, of mirrors,
264-266, plates with, 275-277, bowls with, 285,
of vessels, 288-294, of tripods, 295, miscellaneous,
297 f.

Hare, terra-cotta figure holding, 15 n. 4, 35 ; on
vases. 146, 147 ; porcelain figure of, 373.

Harness, bronze, 275.

Harpy, terra-cotta, 41.

Hartwig, P., enumeration of polychrome vases, 179 f.

Hawk, on scarabs, 370, 371.

Hebe, represented in terra-cotta gi'oups (?), 13, 22.

Heermance, T. W., Inscriptions on Vases, 185-187.

Helbig, W., references to, 10, 53 n. 1, 118, 119, 163
n. 1, 164, 295.

Helladios, name in inscription on bronze, 332.

Helmet, on terra-cotta figurines, 40 ; on vases, 148,
152, 161, 162, 164,170, 172, 174, 183; on coins,
361, 362.

Hemispherical engraved stones, 345, 346, 347.

Hera, seated figures of, 5, 15, represented in terra-
cotta figurines (?), 13, 22 ; cult of, 68 ; name in
inscriptions, on vases, 185 f., on bronze, 332, 336,
337, 338 ; on terra-cotta disk (?), 354 ; head of,
on coin, 369.

Hera Antheia, 16, 35 ; terra-cotta figurines repre-
senting (?), 10, 21.

Hera Eileithyia, 13 n. 7, 15 n. 4, 30.

Hera T-tnno^, 40.

Hera, of Polycleitus, 13, 39 ; in gi'oup with Hebe, 22.

Heraea, 22 n. 1, 336.

Herakles, on vases, 163, 177, 181.

" Heraldic " schema, lions on terra-cotta ])laque, 7,
28 ; on vases, 90, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117,
118, 127, 169.

Herodotus, references to, 65 n. 1, 174 notes 1, 2,
175 and n. 1, 193, 336.

Herring-bone pattern, on vases, 69, 70, 87, 92, 130,
146, 181.

Heuzey, L., concerning development of " Bes " type,
28 ; concerning Rhodian ware, 37 ; other references
to, 10 M. 1, 14 n. 5, 18, 19, 22, 27, 28, 34, 35, 36,
37, 41, 197 n. 3.

INDEX

888

Himation, on vase, 169 ; on bronze, 265.

Hinge, bronze, 328.

Hissarlik, primitive vases from, 18, compared with
tliose from Heraeum, 68, 70, 97. See also Troy.

Hogarth, D. G., statement as to winged hmnan figures
of " Mycenaean " style discovered l)y him in Crete,
50 11. 5 ; excavations in Melos, 66 ; other refer-
ences to, 202 n. 1, 217 n. 1, 232 n. 1, 299 n. 1.

HoUeaux, M., references to, 51 n. 9, 194 n. 5, 195 w. 4.

Homer, (juoted, 11 notes 4 and 5.

Homolle, Th., reference to, 195.

Hooks, bronze, 324.

Hoppin, J. C, The Vases and Vase Fragments, 57-
184. See also Waldstein.

Horse, terra-cotta, 6, 15, 23, 29, 40, 41 ; head of,
terracotta, 41 ; on terra-cotta plaques, 48, 53, 54 ;
on vases, in Mycenaean style, 90, in geometric
style, 108, 109 ff., 114, 115, 116, 117, with human
figures. 111, 112, 117, 118 ; in Argive style, 130,
148, 150, 152, 154, 162, 163, 164, 165; in Corin-
thian style. 172, 173, 174 ; in black-figured style,
176, 177, 178 ; in red-figured style, 179 ; on " red "
ware, 182 ; on Megarean ware, 183 ; on lamp,
184; of bronze, 197-200; on bronze, 243, 265,
273 w. 1 ; on engraved stones, 343, 347, with hu-
man figures, 347, winged, 348 ; on coins, 357, 361.

Horseman, terrarcotta, 8, 29 ; on vases, 177, 178,
182, 183 ; bronze statuette of, 194 f., 196 n. 4, po-
sition as shown on vases, 194 n. 3, and in bronze
rider in National Museum, Athens, 194 n. 4, com-
pared with other examples in marble, 194 n. 5 ; on
coins, 357, 358, 361, 362.

Horseshoe ornament, on bronze, 249, 266, 299 ;
shape, in links of bronze chain, 327.

House, on engraved stones, as in Cretan pictographs,
347, 348.

Household use, articles for, in ivory, 353.

Human figure, on vases, in Mycenaean style, 90 f.,
in geometric style, 104, 107 ff., Ill S., in Orien-
tal Argive, 150, 151, 152, in miscellaneous types,
162, 163, on Corinthian vases, 169, in black-fig-
ured style, 177, 178, on " red " ware. 182, 183 ;
on lamp, 184 ; on bronze, bearded, draped, 265 ; on
engraved stones, 343, 346, 347, 348, 349 ; in ivory^
353 ; on coins, 359, 361, 362, 363 ; in porcelain,
373. See also Horse.

Human head, on vases, 106, 131, 146, 148 (plastic),
170 (plastic), 177 ; on coins, 357, 358, 359, 360,
361, 362, 363 ; of porcelain, 372.

Hylleis (HuX«s), in inscription on bronze, 333.

lalysos, vases from, 82, 93.
" lalysos " types (funnel-shaped vases), 88.
Ibex, on scarab, 371.

Idols, terrarcotta, 22 ; resemblance of bronze to, 272.
Upoi ya/i.os, represented in terra-cotta groups (?), 22 ;
relation of Heraea to, 22 m. 1.

Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, reference to, 78.

Implements, utensils, structural pieces and materials,
in bronze, 298-331.

u for I, in inscription on bronze, 333.

In^, fibula from, 247 n. 1.

Inscribed bronzes, ring, 250, mirror-handle, 265,
binding-strij), 270, inscribed i)lates, 273 f., vessels
of bronze, 277, 278, 284, 297, antyx, 298, bar. 331.

Inscriptions, on vases, painted, 185, incised, 185-
187 ; on bronze, 332-339 ; on silver ring from
Heraeum, 338 ; on silver pin in British Museum
said to be from near Heraeum, 339. See also In-
scribed bronzes aTid Egyptian objects.

Intaglio, ornament on seals, bronze, 250 f.

Interaction of vase painting and coroplastic art, 6
and n. 9, 7.

Inverted design, 91, 151 ft.

lo, Hellenistic identification of Isis with, 197.

Iron, 203, 243, 270, 274, 296, 302, 324, 327, 329,
330. See also Pins.

Isis, 197 ; headdress of, compared with that of terra-
cotta figurine, 13 n. 4.

" Island stone" from bee-hive tomb near Heraeum, 92.

la-Ofuov, represented on terra-cotta figurines, 11.

Ivories, 351-353.

Ivory, pins from Mycenae, Tiryns, and Troy, 208
n. 2, from Mycenae, 217 ?i. 1 ; seal of, 251.

Ivy pattern, 145, 146, 161, 177, 178.

Jackal, on scarab, 371.

Jars, bronze, 286.

John Zimisces, coins of, 363.

Jones, H. Stuart, reference to, 48 n. 1.

Jugs (Kannen), 73, 84, 92, 93, 96, 99, 105, 107, 114,
118, 131, 132, 143, 145, 153, 154 ; tea-pot shaped,
94, 117, 143 ; with three handles, 71, 96, 100, 101.

Julia Domna, head and bust of, on coin, 359 ; coin of,
361.

Julian (called the Apostate), coin of, 362.

Jupiter, on coin, 362.

Kabbadias, P., references to, 36, 195 n. 4, 367.

Kabirion. See Cabirion.

Kalathoi, 124, 125, 144. See Calathos.

Kalkmann, A., his measurements, 195, 196.

Kameiros. See Camirus.

Karneia. See Carneia.

Kavousi, pin from, 241 n. 7.

Kekule von Stradonitz, R., references to, 35, 36, 37,

41, 52.
Keros, terra-cotta figurines from, 112.
Kertsch, terrarcotta figurine from, 35.
Key, bronze, 299.
Kithara, on vase, 112.
Knives, bronze, 299 f.
Knobs of covers, vases, 140 ff.
Koehler, U., references to, 112, 333.

884

INDEX

Koppa, on inscribed vase, 186 ; on coins. 3f)7 f.

9(ipuivos, name inscribed on vase, 186.

Kot6, represented in terra-cotta groups, 14. 22.

Kiirte. A., references to, 68, 70, 71, 97, 332.

KOrte, G.. references to, 196 n. 2. 197 n. 3.

Kiirte, G. and A., references to, 246 notes 2, 4.

Kothons. 143. 166.

KovpoTp6<f>o^ figures, of terra-cotta, 12 n. 1, 13, 19,

21, 25.
Kylix. See Cylix.

Lal)eo. L. Furius, name on coin, 358.

Laconia, coins of, 358 f.

Ladle, bronze, 296 f.

Lamps, 180, 183 f.

Larisa, coin of, 357 ; head of, on coin, 357.

Laurent, M., fragment of vase from Heraeum pub-
lished by, 113, 164 71. 2, 165 n. 1.

Leaf pattern, on vases, 80, 81, 93, 105, 131, 146, 183 ;
on bronzes, 233, 266, 282, 283, 285, 287, 288, 296,
297, 299, 328.

Leather gear, imitated in bronze, 275.

Leaves, bronze, 274.

Lechat, H., references to, 14 n. 4, 34, 35.

Lekythoi, 119, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 131, 145, 146,
148, 151, 158, 176, 178, 197 w. 3.

Lenticular shajie, engraved stones of, 346, 350.

Leto, in group with Chloris, on coin, 359.

Licinius, coin of, 362.

Linear development of Argive style, in vases, 62, 66^
88, 120, 121. See Argive-Linear.

Lion, terra-cotta, attacking bull, 15, 39 f., heraldic, on
plaque, 7, 28, on plaques, 48, 54 ; on vases, 146,
151, 153, 159, 160, 161, 167, 169, 171, 177, 182 ;
bronze, in relief, 198, 199, 293, in the round, 202,
203, 235 (head of), on bow of safety-pin, 249, in-
taglio on seal ring, 250, on gold breastplate from
Cervetri, 251 n. 1, lion's feet tripod standards,
295 f ., paw of, 331 ; on engi-aved stone, 350 ; on
ivory, 351 ; skin of, on coin, 359 ; head of, on coin,
363.

Lion Gate at Mycenae, compared with terra-cotta
plaque from Heraeum, 28.

Lizard, on vases, 115, 147 ; on bronze, 198.

Local varieties of vases at the Heraeum, 62, 176.

Loeschcke, G. See Furtwangler and Loeschcke.

Loop pattern, on vases, 86, 87, 88, 94.

Lorimer, H. L., reference to, 298.

Lotus, on vases, 137, 138, 145, 167, 178 ; on bronzes,
196 f., 285.

Louvre, relief vase in, 49 ra. 1 ; other vases in, com-
pared with Heraeum vases, 84, 100, 127, 131, 163,
180 ; torso from Actium in, 194 ; hydria of Tima-
goras in, 195 n. 3.

Lozenge, on vases, 70, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 105, 106,
107, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, 127,
128, 129, 130, 134, 135, 137, 143, 147, 148, 152,

157, 162 ; lozenge shape, engraved stones, 346,
348.

Lusi. j)in-head from, 213 n. 1 ; pin from. 220 n. 1 ;
fibula from, 240 n. 4, 241 notes 1 and 7.

Lythgoe, A. ^L, Egyptian or Graeco-Egyptian Ob-
jects from the Argive Heraeum, 367-374.

Maeander. on vases, 106, 109, 110. Ill, 112, 114,
115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 129, 130, 133, 134, 135,
136, 137, 157, 158, 162 ; on bronze, 229.

Maenad, on vase, 179.

Marcus Aurelius, head of, on coins, 358, 359.

Martha, J., references to, 6 n. 8, 9 n. 6, 14 ii. 5, 19,
21, 24, 28, 32 n. 1, 34, 36, 40, 41, 42, 298.

Maspero. G., references to, 369 n. 2, 371, 373, 374.

Mas<jues of terra-cotta, 38.

Medical instruments, bronze, 303, 323.

Megara Hyblaea, terra-cottas from, 14 «. 6, 28, 34,
37, 42, 43; vases from, 99 n. 1, 100, 119, 131,
144. 154, 155 ; pin from, 218 n. 2, 223 n. 2 ; rings
from, 251 n. 3, 264 7iotes 1 and 3, 327.

Megarean vases, 62, 180, 182 f.

Melian vases, 169, 163.

Melos, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 w. 1, pottery
from, 66, 71, 154, 276 w. 1 ; engraved stone from,
349.

Menidhi, vase from, 161 ; bronze pin from, 213 n. 2.

Mikos, name on inscribed vase, 186.

Milchhofer, A., theory as to bronze pins and spits, 235
n. 3 ; other references to, 50 n. 4, 52 n. 5, 181,
235 twtes 3 and 5, 313 n. 1, 329.

Mirrors and mirror-handles, bronze, 264-266 ; mirror-
handle, 196 n. 3.

Miscellaneous types of vases, 159-165.

Moncucco, pins of Italic type from, 207 m. 3.

Monkey, terra-cotta, 15, 42 ; on seal of silver ring
from Heraeum (?), 338.

Moiitelius, O., references to, 10 7wtes 8 and 12, 11 and
?i. 2, 207 n. 3, 208 n. 3, 215 n. 2, 228 n. 1, 235
71. 2, 240 7iotes 1, 3, 6, 241 notes 3-6, 242 7wtes 1,
2, 244 n. 4, 298, 327.

Moulds, use of, for terra-cotta figurines, 7, 8 ; of terra-
cotta, 43, 48 ; vases, 181.

Mouse, bronze, 203.

Murex, on terra-cotta mould, 48, 49 ; on vases, 81,
82, 85, 86, 157.

Murray, A. S., references to, 191 m. 1, 217 7i. 2, 367
71. 6, 372.

Mycenae, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 7i. 2, 22 ;
whorls from, 44 ; bull's head from, 23 ; vases from,
71, 78, 97, 102, 108, 113 (silver), 161, 181 ; pins
from, compared with bronze pins from Heraeum,
208 71. 2, 209 n. 1 ; bronze tacks from, 214 w. 1 ;
pins from, 217 n. 1 ; fibulae from, 240 «. 2, 241
n. 7, 244 ». 4 ; gold ring from, 250 w. 3, 251 7i. 3,
gold disks from, 269 re. 2 ; bronze saucer from,
278 ; gold cup from, 283 ». 1 ; amphora from, 287

INDEX

385

n. 1 ; knives from, 300 ; gold tacks and bronze
nails from, 325.

Mycenaean style in vases, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 70,
linear development of, 66, 88, origin of, 71, with
" duU " decoration, 71-74, 156, with " lustrous "
decoration, 74-91, 156, from bee-hive tombs, 91-
95, classification of, 74-77, date of, 77, 78, survival
of Mycenaean style, 105, 120 ; in bronzes, 193.

Mycenaean, terra-cotta figurines, 5, 9, 14, 22 f . ; en-
graved stones, 346, 350.

Nails, bronze, 324-527.

Naples, vases in Museum at, compared with He-
raeum sjjecimens, 131, 135, 155, 166 n, 2.

Naturalism, in Mycenaean vases, 76, 81.

Natm-alistic style, in bronzes, horses, 200, cattle, 201,
lion, rodent, frog, 203, serpents, 204, birds, 206.

Naucratis, " cake-stamps " from, 48 ; pottery from,
135, 159, 178, 180 ; Egyptian objects from, 367,
368, 372.

Naukydes, group of Hera and Hebe by, 22.

Nauplia, vases found at, 78, 84.

Necklace, forms of, on terra-cotta figurines, 11 ; in
zigzag pattern, bronze, 196 ; compared with terra-
cottas from Heraeum, 196 n. 5 ; on terra-cotta
figurines from Terravecchia, 267 n. 2.

Needle, bronze, 250 ; ivory, 92, 353.

Nemean lion, Herakles and, on vases, 177.

Nero, head of, on coin, 360.

Nessos, on vases, 163.

Net ornament, on vases, 82, 105, 107.

Neuchatel and Brienne lakes, pins from, 217 n. 1.

Nicandra, statue, 8, 30.

Nikasias, name in inscription on bronze, 337.

Nikd, on vase, 183 ; on coins, 358, 361.

Nikd of Archermus. See Archermus.

Norton, R., Engraved Stones, Gems, and Ivories,
343-354 ; theory as to flower ornament on bronze
pin-heads, 234 n. 2 ; suggestion as to cut figure of
bronze, 274 n. 2.

Novilara, bronze ring from, compared with bronzes
from Heraeum, 258 n. 1.

Nude female type, fragment of bronze statuette of,
196 and n. 2.

Nymphaea caerulea, 373.

Obsidian, fragments of, found at Heraeum, 353.

Oinochoai, 69, 70 (?), 71, 99, 100, 107, 126, 128-131,
144, 145, 148-151, 159, 160, 166, 168, 170.

Olive branch on coins, 361.

Olympia, figures of animals found at, 6 ; bronze re-
liefs from, compared with terra-cotta reliefs from
Heraeum, 51, 52 ; tripods from, 164 ; bronzes
from, compared with Heraeum bronzes, 193, 194
n. 2, 195, 198 notes 1, 2, 3, 199 notes 1, 2, 200
notes 1, 2, 201 n. 2, 202 «. 4, 204 notes 2, 3, 205
notes 1, 2, 215 notes 1, 2, 219 n. 1, 223 n. 1, 225

n. 1, 226 n. 1, 230, 232 n. 2, 235 n. 2, 240 notes 5,
6, 242 iwtes 1-4, 243 notes 1, 3, 244 n. 1, 246
notes 1, 3, 247 iiotes 1, 2, 249 n. 1, 250 n. 1, 259
n. 1, 261 notes 1, 4, 262 notes 1, 2, 264 mites 1-6,
265 n. 3, 267 n. 2, 269 n. 3, 270 n. 1, 275, 283,
287 n. 1, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296,
297, 298, 299, 325, 326, 327, 329; ivory from,
351.

Open-work vases, 144.

Orchomenos, vases from, 119, 153, 155 ; " Apollo "
statue from, 195 «. 4.

Oriental influence in terrarcotta figurines, 7, 8 n. 3,
9, 13 and n. 4, 28 f.; in terra-cotta plaques, 49,
52, 54 ; in vases, 66, 121, 122, 144, 145, 163, 182 ;
in bronzes, 193 ; in lotus headdress of bronze statu-
ette, 196 f., in cattle, 202, explanation of term
Oriental as used in connection with tlie bronzes,
202, in lion, 203, in ivories, 251.

op/xos, represented on terra-cotta figurines, 11 ; gold
hormus from Camirus, 51.

Ornament and toilet, bronze articles, 207-275 ; cut
ornaments of bronze, 274 ; ornamented bronze
bands, 270 ; ornaments of bronze vessels, 294.

Orsi, P., Sicilian terra-cottas published by, 3 n. 3, 10
n. 1, 14 M. 6 ; on " Bes " tyjjc, 28 ; on " Spes " type,
34 ; other references to, 35, 37, 43, 133, 218 n. 2,
223 n. 2, 232 n. 1, 251 n. 3, 254 n. 1, 264 notes
1, 3, 267 n. 2, 295, 327.

Osiris crown, translation of, into terms of lotus, 197
n. 4.

Oven, terra-cotta, 15.

Owl, on vases, 147, 148, 168, 172.

Ox. See Cattle.

Oxides, process of removing, 192 and n. 2 ; iron
oxide, 330.

PaUat, L., references to, 133, 135, 138, 143, 152,

153, 158.

Palm-tree, on vases, 85, 87.

Palmette, on vases, 135, 136, 138, 145, 146, 147,

154, 157, 158, 159, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173,
174, 177, 179, 182 ; on bronzes, 197, 265, 285, 287.

Pan, terra-cotta, 37.

Panther, on vases, 115, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153,

154, 167, 168, 170, 171, 177, 182.
Patera, vase, 178 ; bronze, from Tiryns, 275.
Patrae, coin of, 358.
Pausanias, references to, 5 n. 2, 13, 22 n. 1, 174 n. 3,

234 n. 2, 333.
Peacock (?), of bronze, 205, 206 n. 1.
Pegasus, on coins, 357, 358.
" Pelasgian " origin of Mycenaean style, 71.
Pendants, earrings with, on terra-cotta figurines, 12 ;

bronze, 264 ; in Museo Kircheriano, 264 n. 5 ; from

Megara Hyblaea, 327.
Peregrinus, L. Aerius, name on coin, 358.
Pernice, E., references to, 113 n. 2, 154.

886

INDEX

Trepovai, represented on terra-cotta figurines, 11, 18,
19, 20. See Pins.

Perrot and Chipie?., references to, 11 and n. 9, 18, 23,
36, 40, 95 n. 1, 195 n. 2, 196 w. 5, 197 n. 1.

" Persian Artemis," analogy of figure on terra-cotta
plaque to, 50, 52, 54.

Pestle, bronze, 324.

Petasus, on coin, 357.

Petersen, E., reference to, 197.

Petrie, W. M. Flinders, references to, 29, 66, 77, 85,
91, 156, 367 and notes 3, 7, 370, 371, 373.

Phaleron jugs, 122, 153, 160 and n. 1.

(jxiOfiara, in inscription on bronze, 333.

Phiale, 178. See Saucers atid Plates.

Phidon, of Argos, date of, 64 f.

Phillias (?), name in inscription on bronze, 332.

Philostratus quoted, 15 n. 4.

Phocis, coin of, 357.

Phoenician ware, in British Museum and Louvre,
analogous to Heraeum vase fragments, 68 ; bottle,
from Heraeum, 353.

Phylakopi, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 «. 1 ; deco-
ration on fragment of pottery from, 276 n. 1 ; knives
from, 300.

Pig, terra-cotta, 15, 41.

Pilos, on terra-cotta figurine, 16, 17.

Pinakes, terra-cotta, 47, 54 ; pottery, 117.

Pindar, quoted, 51 n. 4.

Pins, bronze, 203, straight, 191, 207-239, 309, 311,
321, safety-pins, 240-249, pseudo-safety-pins, 249
f.; pin of iron separable from bronze head, 209, 210,
213, 216, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230,
231, 232 (stem and corrugation of pin of iron), 246,
247, 248, pin of copper, separable from bronze head,
216, 225, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240 ; of ivory, 353.

Pipes, on lamp, youth plajdng, 184 ; porcelain figure
of Apollo playing, 373.

Pirasos, seated figure of Hera by, 5, 13.

Pitcher, bronze, 286.

Pithoi, 68, 116, 181, 182.

Plaques, terra-cotta, 47-54. See Terra-cotta reliefs.

Plates, pottery, 80, 107, 115, 116, 126, 141, 142,
145, 154, 159, 166, 172, 176 ; from Aegina, 116,
120 n. 1 ; bronze, 272-274, 275-277.

Platters, bronze, 277 f.

Plektron, bronze, 324.

Polos, representation of, on terrarcotta figurines, 5, 12,
13 and n. 6.

Polychrome vases, 158, 178, 179 f.

Polycleitus, group of Hera and Hebe by, 22 ; Dory-
phoros of, 184. See also Hera.

Polymedes, statue at Delphi by, compared with bronze
statuette, 195.

Pomegranate, terra-cotta figure holding (?), 15 n. 4 ;
on vases, 148, 170, 173, 174 ; on bronzes, 234 n. 2.

Pot-hooks, on vases, 107, 126, 127, 130, 137, 145,
148, 154, 173.

Potter's wheel, use of, in terra-cotta figurines, 7.
Pottery. See Vases.

Pottier, E., reference to, 68 n. 1, 127, 135, 155, 181.
Pottier and Reinach, interpretation of terra-cotta

cones, 15 n. 10, 42.
Praesos, gold rosette from, 232 n. 1.
Prehistoric style. See Primitive.
Primitive Argive, terra-cotta figurines, 4, 9, 16 f.
Primitive style in vases, 60, 62, 68 ff. ; date of, 68,

69.
Primitive period in bronzes, 193.
Primitive style in engraved stones and gems, 345.
Probus, coins of, 361.
" Proto-Corinthian vases," 61, 62, 63, 64 and n. 9, 66,

67, 122. See also Argive.
Pseud-amphoras (Btlgelkanne) , 77, 85, 87, 88, 90,

92, 95.
Pseudo-safety-pins, bronze, 249 f.
Ptah, porcelain figure of, 372.
Ptoan ApoUo. See Apollo.
Punctuation in inscriptions, 333.
Pupienus, coin of, 361.
Purple fish. See Murex.
Pyramid shape in engraved stones, 349.
Pyxides, 87, 123, 126, 133, 136-139, 145, 148, 153,

164, 166, 168, 169, 181-.

Quadriga, on terra-cotta plaques, 48, 53 ; on vases,

113, 178.
Quiver, on coin, 359.

Rabbit, porcelain figure of, 368.

Radowitz, Herr von, lekythos in collection of, 146.

Ram, terra-cotta, 15 ; head of, 41 ; on vases, 168 ; of

bronze, 201 ; ram's horn in Osiris crown, 197 ; on

ivory, 353.
Rayet, O., and M. CoUignon, references to, 6 w. 10,

23, 160 n. 1.
Rays, on vases, 70, 82, 91, 101, 106, 110, 111, 114,

127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,

140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,

151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 162, 166, 167,

169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 178 ; on bronzes, 269,

280, 281, 282, 331.
Rectangular engraved stones, 346, 348.
Red-figured style, in vases, 60, 62, 65, 174, 178-180.
" Red " ware, vases, 180-182, and 180 n. 4.
Reichel, W., and A. Wilhelm. See Lusi.
Reinach, S., concerning female figures with horses, 40.

See also Pottier.
Relief, vases in, 180.
Reliefs, terra-cotta. See Terra-cotta.
Remedello, silver pin from, 215 n. 2.
Retrograde inscriptions, on vase, 186 ; on bronze,

332 f.
Rhodes, influence of, in terra-cotta figurines, 15, 37,

in vases, 151 ; connection with Argos, 51 ; vases

INDEX

387

from, compared with those from Heraeum, 71, 135,
154, 159, 163.

Rhyton, 179.

Richardson, R. B., reference to, 338 n. 1.

Ridgeway, W., references to, 9 n. 6, 250 n. 2.

Rims, bronze, 272.

Ring-form ary hallos, 143, 148 n. 1.

Rings, of terriircotta, 16, 44 ; of hronze, 92, 191,
250-264, finger-rings, 250 f., bracelets, 251, decora-
tive, 251-263, structural, 263 f., wire twisted into
form of, 264 n. 1 ; silver ring from Heraeum, 338.

Robinson, E., interpretation of vase, 162 and n. 1.

Rodent, hronze, 203.

Rods, hronze, 294.

Rogers, J. D., references to inscription from He-
raeum published by, 273 n. 2, 333 and notes 1, 3,
5, 334, 335, 336.

Rolfe, J. C, references to, 299, 339.

Roma, on coin, 362.

Roman ware, 62, 180, 183 f.

Rome, coins of, 361 flf.

Rooster, on vase, 168.

Rosettes, on earrings of terra-cotta figurines, 12, 21,
27, on brooch of same, 21, 25, on dress of, 26, on
headdress of, 13, 27 ; on terra-cotta spools, 44 ; on
terra-cotta plaques, 48, 54 ; on vases, 70, 80, 84,
86, 87, 94, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111,
127, 130, 131, 139, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 149,
150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160,
161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 171, 183, 184 ; on bronzes,
196, 197, 201 n. 3, 202, 203, 217 n. 2, 218, 219,
232 and n. 1, 251, 265, 268, 269, 270, 276 n. 1,
277, 281, 283, 325, 330 ; on engraved stone, 350 ;
on ivory, 352 ; on coin, 363 ; on porcelain whorl,
373.

Running-dog pattern, on terrarcotta figurine, 31 ; on
vases, 85, 87, 88, 105, 107, 111, 116, 128, 131,
137, 142, 157, 159.

Ruvo, cylix from, compared with one from Heraeum,
180.

Safety-pins. See Pins.

Sail or saucer pattern safety-pins, bronze, 242.

Salamis, bronze rings from, 250 n. 3.

Samhuka, Koehler's theory as to, 112.

Sandal, terra-cotta foot with, 16, 43.

Sanguisuga type of fibulae, 244 n. 4.

o-avi9 type, of terra-cotta figurines, 30.

Sanitary vases, 93.

Satyr, terra-cotta figurine representing (?), 37 ; on

vases, 177, 178, 179, 180 ; on bronze mirror-handle,

ithyphallic satyr, 265.
Saucer pattern. See Sail or saucer pattern.
Saucers, vases, 96 ff., 125 ff., 158, 159 ; bronze, 278-

284.
Scale pattern, on vases, 88, 155, 162; on bronzes,

265, 274, 285.

Scarabaeus, on searabeoids, 371, 372.
Scarabeoids, from Heraeum, 369, 371, 372.
Scarabs, 352, 368, 370 f.
Schlieniann, H., concerning " unpainted " terra-cottas

from Tiryns, 6 n. 4 ; concerning " bands " on

terra-cotta figurines, 11 ; otlier references to, 9

n. 5, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 41, 42, 44,

78, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 143 n.S, 160 n. 1, 283

n. 1, 345.
Sclu-eiber, Th., reference to, 195 m. 4.
Scorpion, on vases, 115, 147 ; on engraved stone, 349.
Scraper, bronze, 300.
Seals, bronze, 250 f., 264 ; use of engraved stones as,

344.
Searles, Helen M., reference to, 333.
Sei-pent, terra-cotta, 15, head of, 41 ; bronze, 198,

204, 242, 251, 286, 289, 293. See also Snake.
Sheep, on vase, 170 (plastic) ; bronze, 201.
Sheet bronze, objects in, 266-274.
Sheet gold, fragments of, 329.
Shield, on terra-cotta figurines, 40 ; on vases, 112

and ra. 2, 148, 161, 162, 163, 164, 169, 170, 172,

177, 179, 183 ; shields from Dictaean Cave, 299

n. 1 ; shield rim, binding of, 328 ; shield shape,

engraved stones, 346, 348 ; on coins, 358, 361, 362.
Ship, on vase fragment, 113 and n. 2.
Sickle, bronze, 299.
Sicily, terra-cottas from, compared with those from

Heraeum, 3 n. 3, 10 n. 1, 14 7iotes 4 and 6, 52 ;

vases from, 64 ; name in inscription on bronze, 338.

See also Orsi.
Sicyon, coin of, 358.
Sicyonia. See Sicyon.
Sicyonian inscription, 117 n. 1, 185.
Silenus, head of, in relief on vase, 187.
Silver, pin from Heraeum in British Museum, 191

n. 1, 217 n. 2, 339 ; pin from RemedeUo, 215 n. 2 ;

ring from Heraeum, 338 ; coins of, 357, 358.
Siren, terra-cotta, 41 ; on vases, 150, 151, 152, 153,

167, 172.
Sistrum, on coin, 359.
Situla, silver, in Florence, compared with vase from

Heraeum, 148 ; on coin, 359.
Skyphoi, 74, 91, 107, 108 n. 1, 112 n. 2 and 113 n.

1, 2 (from Eleusis), 117, 118, 123, 126, 132-136,

138, 144, 145, 148, 151-153, 158, 166, 167, 168,

173, 176, 177, 179.
Slip, use of, on terra-cotta figurines, 6, 7, 9.
Smith, Cecil, concerning stamps in British Museum

similar to terrarCotta mould from Heraeum, 48 f . ;

excavations in Melos, 66 ; other referenues to, 64

n. 2, 122, 156.
Snake, on vases, 69 n. 1, 80, 98, 105, 106, 126, 128,

130, 134, 135, 137, 142, 159, 160, 174 ; bronze,

head of, 249, 274 ; on engraved stones, 343, 347,

348, 350, 352. See also Serpent.
Sodamos (?), name in inscription on bronze, 333.

388

INDEX

Sparta, pins in Museum at, 235 n. 3.

Spatula, bronze, 299.

Spear, on vases, 112, 150, 161, 1G2, 164, 169, 170,

172, 174, 177, 178, 182, 184 ; on coin, 357, 361.
Spear-butt, bronze, 323 f.
" Spes " type, terra-cotta figurines, 34.
Sphinx, terra-cotta, 8, 29 ; on vases, 148, 149, 150,

154, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 177, 182;

bronze, 197 n. 2, 287 ; blue-glazed frit figure of,

371.
Spider, on engraved stone, 348.
Spirals, on vases, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 88,

93, 94, lOq, 130, 154, 156 ; on coin, 360.
Spits, bronze, 239, 300-^23, 326.
Spool-feet. See Tripods.
Spool shape, engraved stones, 345, 348.
Spools, terra-cotta, 15, 44.
Spoon, of ivory, 353.
Stag, terra-cotta figurine holding (?), 35 ; on vases,

150, 164, 169 ; on scarabs, 368.
Stamnos, 172.

Standards, bronze, 331. See also Tripods.
Star pattern, on vases, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 137,

142, 154, 168 ; on bronze, 275, 281 ; on engraved

stone, 345 ; on ivory, 351, 352 ; on coin, 361.
Star-fish pattern, on engraved stones, 349.
Statues, fragments of, in bronze, 194.
Statuettes, in bronze, 194-196, fragments of, 196 f.

See also Terra-cotta figurines.
Steatite, as material for engraved stones, 343, 344.
Stephand, representation of, on terrarcotta figurines,

12, 13 and n. 6, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27,

28, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38.
Stephanos, representation of, on terra-cotta figurines,

12, 13 and n. 6 ; worn by Hera, on coin, 359.
Stove, on vase, 174.
Straight pins. See Pins.
Strigil, bronze, 299.
Strips, binding, bronze, 269, decorative braces and

strips, bronze, 328-330.
Studniczka, F., references to, 10 n. 10, 11 n. 11, 50

n. 3, 175, 195 n. 4, 247 n. 1.
Stylus (?), of ivory, 353.
Suessula, fibula from, 240 n. 4.
Sugar-bowl vases, 136, 166, 170. •
Suidas quoted, 13 n. 12.
Sun's disk, on scarabs, 370, 371.
Supports, bronze, 330.
Suspension vase, bronze, 193, 286 ; one from Aegina,

similar to specimen from Heraeum, 286.
Swan, bronze, 206 ; on ivory, 352.
Swastika, on vases, 70, 84, 107, 110, 114, 128, 129,

162, 163 ; on coin, 358.
Sword, on vases, 113 w. 1, 148, 150, 161, 162, 163.
Syra, vases from, 73, 97 ; knife from, 299.
Syracuse, terra-cotta figurines in Museum at, similar

to Heraeum specimens, 10 n. 1, 35, 36, 41, 42 ;

vases from, 99 and w. 1, 100, 106, 119 ; vases at,
126, 127, 128, 133, 134, 135, 144, 152, 178.
Syrinx, terra-cotta figure playing, 18.

Tables, terra-cotta, 15, 42.

Tanagi'a, tripod vase from, in Berlin, 52.

Tear jugs, 183.

Technique, of the bronzes, 193. See also " Dorian "
technique.

Tegea, terra-cotta figurines from, 5, 9 and n. 6, 14
n. 4, 19, 21 ; type of bronze pins at, 235 7iotes
3 and 5 ; pendant from, 264 7i. 6 ; spit from, 313
n. 1 ; bed in archaic relief from, 329.

Temple, on coins, 358.

Terrarcotta figurines, 3-44 ; number of, 3, 9 ; finding
places of, 3 ; classification of, 4 ff. ; interpreta-
tion of, 13 ff. ; catalogue of, 16 ff. ; Primitive, 4, 9,
16 f. ; Tirynthian Argive, 5, 7, 9, 17 ff. ; My-
cenaean, 5, 9, 14, 22 f. ; geometric, 5, 6, 9, 14,
23 ; Advanced Argive, 5, 7, 8, 9, 24 ff. ; under Ori-
ental influence, 7, 9, 28 f. ; Early Archaic, 8, 9,
29 ff. ; Advanced Archaic, 9, 38 f . ; Free style,
9, 39 ; animals, 9, 15, 39 ff. ; various" objects, 9,
42 ff. ; from bee-hive tomb near Heraeum, 92.

Terra-cotta reliefs, 47-54 ; finding places of, 47 ;
classification of, 47 ; purpose of, 48 ; detailed de-
scription of, 49-54 ; reference to, 169.

Terramare, pins from, 235 n. 2.

Terravecchia, terra-cotta figurines from, 3 n. 3, 10
n. 1, 14 n. 6, 267 n. 2.

Textile patterns in vases of Mycenaean style, 86 ff.

Thamophilos, name in inscription on bronze, 336.

Thera, fibulae from, vases from, 66, 68, 135 ;
" Apollo " statue from, 195 n. 4, 243 «. 2.

Therasia, vases from, 80 ; wall painting from, 85.

Thessaly, coin of, 357.

Thisbd, terra-cotta figurines from, 10 n. 1, 24.

Thoricus, vases from, 74, 75, 76, 78.

Thunderbolt, on coins, 358.

Thyrsos, on vases, 179.

Thystia, name in inscription on bronze, 332.

Tiberius, head of, on coin, 358.

Tiles, terrarcotta, 47.

Timonidas jug, 172 n. 1.

Tiryns, terra-cotta figurines from, 5, 6 n. 4, 9, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 41, 42, 44 ; vases from, 68, 71,
78, 90, 97, 102, 119, 143, 181 ; pins from, 208
n. 2, 215 n. 2, 217 n. 1 ; bronze patera from, 275 ;
knife from, 300 ; 328.

Tirynthian Argive terra-cotta figurines, 5, 7, 9, 17 ff.

Titus, head of, on coin, 360.

Toilet. See Ornament.

Tongue pattern, on vases, 70, 80, 131, 137, 139, 140,
141, 159, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 178, 179,
182.

Tooth ornament, on bronze, 198, 200.

Torch, on vase, 179 ; on coins, 358, 359.

INDEX

389

Tortoise, terra-cotta, 15, 42.

Trau Collection, bronze statuette in, 196 n. 1.

Tree, terra-cotta, IG, 43 ; on vase, branch of, 181 ;
on engraved stone, 347 ; on coins, 359, 360.

Trefoil, on vase, 161.

Triangles, on vases, 87, 116, 133 ; on bronze, 275,
276, 277.

Tripod, on vases, 113, 164, 183 ; tripod bowl, 166,
170, 177.

Tripod-standards, bronze, 292 ; tripods and tripod-
standards, bronze, 294-296 ; fragment of large, 294,
low standards, 295, feet, block, spool, lion's, 295 f.

Troy, ivory objects from, 69 ; vases from, 70, 93 ;
pins from, 207 n. 1, 208 n. 2. See also Hissarlik.

Truth, goddess of, on scarab, 370.

Tsountas, Ch., concerning terra-cotta figures from bee-
hive tomb near Mycenae, 10 n. 2, references to,
13 n. 11, 28, 29, 40, 50 n. 4, 54 n. 2, 240 n. 2,
241 n. 7, 251 7i. 2, 299.

Turtle, on terra-cotta disk, 354.

Uraeus, on scarabs, 370, 371.
Utensils. See Implements.

Vases and vase fragments from the Heraeum, 57-
184 ; introduction, 60 £P. ; method of sorting and
cleaning, 60, estimated number of fragments, 60,
finding places of, 61, indigenous and foreign types,
62, classification of, 63 ff. ; primitive, 68 £E. ; My-
cenaean style, 71 ff. ; geometric style, 101 ff. ;
Argive style, 119 ff. ; miscellaneous types, 159 ff. ;
Corinthian style, 165 ff. ; black- and red-figured
styles, 174 ff. ; vases in relief and later vases,
180 ff. ; of bronze, 275-294.

Vases with three handles, Mycenaean, 78, 79, 80, 84,
87, 92, 94.

Vehicles, parts of, bronze, 298.

Venice, coins of, 363.

Verus, L., head of, on coin, 358.

Vessels, of terra-cotta, 47 ; of bronze, 275-298.

Villanova, objects from, 228 n. 1, 241 tiotes 4, 5.

Volutes, on vase, 85 ; on headdress of bronze statu-
ette, 196, 197 and ». 2, 296.

Vulci, PoUedrara tomb, vase from, 294, 297, wheel
on sarcophagus from, 298.

Wagon, on geometric vases, 109. See Chariot.
Waldstein, C, and G. H. Chase, The Terra-Cotta

Figurines from the Argive Heraeum, 3-44.
Waldstein, C, and J. C. Hoppin, Terra-Cotta Reliefs

from the Heraeum, 47-54.

Waldstein, C, references to, 39, 64 n. 1, 120, 195.
Warrior, terra-cotta, mounted, type of, 13, 40; on
vases, 112, 113 and n. 1, 148, 150, Ul-ICA, 169,

170, 172, 173, 174, 177, 179, 183; on coins,
362.

" Warrior vase " from Mycenae, compared with He-
raeum vase, 148, 160 n. 1, 163.

Washington, H. S., results of analysis of clay of
various vase fragments, 64 ?i. 9, 102 n. 2, 116.

Wave pattern, on vases, 69, 94, 105, 106, 107, 112,

126, 148, 183, 184.

Weights, terra-cotta, 15 and n. 10, 44.

Wheels, on vases, 85, 105, 116, 118, 132, 146, 164,

171, 179 ; bronze, 298 f.
Whip, on vase, 112 (?), 162, 182.

Whoi'ls, terra-cotta, 16, 44 ; of steatite, 92, 353 ; of
porcelain, 368, 373.

Wide, S., on origin of geometric style, 102 ; classifica-
tion of geometric types of vases, 102 n. 1, 103 ff.,
118 ff. ; other references to, 66, 69 n. 2, 135.

Wilhelm, A. See Reichel.

Wilisch, E., references to, 135, 136, 149, 165 n. 2,
166, 167, 168, 169 n. 1, 170, 171, 172.

Winged figures, on terra-cotta plaques, 47, 49 ff.

Winged thunderbolt, on coin, 358.

Winter, F., references to, 14 n. 4, 34, 37, 194 m. 5,
197.

Wire, bronze, 264, 327.

Wolters, P., classification of Mycenaean vases, 74-
76 ; theory as to origin of geometric style in vases,
102 ; other references to, 41, 51 n. 8, 243 n. 1.

Wreath, terrarcotta figurine holding, 15 n. 4, 35 ; on
vases, 79, 145 ; on coins, 357, 358, 359, 362.

Xoana, 8, 353.

Zante. See Corfu.

Zeus, on coins, 358.

Zigzag pattern, on terra-cotta figurines, 23, 42 ; on
vases, 7^, 82, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 100, 101, 105,
106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121,

127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137,
138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149,
152, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 167, 168, 174 ; on
bronzes, 196, 197 and n. 3, 198, 199, 200, 201,
207, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 250, 260,
261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 273,
274, 276, 281, 282, 283, 285, 293, 294, 295, 297,
299, 300, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314,
315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 324, 329 ; on en-
graved stones, 346, 347 ; on other object;!, 354.

THE END.

®be ttibrcisibe pre^#

EUctroiyped and frinted by H, O. Houghton <V C«.
Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A,

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