commodore
WORLD
THE NEWS MAGASING FOR COMMODORE SY S 128 USERS « ISSUE 24 + SU.95 US.
THE NEW COMMODORE 64?
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. ISSUE 24
COMMODORE
WORLD
THE NEWS MAGAZINE FOR COMMODORE 64 & 120 USERS:
hutp://www.cmdweb.com/ewhome,htinl
Genera Manacer Charles R. Christianson oa Ebiror Doug Cotton ° ADVERTISING SALES
Charles A. Christianson
Grapnic Arts
Doug Cotton ° Cover Design Doug Cotton
Commodoro™ and the rospoctive Commodore product names aro tradomarks or rogistorod tradomarks of Commodora, a division of Tulip Computors. Commodoro World is inno Way atfilated wth tho ownoro! tho Commodore logo and technology,
Commodore World (ISSN 1078-2516) Is published 8 times annually by Creative Micro Designs, Inc., 15 Benton Drive, East Longmeadow MA 01028-0646, Seoond-Class Postago Paid at East Longmeadow MA, (USPS #011-801)
‘Annual subscription rate is US$29.95 for U.S. addresses, USS35.95 for Canada or Mexico, USS45,95 orall EC Countries, ‘andUS$57,95 to all other addresses worldwide, All subscription paymonts must bo provided in U.S. Dollars, Mail subscriptions to CW Subscriptions, c/o Creative Micro Designs, Inc., P.O. Box 646, East Longmeadow MA 01028:0646,
Entire contents copyright © 1990 by Creative Micro Designs, Inc., unless otherwise noted. No part of this publication may be printed or otherwise reproduced by any ‘means without prior written consont trom the publishor. All programs published in this publication are for the personal use of the reader, and may not be copied or in any way distributed, Allrights reserved, Programming examples and routines in this issuo which are presented for educational purposes may be used in the creation of programs by the purchaser of this ‘magazino, provided credit for the routinos is clearly prosontod in eithor tho program documentation, or the program itsolt Creative Micro Designs, Inc., assumes no responsibilty for orrors oF omissions in editorial, program listings or advertising content, Croative Micro Designs, Inc, assumes no liability for advertisers claims or reliability
POSTMASTER; Sond address changos to: CW Address. Changes, c/o Creative Micro Dosigns, Inc., P.O. Box 646, East Longmeadow MA 01028-0646.
Published October 1998 .
Features
10 14 20
Wee.i™-THe New Commopore 64?
Doug Cotton
CMD FD InterNais—AN INsiGHT INTo THe StoraGe Laout of CMD FD Disks Doug Cotton
Super FD Backup (TYPE-IN PROGRAM)
Doug Cotton
Reviews
18
Sortware: Laser Lover's Disk sy Bruce THOMAS A New Toolkit for Postscript Printing with GEOS
Cotumns
6 22 24 28
Just For Starters BY JASON COMPTON
A Simple Guide to Understanding Printers GRAPHIC INTERPRETATION BY Bruce THOMAS Useful GEOS Utilities
Carrier Detect By Gaetyne R. GAsson
A Sense of Community
816 Bear sy Dou Corton
New Commands Provided by the 65816 Processor
DeraRTMeENTS
2 4 27 32 32
From tHe Epitor ON The Horizon CyeckSUM Cuassified Aps Apverriser’s INDEX
COMMODORE WORLD
Obviously there's something different about this issue of Commodore World. No mistaking that the cover has gone from full-color to shades of gray. But internally we have revamped things as well. Financial reality has meant either raising prices, or cutting costs.
Since we're reluctant to charge more for the publication, we've targeted some areas of the publication which we felt would have the least impact on the quality of the information provided.
We started by removing color from the cover, then reduced page count by removing the Triva and some of the CMD advertising. This didn’t get us down quite as far as necessary, so we've lost some editorial space as well in this issue. However, some addtional shuffling and redesigning of certain pages will be completed for our next issue to regain that room.
All of this might lead you to wonder just how much longer Commodore World will last. As we've stated in the past, it is our intention to maintain the publication as long as possible by taking the necessary steps required to make this happen. The changes in this issue are an indication of us doing just that—insuring the magazine's longevity instead of dropping it when it is no longer profitable. To that end, we hope you’ ll understand that the changes taking place are necessary. And once the costs are under better control, we'll be able to take additional steps to improve the diversity of the content and regularity of publication.
Doug Cotton Editor
Issue 24
SO, YOU THOUGHT YOU COULDN'T AFFORD LOADSTAR? Now You CAN BUY IT EVERY MONTH BY MAIL FOR LESS THAN IT COST IN THE EIGHTIES ~ BUT PACKED Wi
‘Orders (800) 594-3370 Questions (318) 221-8718
Loadstar #165
Contents Star Copier '98 Thanks to Bob Markland, our handy file copier is fixed! Fission This mouse-driven card solitaire is also one of Maurice's best. Mansion Using Cameron Kaiser's WORLD MAKER system, John invites you into the Charles Mansion, where no good deed goes unpunished. Puzzle Page #165 Number-teasers, word-puzzles and brain-stumpers a-plenty! Plus, Knees’ monograph on mystery mores, Legal Beagle Ill Generate some more legal documents which you can customize for your own use. A Night On The Town Take a musical trip from the quaint eateries of the outer city into the heart of darkness we call "uptown". Room - 4k Contest Winner A small demo that gives you a glimpse of what the world of DOOM is like.
Twin Terrors
For one or two players, this exciting game offers 99 levels of jumping and shooting, Gershwin Jukebox
Eight memorable tunes by George Gershwin, including Rhapsody in Blue (in three movements), the three Preludes, and Swanee, made famous by Al Jolson. Quicksmith Music
31 songs by musicologist Dave, all converted into the QUICKSMITH format by Lee Novak
Clip Joint #2
A geoPaint document chock full of attractive images just ripe for clipping.
Geos Disk Tools
Ten tools for the Geos environment that will make your navigation faster and easier. All are well explained by our Geos Man About Town.
Diskovery
Your editor confronts another crisis, mourns a prolific C-64er, describes a new product, and introduces a Euro company. Jeff's Soapbox
Jeff mediates (or aggravates?) the battle of the operating systems.
SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO: PO Box 30008, SHREVEPORT LA 71130-0008 CALL 1-800-594-3370 AND ORDER THIS MONTH'S LOADSTAR For $7.95 OR ORDER THIS MONTH’S LOADSTAR LETTER FOR $2.00 OR GET BOTH FOR $9.95! ALL MAJOR CREDIT CARDS ACCEPTED.
Bill Gates Attacked Wheels/GeoFAX
By Professional Pie
An Interview With ‘Maurice Randall
Side? _ Mesa Peas
LOA DSTAR’
® Centsible Software $ Newsletter Naniskad ® A list of 50 commercial “in the ® box" programs from the world's ; largest CBM software store.
e $ Modern Printers ° ° °
world.
Looking for a new printer for your C-64/128? Read this first! e Master Of Trades @ Inmemory of a dedicated Commodorean, we present Part @ One of his autobiography.
documentation every month
REACH US ON THE WEB!
HTTP:/ / WWW.LOADSTAR.COM FENDER@LOADSTAR.COM JUDI@LOADSTAR.COM JEFF@LOADSTAR.COM OR FAX YOUR ORDER TO (318) 221-8870
LOADSTAR LETTER #54
A compilation of tidbits from newsletters from all over the
Ail programs tested and known to work with your SuperCPU™ and all CMD devices. Over 200K of
AppRESS:
r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NAME: ' i] 1 1 i] i] 1
Di sentime Loadsur #165 fors795 [I] Seechdsk Sitch dnt LD Sead me The Loadsat Lever #54 for $2.00 TE Seat tout or 9.05 Credit Card Account # x: 1 Exp. Date ‘Signature, Mn ww ww ww a ee eee eee Issue 24 3 COMMODORE WORLD
COMMODORE AND COMPUTER INDUSTRY NEws
New Commodore 64?
A lot of rumors have been floating around lately over the supposed release ofa ‘new’ Commodore 64 computer. The reality of the situa is that Web Computers International (WCI), a Dutch-Antilles-based firm with facilities based in Antwerp, Belgium, has recently released a low-cost Windows-PC with a built-in Commodore 64 emulator. For additional details, see the feature article elsewhere in this issue.
The Internet for Commodore Users Updated Encouraged by strong international sales, VideoCam Services has updated and published a third edition of "The Internet for Commodore 64/128 Users" (ISBN: 0-9585837-0-6). The book has been expanded with an additional chapter covering TCP/IP Connections. With recent hardware and software released for the Commodore computer, it's onlyamatter of time before TCP/IP software isavailable. The additional chapter explains the terminology and explores basic issues. When the software ilable, readers will be ready to make use of it. As well, graphics used throughout the book have been updated and revised.
The Internet for Commodore C64/128 Users is available in the United States from LoadStar, and can also be purchased directly from VideoCam Services. For more information, contact:
VideoCam Services 90 Hilliers Rd Reynella, SA 5161 Australia
videocam@videocam.net.au Web: http://videocam.net.au
GEOS 128 Patch for SuperCPU
Part of the patch required to use GEOS 128 at 20 MHz with a CMD SuperCPU has been completed. The portion which is currently finished is the new SuperInstall application, which patches GEOS 64 and G 128 for 20 MHz operation, and also creates SuperCPU-compatible mouse drivers for the Commodore 1351 and CMD SmartMouse. Still under development is the GEOS 128 version of CONFIGURE that would provide the ability to use the SuperCPU’s optional SuperRAM expansion RAM as a GEOS RAM disk. No date has been given for completion of this portion of the project.
Since only a portion of the GEOS patches are complete at this time, CMD will not yet be shipping this to SuperCPU 128 customers. However, the patch will be made available shortly for free downloading from CMD’'s web site (http://www.cmdweb.com/), and original purchasers of the SuperCPU 128 may also obtain the currently
COMMODORE WORLD 4
completed portion by mailing a request to CMD along with $3.00 to cover the cost of providing the patch on disk.
CMD will still mail the full version of the GEOS 128 patches for the SuperCPU, once complete, to all original SuperCPU 128 purchasers.
SWRAP Commodore Show A Success
Lansing IL was the recent site ofa Commdore show hosted by the Chicago- based SWRAP Users Group. Several demonstrations were given, with Maurice Randall showing hisalmost completed version of Wheels 128, an updater for GEOS 128 that provides extended capabilities and compatibility with CMD products. Dale Sidebottom demonstrated color postscrpt printing from GEOS. Jim Butterfield was on-hand, and provided a dissertation on the beginnings of the 6502 and Commodore's entry into the computer market. We'll have a complete run-down of the event in the next issue of Commodore World.
LoadStar Revamps Web Site
LoadStar has recently undergone a major revision to their web site (http://www.loadstar.com), and plans to begin incorporating the complete text ofall back issues of their popular disk-based Commodore publication on the site in searchable format. LoadStar luminary Jeff Jones has commented that they intend to turn the LoadStar web site into “the largest Commodore Knowledge base online.”
VideoCam Services Adds Web Hosting Services
Following the successful release of The Internet for Commodore C64/ 128 Users, 3rd edition, VideoCam Services ha avenue of Internet support, offering full and virtual web hosting, as well as web design services. Owned by Rod and Gaelyne VideoCam Services went online connected to the main Internet backbone on 3 July 1998 and has been striving towards developing a small but thriving Internet presence. Gaelyne is the author of the aforementioned Commodore Internet manual and Web administrator for the company. Rod is the author of QWKRR128, an offline mail reader and Browser (a disk directory program for the C128) and is the system administrator. In the future, VideoCam Services hopes to offer continued online Commodore support including UNIX shell accounts available through telnet. For further information, contact:
embarked on a new
VideoCam Se: 90 Hillier Rd Reynella SA 5161 Australi Phone: +61 x: +61 8387 5810
videocam@videocam.net.auhttp://videocam.net.au
ices
©
Issue 24
CENTSIBLE SOFTWARE
We carry America’s Largest Selection of C64/128 Software We'baveinew:shipments/of
GeoProgrammer Supplies, Accessories, Team Mate ssc $15.00 Better Working C 0.00 | Hardware and Softwa $15.00 Map, Newsroom 5.00 | arriving monthly. ie sri A apping the
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me Ps Ae ees jor Choices) an SyPowsr! | Tach 30 Joystick Cheat sheets cose SSIDO) a Tach 5 Joystick ..$17.95 (Call for Choices) = ~ $19.95
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F-15 Strike Eagle Pack of 2¢ Golden Oldies ........ Land per order. Call or Write for your free C “atalog listing Hundreds of Commodore items. Office hours Geowrite Workshop are 1PM to 8PM EST Monday thru 1 Info Line:1-616-471-1083
nue sprynet.com To Order call Toll Free:1-800-640-6211 home.sprynet
Roger Rabbit 5 1/4" Floppy Disks Death Knights of Krynn $18.00 Prices listed do not include shipping USS, Residents add $5.00 per order. All others add 7.00 $14.95 Fax Orders: 1-616-473-3456 8818 College Ay Springs, MI 49103
Major Credit Cards Accepted
The Commodore LASER LOVERS’ DISK! When you care enough to print the very best! How many times have you looked at print media and asked, “Why can't
Ido this on my Commodore?” Perhaps now you can!
My “LASER LOVERS? DISK” contains Maurice Randall's POSTPRINT which will enable you to send PostScript files from geoWrite documents, Ihave been printing PostScript from the Commodore
(801)466-8084
Specializing in NEW and USED Commodore Hardware, Software and Accessories at excellent prices.
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Send $1.00 for a HUGE list of products. Office Hours: 11:30 - 6:30 MST. Visa, MC, Discover and American Express accepted.
You should have GEOS 2.0, a large capacity drive (such as a 1581, RAMLink, or CMD HardDrive), and a PostScript laser printer,
Mail a $25 check to K. Dale Sidebottom P. O. Box 303, New Albany IN 47151-0303. Call (812)944-9132 if you have any questions,
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There just aren't enough good Commodore magazines around, Commodore World being one of the few. Have you considered subscribing toa good newsletter? The LUCKY REPORT is atwelve-page newsletter published I | months of the year for LUCKY, Inc., a Commodore club that is almostaas old as the 64 itself. The editor, K, Dale Sidebottom, has been published in many Commodore publications. We invite you to check us out now! You may send only $5.00 for your first four issues; or, if you . mail in $15,00 foran annual subscription, Ifyou add $5.00 [$20 otal
you can become a LUCKY member with full access to our 1000+ tisk library, ete. 619-445-8432 Make your check out to LUCKY and mail to LUCKY, Inc Vintage Computers 520 Silverbrook Drive, El Cajon, CA 92019 clo K. Dale Sidebottom P. O. Box 303, New Albany IN 47151-0303. Email: vintagecomp @ {da.net * Web: www.vintagecomputer.com
Issue 24 5 COMMODORE WORLD
Just For Starters
by Jason Compton
A SIMPLE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING PRINTERS
Ifyou want to get anything of value out of your computer, it’s generally agreed that you absolutely need some sort of display device, unless you enjoy a mystery. A TV or monitor generally fits the bill. Then, of course, some sort of storage is nice to have—a tape drive will serve, buta floppy drive is better, with hard drives and RAM drives convenient elaborations on the theme. Even with that array, a computer is still limited to the electronic world. Printers fill that void nicely, and of course your Commodore is quite capable of handling a wide variety of printers, from classic models right up to present day creations. Getting started can be a little tricky if you've never tried to turn your computer into your own private press. Just For Starters to the rescue!
Printer Types: Quick Review
In the beginning, there were two basic types of consumer printers. The daisy wheel printer is probably the most basic. In effect, it’s a glorified typewriter, Characters are put on paper by being stamped through a ribbon by a metal dise with letters stamped into it—the principle on which many electric typewriters work.
Then there were the dot matrix printers. A dot matrix printer has a small print head that contains “pins” or “wires” that are programmed by your computer and printer to strike the ribbon and, using the dots, form letters and graphics. They have the distinct advantage over daisy wheel printers in that
COMMODORE WORLD
many can support different types of print and, sometimes using multiple print passes over a single line, create graphics in good detail. They tend to suffer speed and noise problems, but towards the end of the dot matrix printer popularity, some very nice, fast, relatively quiet models were created. The two major categories are 9- and 24-pin dot matrix printers, reflecting the density of the pins and by extension the quality of the output. 24-pin dot matrix printers are often capable of what is called “NLQ” (Near Letter Quality) output, which competes favorably with a good typewriter or higher-end printer product. Daisy wheel and dot matrix printers tend to use fanfold paper (continuous streams with tractor feed holes on the sides and perforations
6
between each page.) Some will accept plain letter paper and/or envelopes, however.
Inkjet printers forego the metal implements
and the cloth ribbons of daisy wheel and dot matrix printers. Instead, the printer shoots a thin stream of ink onto a sheet of letter paper. Inkjets enjoy good quality, good speed, lots of flexibility and generally quiet operation, One of the primary complaints about them is that the ink can smudge quite easily, often when exposed only to the barest amounts of moisture, like the oil from a finger. (one printer manufacturer uses “Bubblejet” asa trademark, but it’s the same thing) Finally, /aser printers take a different approach—the laser doesn’t burn the image onto the page, but it does electrically charge the paper where the output is supposed to appear. Then the page is actually passed through a bath of ink, which only sticks to the areas that have been charged by the laser! Laser printers vary wildly in quality— at their best, they're fast, beautiful, and expensive, while low end models can be quite slow and unreliable.
There are other breeds of printers, like plotters and thermal printers, but they make up a small niche segment of the market.
Now that you know what's available, you have to get it hooked up. Would you believe there's a few different flavors of printer connection, too?
Issue 24
Hello, Printer
Most Commodore users probably have their printers on the serial bus—the same chain as floppy drives. Commodore-built printers (as well as third-party models created expressly for Commodore computers) almost all have the same round serial bus connector that your computer and floppy drives have. In this case, connecting your printer to your computer is as simple as plugging the printer into a spare serial port, probably found on your last floppy drive. That's a perfectly good place for it.
However, most printers in the world at large are not designed specifically for the Commodore. They conform to a different interface standard, called the Centronics or “parallel” interface. These printers have a D-shaped, “open mouthed” interface, often with two little triangular clips on the narrow sides. faces to bridge this gap. Although they varied in form and appearance, each had a plug which connected with the printer's Centronics port, and a cable that ran to the serial bus on the Commodore. Many also had another connector to draw power from the computer's cassette port or joystick port. The Super Graphix and Super Graphix Jr. were among the better products in this category. With a Centronics interface such as these, virtually any printer can be made to serve ona Commodore system, in just about any application that offers printing.
Ifa Centronics-to-serial-bus interface is not available, another option is the geoCable. The geoCable connects a Centronics printer to the user port—not the serial bus—and comes with a set of custom GEOS printer drivers. In this case, unless you get lucky or take up printer programming you will largely be limited to printing from GEOS applications, but the good newsis that the geoCable printer interface and drivers are generally much faster than relying on the serial bus for output.
Finally, you have to know how your printer expects to be addressed. In much the same way as the first floppy drive is device 8, a printer typically lives on device 4, Some Commodore-compatible printers provide switches that allow you to toggle to a different device number (typically 5, although 6 and 7 are offered by some printers and interface combinations), in case you want multiple printers on your system or have some other sort of conflict. If you're dabbling in BASIC, you might be interested to know that you can PRINT toa printer justas you can to the screen. Even if you're not a BASIC dabbler, knowing
inter!
Issue 24
Fortunately, there were plenty of
this makes for a wonderful quick “are you there?” test for your printer,
Before you delve into your favorite publishing or art program with a new printer, you might want to feel reasonably certain that the printer is active and ready for work. A quick way to get a short bit of satisfaction from the printer goeslike so in BASIC—just type the lines directly in, hitting the RETURN key after each.
OPEN 4,4, PRINT#4, "ARE YOU THERE?" CLOSE 4
This example assumes your printer is on device 4, If you are sure it is not, substitute 5 or the device number of the printer for each “4”, With luck, your printer will merrily spit out “ARE YOU THERE?”
If It’s Working. If you get a heartbeat from your printer, congratulations! You're well on your way. Now, a few more details to get straight on printer operation.
First of all, there are an awful lot of printer models out there, from dozens of different manufacturers. And while each printer is unique in its own little ways (and most manufacturers introduce specific unique features into all of their products), when it comes right down to it there are common, accepted standards for basic printer operation. So even if you don't recognize a printer model d can’t find a listing for it in your programs and documentation, all is probably not lost.
Ifa printer is Commodore compatible (plugs directly into the serial bus), odds are that will work acceptably well with Commodore printer settings, such as for the MPS line.
1"
Ifa printer is not Commodore-compatible (is plugged in through some sort of Centronics interface), then odds are extremely good that it is compatible with either a basic IBM or Epson printer model (or both). If you see support for a basic Epson printer, such as Epson FX-80, your printer will likely work just fine with those settings if you cannot find a better match.
Often, the choice of printer compatibility, as well as a number of other details, are configured through DIP switches located somewhere on the printer, usually behind a small panel. These switches are defined in printer manuals and can control default print position, page length, compatibility, and default font—the typeface the printer will use when text like our “ARE YOU THERE?” is sent directly into the printer.
This is a good time to mention that when printer: very different things going on. When you PRINT#4 or use certain types of text editors and word processors, such as SpeedScript, the da nt to the printer as more or less text only, [tis the printer’s job to turn the computer text into letters, and it relies on a built-in character set to do this. Some printers, like old Commodore models, have only one character set built in, Newer printers sometimes have a half dozen or more that can be selected through DIP switches or software.
On the other hand, a program like geoWrite that uses different sorts of fonts and graphical layout does not actually send text characters to the printer. It would not send “ARE YOU THERE?” asa stream of 14 characters. Instead, it would send graphical data that appears to the eye to say “ARE YOU THERE?”, and the printer then puts that graphic on paper. The
put out text, there may be one of two
COMMODORE WORLD
difference can often be seen in higher quality andin longer print times—because documents that print in this manner are actually just big graphics! You may want to experiment with your printer's built-in fonts to discover what software you really want to use—to decide what you want your results to look like.
If There’s Trouble...
If you've got some trouble with your printer, it’s important to discover the source. Most printers have built-in test modes that do not require a computer to work. Usually they involve setting a switch or holding down a f buttons when you turn the printer on, and
‘There are a number of common sources that carry printer ribbons and other supplies. For example, local office supply stores often stock a wide variety of printer supplies. Here are some ofthe more common mail-order sources for ribbons:
MEI/Micro Center 1100 Steelwood Road Columbus, OH 43212 1-800-634-3478
Midwestern Diskette 508 W, Taylor Creston IL 50801 1-800-221-6332
COMMODORE WORLD
Printer Supply Sources
y will race off to prove that they still function. If a printer passes its self-test but won't print for you, there may bea connection problem (make sure everything is plugged in properly), a device number problem (see if your interface may be using a different number), or a software problem (try using different printer settings in your program). If the problem revolves around paper, the first thing to remember is not to panic. In cases of paper jams or misfeeds, it's usually relatively easy to fix, but the last thing you want to do is to tear the paper to shreds in an attempt to get it out. Tractor feed paper unfortunately can snag very easily if it is not
Looking for those hard-to-find ribbons for a Commodore MPS model printer? Here's a new source that we recently ran across:
ALL RIBBONS EXPRESS, INC. 6409 Abercorn St., Suite D-1 Savannah GA 31405
ARESAV@aol.com Here are some order numbers and prices:
MPS-801: #11430 (fab. cart.) $4.25 ea. MPS-802: #11540 (fab. cart.) $6.55 ea., #11134MS (multi-strike) $7.64 ea, MPS-803: #11361 (fab. cart.) $4.70 ea.
fed very directly into the printer—it’s usually best to give tractor feed paper and the printer a wide berth so the paper cannot snag on anything on its way into the printer. Similarly, make sure if you're printing a long document that the OUTGOING paper has a lot of clearance, otherwise the sheets may bunch up inside the printer and cause even more heartache.
Many inkjet printers take paper fed in through a stack in the top. If your paper is feeding unevenly, or several pages are being sucked in at a time, try fanning the paper thoroughly before placing it in the feed tray. This usually relieves jamming problems.
Also remember that most any printer has some built-in method of encouraging paper to move through the em. On dot matrix printers, there is almost always a hand knob. Oninkjet, laser, and many dot matrix printers, there are buttons for “line feed” (to move the paper up one line) and “form feed” (to move through an entire sheet of paper). Try using these to clear up the difficulty. And remember to check the “online” button if your printer has one—a printer must usually be offline if
you use the paper feed buttons or make other settings changes, but it must be ONLINE when you want to print.
Finally, of course, you may be out of ink. For most recent printers, this is nota problem— ink cartridges are quite readily available. Some aging dot matrix printers don’t enjoy the same fate, however. One route is re-inking, Ina pinch, WD-40 can be employed sparingly on the ribbon cloth to get dried-up sections of ribbon flowing again, but in the long term itis best to investigate other options. Small office supply and typewriter repair shops can be quite helpful, both for replacement ribbons (it’s amazing what these stores stock) and for reinking services. A conversation on this topic online recently net the information a company known as V-Tech (215-3 00) may be able to help. And, of course, there's alw Commodore dealers listed in this ma; and elsewhere, always a good resource,
Without a working printer, your computer is something of a closed book. Hopefully, this a step closer
column has been able to get you to opening it up!
®
Jason Compton is a freelance writer and Editor of Amiga Report, the online news resource for Commodore Amiga users, Jason can be contacted via Email at jason@emdweb.com.
Issue 24
xXx PAN D YOUR SYSTEM
B SLOT CARTRIDGE PORT EXPANDERS
The EX2+1 and EX3 Cartridge Port Expanders bring new expandability to you Commodore 64 or 128. Combine the use of compatible cartridges. Disable cartridges notin use. Change the address your computer finds a cartridge at. Avoid the constant changing of cartridges that puts extra wear on your cartridge port. The EX3 offers 3 vertical expansion slots, while the EX2+1 provides 2 vertical slots and 1 horizontal slot. Both units offer 7 switchable signals per slot, address mapping on slot 2, and a reset button.
ose $£ ec)
@
39.00
Plus SH
$34.00
Plus SM
SmartMouse today!
Three buttons means convenience! If you're a GEOS user, the left button is configured as single click, the right as a handy double click and the center button is the TURBO button which doubles the speed at which the pointer moves across the screen. All three are fully programmable for other application.
SmartMouse uses the same custom gate array chip as the Commodore C-1351 mouse to guarantee 100% compatibility.
Switches easily into joystick emulation mode on power-up by holding down the right button.
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Attention Lefties! SmartMouse can be altered for left handed use.
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Issue 24
COMMODORE WORLD
Web it
The New Commodore 64?
by Doug Cotton
It was mid-August when I received a phone call from an editor at WIRED magazine asking me about the new “Commodore 64”. After assuring thecallerthatit wasnewstome, I began combing the internet for references—but turned up nothing.
The following day brought a second call, this time from different WIRED employee working thestory. This time I asked for sources, whichled me to www.webcomputers.net. Here I found what was creating all the ruckus, the new Web.It computer from Web Computers International.
Brief stories appeared on WIRED.COM and ZDNet within a couple of days, and the comp.sys.cbm newsgroup began to come alive with messages about the new product. Other than general specifications, WCl wasn'treleasing information until the official European product launch on August 26. Details about the new system were hard to come by, still, opinions were plentiful. With the European release now past, and an upcoming distribution in North America set for just before Christmas, Commodore World has collected the facts to present Commodore users with the most up-to- date information on this new development.
What Is Web.it?
Beforewe go too much further, we need to define just what Web.it is. Designed in the spirit that propelled the Commodore 64 to the forefront of home computing in the early 80s, Web.it i; low-cost computer that ly attaches to a standard television set. The operating system and common applications are based in ROM (Read-Only Memory), providing near instant startup of the computer and programs.
The operating system software built into Web.it includes PC-DOS 7 and Windows 3.1. This is complemented by a suite of applications which includes Lotus AmiPro wordprocessor, Lotus 123 spreadsheet, Lotus Organiser and Netscape Navigator.
Issue 24
st new Com
Looking somewhat like an Apple Powerbook, the hardware built into the Web.it includes a built-in 56K (K56Flex/v.90) modem, a 3.5-inch high density disk drive, an 86-key keyboard, a touch-pad/pen controller, a VGA/SVGA graphics chip with television and monitor outputs, and a 16-bit stereo FM (Frequency Modulated) sound chip. Ports includea PC-Card port (2 Type Il cards or 1 Type Ill card), a serial RS-232 port, a Parallel port (printer), a Game port(MIDI/Joystick control), audio Line In/Line Out/Microphone In, and an infrared tranceiver (for IR keyboards and devices).
With 16 MB of RAM, 16 MB of ROM, 2 MB of Flash memory, Web.it is powered by an AMD ELAN SC40566-100 MHz microcontroller, the core of which is basically a 100 MHz clone of the Intel 80486 processor.
Commodore Ties Inaddition to the other built-in software, Web.it contains a built-in Commodore 64 emulator (CCS64), which WCI states will support connection of a Commodore floppy drive (presumeably via an x1541-type cable). The inclusion of this emulator has been ‘legalized’ by licensing the Commodore 64 from Tulip Computer's Commodore division. For those of you who don’t have your game card updated, Tulip Computer is a computer firm based in the Netherlands that purchased Commodore, NL (also in the Netherlands) which was spun-oft from Germany's Escom Computer. Escom had previously obtained the Commodoreand Amiga rights from CBM, but sold the Amiga rights to Gateway 2000 when financial troubles struck. A number of employees from Tulip’s Commodore, NL division—some of whom had
worked for divisions of C3M—recogr need fora simple low-cost (Commodore 6: computer in the market. However, with Tulip showing signs of financial problems, the new Web Computers International firm was formed
11
modore 64 e1
ter to ship lator.
hine. The
as a vehicle to create the new culmination of this effort is Web.it.
Web.it For Commodore Users? With technical specifications and corporate manuevers out of the way, we come now to the all-important question; Is Web. it of any interest to present Commodore 64/128 owners?
The answer to that question has more to do with what else you do or don’t own, your budget, and your expectations. Clearly Web.it was designed for users on a low budget, and for parents looking to spend less than the going rate ona computer for their children. Without even considering the built-in C-64 emulation, Web.it isareasonably well-powered unit for connecting to the Internet, offering a lot more functionality than standard web appliances like WebTV. The built-in word processing and other applications could prove quite valuable to users on a budget.
Web. it boots quickly from ROM, and is also expandable, since device drivers can be loaded into the Flash memory. However, if you want to play the latest CD-ROM game software, you'll needa full-powered state-of-the-art wallet-killing Pentium PC instead ofa Web.it.
For Commodore 64 compatibility, you'll need toattacha 1541 drivetoaccess your Commodore software library. Like many emulators, you'll find the keyboard layout and markings don't match what you're used to, and a number of programs simply won't work under emulation. Still, BASIC is there, many programs do work, and the machine offers the ability to get directly on the Internet without having to locate a shell account provider and learn Unix commands. Furthermore, you can browse the Web graphically, a feature not likely to come quickly tothe unexpanded Commodore 64 or 128. We're not fanatical about Windows-based PC's, but Web.it has a reasonably-well defined target market that could benefit from its features.
®
COMMODORE WORLD
A PROGRAMMER’S INSIGHT TO THE STORAGE LAYOUT OF CMD FD DISKS
by, Doug Cotton
Anyone familiar with the CMD ED Series disk drives (the FD-2000 and FD-4000) is probably also aware that these drives come with the ability to be divided up into partitions. A number of programmers have recently shown interest in the physical layout of disks that have been formatted and partitioned by CMD FD Series drives. This information could be useful in creating a wide variety of programs for
the FD drives, including whole disk copiers, disk image utilities, defragmentation programs, disk repair utilities, and even alternate partitioning programs, The information provided in thisarticle should prove to be beneficial to programmers attempting these or other similar projects with the FD Series drives, and we hope that perhaps it
ma
even entice other programmers into looking into the possibilities
of creating some these suggested applications,
Quick Overview
In understanding partitioning on the CMD FD Series drives we'll be looking mainly at two system resources stored on each FD disk that a CMD style format: the Hardware Block and the Partition Directory. But before we discuss these topics directly, we first need to understand some general terms that describe the way data is organized
ona disk.
k Anatomy 101 Sectors, Sides, and Blocks
u'll need to Inaddition, ations on these terms with regard to Physical, Logical or System coordinates. We'll begin by looking at the physical attributes ofa disk and the terms that apply to it.
When storing data to disk, the disk rotates much like an analog record does in a record player. But instead of having one long spiraling groove in which data is stored, a disk's storage is broken down into
e all terms that understand in order to grasp the information in this artic
there are v
COMMODORE WORLD
12
discrete segments that would more closely resemble rings. These rings are referred to as Tracks. Specifically, we refer to these as Physical Tracks, since these tracks are the ones into which the physical media itself is divided. While this distinction may not seem important now, you'll see that it is very important when we discuss other types of tracks later on.
Since each track can generally store a lot of data, Physical Tracks are further segmented into Physical Sectors to provide a more efficient use of storage space. The data written is generally referred to as a Data Block. Data is typically stored on both sides of modern disks. Instead of creating additional track numbers to address the second side of the disk, a Physical Side parameteris used. Thus, with double-sided media, locating a specific Data Block requires knowing the Physical Track, Phy ector and the Phy. Side. This information illustrates the difference between a block and a sector; while the two terms may seem to be used interchangeably, this is not actually the case. A block is a single grouping of data, while a sector is simply one of the parameters that points to where that block of data resides.
Physical Blocks
The number of Physical Sectors per Physical 'T each Physical Block) varies according to the media format. The only constants with the CMD FD formatted disks are that there are always 80 Physical Tracks having two Physical Sides per track, The table below s for each format type used by CMD ED §
k (as well as the size of
provides the spec es drives,
FORMAT TRACKS —SECTORS/TRACK/SIDE SECTOR SIZE DD 80 (0-79, $00-S4F) 10 (1-10, $01-S0A) 512 bytes (0-511, $0000-$01FF) HD — 80 (0-79, $00-S4F) 10 (1-10, $01-$0A) 1024 bytes (0-1023, $0000-$03FF)
ED — 80 (0-79, $00-S4F) 20 (1-20, $01-$0A) 1024 bytes (0-1023, $0000-$03FF)
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System Blocks
The Hardware Block and the Partition Directory both express media size and partition locations in System Blocks. System Blocks are 512 bytes each in size—regardless of the Physical Sector size used on the media involved. This makes it possible to maintain a consistant means of partition mapping over differing media types.
System Blocks are numbered sequentially beginning with Block 0, which is located at the start of (Physical) Track 0, Sector 1, Side 0. The number progression continues through all remaining sectors on Side of Track 0, then through all sectors on Side 1 of Track 0, then through all sectors on Side 0 of Track 1, etc., until finally reaching the last sector on Side 1 of Track 79.
Logical Blocks Inkeeping with Commodore standards, the Logical Block size used by the DOS is 256 bytes, regardless of partition type or physical block size of the medium, As with standard Commodore disk drives, Logical Block locations within a given partition are expressed in Logical Track and Sector format,
‘To determine where a particular Logical Track and Sector ofa given partition is physically located, the Logical Track and Sector are first converted into a Logical Block value, This is done by creating a sum of the Logical Blocks for all tracks below the target location, and then adding the Logical Sector of the target location to that sum. The Logical Block value is then divided by two to convert it into a System Block value; if there is a remainder from this division a flag is set to indicate this. The System Block value is then added to the offset for the start of the target partition (obtained from the Partition Directory). ‘The resulting System Block number and flag value can then be used to calculate the Physical locatation using the physical parameters for the specific type of media format involved.
‘To illustrate this, let’s work out an example. Assume you have an ED-formatted high-density disk containing two 1581 partitions, and you wish to find the physical location of the first directory block (Logical Track 40, Sector 3) of the second 1581 partition.
Step 1: Computer Logical Block Value, The 1581 partition (like the 1581 itself) has 40 Logical Sectors per track. There are 39 complete tracks before Track 40, so we need to multiply 39*40 to get 1560, then add 3 (for Sector 3 on Track 40) to get a Logical Block value of 1563.
Step 2: Convert to System Block Value, To convert to System Blocks we divide the Logical Block value by two and get 781.5, Round this down
| Physical Layout of a Disk
Data is written to disks in concentric rings called tracks, Each of the’circles’ ‘on the disk diagram to the left is a track. Tracks are further broken down into more efficient storage areas called sectors. A single data block is read fromorwrittentoa specific track and sector location, also referred to as a track and sector address.
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13
to 781, but bear in mind that this remainder indicates that we'll need to add 256 bytes to our final result.
Step 3: Add in the Start of Partition Offset. The second partition has a starting System Block address of 1600 ($000640), so if we add this offset to our value we come up with a System Block value of 2381 (plus a remainder).
Step 4: Convert to Media Block Size. An FD-formatted high-density disk has ten 1024-byte sectors per track/side, or 20 sectors per track with both sides included. To make our calculations easier, let's divide our System Block value of 2481 by two to come up with an equivalent 1024-byte value. The result of this is 1190.5, or 1190 plusa remainder. By the way, we now have two remainders to track—this latter one which is a 512-byte offset, plus the earlier 256-byte offset.
Step 5: Find the Physical Location, We can now divide our adjusted System Block value by 20, giving a result of 59.5, or 59 plus a remainder. Since Physical Track numbering begins at 0 instead of 1, this places us at the start of Track 59, Sector 1, Side 0. This latest remainder indicates that we need to add 10 sectors, placing us at the start of Track 59, Sector 1, Side 1, Finally, adding our previous two remainders gives us an offset of (5124256) 768 bytes into the Physical Sector. Thus, beginning at Physical Track 59, Sector 1, Side 0, Byte 768 we'll find the 256 bytes that make up the first directory block of the second 1581 partition. Whew! And now that we know how to calculate where everything is, let’s look at where we get some of the parameters.
The System Partition
Every CMD device utilizes a System Partition to store information about devices partitions. On the FD Series disk drives, each individual CMD formatted disk contains a System Partition comprised of two basic areas: the Hardware Block and the Partition Directory. This System Partition is located on Physical Track 80 ($50). Most operating systems do not format disks beyond Physical track 79, yet all drives will format and use this extra track reliably, Using this extra track for system information allows the FD to maintain a full standard area for actual data.
The Hardware Block
The Hardware Block on the FD Seri which contains device type and size information, broken up into four tables. This information is somewhat ambiguous, since there are other methods to determine the media format type, and once that is known, the size is also known, However, these tables maintain cross- compatibility between the FD and other CMD DOS devices like RAMLink and the HD Series hard drives. The location of the Hardware Block is determined by the media format, as provided in the table that follows. Note that the locations given are the Physical Block locations, and the OFFSET shows the address within the Physical Block where the Hardware Block data begins.
disk drives is a 256-byte segment
FORMAT TRACK SECTOR SIDE OFFSET DD $50 $03 $00 $0100 HD $50 $02 $00 $0100 —D $50 $02 $00 $0300
Below you'll find a sample dump of a Hardware Block from a Double Density (DD) disk formatted on an FD Series drive. Note the four tables: DEVICE TYPE, DEVICE ADDRESS HIGH, DEVICE ADDRESS MID, and DEVICE ADDR LOW. With any FD Series drive, only
COMMODORE WORLD
one device (disk mechanism) will be indicated in the device table (value of 00 at Byte $0000). The FF at $0001 indicates that we have reached the end of the devices listed in the table, and the remainder of the table entries are also filled with FF, The three remaining tables provide the starting address of the s listed in the Device Type table, using a high-mid-low Sys address, Since the first byte of each of these tables contain a 00, we know that the starting address of the device is $000000, Since only one device exists, the next byte of each table provides us with the System address where the next device to be added would start (if that were actually possible). In the case of the FD, this entry actually shows us the size of the inserted disk, in 512-byte System Blocks ($000640). Converting to decimal, this means there are 1600 System Blocks, which equals 3200 Commodore logical blocks (multiply System Blocks by two to get Commodore blocks). As noted earlier, this sample dump is from a Double-Density (DD) formatted disk; a High-Density (HD) disk would provide 6400 Commodore logical blocks, while an Enhanced-Density (ED) disk (FD-4000 only) would provide 12,800 Commodore logical blocks.
Partition Directory
‘This Partition Directory is a 1024-byte (1K) structure which contains relevant information onall partitions available on the disk. The Physical location of the Partition Directory varies according to the media format. The table below provides the locations where the Partition
Directory can be found. Note that the structure is spread over two Physical Blocks on Double-Density (DD) formatted disks since the Physical Block size on this format is only 512 bytes.
Sample Hardware Block
$0000 00 FF FF FF FF DEVICE TYPE TABLE
$0008 FF FF FF FF FF 00 = FD
$0010 FF FF FF FF FF FP = END OF DEVICES $0018
$0020
$0028
$0030,
$0038 DEVICE ADDRESS HIGH TABLE $ovao
$0048
$0050
$0058 *
$0060 FF FF PF FF FF FF FF FP
$0068 FF FF RF FF
$0070 FF FF FF FF + DEVICE ADDRESS MID TABLE $0078 F FF FF FF FF
$0080 P FP PF FF FF
$0088 FF FF FF FF
$0090 PF FF FF FF
$0098 FP FP FF FF
$O0A0 FF FP FF FP
$00A8 FF FF FF FF . DEVICE ADDRESS LOW TABLE $0080 FF FF EFF FF
$o0p8 FF FF FF FF
$00co FFF FF FF FF
sooca P FF FF FF FF
$00D0 FP FF FF
$008 FPF FF FF FF .
» DEVICE HEADER
$000 00 00 00 00 .
$008 00 00 00 00 a) $00F0 46 44 20 53 CMD FDS $008 53 20 20 20 ERTIES
COMMODORE WORLD
14
FORMAT TRACK SECTOR SIDE OFFSET DD $50 $05 $00 $0000 $50 $06 $00 $0000 HD $50 $03 $00 $0000 ED $50 $03 $00 $0000
partition number available on an FD formatted disk, Each entry is 32 bytes and ordered in sequence by partition number (beginning with Partition 0, the System Partition). The entry for the System Partition in the table (Partition 0) is somewhat bogus... it doesn't contain all the information normally found ina Partition Directory entry, providing only the partition type and name only (for the purpose of listing with the $=P directory listing option). Here is the breakdown of the elements, that make up a
dard Partition Directory entry:
BYTES DESCRIPTION
$00-01 Logical Track & Sector pointer to next Commodore logical block of structure. Used only when the System Partition is accessed like a standard partition (using a special variation of the FD DOS Change Partition command), $02 Partition Type: $01 = CMD Native Format $02 = 1541 Emulation $03 = 1571 Emulation $04 = 1581 Emulation SFF = System Partition $03-04 Reserved $05-14 Partition Name padded with $A0 bytes $15 High Byte of Partition Starting Block (in System Blocks) $16 Middle Byte of Partition Starting Block (in System Blocks) S17 Low Byte of Partition Starting Block (in System Blocks) $18-1C Reserved $1D High Byte of Partition Size (in System Blocks) SIE Middle Byte of Partition Size (in System Blocks) SIF Low Byte of Partition Size (in System Blocks) Programming
While we have laid out much of the reference information locating where specific data is physically stored on the FD Series drives, some of you may be wondering what kind of programming is necessary to ess the data.
The most accessible method would be to use job queue commands. The FD Series drives provide job codes for transferring a physical block to Buffer 0 at $0300 Job $A4), write this buffer to a Physical block Job $46), read multiple Physical blocks to a specified address range (Job $FC) and write data from a specified addr nge to multiple Physical blocks Job $FE). You'll find additional information on the requirements and paramters for these commands under the Job Queue Instructions heading in the Command Reference section of the CMD FD User's Manual.
Onelast note before you get started—whenevera new diskisinserted, and more importantly, after you have changed partition table data on an FD formatted disk, you should issue the FD DOS “UJP” command. This is an undocumented command that causes the drive to reset and re-read the partition data from the current disk. If you don’t do this, the drive often end up using incorrect information stored in variables when trying to access partitions and directories, and may even lock up as a result of incorrectly interpreted data.
®
Issue 24
$0048 $0050 $0058 $0060 $0068 $0070 $0078 $0080 $0088 $0090 $0098 $00A0 $008 $0080 $0088 $00c0 $ooce $00D0 $00D8 $O0EO $O0E8 $O0FO $OOF8 $0100 $0108 $0110 $0118 $0120 $0128 $0130 $0138 $0140 $0148 $0150 $0158 $0160 $0168 $0170 $0178 $0180 $0188 $0190 $0198 $01A0 $O1A8 $0180 $01B8 $01c0 soca $01D0 $01D8 $O01E0 $O1E8 $01F0 $01F3.
54 20 00 00 54 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 54 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
49 54 49 4P 4E 20 32 TITION 2 1571... 00 00 00 00 00 02 Ac S Wee ae 00 04 00 00 50 41 52 .....PAR 49 54 49 4P 4E 20 33 TITION 3 1581. 00 00 00 00 00 06 40 ......
00 01 00 00 50 41 52 .....PAR 49 54 49 4F 4E 20 35 TITION 5 NATV. .B
Issue 24
15
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FF 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00.
00 00 00 00 00 .......
00 00 00 00 00 .. »
00 00 00 00 00 ........ 00 00 00 00 00 .
00 00 00 00 00 .......
00 00 00 00 00 . oo 00 00 00 00 00 . 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 . 00 00 00 00 00 ... 00 00 00 00 00 .. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
COMMODORE WORLD
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Be0GR BABB nnn ings ofthe Beach... pei LUons of the Universe gooFile 64/128 ‘ Maintramo Sooktaketot (akas Bata copies). $12.95 Moan Strocis SeoProgrammor $45.00 Meriaco Publish $40.00 RUN Co4 Gamopak or 128 Funpak (Speci) £08 64 v2.0 $44.00 Skato or Ovo GEOS 128 v2.0 $49.00 Tho President Is Missing! pRosHeul. V2.2 (CLI for GEOS) $24.95 The Three Stooges: Intemational FONTPACK. Se8.00 Tange Siecot Perfect Print LQ for GEOS (Lasorsike output) »..... $49.95 uo ued RUN GEOS Companion. $20.00 /Ptal Eclipse RUN GEOS Power Pak | or II (Spec) seve $20.00 Walkerz nels (CEOS Uogade, ra. GES v2 S60 Wain Mie Earth MIDI/&/ SOUND Digimastor $34.95 BOOKS) 1B Symphony Stereo Gartidgo $4.95 Anatomy of he 1541
C-64 Scionco & Enginooring 6128 Computer Aided Dosign
€128 BASIC Training Guido
Gommodoro 64 Tricks and Tips
Compilor Design & Implomantation tor tho Cb GEOS Programmors oforence Guide Graphics Book for tho C-64 sit Hitchnikors Guide to GEOS,
Ideas tor Use on Your G64 aia » 8.0, Pinter Book for tho C64 :
* £8 Oo. Mapping the Gea
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$17.00 T52 in BO col, Plus Commodore color | * Enhanced tull featured Text editor can now ~~ $ie.00 gtaphics and ANSI color. All emulation | load/save files from the buffer and has $10.00 _ modules now load from one window. an integrated script compiler. He ni Now Just * Script language for automatic operations $10.00 $29.95 + Simple BBS made - dian downloading Bes Pac arenagien BPAY | « S:Peot realtime clocksin CMD devices Bim (Specify 5.25" or 3.5” disk) | IAAP aerate $10.00 “319,95 "$19.00 ea) JiffyD $10.00 $195 Increase Speed Up to 1500% while $10.00 retaining 100% compatibility
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33 venta
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Quality Work
Laser-Lovers Disk; $25.00 plus s/h; K. Dale Sidebottom, P.O, Box 303, New Albany, IN 47151-0303
Acomputerisonlyasgoodasthesoftwarethatruns on it. From a users point of view, the software running on your computer is of paramount importance. Finding something that does what you want in a friendly manner makes using the computer enjoyable. Once you start producing material for others to read your choice of software must not only be based on functionality and ease of use but also on the quality of printed output.
As Commodore users we started off with the de- facto 60 Dots per Inch (DPI) standard of the 1525 printer, While this was usable it left a lot to be desired from the final output. As time progressed we were able to make use of 80 DPI, 24 pin and the latest ink-jetand color printersas well. Multi-strike printer drivers have been developed to improve output but the trade-off for quality was made in printing time.
For Commodore users wishing to mix text and graphics on a full page, however, there is no better output medium than a PostScript-equipped Laser Printer (ofwhichThaveused 300, 600and 1200 DPI models). PS Lasers provide the necessary quality with notime penalty. Irecently publisheda 20 page User Group Newsletter and it only took 23 minutes to print 220 KB of geoWrite and geoPublish files.
A Need For Change Desktop Publishing (DTP) was the hottest thingin computing in the mid-'80's and the Apple Macintosh was front and center along with its LaserWriter printer, The cost of this unit was prohibitive, due in part to the licencing fees for Adobe Systems PostScript (PS) Page Description Language. PostScript is a powerful programming language that allows precise placement and handling ofall text and graphic elements ona page.
After seeing a demo of geoPublish in the spring of 1988 | started using G GeoPublish is the only Commodore DTP package that supports PostScript Lasers for the crisp output required of published documents. In November of 1988 1 printed my first laser document on a $6000 NEC PostScript Printer and have used many different lasers for important work ever since.
Other than the methods | used to print my files (direct connections, modem transfers, Commodore/Amiga/DOS/Macdisk transfers, Big
COMMODORE WORLD
Blue Reader), and the fact that [finally got my own. PS Laser in 1997, nothing has changed in 10 years as far as my output capabi concerned. I havebeen limited to the 11 GEOS Laser(LW) fonts, Mytextcouldnotbe printed upside-down. Graphic manipulation was scant at best. Basically, | got the high-quality output I needed but had no access to the full power of PostScript.
The Catalyst Of Change
With the introduction of Dale Sidebottor Lovers Disk my DTP projects will be tr in ways previously not possible. PostPrint is the new GEOS program on this disk and it allows true
formed
PestPrint
PS program code to be sent to a laser directly from ageoWritefile. PostPrint utilizes either a geoCable parallel connection or a serial interface.
While the centerpiece of this product is the PostPrint program authored by Maurice Randall (Wheels, geoFAX, geoShell), the true value comes from the intellectual property passed on by Dale. Whenyouread theinformation, after printingiton your Laser, and come to knowalittle about Dale, it becomes obvious that hereisaman who represents the epitome’ of the Commodore Community.
Dale spent $1500 on his H.P. Laser in 1991, He paid $195 annual dues for 2 years as the only Commodore member of the Adobe Developers Association, learning all he could about PS programming. He had a need for a program, PostPrint, and got Maurice to write it for him. And
18
now he is passing all of that knowledge and experience on to his fellow C:
‘= users,
What Has Changed
After receiving the Laser Lovers Disk my print options have finally changed, No longer will [send my geoPublish files straight to my printer. By printing my PS files to disk with a patched geoPubLaser (a process I used extensively in the 9
years before getting my own laser) [can createwhat Dale calls ‘Hybrid’ projects, These print jobs combine the code to generate my geoPublish file along with custom code inserted for special effects. “What kind of effects?” youask. Well, howabout the ability to rotate text or graphics in 1 degree increments to any angle you desire? How about havingyourtextprintinacircle? Howaboutadding shadowsin front of yourtextjust likethe GoDotads ontheback ofthismagazine? All ofthese things are possible, plusmore, with this diskandalittleeffort. ‘xamples of many of these tricks are included, Oneofthemostliberatingfeaturesofthisproduct is the destruction of the 11 font limit, Ina far more commanding display of power than either Mark McGwire or Sammy Sosa displayed at the plate, Dale has converted over 600 Public Domain PS Fonts (from CDs with thousands) to a format that iseasily downloaded fromaCommodoretoa Laser,
More Changes Still Coming
‘The L.L. disk presently contains one font plus two articles to print out using this font as an example. Daleintendstomakethisatwo-disksetandinclude more fontsplusinformation on working with JPEG images and Encapsulated PS files. Plans are also in place to upload some fonts to the Internet.
‘The vast libraries of PS fonts and graphics from other platforms are now usable by everyone with a Commodore anda Laser. Please note that the price ofLasersiscomingdownandalot ofolderunitswill come up for sale as higher resolution and color modelsarrive. Ifyoucan'taffordaLaserthenmaybe you can find someone who wouldn't mind letting you connect your 64 to theirs for printing. I have used an SX-64 portable for such ‘location prints’ with no problems.
Ifyouhaveeverwantedtoenhancethe PostScript capabilities of GEOS this disk is paraphrase Dale, this disk is for any Commodore
“must have’. To
user who “cares enough to print their very best”, - Bruce Thomas ®
Issue 24
CMD WAREHOUSE BARGAINS
1-800-638-3263
Snoopy’ Stywrter Scambler $1000 CMD's Warehouse Bargains include many hard-to-find used and (where | 3 Ov" we noted) new items. In most cases we have only one or two of each item in | Sex tachew. i ‘SUNBURST-Memroy | stock, so be sure to place your order before your selection has been taken! SUNBURST-Tow's ieee hala Aminimum order of $20.00 applies to all Warehouse Sale orders. Shipping | Uo cr Grabs (new)
shown. (See ourmainadvertisement
charges are not included in the pric
elsewhere in this issue for shipping information). Where in the World is CarmenSandego(nen) ..... $25.00 is issue for shipping information). Nene bay Word Attack Ages 9 ard up $1000
TELEPHONE ORDERS ONLY ON THESE ITEMS ,,,,., ‘Amnesia $6.00 Mailed in orders for non-reserved out-of-stock items will result in a merchandise credit, No | Noe ed cash refunds. All items listed here are sold “as-is”, and all sales are final. Prices and } Barran-The Caped Crsader “ss000
specifications subject to cl i ice. Not responsible for typographical errors, | Be0crHead $600
specifications subject to change without notice. Not responsible for typographical errors. fy ry Below The Root (re) $10.00
BOOKS ors! -hanll $1000 Borowed Time
Anatomy O1TH@ 1541 ns $800. Sea Speter $10.00 Bubble Grost
(C128 Computer Aided Des (new) $8.00 Tue Gap L060 ype tog) $8.00 Bureaucracy
C4 Programmer's Reference Gude Ups Add Championship Baseball
Commodore 64 Favorte Programs Championship Got (new)
Gude to Care, Feeding and Training ot C-64 Championship Wresting
How To Use The Commodore 6 Chomp (new)
erin 64-The Macro Assembler forthe C=64 Cutroats (new)
Osborne 1 User's Reterence Guide Dark Tower-(new)
‘Commodore 64 Site
The Offical Book Of King’s Quest Feus
Tha Visble Computer 502 NO DISK. Fal Confit
‘Your Commodore 6-A Guide to the C64 Fat. The Legend Contrues Fight Smuator Szenery Disk #5
BUSINESS Gaurtet ——- $600
GFL Championstip Footbal
The Present is Missing (new) $500 ‘Total Ecipse (new). $500 Tracker $600
GEOS
GEOBASIC (new) ..... $10.00 HAROWARE
1520 Printer. $25.00 1526 Printer wimanual oa » $2500 1861 Fooy Disk Dive... $9900 1702 Monitor -Color 40 Column-t selurbished $99.00 1802 Mentor Color Monitor 40 Col-ttut
Aprotek 1200 Baud Mini Modem (new) Assorted
(C1280 Keyboards (NEW)
C1280 Keyboards REFURBISHED
Meroe MW-302C Prater relace —... Met. 283 Class Modem wTurte232 & cl WPS@03 Prete...
Mutperer * $5000 Okidsta Meroe 182 Turbo Printer $45.00 Okimate 10 Priter wimanual -- $5000 Okie 10 Color Printer C=Ready $73.00 Onntronix Seal Prater Intef208 $2500 PLUS 4-Like New w Manual, 0 PIS “AS IS on. $15:00 RAST ComTalker 64 Speech $25.00 Invaders ofthe Lot Tomb(new) Seikosha SPY000V0C Printer’ Manual $50.00 Jeopardy sr. Editon $8.00 Smart One 2400 Modem wiSwitink & Cable... $5000 John Ehway’s Quarterback $6.00 STAR Gemini 10X w/Manual ......... $25, ‘otdan vs Bird Karate Chop (nen) k Kings of the Beach (new) $6.00 Super Grafx Printer Infetace wimanual Kung FulStcks of Death (new) $6.00 Used SimLine cases for Commodore 64 Lords of Conquest (nen) 00 Mean Sveets $1000 MISCELLANEOUS SOFTWARE Slent Bute (Check Wing sytem) $1500 Prinmaste Pus 64/128... $1500. Mind Meroe 00. Aerobics $6.00 Slent Butt (new). $25.00 The Newsroom... $10.00 Mot Man $10.00 Superba 128. $15.00 The Newsroom (new) $15.00 Murder by the Dozen $500 Switale 64 $1000 Navy Seal - $500 The Consutant (Database Management) $1500 DISK UTILITY Navy Seal (new) : $10.00 The ELF System (nen) ~ $20.00 Commodore 64 Sofware Bonus Pak $5.00 Operation Whitwind $5.00 The Home $15.00 The Dsk Drie Manager $8.00 Patmords $5.00 The Home Banker $1000 Penetrator(new) $6.00 Toyshop (new) $2500 The Home Manager $1000 EDUCATIONAUCHILOREN Predator $6.00 Warewiral (Med Party Paper Pak) (en) $1500 Manager $10.00 Alphabet Zoo (new) $1000 Presdental Campaign $5.00 Wire Fie Pak 1541 $800 Toa Negotiation (new) $1500 Chase On Tom Samyer sand $10.00 O-Bopper $6.00 The Sales Edge (ren) $1500 Color Ma- The Computer Coloring Kt $10.00 Ox (nen) 300 PROGRAMMING The Word MachinaName Machine (new) $500 $500 Raid Over Moscow $6.00 GEOBASIC (new) $1000 Vabecal... $6.00 Ralroad Tycoon-rew) $6.00 Hesware- Graphics Base $1000 $10.00 Realm of inpcssbity $600 Smon's Basi $10.00 CARTRIDGES $10.00 Rocket Ranger $300 AIA 8 nn» $600 Santon $50) WORD PROCESSING $1000 [resect le Mon Anan Tg es) $600 SARGONII Easy Working Writer Bybee boy $10.00. Jungle Book Reading (new) $600 Sargon'l{new) Fleet System For C128 $10.00 Kidwnter(nen) $8.00. Sargon (new) Ghost Write 128 Gap iw - $5000 Keds Sing Ks Pa re) $6.00. Serve and Voley (new) Homeword (new). Ensyeale Loonay Tunes Prat Ki. $1000 Sky Fox Masterypes Wet... MECC Expeditions $8.00 Sporting News Baseball Mirage’ ‘Word Processor . MECC Odel La... $8.00 Star Trooper (ne) Pocket Wer 128-Version 3.0 Paint A-Rhyme or use wih Koala Pad (new)... $600 Sat operat Bors Pak ne) Pocket Wier 64 Version 1 Peter Rabbit Reading ne) $600 Sutoral Pocket Wrter 64 Version 3.0
Superstar ea Hockey Supertet Word Processor comp Test Dive... $600 The Printed Word Linking Logie ‘The Amescan Cralange-Saing Sn. (ne)... $1000. Writrs Choice Word Processing
Issue 24 19
COMMODORE WORLD
SUPER =~)
BACKUP
dy Doug Cotton
Ever want to makea backup ofan FD disk, but find you didn't have another CMD device to copy it to first? Since MCOPY only works with two seperate devices, getting a backup accomplished is often a logistics problem, The program presented here can help, provided you have a SuperCPU with some additional RAM installed. FD Backup will let you use that extra RAM
as a buffer, making it possible to copy entire FD disks without a lot of
tedious disk-swapping. One caveat: FD Backup doesn't use any custom disk 1/0 routines, so it isn’t as fast as programs like MCOPY. Still, if you don’t have anywhere to MCOPY to, FD Backup can be a huge help.
‘The program listing presented here isn't FD Backup itself, but is instead @ program that creates FD Backup when you RUN it. Enter the program, using our CheckSum utility (listed elsewhere in this issue) to be sure that you don’t have any errors. Save the program as CREATEFDB.BAS when you have finished entering it.
CREATEFDB.BAS
1 print" (CLEAR/HOME}";
20 print"ready to build fdbackup":print" save on which device";
3@ dv$="":inputdv$:ifdv$=""then3o
4@ dv=val(dv$):if av<8 or av>29 then got 0 10
5@ open8,dv,8, "fdbackup,p,w"
6@ read a$:print".";:if a$="end" then cl ose8:gotol20
70 fori=ltolen(a$)step2
80 h=asc (mid$(a$,i,1))-48:ifh>9thenh=h-7 re=c+h
90 l=asc(mid$(a$,i+1,1))-48:ifl>9thenl=1 +1
v=l+h*16:print#8,chr$(v);
next :goto6@ ifc<>23197thenprint"error in data!" end
data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data
91080b0800009e323036310000004c SbOBOOOHODOODDODOODODOOODODOOD 99O0000OO0OODDODOODODDODOOHOOD 20DDGODDODDODOODDOOODOODOODDOD DDODODOODODODDOODOODODODDDODOOO DDPDPODDODOOHOODOOOODDODOODODD 9OOGa9IOOBA1L7OB8ad£Af fcIf fdpd38a 1798a9DOBA29AG8421d92HeC1 22070 12208510ad1e08d019205c10204e4£ 204445564943455320464 £554ed4od 904c140c2alOfad10O8AO1b205c10 204e4£204644204452495645532046 4£554e440d004c140c205c1020494e 5345525420534£5552434520444953 4b20494e204445564943452000ad14 0820390fad4do820d2 f fadded820d2 ££205c100d20414e44205052455353 2052455455524edd0020e4 f fc 9Dddo £920ec1220fcOf2c1aG8104e205c10 20444953 4b204953204d495353494e 472020554e464£524d41545445442c 204£520d20495320414e20554e5245
COMMODORE WORLD
20
When you RUN this program, it should report that it is “READY TO BUILD FDBACKUP"”, and will prompt you for a device number for saving the FD Backup program. If everything goes okay, the result will be a program called FOBACKUP on the device you specified.
‘The FD Backup program can copy CBM (1581) and all CMD (DD/HD/ ED) disk formats, and is fairly simple to use. After you LOAD and RUN it, it will search for an FD disk drive on your computer's serial bus. It will also check tomake sure you havea SuperCPU with enough extra RAM available, Ifyour hardware doesn’t meet these criteria, an error message will inform you that fact. Other than that, simply follow the prompts for inserting the disks at the proper time, and FD Backup will keep you informed of its progress while copying.
434£474e495a454420464f524d4154 0d992GecHbc 9594003 4cbcO84c140c 20450c20030f£2c1b08301020c£1220 ecObc959d0034cbc@84cl14dcaelags bd25@£8d51O8bd290£Bd5398bd2doF 8d5508bd319£8d57O8bd350£8d5808 a9fc8d40GeaIDO8Bdeldcad7cd28de2 Ocad7dd28de3Gc20591120ccffa9Od 8d5008a9008d5408a9918d5208205e Odad3 £GefOO34c6dObaIG3 84560820 cecf£206d1320b30cad3 fOefOO34c6a Mbee5608ad5608cd5708dGe4ad5208 186d58088d5208ad5208cd53@8d0c2 ee5408ad5408cd5508dOb2ee5008ad 5008cd5108d0a2206allad1la@88d59 0820ec12205c1920494e5345525420 544152474554204449534b20494e20 4445564943452000ad140820390fad 4d0820d2 f faddeO820d2f£205c100d 204140442050524553532052455455 524e0d0020e4 f Fc9OddOf920ec1220 fcOfc9I8OfOalad59O88d1ad82067de 20410e£026205c10204449534b2045 52524£523a2000ad4cO820390fad4a 082002 f fadded820d2f£4c9dMb2Gc4 O£2Mec1220450caeladsBbd2sofsds1 O8bA29O£ BA53OBHA2APLBAS5O8bA31 O£8d57O8bd3 5Of8A58O8a9 fe8dd Ode a9008A2addad7cd28dabddad7dd28d 200d20591120ccf £a9GO8d5008a900 8d5408a9018d5208a9038d560820fe Ocad3 fGefOO34c9AOb20ccf£206d13 ee5608ad5608cd5708dGed205e0dad 3 £0ef003 4c9dbad5208186d58088d 5208ad5208cd5308ddc2ee5408ad54 O8cd55O8dob2ee5008ad5008cd5108 d@a2206alldccfOb20ccff206a1120 5c100d0d0d20534£55524345204449 534b20495320424144210d0020ecOb ©959d00620ec124cbcO86O20ccf£20 6a11205c100d0d0d20544152474554
Issue 24
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Issue 24
data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data data
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21
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end
COMMODORE WORLD
Graphic Interpretation
GEOS users have plenty of utility programs that let them do necessary tasks not available when using only the standard BSW applications. Many times the best way to push the limits of your software is to try things that aren't in the manuals. I use a few programs all the time to do things that Lam sure the author never intended,
Thank You, Jim Now, knowing that Jim Collette wrote CMD Move, geoWizard and MiniDesk immediately puts my mind to rest about not being able to crash my system. His programs are far and away some of the best GEOS programs around (although I wish he had put the background color wash into MiniDesksothat my Iconsaren'tvisiblewhen running it from the DeskTop).
luse MiniDesk to move files from my real drives to my REU and back. I have my FD- 2000 disks set up as two 1581 partitions and when Lam copying file nt one or
two files from each partition on a disk. It is rather clumsy to run MiniDesk, copy some files, exit, run CMD Move to change partitions, exit, run MiniDesk again, copy some files and then exit to start my work.
COMMODORE WORLD
dy Bruce Thomas
USEFUL GEOS UTILITIES
MiniDesk and CMD Move both support more than two drives so you don't even have to worry about your configuration, 1 run MiniDesk and copy the files I want from the first partition. Next, I activate geoWizard with my mouse buttons, press C=L to load a program and choose CMD Move (which is stuffed into my REU during bootup). Now I select the other partition and Quit CMD Move.
A dialog box comes up telling me to insert the first partition ‘disk’ again. Clicking on
22
CANCEL I am returned to MiniDesk where I choose DISK and the directory of the new Partition comes on screen. I can copy the files I want and exit to my REU only once. Fantastic!
Save Your Work
Another use for MiniDesk involves file updates when working in an REU. I set the Alarm Clock DA for halfan hour when I start working. When the chime goes off reset the alarm for another halfan hour, then ‘update’ my fileand activate MiniDesk from the GEOS menu. Withit, I copy the file lam working on from my REU to a real disk and exit right back to where I was. I don’t have to exit the application or scroll around to find my place again! keep working until the alarm goes off and then update and save again.
‘This avoids the agony of losing everything in the event of a power failure, inadvertant ‘recover’ menuselection (preview and recover are next to each other and it is easy to make amistake-and everyone makes one now and then), orjust plain forgetfulness to save from the REU prior to shutting down.
I have done this in ‘Write, ‘Paint and ‘Publish with no problems but remember,
Issue 24
this wasn’t the way the software was designed to be used so be cautious the first few times you try these procedures.
Make A Note Of It One other extremely handy utility is the Desk Accessory InfoViewV2 by Douglas Adams (2/15/92) which assures that I willremember what fonts I have used in any particular document. Calling InfoView lets you view and edit the info box of any file on any drive. Whenever I starta document and choosea new font I go to InfoView, call up the file's info box and add the font name to the notes section. If] start using another font I just add its’ name in the same manner. This comes in handy ifI want to look at a file again at some later date as I keep all of my files ona separate disk from my applications, fonts and utilities. InfoView has a very thorough visual interface of the information you are viewing including the drive you are looking at, how many GEOS filesit contains, the file Icon and full Info Box. While the default view isall files on the disk you can selectively view the file types you want by clicking on the FILE TYPE box just below the InfoView Title. Keyboard shortcuts and a handy search function (including wildcards) makes finding the file you want very easy.
Picture This
With GeoWizard there is a handy little file that will take a screen shot minus the geoWizard menu across the top. I use geoWizDump for the screen shots I send with various articles and, since it runs from
Issue 24
geoWizard, you can get shots of screens that
don't allow access to Desk Accessories. When I first sent Scott Eggleston a picture
for the Underground (now merged with the
LoadstarLetter)I sent hima WizDump Photo Scrap (you can save output as geoPaint or Photo Scrap files). Scott used geoPublish V1.0b and this scrap crashed his geoPublish when he pasted it on the page. My versions of geoPublish both took the scrap with no complaints. Ifyou use V1.0b you will want to create WizDump ‘Paint files and then use a utility like ScrapCan or Scrap It to cut out your Scrap.
Running And Stuffing
DA-Runneris another Jim Collette program that was initially a type-in in the June/July 1990 RUN magazine. This handy Desk Accessory lets you choose from up to 50 other Desk Accessories from any disk (and any drive) on your system. Check with CMD sue of RUN on paper or dis! ity the progr: integral feature of geoWizard and Ji Editor 2.5,
Also appearing on a ReRUN disk is Super Validate by Paul Murdaugh (Mar/Apr 1992). This utility program performs a disk validation but returns legible error messages ifa file is bad. Armed with this knowledge, a disk editor (Maverick S.E. is a good GEOS based one) and the instructions, you may be able to resurrect some of your damaged files.
For those of us who don’t own a battery backed REU or a RAMLink we require a method of copying files to our REU’s when
23
yy top to try things
n the
we boot. Files like the desktop, printer driver(s), favorite Desk Accessories and applications. I use John Howard's QwikStash. This auto-exec file copies whatever files I specify with its sister application, QwikPik.
One problem with QwikPik is it doesn’t recognize odd-sized Gateway RAM Disks. Toget around this limitation I setup the data fileson my Gateway boot disks while running the normal Desktop. In this manner the system works great and prevents me from having toswap RAM driverswithin Gateway.
Another very good REU stuffer is Jim Collette’s(him again!) Batch Copier from the GEOS Companion disk. While this program isn’t an auto-exec, it can be used in conjunction with Auto-Loader (alsoon GEOS Companion), When run during the GEOS boot procedure Batch Copier will scour the disk for a list file called AUTO COPY and place the files it specifies into RAM.
Be careful with this procedure. The file must be called AUTO COPY (all caps, one space between the twowords), not Auto Copy as the manual states. I wrote to Jim shortly after getting the disk and having troubles, and that was his response (though | never saw any mention of this in RUN). These programs run under both GEOS 64 and 128.
That is it for now, so until next time enGEOy your Commodore! And remember, sometimes you just have to try things that aren'tspecified in the documentation in order to come up with new and unique ways to accomplish your tasks.
®
COMMODORE WORLD
Carrier Detect
What makes us so special? When I think of my favorite computer, | don’t think about programs or typing commands, or what I see on the monitor. My first thoughts are usually about people—the Commodore community as a whole. It's something that goes beyond the hardware, beyond software, straight to the heart. Beyond the pages of this magazine and your local user group, there are other sections of the overall Commodore Community, such as Meeting C64/128 Users through the Mail, and a myriad of online communities where you can find support and COMaraderie with like (and not-so-like) minded people, When you plugin and turn on your modem, you're only a phone call away from some of the best of the Commodore Community.
Bulletin Boards
Your participation can really make a big difference to help keep our Commodore sysops happily administrating their systems. Youmay think that a local Commodore BBS would have a limited number of users and messages but this isn’t the case since many BBS systems are networked with other systems to share messages from people around the country, and around the world. If the idea of phoning a BBS long distance doesn’t appeal, you could consider setting up your own bulletin board networked with other boards. You would still have to connect long distance to pick up messages, but because it’s an automatic
COMMODORE WORLD
A SENSE OF COMMUNITY
process it takes less time than it would for you to read and respond to messages online.
Non-Commodore BBS’s
My first online experience was not with a Commodore bulletin board, but with a lo BBS that offered support for Commodore users. You may not find a local BBS that explicitly states they support our computer platform, but chances are they participate in national and international networks that have some support for our computers. Fidonet is one such network that has three main Commodore related echoes: CBM, CBM-128, and CBM-GEOS, If you can't find these echoes ‘on your local Fidonet BBS, ask your sysop to consider carrying them—support can be only a question away. Other networks that may have support include Rimenet and Othernet,
Online Services There are three onlineservicesthat we can access with our Commodores that have online
24
Commodore communities. These are (in alphabetical order); CompuServe, Delphi, and Genie, Each of these services have Commodore communities with message areas, chat facilities and filesupport, Most offer at least some services that relate to the Internet as well (such as Email and access to the newsgroups). The online services can be good place to start out learning about using your modem and participating in messages areas, but many are slowly moving towards graphic: andnot putting as much, intothe upkeep on the text side of things. Atleast one of the services (Delphi) offers the ability to s the Commodore forum areas (both chat and messages) from the World Wide Web for free, but because it uses frames, it’s not easi navigated with Lynx.
acce!
Internet
There are several different Commodore communities on the Internet—some overlap, while others don’t. A lot depends on your and preferences. For those who prefer messages, there's newsgroups (comp.sys.cbm andalt.c64), and mailing lists (there are several for the Commodore). Some prefer the chatting online and for this there's IRC and Delphi's Commodore forum chat area. Web Boards could be considered a cross between online messages and online chat. These are ‘bulletin boards’ on the World Wide Web that function by participants filling out forms and submitting them. Some Web Boards seem similar to a “Graffiti Board” on a BBS, others
intere
Issue 24
MEETING 64/128 USERS THROUGH THE MAIL
a &
NO USER'S GROUP?
USER'S GROUP FADING?
Join our world wide group for answers to your burning questions about C=64/128
COMMODORE MAILINK
Contact; Tom Adams, (President) 4427 39THST BRENTWOOD MD 20722-1022
tomadams@sysnet.net
UPGRADE YOUR COMMODORE!!!
Refurbished Hardwaro New Hardw:
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Monitors Drives Now APROTEK Accessories 701 $129.95 1541/¢ $79.95, 24-2400 Baud (64/128) $74.95 1702 $129.95 41 wiDips $94.95, User Switch $30.95 goa, $148.95 teeta $00.95 Gonvort-A-Com $29.95 8020 $159.95 157 119.95
1902 $169.95 168) $199.95 No ae ETT Accasanrlas 902A $179.95 MSD-2 $119.95 95 Wybos santo -aicieme — Sraes' 1084 $199.95 1001SFD $99.95 ye
128 Kernal $57.95 64 Kernal $47.95 Additional JittyDOS Drive ROM $32.95 RAMLink Bs. $209.95 cw OMB $259.95,
Hos4s $229.95 Mono's: $44.95+
Buscardill $59.95, 1530/C2N $24.95,
Miscellaneous clw1MB $279.95 clw4MB $344.95 Books$10-$15 Printer Interfaces $49.95+ Real Time Clock (Optional) Add $24.95 Prog’s $5-20 Epyx Fastioad Cartridge $34.95 FD-2000 $239.95 Ropairs SASK — Supor Snapshot v8 $49.95 NEW Super Snapshot v5.22 $74.95 Manuals $7 Supor Grafix Jt $39.95 1750 Suporclono REU 512K $169.95
Ask For Anything! We May Have it!
Build your own 1581 disk drive! Just add any PC 3.5 inch drive!
Kit Includes: * Easy to follow instructions -— * Case c/w Logic board + External 1581/1541-I! power supply * Serial cable to chain into your system * Expert Technical Support * 90 Day Warranty through us * Optional JiffyDOS ROM for only $32.95 more
Instant 1581 Kit/3.5 inch DSDD Bulk Disks/Replacement Parts $49.95
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P.O. Box 1817
CPU Shelton, WA 98584
The Commodore 128/64 Power User Newsletter
CPU isa bi-monthly publication that for two years has kept its readers abreast of new
developments and helped those to get more out of their investments.
~
Sample/Back Issues: $3.50 » = 6 Issue Subscription: $20.00 (US) PU —_ Canada/Mexico: $30.00 (US) Foreign: $40,00 (US)
The Internet for Commodore C64/128 Users: 3rd Edition by Gaelyne R, Gasson ISBN; 0-9585837-0-6 ‘The only C= 64/128 Internet reference guide, this 296 page manual takes you through hardware and software needed, how to get online and what you can do once you're there. It covers Email, World Wide Web, FTP, IRC. Telnet, Newsgroups, Commodore files, archives and much more, ONLY $29.95 US + $7.00 shipping via Economy Airmail
Visa, Mastercard, Amex and personal checks welcome,
VideoCam Services 90 Hilliers Rd, Reynella 5161, Sth Australia +61 8 8322-2716
Email: videooum@videoam.netau WWW: htip://videocam.netau available from Loadstar, Item #900920
Phone: Fax:
The new operating system upgrade for GEOS 64 Now you can have proper support for all your CMD devices
Wheels 64 requires the following GEOS 64 V2.0 1541 for the initial installation Ram expansion (most types supported)
Only $36
send check or money order to
pls $4 for shiping and handling to North American addresses or $6 elsewhere
For more information phone:
Click Here Software Co. 7 5202 P.O. Box 606 or visit www. people.delphi.com/arca93 Charlotte Ml 48813
Wheels 128 will be introduced at the Chicago EXPO on October 24th
Issue 24
25
COMMODORE WORLD
are laid out with individual topics with or without threading messages with like topics together. A lot depends on the person who designed the Web Board and the programs they used to implement it. Commodore users can, and have designed their own Web Boards. Telnet allows you to connect to other places on the Internet, some that you might not have realized are possible. For instance you can telnet touseaDelphi or CompuServeaccount, ortelnet toa BBS to access Fidonet messages or telnet to another Internet provider to maintain a web or FTP site or make use of their online offerings.
Email gives us contact with hundreds of other Commodore users, outside of the realm of newsgroups, mailing lists, IRC or Web and Chat boards. Sometimes being able to reach someone who knows more about a specific topic can do wonders for solving problems or answering questions, It's another way we communicate with each other that helps us, and keeps our community strong.
What makes us special is the fact we communicate with each other. We share our discoveries as well as ask help for our problems. When the first User Groups were
developed there was a sense of wonderment over the new hardware and new ways to try to do things with our computers. This sense of discovery has been extended to the online
world. Come and join us! “ 2
Gaelyne Gasson is the author of “The Internet for Commodore C64/128 Users” and can be contacted via Email at gaelyne@cmdweb.com orvisither website at: http://videocam.net.au/~gaelyne.
Online Community Resources For Commodore Users
Commodore BBS’s
Batcave (303) 252-0735 Ron Fick (rfick @nyx.net) C-Net 128 CommNet network
The 128 P.C, (512) 940-0023 Tom Peranteau (lomp @ gte.net) C-Net 128 hitp://homet.gte,net/tomp/ Omni World128 (253) 536-9353 Brian Bell (bbelli9@IDT.NET) Omni EchoNet
Civic 64/128 (805) 382-1125 Ben Holmes (bnholmes@rain.org) Omni EchoNet
The Vault (416) 694-2193 Mark Wigston (thevault@mypad.com) Centipede/ComLink, CommNet, Net64
Inner Circle (304) 697-0101 John Pinson (icebbs @ ramlink.net) Centipede/ComLink, CommNet, Net64_ http://ram.ramlink,net/~icebbs/
Non-Commodore BBS's that support our Community
The SpeedZone = (517) 322-2386 + Maurice Randall (arca93@delphi.com) http://people.delphi.com/arca93/ (GEOS/Wheels support) d'BUG (718) 671-7050 http://www.mediaworks.com/bug/ (Fidonet) 221B Baker Street (904) 862-8643 (Fidonet)
Online Services Delphi 1-800-695-4002 support@delphi.com http://www.delphi.com/ (Telnet; delphi.com, Forum via Web: hitp;//forums,delphi.com/m/main,asp?sigdir=commodore)
Forum; COM COM
Genie 1-800-638-8369 info@genie,com http://www.genie.com Forum: Commodore RT (M625) CompuServe 1-800-848-8199 70006.101 @compuserve.com http://www, compuserve.com Forum: CBMAPP. (Telnet: compuserve.com) Newsgroups comp.sys.cbm alt.c64 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) fe-64 IRCnet #o-64 Efnet Mailing Lists Commodor listserv @ubvm.cc, buffalo.edu Novaterm novaterm-list@eskimo.com Tifeu tifcu-info @ videocam.net.au Telnet BBS’s Neverending BBS —_bbs.neverending.com (Fidonet Echos) Cereal Port BBS 199.125,78.133 (Fidonet Echos) Shuttle 64 BBS. shutle64.owt.com (Commodore support) Web Boards Delphi http://forums.delphi.com/m/main.asp?sigdir=commodore Oasis http://)www.cgiforme.com/cgibin/oasiscomm/wwwboard.html Brotkasten-Corner _ http://www. 8bit.com/discurse/THEMENO.HTM Waggs http://www. InsideTheWeb.com/mbs.cgi/mb153941 TIFCU Qlink gRIFITi
COMMODORE WORLD 26 Issue 24
CHECKSUM
Commodore World’s Program Entry Checking Program and Tips on Entering Programs from this Magazine
CHECKSUMisa program that proofreads your typing when youenteralisting from the magazine. It assigns a numerical value to each character that you type, adds up the values of the line you typed and displays the sum. (Checksum, therefore, means thatit checks your typing by summing the characters.) It also verifies that you typed the charactersin the proper order. (Checksum won't tell you ifyoumissaline ofcode entirely, so verify that yourself.) Checksum runs “in the background” when you type in lines of program code. Whenever you type a line and press RETURN, Checksum will display a value. Compare that value to the value published next to the line of code in the magazine. If the numbers match, you've typed the line correctly. Simple.
Typing in CHECKSUM
First, type in Checksum carefully from the listing on this page. Be sure to press RETURN afterevery inetoenteritinto memory. Onceyou have typed the pro} save it, In fact, save it a few times while you're typing, just to be safe. (This is good advice whenever you type in a program. I usually change the name each time I save; forexample, Checksum, Checksum2, and soon.) Double-check your work, making sure that you've typedin every line and that you've pressed RETURN after every line you've typed. If you make errors when typing in Checksum, a test run of Checksum, will tell you which lines incorrect. (This safety feature works only in the Checksum
Special Key Combinations
Asyoutype, youmnay be confused the first time you see curly braces {). These braces mean “perform the function explained within.” For example, (22 SPACES) means that you need to press the space bar 22 times, Don't type the braces (you can’t, of course, because there are no curly braces in the Commodore character set). Hereare some other common examples:
{CLEAR/HOME} hold down the SHIFT key and press the CLR-HOME key. (2CRSRDN} tap the cursor down key twice. {CTRL} hold the CONTOL key and press the I key.
(CMDR) hold down the COMMODORE key and press the 'T key.
Continue typing in your program, saving often and checking each checksum value with the onein the magazine, until you've finished the listing, Phew! So now you're ready to run your program, right? Not quite, First, save it. Second, deactivate Checksum by typing SYS followed by 49152 for the C-64 or 3328 forthe C-128, Now youcan run. Don'tbediscouragedifyoustill getan error. Ithappens. Use Checksum faithfully. Be patient. Be thorough. It will work eventually.
es ,
program itself, and does not apply toany other listingsin the magazine.) Whenever CHECKSUM you find a typing error (in any program listing), fixit, press RETURN toenter the [775 <5 cy checksum 64/128 change, save the program again and try another run. Repeat this process asoftenas | 149 .9=128:sa=3328 necessary. Important tip: Don’t get discouraged if the program won't run. Be | 129 if peek(65533)<>255 then mo=64:sa=49152 patient. Be thorough. It will work eventually. You'll know your Checksumisready | 130 :ch=0: ‘when you see the line: 140 @ to 16 150 to 10 TO TOGGLE ON OR OFF, SYS XXXX 160 iif be255 then goto 280 170 chechtb:poke sati,b:i=itl ‘ 180 next j Entering Programs Using CHECKSUM 190 read lc:if lc<>ch then goto 280 When you're ready to type in your first listing from the magazine, load and run | 299, Checksum, Makeanote ofthe numberthatis displayed on thescreen(49152forthe | 210 C-64; 3328 for the C-128), To activate and deactivateChecksum, typeSYS followed | 220 by that number, then press RETURN. Youneed to have Checksumactivewhenever | 232 printehrs (147) :print*cw Checkaum’}strs (mo) wprint 5 you're typing ina listing. Checksum must be deactivated, however, when yourun | 280 PE Int’ be toggle on or off, sys*;sa:if mo=128 then 270 the new program. The next step is typing in a new program listin, itappe 260 pokesa+39, 20:pokesa+d1 the magazine. 270 pokesar4, int (sa/256) :sys sa:new As you begin, you'll notice that to the left of the start of each line isa number. | 289 print"you have a data error in line";1n;"!":end Don't type this number in: It’s simply the Checksum value. Stop typing at theend | 290 rem do not change these data statements! of the program line and press RETURN. If you've typed the line correctly, the | 300 data 120, 162, 24,160, 13,173,4,3,201,24, 884 number displayed on the screen will match the Checksum value. If the numbers a cee Pee ASO eH Te ea ee don't match, you ‘vemade a mistake. Check the line e efully, make your changes 330 data 0,141,0,255, 133, 176, 133, 180, 166,22, 1206 and press RETURN, The computer won't know you've made a change un 340 data 164,23, 134,167,132, 168,170, 189,0,2, 1149 press RETURN on the changed line to enter it, A few type-in hint 350 data 240,58,201,48,144,7,201,58,176,3,1136 does not verify blank spaces in the program lines unless they are within quotation | 369 data 232,208,240,189,0,2,240, 42, 201,32, 1386 marks, because adding or omitting such spaces will not affect the operation ofthe | 370 data 208,4, 164,180,240, 31, 201, 34, 208, 6, 1276 program. The exception to this is hexadecimal Data statements. Thesearethe Data | 380 data 165, 180,73, 1,133, 180, 230,176, 164,176, 1478 statements, such as this one, that don’t have commas: ie care Saag daa ee ae HOR aee SUaaae Spa RA 410 a 42,32 55, 165,167,69,168, 170, 144 100 DATA 12345678901234567890*123456789012345 ie FA eR deer tie tegeaar ee THRE eSL 67890*12345678901234567890* 430 data 32,210,255, 169, 13,32, 210,255,104, 168, 1448 440 data 96,104,170, 24,32, 240, 255,104,168, 96,1289 Instatements suchas these, you must have one space between thewordDATAand | 450 data 56,32, 240,255,138, 72,152,72,24, 162, 1203 the numbers that follow. Checksum will not catch that error. 460 data 0,160,0,32, 240,255,169, 18,208, 198, 1280 Issue 24 27 COMMODORE WORLD
e1es BEAT NEW COMMANDS
PROVIDED BY THE By Doug Cotton owe 65816 PROCESSOR
Anumber of requests have come in lately about the 65816 command while we did present a rather terse listing of the full command set | Commodore World Issue#16, that list probably created as many questions |pese: Pushes the Program Bank Register (PBR) onto the stack, pushes the return address as it answered. With that in mind, we have created a more detailed ‘on the stack (in standard low byte/high byte format), then loads the Program Counter instruction list over the last few weeks, and have included the 65816- ‘and Program Bank Register (PBR) with the address specified by the operand,
specific commands from that list in this installment of 816 BEAT. The full list ofall instructions is being converted to a format that we can puton our web site, but we'll also try to publish it (space permitting) ina future issue }Syntex Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 6500265616 Bytes Sree
JSL Jump to Subroutine Long
Flags: None affected
of Commodore World, Meanwhile, we hope that the abbreviated set of St!" 22 Absolute Long Yo4 command provided here will provide some temporary relief.
®) |MVN Block Move Negative
Desc: — Moves memory contents starting with the location specified in the X register and the bank specified in the operand (stcbk), placing the moved contents starting at the address in the Y register and bank specified in the operand (destbk) until the number
esc: Oiisets the Program Counter by the 6-it signed value spectid in the operand, of bytes moved is equal to the initial value in the 16-bit Accumulator (C) plus one (1),
None affected Notes: (1) MVN cannot cross a Bank boundry.
(2) Ithe source and destination address ranges overlap and the starting address of Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 650265816 Bytes Cycles the destination range is higher than the starting address of the source range, use 80 Program Courter Relatve Yi 2 MVP instead of MVN.
(3) The Data Bank Register (DBR) is destroyed during this process Flags: None affected
Registers:.X Starting address of source range Y Starting address of destination range Transfer Lenath-1
Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265816 Bytes Cycles | cyntay Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265B16 Bytes Cycles #2 Program Counter Relate Long Vo 9 4 TWN srebi dost 54 Block Move 13 8
Note: The syntax for the block move command shawn above is the accepted assembler syntax. However, the true order of the bytes in machine language are (1) instruction
code, (2) destination bank and (3) source bank, Desc: Pushes the Program Bank Register (PBR) onto the stack (65816 Native mode only),
increments the Program Counter by 2 and pushes it onto the stack, pushes the Processor Status Register (P) onto the stack, sets the Interupt Disable fag (i). sets MVP Block Move Positive the Program Bank Register (PBR) to $00 (65816 in Native mode) and loads the Program Counter with the values from the COP Vector (SOOFFE4-0OFFES), The
Desc: Moves memory contents starting with the location specified in the X register and the Decimal Mode flag (d) is reset to 0 after a COP is executed, Hf ; x
bank specified in the operand (srebk), placing the moved contents starting at the address in the Y register and bank specified in the operand (destbk) until the number
The Decimal flag is cleared of bytes moved is equal to the initial value in the 16-bit Accumulator (C) plus one (1)
i The Interrupt Disable flag is set
Notes: (1) MVP cannot cross a Bank boundry
(2) Ithe source and destination address ranges overlap and the starting address of the destination range is lower than the starting address of the source range, use MVN instead of MVP.
(3) The Data Bank Register (DBR) is destroyed during this process.
Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 6500265816 Bytes Cycles (2 StachIntempt 1, 7
Flags: None affected Desc: Loads the Program Counter and Program Bank Register (PBR) with the address
specified by the operand. Registers: .X Ending address of source range
Y Ending address of destination range
None affected C Transfer Length-t
Opcode Addressing Mode 502 6500265816 Bytes Cycles | syntay Opcode Addressing Mode 16502 6500265816 Bytes Cycles 5C Absolute Long vo4 MVP srcbk destbk 44 Block Move /o3 8
DC Absolute Indirect Long ,
Note: The syntax for the block move command shown above is the accepted assembler syntax. However, the true order of the bytes in machine language are (1) instruction code, (2) destination bank and (3) source bank
COMMODORE WORLD 28 Issue 24
PEA Push Effective Absolute Address PHX Push Index Register X
Desc: Copias a 16-bit address specified by the operand into the stack and decrements the Desc: Copies the contents of the X register into the stack and decrements the stack pointer stack pointer by two, This instruction acts more like an immediate mode instruction, since the data placed on the stack isthe immediate data ofthe operand itself, rather Flags: None affected than the data stored in the absolute address pointed to by the operand. The high byte
is pushed first, followed by tho low byte size; 6502, 6502 and 65816 in Emulation mode: bit 65816 in Native mode (x = 1) Bit Flags: None affected 65816 in Native mode (x = 0) 16-bit (high byte is pushed first, followed by the low byte) Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 6500265816 Bytes Cycles : PEA ador F4 Stack (Absolute) Y 3 5 J Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 6500265816 Bytes Cycles
PHX DA Stack (Push) yoy , #
PEI Push Effective Indirect Address
Copies a 16-bit address into the stack and decremonts the stack pointer by two, The address copied into the stack is the value found at an effective address formed by | Dese: Copies the contents of the Y register into the stack and decrements the stack pointer. Using the operand as an offset to the Direct Page (OP) register. The high byte trom
the effective address+1) is pushed frst, followed by the low byte (from the effective | Flags: None affected
PHY Push Index Register Y
address). Size; 6502, 65C02 and 65816 in Emulation mode: bit
None affected 65816 in Native mode (x = 1) Bit
65816 in Native mode (x = 0) 16-bit (high byte is pushed first, Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 650265616 Bytes Cycles followed by the low byte) D4 Stack (OP Indirect) a ae
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode £502 65CO265616 Bytes Cycles PHY 5A Stack (Push) Yoyo 4 3
PER Push Effective PC Relative Indirect Address
Desc: Copies a 16-bit address into the stack and decrements the stack pointer by two. The |PLB Pull Data Bank Register address copied into the stack is formed by using the immediate data in the operand
as a signed 16-bit offset to the current contents of the Program Counter. The high Desc: Copies the current stack byte into the Data Bank (DBR) register, and increments the byte is pushed first, followed by the low byte. stack pointer. Flags: None affected Flags: 1 The Negative flag mitrors the most significant bit ofthe value loaded 2. The Zero flag is set if the value loaded is equal to zero, cleared i not equal to zer0 Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 €5C0265616 Bytes Cycles PER label 62 Stack PC Relative Long) 3 6 J Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265616 Bytes Cycles PLB AB Stack Pull) Yo1o4
PHB Push Data Bank Register PLD Pull Direct Page Register
Desc: Copies the 8-bit contents of the Data Bank Register (DBR) into the stack and
decrements the stack pointer. Desc: Copies two bytes from the current stack location into the Direct Page (DP) register, and increments the stack pointer, The low byte is pulled first, followed by the high Flags: None affected byte, syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265816 Bytes Cycles |Flags: The Negative flag mirrors the most significant bit ofthe value loaded PHB 8B Slack (Push) Yo1o3 2 Tho Zoro flag is set Ifthe value loaded is equal to zero, cleared if not equal to zero - - Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265816 Bytes Cycles PHD Push Direct Page Register PLO. 2B Stack (Pull Yo4 6
Desc: Copies the contents of the 16-bit Direct Page register (DP) into the stack and decrements tho stack pointer. The high byte is pushed first, followed by the low byte, |PLX Pull Index Register X
Flags: None alfected Dose; Copies the current word from the stack into tho X register and incremonts the stack pointer. The word size is determined by the processor type and oporating mode.
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 6600265016 Bytes Cycles
PHO 08 Stack (Push) ¥ 1 4 — Flags: The Negative flag mirrors the most significant bit of the value loaded
2 The Zero flag is set Ifthe value loaded is equal to zero, cleared if not equal to zero
PHK Push Program Bank Register Size; 6502, 65C02 and 65816 in Emulation mode; 8-bit
65816 in Native mode (x B-bit Desc: Copies the contents ofthe 8-bit Program Bank Register (PBA) into tho stack and 65816 in Native mode (x = 0): 16-bit (ow byte is pulled firs, followed decrements the stack pointer, by the high byte) Flags: None affected Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265816 Bytes Cycles PLX FA Stack (Pull) \ % 1 ae Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265816 Bytes Cycles PHK 48 Stack (Push) 1 1 8
Issue 24 29 COMMODORE WORLD
PLY Pull Index Register Y
TCD Transfer 16-bit Accumulator to Direct Page Register (Alias: TAD)
Desc: Copies the current word from the stack into the Y register and increments the stack pointer. The word size is determined by the processor type and operating mode.
Desc: Copies the contents of the 16-bit Accumulator (C) into the Direct Page register (DP).
Flags: _ n_ The Negative flag mirrors the most significant bt of the tranferred value 2 The Zero flag is set if the value tranferred is equal to zero, cleared i not equal to.
zero
Flags: The Negative flag mirrors the most significant bit ofthe value loaded 2 The Zero flag is set if the value loaded is equal to zero, cleared if nat equal to zero
Size: 6502, 65C02 and 65816 in Emulation mode: 8-bit 6502 6500265816 Bytes Cycles
65816 in Native mode (x = 1): B-bit TCD 5B implied v 1 2 65816 in Native mode (x = 0): 16-bit (low byte is pulled first, followed by the high byte) TCS Transfer Accumulator to Stack Pointer (Alias: TAS) Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265816 Bytes Cycles PLY TA Stack Puf) ¥ 4 1 4% [ese: Copies the contents of the Accumulator into the Stack Pointer.
Flags: None affected REP Reset Processor Status Bits
‘Size: 6502, 65C02 and 65816 in Emulation mode: 8-bit transfer (high byte of stack pointer ‘on 65816 is forced to page one) 16-bit transfer
Desc: Clears bits in the Processor status register (P) according to the bits set in the operand. Any bit in the operand which is set will clear the corresponding bit in the Processor status register, while unset bits remain unaffected.
‘65816 in Native mode:
‘Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 6500265816 Bytes Cycles TCS 18 Implied Yor 2
Flags: All flags per operand except the Break (b) flag (65816 in Emulation mode) and the hidden Emulation (e) flag
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode £6502 65C0265616 Bytes Cycles REP #const C2 Immediate V2 3
Desc: Copies the contents ofthe Direct Page register (DP) into the 16-bit Accumulator (C).
RTL Return from Subroutine Long Flags: The Negative flag mirrors the most significant bit of the tranferred value Z The Zero flag is set ifthe value tranferred is equal to zero, cleared if not equal to
ze10
Desc: Pulls he 16-bit Program Counter (PC) value from the stack, increments it by one and places itn the Program Counter (PC), pulls the Program Bank Register (PBA) value from the stack, places itn the Program Bank Register (PBR) and increments the stack pointer by 3 bytes,
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode £6502 6500265616 Bytes Cycles TOC 78 Implied i aa
Flags: None affected
TRB Test and Reset Memory Bits Against Accumulator
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 6500265816 Bytes Cycles TL 68 Stack RTL) {1 6 JDese: Sets bits in the location spectied by the operand for which the corresponding bits in the Accumulator are set (equal to 1). Operand location bits for which the
‘Corresponding bits in the Accumulator are unset (0) are left unaffected.
ISEP Set Processor Status Bits
Flags: 2 The Zero flag is set if the result of ANDing the Accumulator with final contents of the location specified by the operand is equal to zero, cleared if not equal to zero
Desc: Sets bits in the Processor status register (P) according to the bits set in the operand. ‘Any bit in the operand which is set will set the corresponding bitin the Processor status register (P), while unset bits remain unaffected.
Size: 6502, 65C02 and 65816 in Emulation mode: 8-bit
65816 in Native mode (m= 1) Bit Flags: All flags per operand except the Break (b) flag (65816 in Emulation mode) and the 65816 in Native mode (m = 0) 16-bit low byte at effective address, hidden Emulation (e) flag high byte at effective address+1) Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265816 Bytes Cycles | Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265816 Bytes Cycles SEP £2 Immedate 1 2 3 [TRBe 14 Direct Page 11 2 8 TRB addr 1 Absobte 1¢ @ 8
ISTP Stop Processor
Desc: ‘Waits until the next Phase 2 cycle, then stops the 65816’s clock oscillator. A hardware reset of the 65816 is required to restart the processor.
Flags: None affected
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65CO2656I6 Bytes Cycles STP 0B Implied 1 1 9M
COMMODORE WORLD 30 Issue 24
TSB Test and Set Memory Bits Against Accumulator
Desc: Clears bits in the location specified by the operand for which the corresponding bits in the Accumulator are set (equal to 1). Operand location bits for which the corresponding bits in the Accumulator are unset (0) are left unaffected.
Reserved for Future Expansion
Desc: This opcode has been reserved for future expansion to the 65xxx family of processors. While this instruction currently produces a two-byte NOP, it should not be used at this time to avoid compatibility problems.
2 The Zero flag is set if the result of ANDing the Accumulator with final contents of the location specified by the operand is equal to zero, cleared if not equal to zero
Flags: None affected
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 8502 65C0265816 Bytes Cycles 42
na 1 2 nat
16502, 65C02 and 65816 in Emulation mode: 6-bit 65816 in Native mode (m = 1): Bt 65816 in Native mode (m = 0): 16-bit (low byte at effective address, high byte at effective address+1)
XBA Exchange B and A 8-bit Accumulators
650265C0265816BytesCycles TSB dp 04 Direct Page 1 vo o2 # TSB addr 0C Absolute YY ¥ 3 6
Desc: + Swaps the high byte (B) of the Accumulator (C) with the low byte (A).
Flags: The Negative flag mirrors the most significant bt of the ranferred value 2. The Zero flag is set it the value tranferred is equal to zero, cleared if not equal to zer0
TSC. Transfer Stack Pointer to 16-bit Accumulator
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265616 Bytes Cycles EB implied 14 3
Desc: Copies the contents of the Stack Pointer into the 16-bit Accumulator (C).
Flags: The Negative flag mirrors the most significant bit of the tranferred value 2. The Zero flag is set if the value tranferred is equal to zer0, cleared if not equal to
zero
XCE Exchange Carry and Emulation Flags
Desc: + Exchangs the contents of the Carry (c) and Emulation (e) flags in the Processor status register (P). Generally used to switch between the 65816's Emulation and Native modes.
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode (6502 650265816 Bytes Cycles 38 Implied % it 2
Flags: — m Set when entering Native mode, set but not used when entering Emulation mode x Set when entering Native mode, becomes Break flag in Emulation mode
‘Set when entering Emulation mode, becomes Memory/Accumulator flag (m) in Native mode
Contains the previous contents of the Emulation flag (e)
Contains the previous contents of the Carry flag (c)
ITXY Transfer Index Register X to Index Register Y
Desc: Copies the contents of the X register into the Y register.
Flags:
in The Negative flag mitrors the most significant bof the tranferred value 2. The Zero flag is setif the value tranferred is equal to 2er0, cleared if not equal to zero
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 8502 8500265816 Bytes Cycles FB impied Y 1 2 Size: 6502, 65C02 and 65816 in Emulation mode: 8-bit 65816 in Native mode (x = 1 B-bit 65816 in Native mode ( 16-bit
Additional Notes
' Add 1 cycie if m=0 (16-bit memory/accumulator)
Add 1 cycle if low byte of Direct Page Register is non-zero
+ Add 1 cycle if adding index crosses a page boundary
+ Add 1 cycle if 65C02 and d=1 (65C02 in decimal mode)
Add 2 cycles if m=0 (16-bit memory/accumulator)
© Subtract 1 cycle if 65C02 and no page boundary crossed
? Add 1 cycle if branch is taken
Add 1 cycle if branch taken crosses page boundary on 6502, 65C02, or 65816's 6502 emulation mode (e=1)
» Add 1 cycle for 65816 native mode (e=0)
Add 1 oycle if x=0 (16-bit index registers)
‘tAdd 1 cycle if 65CO2
26502: Yields incorrect results if low byte of operand is $FF (i.e., operand is $xxFF)
197 cycles per byte moved
«Uses 3 cycles to shut the processor down: additional cycles are required by reset
to restart it
'sUses 3 cycles to shut the processor down: additional cycles are required by interrupt to restart it
/*Byte and cycle counts subject to change in future processors which expand WDM into 2-byte opcode portions of instructions of varying lengths
'7Add 1 byte if m=0 (16-bit memory/accumulator)
"*Opcode is 1 byte, but program counter value pushed onto stack is incremented by 2 allowing for optional signature byte
Add 1 byte if x=0 (16-bit index registers)
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 65C0265616 Bytes Cycles TXY 98 implied ‘ 1 2
ITYX Transfer Index Register Y to Index Register X
Desc: Copies the contents of the Y register into the X register.
Flags: n The Negative flag mirrors the most significant bit of the tranferred value 2 The Zero flagis set if the value tranferred is equal to zer0, cleared if not equal to zer0
‘Size: 6502, 65C02 and 65816 in Emulation mode: 8-bit 65816 in Native mode (x = 1): B-bit 65816 in Native mode (x = 0): 16-bit
Syntax Opcode Addressing Mode 6502 6500265616 Bytes Cycles TYX BB implied y 1 2
Desc: Pulls the RDY pin low in the third instruction cycle and places the processor in a low power mode until interrupted by an external source (NMI, IRQ, ABORT or RESET).
Issue 24 31 COMMODORE WORLD
* CLASSIFIED ADS *
WANTED: SECURITY PROGRAMS FOR THE 64/128 - Send list of what you have to: 6518 Elder St., Moss Point, MS 39563 or call 228-474-2253.
FOR SALE: C-128D disk + 5 monito: perfectly. Also have 64 +4 di Write Robart J. McCune, RD#1 Bi PA 15717-9645 or call 724-459
tware AND dual t up and Running r sale.
-8018.
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COMMODORE WORLD 32
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Issue 24
The New Standard in Modem Interfaces
¢ High-Speed Support 7urbo232 keeps The quest for faster online access has made33.6Kbps modems
up with today’s fastest modems, the new standard, and it won't be long before 57.6Kbps v, modems move into the spotlight, CMD’s Turbo232 picks up
offering speeds.up to 230Kbps where SwiftLink left off; helping you keep pace with today’s faster modems!
* Easy-to-use! Just plug Turbo232 into your computfer’s expansion port and connect it to almost any external RS-232'modem
Turbo232
¢ SwiftLink Compatible Designed fo HIGH SPEED MODEM INTERFACE
work with programs written for the popular Swiftlink cartridge
« Easy Configuration A simple jumper block lets you quickly change the configuration for special situations
¢ Null Transfers May be used as a null- modem interface for direct transfers with other computers
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°33.6Kbps Faxmodem
¢ Upgradable to 56Kbps
¢ Compatible with geoFAX
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CREATE A BETTER IMAGE FOR Hour
...on your Commodore 64 or 128 with GoDot, the most powerful image editing tool ever devised for the Commodore 8-bit platform, GoDot not only converts between many of the popular Commodore and non-Commodore image formats, but also lets you combine images ina myriad of ways, and apply special effects. In short, it gives you the tools make the most awsome images;your monitor has ever displayed. Prepare to be creative, to explore -@y.igi2as, and to do the kind of things you thought you'd never do with a Commodore.
minimum system requirements Commodore 64 or Commodore 128 in 64 mode 1541 or most any compatible disk drive .
GoDot takes special advantage of advanced
hardware such as REUs and CMD devices
SurenCrPu COMPATIBLE
program creators
Arndt Dettke * Wolfgang Kling
distributed in the united states by Creative Micro Designs, Inc.