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LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

1? HE@eeriRASTUS

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS BOOKS 1-5

Translated by ARTHUR HORT

THEOPHRASTUS of Eresus in Lesbos, born about 370 Bc, is the author of the most important botanical works that have survived from classical antiquity. He was in turn the student, collaborator, and suc- cessor of Aristotle. Like his predecessor he was interested in all aspects of human knowledge and experience, especially natural science. His writings on plants form a counterpart to Aristotle’s zoologi- cal works.

In the Enquiry into Plants Theophrastus classifies and describes varieties—covering trees, plants of particular regions, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and cereals; in the last of the nine books he focuses on plant juices and medicinal properties of herbs. The Loeb edition is in two volumes; the second contains two additional treatises: On Odors and Weather Signs.

In De Causis Plantarum Theophrastus turns to plant physiology. Books One and Two are concerned with generation, sprouting, flowering and fruiting, and the effects of climate. In Books Three and Four Theo- phrastus studies cultivation and agricul- tural methods. In Books Five and Six he discusses plant breeding; diseases and other causes of death; and distinctive flavors and odors.

Theophrastus’ celebrated Characters, of a quite different nature, is the earliest known character-writing and a striking reflection of contemporary life.

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THE LOEB CLASSICAMEIDRARY

FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB

EDITED BY

GP. COOLD

PREVIOUS EDITORS AEs AGE E. CAPPS W.H. Ὁ. ROUSE LL. A. BOSD E. H. WARMINGTON

THEOPHRAST US ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS I

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ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS BOOKS I-V

WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY ARTHUR HORT

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS LONDON, ENGLAND

First published 1916 Reprinted 1948, 1961, 1968, 1990, 1999

LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY “is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College

ISBN 0-674-99077-3

Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, on acid-free paper. Bound by Hunter & Foulis Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland.

CONTENTS

PREFACE INTRODUCTION St lida! Sica BOOK I OF THE PARTS OF PLANTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION, OF CLASSIFICATION

Introductory: How plants are to be classified ; difficulty of defining what are the essential ‘ parts’ of a plant, especially if plants are assumed to correspond to animals ee

The essential parts of lisse, od the materiale of ahieh they are made

Definitions of the various Ἔσο inte ΓΤ plants may

be divided

Exact classification oe ee aii τε τ pees of classification

Differences as to appearance τοῦ τ a eee δὲ

Characteristic differences in the parts of plants, reins general, special, or seen in qualities and properties

Differences as to qualities and properties. . . . . Further ‘special’ differences

Differences in root . :

Of trees (principally) and phew ghenmcistienhe prea

differences: aS tOckMObLBic:..%) sce check ieieaie δι νμν Astohabit .... “gids ian oh Le, (eg Chaar ies oe oat ae As to shedding of ees ΟΣ oid) ue MACE hal κε τ ΝΣ Differences in leaves .. . Ὁ μολυρνις μὲ

Composition of the various ee Sea Wat. Ssnite δι are Differences inseeds ) 5./, 5) πο: 2 Si adieltathle Be

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CONTENTS

Differences in taste. . .

Differences in flowers .

Differences in fruits :

General differences (affecting the Geeks τ εἰ

BOOK II OF PROPAGATION, ESPECIALLY OF TREES

Of the ways in which trees and plants originate. In- stances of degeneration from seed litfects of situation, climate, tendance

Of spontaneous changes in the character of recs, and of certain marvels

Of spontaneous and other changes in piether τς :

Of methods of propagation, with notes on cultivation

Of the propagation of whe date- aa of palms in general : a ae oy teal

Further notes on the ΠΣ ὧς τ oe

Of the cultivation of trees AE oe

Of remedies for the shedding of the πεν caprification

BOOK III OF WILD TREES

Of the ways in which wild trees originate ΤῊΝ

Of the differences between wild and cultivated trees

Of mountain trees: of the differences found in wild trees

Of the times of budding and fruiting of wild, as com- pared with cultivated, trees. -.......

Of the seasons of budding .

Of the comparative rate of Pail in Hid! maa of ae length of their roots :

Of the effects of cutting down the w male: or - part of a a

Of other things horde by trees besides their leaves flowers and fruit . st so ΩΝ ATS

Of ‘male’ and ‘female’ in trees: the oak as an example of this and other differences ....... See

vi

PAGE 85 89 97 99

105 115

119 123 127

135 145 145 151

CONTENTS

Of the differences in firs

Of beech, yew, hop-hornbeam, el

Of vane and ash She Roe ΚΠ ΚΥ ΝΣ A

Of SS tg cherry, cornel, ποῖσε medlar, thorns, ΒΟ ... ἠδ ΑΕ ΧΗ ie

Of bird-cherry, πος τῆτες

Of elm, poplars, alder, [semyda, Pedder: a eunal

Of filbert, terebinth, box, krafaigos .... ve

Of certain other oaks, arbutus, andrachne, το ee ake

Of cork-oak, kolutea, koloitia, and of certain other trees peculiar to particular localities .

Of the differences in various shrubs—buckthorn, ne Christ’s thorn, bramble, sumach, ae smilax, [spindle -treely (ieee oan: slpioline Weiner feelers ta:

BOOK IV

OF TITE TREES AND PLANTS SPECIAL TO PARTICULAR DISTRICTS AND POSITIONS

Of the importance of position and climate :

Of the trees special to Egypt, and of the carob .

Of tho trees and shrubs special to Libya

Of the trees and herbs special to Asia

Of the plants special to northern regions .

Of the aquatic plants of the Mc chitennanena

Of the aquatic plants of the ‘outer sea’ (ve. Asontie Persian Gulf, etc.) .

Of the plants of rivers, m ony, ane tate) sgnewnik,

ΤΠ AMU PRUE acco bens; 28 ta Lo MGd Verena oir Cog hla a) aN Of the plants ἀπ ν to ae ake of Ὀε οτος (Lake

Copais), especially its recs, and of reeds in general Of rushes... Of the length or shortness a the life τ pleat al the causes ; : Of diseases and ἘΠ στο oe Ww Sees τ πες Of the effects on trees of removing bark, head, heart-

wood, roots, etc. ; of various causes of death...

PAGE.

21) 22] 22] 233 243 249 253 259

265

269

CONTENTS

BOOK V OF THE TIMBER OF VARIOUS TREES AND ITS USES PAGE Of the seasons of cutting ..... a wreable a<s+ewe Ei OF the wood of silver-fir‘and fr 6 . < see 2 δ: 49] OF the effects on timber of climate:.i@ 22/4 27922 427 Of knots and! Scoilimg:7 in timberin 4) 19 h2 229 2 429

Of differences in the texture of different αὐδάν δ eee ao

Of differences in timber as to hardness and heaviness . 439 Of differences in the keeping quality of timber ... . 441 Which kinds of wood are easy and which hard to work.

Of the’ core: and its effects’: #0" so.) “ond a 5 Which woods can best support weight . . .. . . 451 Of the woods best suited for tie! carpenter’s various

ῬΌΓΡΟΒΟΒ Ss Soci days ws be Ce Oe ee uD val eae Of the woods used in ship-building ....... is ade Of the woods used in house-building ......... 459 Of the uses of the wood of particular trees ...... 459 Of the localities in which the best timber grows. . . 463 Of the uses of various woods in making fire: charcoal,

fuel, fire-sticks 31/37) Sak 0s td από νον «GS 00

ν

PREFACE

Tus is, I believe, the first attempt at an English translation of the ‘Enquiry into Plants.’ That it should be found entirely satisfactory is not to be expected, since the translator is not, as he should be, a botanist; moreover, in the present state at least of the text, the Greek of Theophrastus is sometimes singularly elusive. I should never have undertaken such a responsibility without the encouragement of that veteran student of plant-lore the Rev. Canon Ellacombe, who first suggested that I should make the attempt and introduced me to the book. It is a great grief that he did not live to see the completion of the work which he set me. If I had thought it essential that a translator of Theophrastus should himself grapple with the difficulties of identifying the plants which he mentions, I must have declined a task which has otherwise proved quite onerous enough. However the kindness and the expert knowledge of Sir William Thiselton-Dyer came to my rescue; to him I not only owe gratitude for constant help throughout; the identifications in the Index of Plants are entirely his work, compared with which the compilation of the Index itself was

PREFACE

but mechanical labour. And he has greatly increased my debt and the reader's by reading the proofs of my translation and of the Index. This is perhaps the place to add a note on the translation of the plant-names in the text:—where possible, I have given an English equivalent, though I am conscious that such names as ‘Christ’s thorn,’ § Michaelmas daisy’ must read oddly in a translation of a work written 300 years before Christ; to print Linnean binary names would have been at least equally incongruous. Where an English name was _ not obvious, although the plant is British or known in British gardens, I have usually consulted Britten and Holland’s Dictionary of Plant-names. Where no English equivalent could be found, 1.6. chiefly where the plant is not either British or familiar in this country, I have either transliterated the Greek name (as arakhidna) or given a literal rendering of it in inverted commas (as ‘foxbrush’ for ἀλωπέκουρος) ; but the derivation of Greek plant-names being often obscure, I have not used this device unless the meaning seemed to be beyond question. In some cases it has been necessary to preserve the Greek name and to give the English name after it in brackets. This seemed desirable wherever the author has apparently used more than one name for the same plant, the explanation doubtless being that he was drawing on different local authorities; thus κέρασος and λακάρη both probably represent ‘ bird-cherry,’ the latter being the Macedonian name for the tree.

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PREFACE

Apart from this reason, in a few places (as 3.8.2; 3.10.3.) it seemed necessary to give both the Greek and the English name in order to bring out some particular point. On the other hand one Greek name often covers several plants, e.g. λωτός ; in such cases I hope that a reference to the Index will make all clear. Inverted commas indicate that the render- ing is a literal translation of the Greek word; the identification of the plant will be found in the Index. Thus φελλόδρυς is rendered ‘ cork-oak,’ though ¢ holm- oak’ would be the correct rendering,—cork-oak (quer- cus Suber) being what Theophrastus calls φελλός. which is accordingly rendered cork-oak without commas. As to the spelling of proper names, con- sistency without pedantry seems unattainable. One cannot write names such as Arcadia or Alexander otherwise than as they are commonly written; but I cannot bring myself to Latinise a Greek name if it can be helped, wherefore I have simply transliterated the less familiar names; the line drawn must of course be arbitrary.

The text printed is in the main that of Wimmer’s second edition (see Introd. p. xiv). The textual notes are not intended as a complete apparatus criticus ; to provide a satisfactory apparatus it would probably be necessary to collate the manuscripts afresh. I have had to be content with giving Wimmer’s statements as to MS. authority ; this I have done wherever any question of interpretation depended on the reading ; but I have not thought it necessary to record mere

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PREFACE

variations of spelling. Where the textual notes go beyond bare citation of the readings of the MSS., Ald., Gaza, and Pliny, it is usually because I have there departed from Wimmer’s text. The references to Pliny will, I hope, be found fairly complete. I am indebted for most of them to Schneider, but I have verified these and all other references.

I venture to hope that this translation, with its references and Index of Plants, may assist some competent scholar-botanist to produce an edition worthy of the author.

Besides those already mentioned I have to thank also my friends Professor D’Arcy Thompson, C.B., Litt.D. of Dundee, Mr. A. W. Hill of Kew, Mr. E. A. Bowles for help of various kinds, and the Rev. F. W. Galpin for his learned exposition of a passage which otherwise would have been dark indeed to me—the description of the manufacture of the reed mouth- pieces of wood-wind instruments in Book IV. Sir John Sandys, Public Orator of Cambridge University, was good enough to give me valuable help in matters of bibliography.

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I.— BisiioGRaPHy AND ABBREVIATIONS USED

A. Textual Authorities

Wimmer divides the authorities on which the text of the περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία is based into three classes :— First Class :

U. Codex Urbinas: in the Vatican. Collated by Bekker and Amati; far the best extant MS., but evidently founded on a much corrupted copy. See note on 9. 8. 1.

P,. Codex Parisiensis: at Paris. Contains con- siderable excerpts; evidently founded on a good MS.; considered by Wimmer second only in authority to U.

(Of other collections of excerpts may

be mentioned one at Munich, called after Pletho.)

Second Class : M (M,, M,). Codices Medicei: at Florence. Agree so closely that they may be re- garded as a single MS.; considered by

Wimmer much inferior to U, but of higher authority than Ald.

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P. Codex Parisiensis: at Paris. Considered by Wimmer somewhat inferior to M and V, and more on a level with Ald.

mP, Margin of the above. A note in the MS. states that the marginal notes are not scholia, but variae lectiones aut emendationes.

V. Codex Vindobonensis: at Vienna. Contains the first five books and two chapters of the sixth; closely resembles M in style and readings.

Third Class :

Ald. Editio Aldina: the edztzo princeps, printed at Venice 1495-8. Believed by Wimmer to be founded on a single MS., and that an inferior one to those enumerated above, and also to that used by Gaza. Its readings seem often to show signs of a deliberate attempt to produce a smooth text: hence the value of this edition as witness to an independent MS. authority is much im- paired.

(Bas. Editio Basiliensis: printed at Bale, 1541. A careful copy of Ald., in which a number of printer’s errors are corrected and a few new ones introduced (Wimmer).

Cam. Editio Camotiana (or Aldina minor, altera) : printed at Venice, 1552. Also copied from Ald., but less carefully corrected than Bas. ; the editor Camotius, in a few passages,

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INTRODUCTION

altered the text to accord with Gaza’s version.)

G. The Latin version of Theodore Gaza,! the Greek refugee: first printed at Treviso (Tarvisium) in 1483. A wonderful work for the time at which it appeared. Its present value is due to the fact that the translation was made from a different MS. to any now known. Unfortunately how- ever this does not seem to have been a better text than that on which the Aldine edition was based. Moreover Gaza did not stick to his authority, but adopted freely Pliny’s versions of Theophrastus, emending where he could not follow Pliny. There are several editions of Gaza’s work: thus

G. Par.G. Bas. indicate respectively editions pub- lished at Paris in 1529 and at Bale in 1534 and 1550. Wimmer has no doubt that the Tarvisian is the earliest edition, and he gives its readings, whereas Schneider often took those of G.Bas.

Vin. Vo.Cod.Cas. indicate readings which Schnei- der believed to have MS. authority, but which are really anonymous emendations from the margins of MSS. used by his pre- decessors, and all, in Wimmer’s opinion

1 See Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, ii. p. 62, etc. XV

INTRODUCTION

‘traceable to Gaza’s version. Schneider's so-called Codex Casauboni he knew, ac- cording to Wimmer, only from Hofmann’s edition.

B. Editions

H. Editio Heinsii, printed at Leyden, 1613: founded

on Cam. and very carelessly printed, repeating the misprints of that edition and adding many others. In the preface Daniel Heins! pretends to have had access to a critical edition and to a Heidelberg MS.; this claim appears to be en- tirely fictitious. The book indeed contains what Wimmer calls a farrago emendationum; heremarks that ‘all the good things in it Heinsius owed to the wit of others, while all its faults and follies we owe to Heinsius.’ Schneider calls it edilio omnium pessima.

Bod. Editio Bodaei (viz. of Joannes Bodaeus a

XVi

Stapel), printed at Amsterdam, 1644. The text of Heinsius is closely followed ; the margin con- tains a number of emendations taken from the margin of Bas. and from Scaliger, Robertus Con- stantinus, and Salmasius, with a few due to the editor himself. The commentary, according to Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, is ‘botanically monumental and fundamental.’

1 See Sandys, op. cit. p. 313 ete.

INTRODUCTION

St. Stackhouse, Oxford, 1813: a prettily printed

Sch.

edition with some illustrations: text founded on Ald. The editor seems to have been a fair botanist, but an indifferent scholar, though occa- sionally he hits on a certain emendation. The notes are short and generally of slight value. The book is however of interest, as being appa- rently the only work on the ‘ Enquiry’ hitherto published in England.

J. G. Schneider (and Linck), Leipzig: vols. i-iv. published in 1818, vol. v. in 1821; contains also the περὶ αἰτιῶν and the fragments, and a re- print of Gaza’s version (corrected). The fifth, or supplementary, volume, written during the author’s last illness, takes account of the Codex Urbinas, which, unfortunately for Schneider, did not become known till his edition was finished. It is remarkable in how many places he anticipated by acute emendation the readings of U. The fifth volume also gives an account of criticisms of the earlier volumes by the eminent Greek Adamantios Koraés! and Kurt Sprengel. This is a monumental edition, despite the ver- bosity of the notes, somewhat careless references and reproduction of the MSS. readings, and an imperfect comprehension of the compressed style of Theophrastus, which leads to a good deal of wild emendation or rewriting of the text. For the first time we find an attempt at

1 See Sandys, op. cit. iii. pp. 361 foll. XVii

INTRODUCTION

providing a critical text, founded not on the Aldine edition, but on comparison of the manu- scripts then known; the Medicean and Viennese had been collated a few years before by J. Th. Schneider. We find also full use made of the ancient authors, Athenaeus, Plutarch, Pliny, Dioscorides, Nicander, Galen, etc., who quoted or adapted passages of Theophrastus, and copious references, often illuminating, to those who illustrate him, as Varro, Columella, Palladius, Aelian, the Geoponica.

Spr. Kurt Sprengel, Halle, 1822. This is not an edition of the text, but a copious commentary with German translation. Sprengel was a better botanist than scholar; Wimmer speaks dis- paragingly of his knowledge of Greek and of the translation. (See note prefixed to the Index of Plants.)

W Fr. Wimmer: (1) An edition with introduction, analysis, critical notes, and Sprengel’s identi- fications of the plant-names ; Breslau, 1842.

(2) A further revised text with new Latin translation, apparatus criticus, and full indices ; the Index Plantarum gives the identifications of Sprengel and Fraas; Didot Library, Paris, n.d.

(3) A reprint of this text in Teubner’s series, 1854,

These three books are an indispensable supplement to Schneider's great work. The notes in the edition of

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1842 are in the main critical, but the editor’s remarks on the interpretation of thorny passages are often extremely acute, and always worth attention. The mass of material collected by Schneider is put into an accessible form. Wimmer is far more conservative in textual criticism than Schneider, and has a better appreciation of Theophrastus’ elliptical and some- what peculiar idiom, though some of his emendations appear to rest on little basis. A collation of the Paris MSS. (P and P,) was made for Wimmer; for the readings of U and M he relied on Schneider, who, in his fifth volume, had compared U with Bodaeus’ edition. A fresh collation of the rather exiguous manuscript authorities is perhaps required before anything like a definitive text can be pro- vided. Wimmer’s Latin translation is not very helpful, since it slurs the difficulties: the Didot edition, in which it appears, is disfigured with numerous misprints.

(Sandys’ History of Classical Scholarship (ii. p. 380) mentions translations into Latin and Italian by Bandini; of this work I know nothing.)

C. Other Commentators

Seal. J.C. Scaliger : Commentarii et animadverstones on the περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία posthumously published by his son Sylvius at Leyden, 1584. (He also wrote a commentary on the περὶ αἰτιῶν, which was edited by Robertus Constantinus and pub-

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lished at Geneva in 1566.) The most accurate and brilliant scholar who has contributed to the elucidation of Theophrastus.

R.Const. Robertus Constantinus (see above). Added notes of his own, many of them valuable, which are given with Scaliger’s in Bodaeus’ edition.

Salm. Salmasius (Claude de Saumaise). Made many happy corrections of Theophrastus’ text in his Exzercitationes Plinianae.

Palm. Jacobus Palmerius (Jacques de Paulmier). His Exercitaliones tn oplimos auctores Graecos (Leyden, 1668) contain a certain number of acute emendations ; Wimmer considers that he had a good understanding of Theophrastus’ style.

Meurs. Johannes Meursius (Jan de Meurs). Author of some critical notes on Theophrastus pub- lished at Leyden in 1640; also of a book on Crete.

Dalec. Jean Jacques D’Aléchamps: the botanist. Author of Historia plantarum universalis, Lyons, 1587, and editor of Pliny’s Natwral History.

Mold. J. J. P. Moldenhauer. Author of T'entamen in Historiam plantarum Theophrasti, Hamburg, 1791. This book, which I have not been able to see and know only from Wimmer’s citations, contains, according to him, very valuable notes on the extremely difficult Introduction to the ‘ Historia’ (Book I. chaps. i.-ii.).

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INTRODUCTION

II.—Tueorurastus Lirk anp Works

Such information as we possess concerning the life of Theophrastus comes mainly from Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of the Philosophers, compiled at least four hundred years after Theophrastus’ death; it is given therefore here for what it may be worth; there is no intrinsic improbability in most of what Diogenes records.

He was born in 370 B.c. at Eresos in Lesbos; at an early age he went to Athens and there became a pupil of Plato. It may be surmised that it was from him that he first learnt the importance of that principle of classification which runs through all his extant works, including even the brochure known as the ‘Characters’ (if it is rightly ascribed to him), and which is ordinarily considered as characteristic of the teaching of his second master Aristotle. But in Plato’s own later speculations classification had a very important place, since it was by grouping things in their ‘natural kinds’ that, according to his later metaphysic, men were to arrive at an adumbration of the ‘ideal forms’ of which these kinds are the phenomenal counterpart, and which constitute the world of reality. Whether Theophrastus gathered the principle of classification from Plato or from his fellow-pupil Aristotle, it appears in his hands to have been for the first time systematically applied to the vegetable world. Throughout his botanical

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INTRODUCTION

works the constant implied question is ‘ What is its difference ?’, ‘What is its essential nature ?’, viz. ‘What are the characteristic features in virtue of which a plant may be distinguished from other plants, and which make up its own ‘nature’ or essential character ?

Theophrastus appears to have been only Aristotle’s junior by fifteen years. On Plato’s death he became Aristotle’s pupil, but, the difference in age not being very great, he and his second master appear to have been on practically equal terms. We are assured that Aristotle was deeply attached to his friend ; while as earnest of an equally deep attachment on the other side Theophrastus took Aristotle’s son under his particular care after his father’s death. Aristotle died at the age of sixty-three, leaving to his favourite pupil his books, including the auto- graphs of his own works, and his garden in the grounds of the Lyceum. ‘The first of these bequests, if the information is correct, is of great historical importance; it may well be that we owe to Theophrastus the publication of some at least of his master’s voluminous works. And as to the garden it is evident that it was here that the first systematic botanist made many of the observations which are recorded in his botanical works. Diogenes has preserved his will, and there is nothing in the terms of this interesting document to suggest that it is not authentic. Of special interest is the provision made for the maintenance of the garden;

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INTRODUCTION

it is bequeathed to certain specified friends and to those who will spend their time with them in learn- ing and philosophy; the testator is to be buried in it without extravagant expense, a custodian is appointed, and provision is made for the emancipa- tion of various gardeners, so soon as they have earned their freedom by long enough service. According to Diogenes Theophrastus died at the age of eighty-five. He is made indeed to say in the probably spurious Preface to the ‘ Characters’ that he is writing in his ninety-ninth year; while St. Jerome’s Chronicle asserts that he lived to the age of 107. Accepting Diogenes’ date, we may take it that he died about 285 s.c.; it is said that he complained that “we die just when we are beginning to live.” His life must indeed have been a remarkably full and interesting one, when we consider that he enjoyed the personal friendship of two such men as Plato and Aristotle, and that he had witnessed the whole of the careers of Philip and Alexander of Macedon. ‘To Alexander indeed he was directly indebted ; the great conqueror had not been for nothing the pupil of the encyclopaedic Aristotle. He took with him to the East scientifically trained observers, the results of whose observations were at Theophrastus’ disposal. Hence it is that his de- scriptions of plants are not limited to the flora of Greece and the Levant; to the reports of Alexander’s followers he owed his accounts of such plants as the cotton-plant, banyan, pepper, cinnamon, myrrh and

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INTRODUCTION

frankincense. It has been a subject of some con- troversy whence he derived his accounts of plants whose habitat was nearer home. Kirchner, in an able tract, combats the contention of Sprengel that his observations even of the Greek flora were not made at first hand. Now at this period the Peri- patetic School must have been a very important educational institution; Diogenes says that under Theophrastus it numbered two thousand pupils. Moreover we may fairly assume that Alexander, from his connexion with Aristotle, was interested in it, while we are told that at a later time Demetrius Phalereus assisted it financially. May we not hazard a guess that a number of the students were ap- propriately employed in the collection of facts and observations? The assumption that a number of ‘travelling students’ were so employed would at all events explain certain references in Theophrastus’ botanical works. He says constantly ‘The Maced- onians say, ‘The men of Mount Ida say’ and so forth. Now it seems hardly probable that he is quoting from written treatises by Macedonian or Idaean writers. It is at least a plausible suggestion that in such references he is referring to reports ot the districts in question contributed by students of the school. In that case ‘The Macedonians say ’ would mean ‘ This is what our representative was told in Macedonia.’ It is further noticeable that the tense used is sometimes past, e.g. ‘The men of Mount Ida said’; an obvious explanation of this is χχὶν

INTRODUCTION

supplied by the above conjecture. It is even possible that in one place (3. 12. 4.) the name of one of these students has been preserved.

Theophrastus, like his master, was a very volu- minous writer; Diogenes gives a list of 227 treatises from his pen, covering most topics of human interest, as Religion, Politics, Ethics, Education, Rhetoric, Mathematics, Astronomy, Logic, Meteorology and other natural sciences. His oratorical works enjoyed a high reputation in antiquity. Diogenes attributes to him ten works on Rhetoric, of which one On Style was known to Cicero, who adopted from it the classification of styles into the ‘ grand,’ the “ plain,’ and the ‘ intermediate.’! Of one or two other lost works we have some knowledge. Thus the substance of an essay on Piety is preserved in Porphyry de Abstinentia.2, The principal works still extant are the nine books of the Enquiry into Plants, and the six books on the Causes of Plants ; these seem to be complete. We have also considerable fragments of treatises entitled :—of Sense-perception and objects of Sense, of Stones, of Fire, of Odours, of Winds, of Weather-Signs, of Weariness, of Dizziness, of Sweat, Metaphysics, besides a number of unassigned excerpts. The style of these works, as of the botanical books, suggests that, as in the case of Aristotle, what we possess consists of notes for lectures or notes taken of lectures. There is no literary charm; the sen-

1 Sandys, i. p. 99. 2 Bernays, Theophrastus, 1866. XXV

INTRODUCTION

tences are mostly compressed and highly elliptical, to the point sometimes of obscurity. It follows that translation, as with Aristotle, must be to some extent paraphrase. The thirty sketches of ‘Characters’ ascribed to Theophrastus, which have found many imitators, and which are well known in this country through Sir R. Jebb’s brilliant translation, stand on a quite different footing ; the object of this curious and amusing work is discussed in Sir R. Jebb’s Introduction and in the more recent edition of Edmonds and Austen. Well may Aristotle, as we are assured, have commended his pupil’s diligence. It is said that, when he retired from the headship of the school, he handed it over to Theophrastus. We are further told that the latter was once prosecuted for impiety, but the attack failed; also that he was once banished from Athens for a year, it does not appear under what circumstances. He was con- sidered an attractive and lively lecturer. Diogenes’ sketch ends with the quotation of some sayings attributed to him, of which the most noteworthy are ‘ Nothing costs us so dear as the waste of time,’ ‘One had better trust an unbridled horse than an undigested harangue.’ He was followed to his grave, which we may hope was, in accordance with his own wish, in some peaceful corner of the Lyceum garden, by a great assemblage of his fellow townsmen.

XXVI1

INTRODUCTION

The principal references in the notes are to the following ancient authors :—

Apollon. Arist. Arr: Athen. Col. Diod. Diosc.

(reop. Nic. Pall. Paus. Plin.

Plut. Seyl.

Apollonius, Historia Miraculorum.

Aristotle. Bekker, Berlin, 1831.

Arrian. Hercher (Teubner).

Athenaeus. Dindorf, Leipzig, 1827.

Columella, de re rustica. Schneider, Leipzig, 1794.

Diodorus.

Pedanius Dioscurides, de materia medica. Well- mann, Berlin, 1907.

Geoponica. Beckh (Teubner), 1895.

Nicander, Theriaca. Schneider, Leipzig, 1816.

Palladius, de re rustica. Schneider, Leipzig, 1795.

Pausanias. Schubart (Teubner), Leipzig, 1881.

Plinius, Naturalis Historia. Mayhoff (Teubner), 1887. (Reference by book and section.)

Plutarch. Hercher (Teubner), Leipzig, 1872. Scylax, Periplus. Vossius, Amsterdam 1639.

XX Vil

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᾿

THEOPHRASTUS

ENQUIRY INTO: PLANTS BOOK I

ΘΕΟΦΡΑΣΤΟΥ͂ ΠΕΡῚ ®TTON ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ

Α

a Aa Ν x \ Ν I. Τῶν φυτῶν τὰς διαφορὰς καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ΄ / ’ \ , \ \ : φύσιν ληπτέον κατά TE TA μέρη Kal τὰ πάθη καὶ Ν ΓΖ \ \ , ” N \ 4 Tas γενέσεις Kal τοὺς βίους: ἤθη yap καὶ πράξεις >’ δ) Lcd Ni aA SIN ’ € \ \ οὐκ ἔχουσιν ὥσπερ τὰ ζῶα. εἰσὶ δ᾽ αἱ μὲν κατὰ \ / \ AS / \ \ / > τὴν γένεσιν καὶ τὰ πάθη καὶ τοὺς βίους εὐθεωρη- , \ Cae e \ Ν \ , , τότεραι καὶ pdous, ai δὲ κατὰ τὰ μέρη πλείους ’ A lal ἔχουσι ποικιλίας. αὐτὸ yap τοῦτο πρῶτον οὐχ ς A > , \ a a , \ \ , ἱκανῶς ἀφώρισται τὰ ποῖα δεῖ μέρη καὶ μὴ μέρη a » % ld καλεῖν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔχει τινὰ ἀπορίαν. rms \ 5 / ee > lo O07 / a Say To μὲν οὖν μέρος ate ἐκ τῆς ἰδίας φύσεως ὃν ἀεὶ a / x e fa) A Ὁ / 2 δοκεῖ διαμένειν ἢ ἁπλῶς ἢ ὅταν γένηται, καθάπερ ᾽ A , \ A , Ἁ ” ἐν τοῖς ζώοις τὰ ὕστερον γενησόμενα, πλὴν εἴ τι 1 τὰ ins. Sch., om. Ald.H. 2 πάθη, a@ more general word than δυνάμεις, ‘virtues’ : cf. 1. 5.4; 8. 4. 2; it seems to mean here something like ‘behaviour,’ in relation to environment. Instances of πάθη

are given 4. 2.11; 4.14. 6. 3 ἔχουσι conj. H.; ἔχουσαι W. with Ald.

2

THEOPHRASTUS ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS

BOOK: 1

Or tHe Parts OF PLANTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION. Or CLASSIFICATION.

Introductory: How plants are to be classified; difficulty of defining what are the essential ‘parts’ of a plant, especially if plants are assumed to correspond to animals.

I. In considering the distinctive characters of plants and their nature generally one must take into account their! parts, their qualities? the ways in which their life originates, and the course which it follows in each case : (conduct and activities we do not find in them, as we do in animals). Now the differences in the way in which their life origin- ates, in their qualities and in their life-history are com- paratively easy to observe and are simpler, while those shewn® in their ‘parts’ present more com- plexity. Indeed it has not even been satisfactorily determined what ought and what ought not to be called ‘parts, and some difficulty is involved in making the distinction.

Now it appears that by a ‘ part,’ seeing that it is something which belongs to the plant’s characteristic nature, we mean something which is permanent either absolutely or when once it has appeared (like those parts of animals which remain for a time undeveloped)

3

THEOPHRASTUS

ὃ \ U A a A 7 ’ , A la νόσον ἢ γῆρας ἢ πήρωσιν ἀποβάλλεται. τῶν ϑ'.}υ al f Μ γῶν Ἀν ΟΝ x σ Ἄ “ , δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς φυτοῖς ἔνια τοιαῦτ᾽ ἐστὶν ὥστ᾽ ἐπέτειον Μ \ 4 ἔχειν τὴν οὐσίαν, οἷον ἄνθος βρύον φύλλον ld A \ an a καρπός, ἁπλῶς ὅσα πρὸ τῶν καρπῶν ἢ ἅμα , a a ” \ ΨΆΝ € , γίνεται τοῖς καρποῖς: ἔτι δὲ αὐτὸς ὁ βλαστός" > \ / \ ᾽ αἰεὶ γὰρ ἐπίφυσιν λαμβάνει τὰ δένδρα κατ ς , Μ a a ἐνιαυτὸν ὁμοίως ἔν τε τοῖς ἄνω καὶ ἐν τοῖς περὶ \ c/s [4 > (2 Lal / / , Tas ῥίζας: ὥστε, εἰ μέν τις ταῦτα θήσει μέρη, TO fol ΒΥ Μ \ > 7 ἊΝ ᾽ \ τε πλῆθος ἀόριστον ἔσται Kal οὐδέποτε TO αὐτὸ a , > 0 9 \ , 7, ar τῶν μορίων" εἰ δ᾽ αὖ μὴ μέρη, συμβήσεται, δι᾿ ὧν [2 4 \ ’ la) \ = / τέλεια γίνεται Kal φαίνεται, ταῦτα μὴ εἶναι μέρη: \ Bractavovta yap καὶ θάλλοντα Kal καρπὸν ” » / \ (/ \ A EYOVTA πάντα καλλίω Kal τελειότερα καὶ δοκεῖ \ Μ « \ s b] 4 , δὶ καὶ ἔστιν. αἱ μὲν οὖν ἀπορίαι σχεδόν εἰσιν αὗται. ες , / Taya δὲ οὐχ ὁμοίως ἅπαντω ξητητέον οὔτε » a Μ 7 4» “ \ \ / ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις οὔθ᾽ ὅσα πρὸς τὴν γένεσιν, ΕῚ 7 \ 4 / / \ αὐτά τε τὰ γεννώμενα μέρη θετέον οἷον τοὺς ΄ OX \ \ Μ a , ᾽ καρπούς. οὐδὲ γὰρ τὰ ἔμβρυα τῶν ζώων. εἰ

δὲ ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ ὄψει τοῦτό γε κάλλιστον,

1 2,6. the male inflorescence of some trees; the term is of course wider than ‘ catkin.’ 4 4.¢. flower, catkin, leaf, fruit, shoot.

4

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. τ. 2-ὸῈ

—permanent, that is, unless it be lost by disease, age or mutilation. However some of the parts of plants are such that their existence is limited to a year, for instance, flower, ‘ catkin,’! leaf, fruit, in fact all those parts which are antecedent to the fruit or else appear along with it. Also the new shoot itself must be included with these; for trees always make fresh growth every year alike in the parts above ground and in those which pertain to the roots. So that if one sets these 2 down as ‘ parts, the number of parts will be indeterminate and constantly changing ; if on the other hand these are not to be called ‘parts,’ the result will be that things which are essential if the plant is to reach its perfection, and which are its conspicuous features, are nevertheless not ‘parts’; for any plant always appears to be, as indeed it is, more comely and more perfect when it makes new growth, blooms, and bears fruit. Such, we may say, are the difficulties involved in defining a § part.’

But perhaps we should not expect to find in plants a complete correspondence with animals in regard to those things which concern repro- duction any more than in other respects; and so we should reckon as ‘parts’ even those things to which the plant gives birth, for instance their fruits, although *? we do not so reckon the unborn young of animals. (However, if such 6 a product seems fairest to the eye, because the plant is then in its prime, we can draw no inference from this in

3 οὐδὲ γὰρ : οὐδὲ seems to mean no more than οὐ (cf. neque enim=non enim) ; γὰρ refers back to the beginning of the ὃ.

4 ἐν τῇ Spa ὄψει τοῦτό ye I conj.; τῇ ὥρᾳ ὄψει τό γε vulg. W.; τοῦτο, t.e. flower or fruit.

5

THEOPHRASTUS

2Q\ A > \ \ a , b a x οὐδὲν σημεῖον, ἐπεὶ καὶ τῶν ζώων εὐθενεῖ τὰ / κύοντα. XN ’ ’ \ Πολλὰ δὲ καὶ τὰ μέρη κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν ἀπο- ΄ / “ » \ / \ βάλλει, καθάπερ οἱ τε ἔλαφοι τὰ κέρατα καὶ ἡ \ Ἂν \ fd ΄ τὰ φωλεύοντα τὰ πτερὰ καὶ τρίχας τετράποδα" “ 2 »>Q\ » ” \ es a a ὥστ᾽ οὐδὲν ἄτοπον ἄλλως TE καὶ ὅμοιον ὃν TO val \ / φυλλοβολεῖν τὸ πάθος. € 7, ἵν AC \ \ \ ,ὔ 5 \ \ Ὡσαύτως δ᾽ οὐδὲ τὰ πρὸς τὴν γένεσιν" ἐπεὶ Kal Taal XY \ , \ » ἐν τοῖς ζώοις τὰ μὲν συνεκτίκτεται τὰ δ᾽ ἀπο- ͵ , ἢ , a ΄ὕ ” καθαίρεται καθάπερ ἀλλότρια τῆς φύσεως. ἔοικε , \ \ \ \ / δὲ παραπλησίως Kal Ta περὶ THY βλάστησιν A / ἔχειν. ἡ yap τοι βλάστησις γενέσεως χάριν ἐστὶ n , τῆς τελειας. \ Ὅλως δὲ καθάπερ εἴπομεν οὐδὲ πάντα - , AP 9 TN ζω ΄ / x A \ ¢ ὁμοίως καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ζώων ληπτέον. δι᾽ ὃ Kal ὁ x died a \ \ ἀριθμὸς ἀόριστος: πανταχῆ yap βλαστητικὸν . rn “ [7 fal \ ἅτε καὶ πανταχῆ ζῶν. ὥστε ταῦτα μὲν οὕτως ς / 3 / ’ \ a ᾽ \ \ al ὑποληπτέον οὐ μόνον εἰς τῶ VUY AANA καὶ τῶν / / “ ἣν \ al > μελλόντων χάριν: ὅσα yap μὴ οἷόν τε ado- a , \ / 7 μοιοῦν περίεργον TO γλίχεσθαι πάντως, ἵνα μὴ \ \ ᾽ td Ἢ / / « \ καὶ τὴν οἰκείαν ἀποβάλλωμεν θεωρίαν. ἡ δὲ / a a lal > a a ἱστορία τῶν φυτῶν ἐστιν WS ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν ἢ KATA

1 εὐθενεῖ conj. Sch., εὐθετεῖ UMVAId. 16. we do not argue from the fact that animals are at their handsomest in the breeding season that the young is therefore ‘part’ of the animal.

2 Lit. ‘which are in holes,’ in allusion to the well-known belief that animals (especially birds) which are out of sight in the winter are hiding in holes; the text is supported by [Arist.] de plantis 1. 3, the author of which had evidently read this passage ; but possibly some such words as τάς τε φολίδας καὶ have dropped out after φωλεύοντα.

6

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. 1. 3-4

support of our argument, since even among animals those that are with young are at their best.1)

Again many plants shed their parts every year, even as stags shed their horns, birds which hiber- nate? their feathers, four-footed beasts their hair : so that it is not strange that the parts of plants should not be permanent, especially as what thus occurs in animals and the shedding of leaves in plants are analogous processes.

In like manner the parts concerned with repro- duction are not permanent in plants; for even in animals there are things which are separated from the parent when the young is born, and there are other things? which are cleansed away, as though neither of these belonged to the animal’s essential nature. And so too it appears to be with the growth of plants; for of course growth leads up to reproduction as the completion of the process.

And in general, as we have said, we must not assume that in all respects there is complete correspondence between plants and animals. And that is why the number also of parts is indeterminate ; for a plant has the power of growth in all its parts, inasmuch as it has life in allits parts. Wherefore we should assume the truth to be as I have said, not only in regard to the matters now before us, but in view also of those which will come before us presently ; for it is waste of time to take great pains to make comparisons where that is impossible, and in so doing we may lose sight also of our proper subject of enquiry. The enquiry into plants, to put it generally, may

3 2,6. the embryo is not the only thing derived from the parent animal which is not a ‘ part’ of it; there is also the

ised supply ἘΠ ἢ with the young, and the after-birth. a Che Corn

THEOPHRASTUS

\ Μ , \ \ μέ \ a \ \ τὰ ἔξω μόρια Kal THY ὅλην μορφὴν ἢ κατὰ τὰ / [4 > \ A“ ᾿ \ lal “ ἐντὸς, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ζώων τὰ ἐκ τῶν ἀνατομῶν.

/ 3 a a an Ληπτέον δ᾽ ἐν αὐτοῖς ποῖά τε πᾶσιν ὑπάρχει Sree N \ lal ” a) re / ” \ ταὐτὰ Kat ποῖα ἴδια καθ᾽ ἕκαστον γένος, ἔτι δὲ - > “ “Ὁ Ψ / ’ TOV αὐτῶν ποῖα ὅμοια' λέγω δ᾽ οἷον φύλλον pita , ᾽ a \ \ a φλοιός. οὐ δεῖ δὲ οὐδὲ τοῦτο λανθάνειν εἴ TL κατ᾽ > / / “ SAX a ΄ \ ἀναλογίαν θεωρητέον, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ζώων, τὴν > \ (/ a ee \ \ > ἀναφορὰν ποιουμένους δῆλον OTL πρὸς τὰ ἐμ- , \ , \ 9 “ ee 4 φερέστατα καὶ τελειότατα. Kal ἁπλῶς δὲ ὅσα a ΜΝ lal > , a > -“ , € τῶν ἐν φυτοῖς ἀφομοιωτέον τῷ ἐν τοῖς ζώοις, ὡς » ’ / 2a tr ’ a a N = ἄν τίς τῴ γ᾽ ἀνάλογον ἀφομοιοῖ. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν I \ ’ ΄“ διωρίσθω τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον. e Ἁ lal A Αἱ δὲ τῶν μερῶν διαφοραὶ σχεδὸν ὡς τύπῳ cr ᾽ 2 / a A \ \ Μ λαβεῖν εἰσιν ἐν τρισίν, ἢ τῷ τὰ μὲν ἔχειν

lal

\ \ ΄ὕ , fi \ , a τὰ δὲ μή, καθάπερ φύλλα Kal καρπόν, ἢ TO Ἁ «“ \ ” Ba , an \ ς / μὴ ὅμοια μηδὲ ἴσα, ἢ τρίτον τῷ μὴ ὁμοίως. ’ \ € Ἂν » / e / / τούτων δὲ ἡ μὲν ἀνομοιότης ὁρίζεται σχήματι

’ / / ’ χρώματι πυκνότητι μανότητι τραχύτητι λειότητι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις πάθεσιν, ἔτι δὲ ὅσαι διαφοραὶ

“ “Ὁ / an TOV χυλῶν. ἡ δὲ ἀνισότης ὑπεροχῇ Kal ἐλλείψει

κατὰ πλῆθος ἢ μέγεθος. ὡς δ᾽ εἰπεῖν τύπῳ

1 A very obscure sentence ; so W. renders the MSS. text. 2 2,6. ‘inequality’ might include ‘ unlikeness.’

8

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. 1. 4-6

either take account of the external parts and the form of the plant generally, or else of their internal parts: the latter method corresponds to the study of animals by dissection.

Further we must consider which parts belong to all plants alike, which are peculiar to some one kind, and which of those which belong to all alike are themselves alike in all cases; for instance, leaves roots bark. And again, if in some cases analogy ought to be considered (for instance, an analogy presented by animals), we must keep this also in view ; and in that case we must of course make the closest resemblances and the most perfectly de- veloped examples our standard; 1!and, finally, the ways in which the parts of plants are affected must be compared to the corresponding effects in the case of animals, so far as one can in any given case find an analogy for comparison. So let these definitions stand.

The essential parts of plants, and the materials of which they are made.

Now the differences in regard to parts, to take a general view, are of three kinds: either one plant may possess them and another not (for instance, leaves and fruit), or in one plant they may be unlike in appearance or size to those of another, or, thirdly, they may be differently arranged. Now the unlike- ness between them is seen in form, colour, closeness of arrangement or its opposite, roughness or its opposite, and the other qualities; and again there are the various differences of flavour. The inequality is seen in excess or defect as to number or size, or, to speak generally, ?all the above-mentioned differences too

9

9

THEOPHRASTUS

a ’ » \ κἀκεῖνα πάντα καθ᾽ ὑπεροχὴν καὶ ἔλλειψιν" TO \ a Ss \ ’ yap μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον ὑπεροχὴ καὶ ἔλλειψις": TO \ Vo , a / ih / 3) e \ δὲ μὴ ὁμοίως τῇ θέσει διαφέρει: λέγω δ᾽ οἷον τὸ \ \ a τοὺς καρποὺς τὰ μὲν ἐπάνω τὰ δ᾽ ὑποκάτω TOV / ” \ ᾽ a a / AS \ 3 φύλλων ἔχειν Kal αὐτοῦ Tov δένδρου τὰ μὲν ἐξ », \ Nie) n / ” \ Aj ess a ἄκρου Ta δὲ ἐκ τῶν πλαγίων, ἔνια δὲ Kal ἐκ τοῦ 7 ι ἡ id ’ / / Ne ef, \ στελέχους, οἷον ἡ Αἰγυπτία συκάμινος, Kal ὅσα δὴ an / \ Kal ὑπὸ γῆς φέρει καρπόν, οἷον ἥ TE ἀραχίδνα καὶ “. > \ τὸ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ καλούμενον οὔϊγγον, καὶ εἰ τὰ μὲν » \ a / ¢ , ἔχει μίσχον τὰ δὲ μή. Kal ἐπὶ TOV ἀνθέων ὁμοίως: Ν Ν \ \ > \ ἊΝ ‘ \ δὲ Vv τὰ μὲν γὰρ περὶ αὐτὸν TOV καρπὸν τὰ δὲ ἄλλως. δ a / a / ὅλως δὲ TO τῆς θέσεως ἐν τούτοις Kal τοῖς φύλλοις A 33 a an , καὶ ἐν τοῖς βλαστοῖς ληπτέον. a \ \ Διαφέρει δὲ ἔνια καὶ τῇ τάξει: τὰ μὲν ws a >] [ἐ al ’ ἔτυχε, τῆς δ᾽ ἐλάτης οἱ κλῶνες KAT ἀλλήλους ε / a \ \ Ce st See \ ἑκατέρωθεν: τῶν δὲ καὶ οἱ ὄζοι δι’ ἴσου τε Kai ’ > lal / κατ᾽ ἀριθμὸν ἴσοι, καθάπερ τῶν τριόζων. \ \ / “Ὥστε τὰς μὲν διαφορὰς ἐκ τούτων ληπτέον ἐξ ka δ ΤΕ ier \ a 3. Ὁ ὧν καὶ ἡ ὅλη μορφὴ συνδηλοῦται καθ᾽ ἕκαστον. \ \ / 7, Αὐτὰ δὲ τὰ μέρη διαριθμησαμένους πειρατέον / a περὶ ἑκάστου λέγειν. ἔστι δὲ πρῶτα μὲν Kal al / μέγιστα καὶ κοινὰ τῶν πλείστων τάδε, pita Ν » \ / ’ A / ᾽ yy καυλὸς ἀκρεμὼν κλάδος, εἰς ἃ διέλοιτ᾽ ἄν τις

A) Ge SEY aes ol ee! 2 cf. 1. 6. 11. T. extends the term καρπός so as to

include any succulent edible part of a plant. 3 T. does not consider that καρπός was necessarily ante-

ceded by a flower. Io

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. τ. 6-9

are included under excess and defect: for the ‘more’ and the ‘less’ are the same thing as excess and defect, whereas ‘differently arranged’ implies a difference of position; for instance, the fruit may be above or below the leaves,! and, as to position on the tree itself, the fruit may grow on the apex of it or on the side branches, and in some cases even on the trunk, as in the sycamore; while some plants again even bear their fruit underground, for in- stance arakhidna® and the plant called in Egypt uingon ; again in some plants the fruit has a stalk, in some it has none. There is a like difference in the floral organs: in some cases they actually surround the fruit, in others they are differently placed®: in fact it is in regard to the fruit, the leaves, and the shoots that the question of position has to be considered.

Or again there are differences as to symmetry ?#: in some cases the arrangement is irregular, while the branches of the silver-fir are arranged opposite one another; and in some cases the branches are at equal distances apart, and correspond in number, as where they are in three rows.®

Wherefore the differences between plants must be observed in these particulars, since taken together they shew forth the general character of each plant.

But, before we attempt to speak about each, we must make a list of the parts themselves. Now the primary and most important parts, which are also common to most, are these—root, stem, branch, twig ; these are the parts into which we might divide the plant, regarding them as members,® corresponding to

2 Pine G22. 5.2.6. ternate. 6 7.e. if we wished to make an anatomical division. μέλη conj. Sch. cf. 1.2.73 μέρη Ald.

II

10

11

THEOPHRASTUS

“ἤ ᾽ lé / > \ Lal , “ , ὥσπερ εἰς μέλη, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ζώων. ἕκαστόι id eC τε yap ἀνόμοιον καὶ ἐξ ἁπάντων τούτων τὰ ὅλα. dy δὲ C7, \ ὃ 2 ae \ \ > ’ὔ ott δὲ ῥίζα μὲν δι’ οὗ τὴν τροφὴν ἐπάγεται, ὃ / \ καυλὸς δὲ εἰς ὃ φέρεται. καυλὸν δὲ λέγω τὸ ὑπὲρ a » δ Te “-“ \ / « γῆς πεφυκὸς ἐφ᾽ ἕν: τοῦτο γὰρ κοινότατον ὁμοίως / , aA a ἐπετείοις καὶ γχρονίοις, ὃ ἐπὶ τῶν δένδρων lal / / ᾽ \ καλεῖται στέλεχος: ἀκρεμόνας δὲ τοὺς ἀπὸ / ay y n 3 τούτου σχιζομένους, ovs ἔνιοι καλοῦσιν ὄζους. \ \ iA \ κλάδον δὲ τὸ βλάστημα TO ἐκ τούτων ἐφ᾽ ἕν, οἷον Ν / μάλιστα TO ἐπέτειον. a Ἢ fa) Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν οἰκειότερα τῶν δένδρων. , ὁ δὲ καυλός, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, κοινότερος" ἔχει δὲ οὐ πάντα οὐδὲ τοῦτον, οἷον ἔνια τῶν ποιω- n \ ‘ ᾽ δῶν. τὰ δ᾽ ἔχει μὲν οὐκ ἀεὶ δὲ GAN ἐπέτειον, A “ / “ δι “ \ καὶ ὅσα χρονιώτερα ταῖς ῥίζαις. ὅλως δὲ / ἊΝ sy \ / \ \ πολύχουν TO φυτὸν καὶ ποικίλον καὶ χαλεπὸν > a / a δὲ \ \ 3 \ εἰπεῖν καθόλου: σημεῖον δὲ TO μηδὲν εἶναι κοινὸν Qn A a e / Vs “Ὁ Ψ λαβεῖν ὃ πᾶσιν ὑπάρχει, καθώπερ τοῖς ζώοις / \ / \ \ ? , ᾽ \ Ἂν ’ στόμα Kal κοιλία. τὰ δὲ ἀναλογίᾳ ταὐτὰ τὰ ὃ ”. 7 \ ev / Si SV, 7 ἄλλον τρόπον. οὔτε yap ῥίζαν πάντ᾽ ἔχει οὔτε καυ- Ul λὸν οὔτε ἀκρεμόνα οὔτε κλάδον οὔτε φύλλον οὔτε » BA \ CAs 4 Ἂ a / Ae a ἄνθος οὔτε καρπὸν οὔτ᾽ αὖ φλοιὸν ἢ μήτραν ἢ ἶνας ἢ 7 - ’ Ὁ ? ΄ Ὧν ΤῸ 3. φλέβας, οἷον μύκης ὕδνον' ἐν τούτοις δὲ ἡ οὐσία καὶ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις ἀλλὰ μάλιστα ταῦτα

1 2,6. before it begins to divide. 2 Or ‘ knots.’ 3 ἐφ᾽ conj. W.; ὑφ᾽ P,P,Ald.

4 χρονιώτερα conj. Sch.; χρονιώτερον Ald.H

5 ἀναλογίᾳ conj. Sch. ; ἀναλογία UAld. H.

[2

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. 1. 9-11

the members of animals: for each of these is distinct in character from the rest, and together they make up the whole.

The root is that by which the plant draws its nourishment, the stem that to which it is con- ducted. And by the ‘stem’ I mean that part which grows above ground and is single!; for that is the part which occurs most generally both in annuals and in long-lived plants; and in the case of trees it is called the ‘trunk.’ By ‘branches’ I mean the parts which split off from the stem and are called by some ‘boughs.’? By ‘twig’ I mean the growth which springs from the branch regarded as a single whole,? and especially such an annual growth.

Now these parts belong more particularly to trees. The stem however, as has been said, is more general, though not all plants possess even this, for instance, some herbaceous plants are stemless; others again have it, not permanently, but as an annual growth, including some whose roots live beyond the year.* In fact your plant is a thing various and manifold, and so it is difficult to describe in general terms: in proof whereof we have the fact that we cannot here seize on any universal character which is common to all, as a mouth and a stomach are com- mon toall animals ; whereas in plants some characters are the same in all, merely in the sense that all have analogous ® characters, while others correspond otherwise. For not all plants have root, stem, branch, twig, leaf, flower or fruit, or again bark, core, fibres or veins; for instance, fungi and truffles; and yet these and such like characters belong to a plant’s essential nature. However, as has been said, these

13

THEOPHRASTUS

ὑπιίρχει, καθάπερ εἴρηται, τοῖς δένδροις κἀκεινων οἰκειότερος ὁ μερισμός. πρὸς ἃ καὶ τὴν ἀναφορὰν τῶν ἄλλων ποιεῖσθαι δίκαιον. \ 7 \ Σχεδὸν δὲ Kal Tas ἄλλας μορφὰς ἑκάστων n fe AS an ταῦτα διασημαίνει. διαφέρουσι yap πλήθει τῷ ΄ / τούτων καὶ ὀλιγότητι Kal πυκνότητι καὶ pavo- \ a > , a xX 3 / / \ τητι Kal TO Eh ἕν ἢ εἰς πλείω σχίζεσθαι καὶ nr a [4 4 δ nr τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς ὁμοίοις. ἔστι δὲ ἕκαστον τῶν € / / \ e εἰρημένων οὐχ ὁμοιομερές" λέγω δὲ οὐχ ὁμοιο- εξ al “ \ € lal μερὲς OTL ἐκ TOV αὐτῶν μὲν ὁτιοῦν μέρος σύγς- a e/ \ r / > ’ > KeLTaL THS ῥίζης Kal τοῦ. στελέχους, GAN ov / ἊΝ \ N λέγεται στέλεχος TO ληφθὲν ἀλλὰ μόριον, ὡς lal lal / “ a ἐν τοῖς TOV ζώων μέλεσίν ἐστιν. ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν μὲν id lal rn 7 XN Qn “ γὰρ ὁτιοῦν τῆς κνήμης ἢ τοῦ ἀγκῶνος, οὐχ ξ ’ XN / \ \ > n > . ὁμώνυμον δὲ καθάπερ σὰρξ καὶ ὀστοῦν, ἀλλ > / »O\ \ a ” > \ Ὁ“ ἀνώνυμον" οὐδὲ δὴ τῶν ἄλλων οὐδενὸς ὅσα μονο- nr lal n A n ειἰδῆ τῶν ὀργανικῶν: ἁπάντων γὰρ τῶν τοιούτων Ν / a lal ἀνώνυμα Ta μέρη. τῶν δὲ πολυειδῶν ὠνομασμένα / Ν Ν aA a / καθάπερ ποδὸς χειρὸς κεφαλῆς, οἷον δάκτυλος ev ’ / x XN \ / / ἣς ῥὶς ὀφθαλμός. καὶ τὰ μὲν μέγιστα μέρη σχεδὸν ταῦτά ἐστιν. ” Nee φ a \ Andra δὲ ἐξ ὧν ταῦτα φλοιὸς ξύλον μήτρα, / e an ὅσα ἔχει μήτραν. πάντα δ᾽ ὁμοιομερῆ. καὶ τὰ \ / 3, 3 e “ τούτων δὲ ἔτι πρότερα καὶ ἐξ ὧν ταῦτα, ὑγρὸν is

—

1 There 1s no exact English equivalent for ὁμοιομερές, which denotes a whole composed of parts, each of which is, as it were, a miniature of the whole. cf. Arist. H.A. 1. 1.

2.2.6. any part taken of flesh or bone may be called ‘ flesh’ or ‘ bone.’

6.9 MAES OF 5 ihe ards 4 e.g. fruit.

τῇ

ENQUIRY GINTO JPEANTS. Τὸ τ 111. 1

characters belong especially to trees, and our classification of characters belongs more particularly to these ; and it is right to make these the standard in treating of the others.

Trees moreover shew forth fairly well the other features also which distinguish plants; for they exhibit differences in the number or fewness of these which they possess, as to the closeness or openness of their growth, as to their being single or divided, and in other like respects. Moreover each of the characters mentioned is not ‘composed of like parts’!; by which I mean that though any given part of the root or trunk is composed of the same elements as the whole, yet the part so taken is not itself called ‘trunk,’ but ‘a portion of a trunk.’ The case is the same with the members of an animal’s body; to wit, any part of the leg or arm is composed of the same elements as the whole, yet it does not bear the same name (as it does in the case of flesh or bone *) ; it has no special name. Nor again have subdivisions of any of those other organic parts* which are uniform special names, subdivisions of all such being nameless. But the subdivisions of those parts? which are compound have names, as have those of the foot, hand, and head, for instance, toe, finger, nose or eye. Such then are the largest ὃ parts of the plant.

IJ. Again there are the things of which such parts are composed, namely bark, wood, and core (in the case of those plants which have it®), and these are all ‘composed of like parts.’ Further there are the things which are even prior to these, from which

5 4.e. the ‘ compound’ parts. 6 ξύλον μήτρα conj. W. from G. μήτρα ξύλον MSS. ξύλον, ὅσα conj. W.; ξύλα, ἢ ὅσα Ald. H.

18

THEOPHRASTUS

Nex / ’ \ 2 \ 7 , φλὲψ σάρξ' ἀρχαὶ γὰρ αὗται" πλὴν εἴ τις λέγοι \ “ / τ τὰς τῶν στοιχείων δυνάμεις, αὗται δὲ κοιναὶ πάν- ι Ν φ > ’ὔ Ἁ ΕΥ̓͂ fy > Be των. ἡ μὲν οὖν οὐσία Kal ἡ ὅλη φύσις ἐν τούτοις. ν δ᾽ > \ “ > / / \ Ν Αλλα δ᾽ ἐστὶν ὥσπερ ἐπέτεια μέρη τὰ πρὸς Ἁ , τῷ ,, A / τὴν καρποτοκίαν, οἷον φύλλον ἄνθος μίσχος" τοῦτο δ᾽ ἐστὶν ᾧ συνήρτηται πρὸς τὸ φυτὸν τὸ e [ , J φύλλον καὶ ὁ καρπός: ἔτι δὲ [ἕλιξ] βρύον, οἷς a , “ fal ὑπάρχει, Kal ἐπὶ πᾶσι σπέρμα TO τοῦ καρποῦ" > . an καρπὸς δ᾽ ἐστὶ τὸ συγκείμενον σπέρμα μετὰ TOD an ’, περικαρπίου. παρὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἐνίων ἴδια ἄττα, 4 ς \ XN Ne. >’ / καθάπερ ἡ κηκὶς δρυὸς καὶ ἡ ἕλιξ ἀμπέλου. a \ IZ ” c a Καὶ τοῖς μὲν δένδρεσιν ἔστιν οὕτως διαλαβεῖν. a / fol τοῖς δ᾽ ἐπετείοις δῆλον ὡς ἅπαντα ἐπέτεια" μέχρι γὰρ τῶν καρπῶν ἡ φύσις. ὅσα δὴ ἐπετειό- AL Ti / / XS of ᾽ καρπα καὶ ὅσα διετίξει, καθάπερ σέλινον καὶ ἄλλ > \ , / ἄττα, καὶ ὅσα δὲ πλείω χρόνον ἔχει, τούτοις [Ὡ Ν ς \ > / \ , ἅπασι καὶ ὁ καυλὸς ἀκολουθήσει κατὰ λόγον." Y a / “ ὅταν γὰρ σπερμοφορεῖν μέλλωσι, τότε ἐκκαυλοῦ- σιν, ὡς ἕνεκα τοῦ σπέρματος ὄντων τῶν καυλῶν. Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ταύτῃ διηρήσθω. τῶν δὲ ἄρτι “ , a εἰρημένων μερῶν πειρατέον ἕκαστον εἰπεῖν τί ἐστιν ὡς ἐν τύπῳ λέγοντας. ἣν \ 7 e \ , A \ a , To μὲν οὖν ὑγρὸν φανερόν: ὃ δὴ καλοῦσί τινες ΄ “" lé “ ἀπλῶς ἐν ἅπασιν ὁπόν, ὥσπερ καὶ Μενέστωρ, οἱ

1 οὐσία conj. Sch. (but he retracted it); συνουσία MSS. (?) Ald.

2 This definition is quoted by Hesych. s.v. μίσχος.

3 20m. ἕλιξ, which is mentioned below.

4 τὸ συγκείμενον σπέρμα, lit. ‘the compound seed,’ t.e. as many seeds as are contained in one περικάρπιον.

16

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. 1. 1-3

they are derived—-sap, fibre, veins, flesh: for these are elementary substances—unless one should prefer to call them the active principles of the elements ; and they are common to all the parts of the plant. Thus the essence! and entire material of plants consist in these.

Again there are other as it were annual parts, which help towards the production of the fruit, as leaf, flower, stalk (that is, the part by which the leaf and the fruit are attached to the plant),? and again tendril,? ‘catkin’ (in those plants that have them). And in all cases there is the seed which belongs to the fruit: by ‘fruit’ is meant the seed or seeds,* together with the seed-vessel. Besides these there are in some cases peculiar parts, such as the gall in the oak, or the tendril in the vine.

In the case of trees we may thus distinguish the annual parts, while it is plain that in annual plants all the parts are annual: for the end of their being is attained when the fruit is produced. And with those plants which bear fruit annually, those which take two years (such as celery and certain others 5) and those which have fruit on them for a longer time —with all these the stem will correspond to the vlant’s length of life: for plants develop a stem at whatever time they are about to bear seed, seeing that the stem exists for the sake of the seed.

Let this suffice for the definition of these parts : and now we must endeavour to say what each of the parts just mentioned is, giving a general and typical description.

The sap is obvious: some call it simply in all cases ‘juice, as does Menestor® among others: others, in

>of. 7.1.2and3. © A Pythagorean philosopher of Sybaris. 17

THEOPHRASTUS

ppt) \ a ” ᾽ ΄, 2 , ’ \ δ᾽ ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνωνύμως ἐν δέ τισιν ὀπὸν ,, καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις δάκρυον. ives δὲ καὶ φλέβες καθ᾽ X “ G , αὑτὰ μὲν ἀνώνυμα τῇ δὲ ὁμοιότητι μεταλαμβά- a a / νουσε τῶν ἐν τοῖς ζώοις μορίων. ἔχει δὲ ἴσως Ν \ \ a Nee \ - καὶ ἄλλας διαφορὰς καὶ ταῦτα καὶ ὅλως τὸ τῶν φυτῶν γένος: πολύχουν γὰρ ὥσπερ εἰρήκαμεν. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπεὶ διὰ τῶν γνωριμωτέρων μεταδιώκειν δεῖ \ \ fe τὰ ἀγνώριστα, γνωριμώτερα δὲ τὰ μείζω Kal ἐμ- φανῆ τῇ αἰσθήσει, δῆλον ὅτι καθάπερ ὑφήγηται / περὶ τούτων λεκτέον: ἐπαναφορὰν yap ἕξομεν τῶν ἄλλων πρὸς ταῦτα μέχρι πόσου καὶ πῶς a c , \ ἕκαστα μετέχει τῆς ὁμοιότητος. εἰλημμένων δὲ τῶν μερῶν μετὰ ταῦτα ληπτέον τὰς τούτων "Ἢ , \ διαφοράς: οὕτως γὰρ ἅμα Kal ἡ οὐσία φανερὰ \ Ca Lal “ ἣν » / Kal ἡ ὅλη TOV γενῶν πρὸς ἄλληλα διάστασις. Ἡ μὲν οὖν τῶν μεγίστων σχεδὸν εἴρηται: λέγω ’ -ε ἰὴ a a ” ς Ν / δ᾽ οἷον ῥίζης καυλοῦ τῶν ἄλλων" αἱ yap δυνάμεις καὶ ὧν χάριν ἕκαστον ὕστερον ῥηθήσονται. ἐξ e a \ ὧν yap καὶ ταῦτα καὶ τὰ ἄλλα σύγκειται a / \ a πειρατέον εἰπεῖν ἀρξαμένους ἀπὸ TOY πρώτων. a \ Πρῶτα δέ ἐστι τὸ ὑγρὸν καὶ θερμόν" ἅπαν yap ᾿ς φυτὸν ἔχει τινὰ ὑγρότητα καὶ θερμότητα σύμ- \ a φυτον ὥσπερ Kal ζῶον, ὧν ὑπολειπόντων γίνεται a \ ὔ ’ \ oe , , γῆρας καὶ φθίσις, τελείως δὲ ὑπολιπόντων θάνα- τος καὶ αὔανσις. ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς πλείστοις ἀνώ-

1 Lit. ‘ muscles and veins.’

2 2,6. the analogy with animals is probably imperfect, but is useful so far as it goes.

Σ᾿ lO: 4 e.g. the root, as such.

5 e.g. the different forms which roots assume.

18

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. 1. 3-5

the case of some plants give it no special name, while in some they call it ‘juice,’ and in others ‘gum.’ Fibre and ‘ veins’! have no special names in relation to plants, but, because of the resemblance, borrow the names of the corresponding parts of animals. ? It may be however that, not only these things, but the world of plants generally, exhibits also other differ- ences as compared with animals: for, as we have said,? the world of plants is manifold. However, since it is by the help of the better known that we must pursue the unknown, and better known are the things which are larger and plainer to our senses, it is clear that it is right to speak of these things in the way indicated: for then in dealing with the less known things we shall be making these better known things our standard, and shall ask how far and in what manner comparison is possible in each case. And when we have taken the parts,4 we must next take the differences which they exhibit,> for thus will their essential nature become plain, and at the same time the general differences between one kind of plant and another.

Now the nature of the most important parts has been indicated already, that is, such parts as the root, the stem, and the rest: their functions and the reasons for which each of them exists will be set forth presently. For we must endeavour to state of what these, as well as the rest, are composed, starting from their elementary constituents.

First come moisture and warmth : for every plant, like every animal, has a certain amount of moisture and warmth which essentially belong to it; and, if these fall short, age and decay, le if they fail altogether, death and witheri ing ensue. Now in

19

THEOPHRASTUS

U ᾽ 7, ΄ ΄ νυμος ἡ ὑγρότης, ἐν ἐνίοις δὲ ὠνομασμένη καθάπερ \ a εἴρηται. τὸ αὐτὸ δὲ Kal ἐπὶ τῶν ζώων ὑπάρχει:

\ e a / μόνη yap ἡ τῶν ἐναίμων ὑγρότης ὠνόμασται, Ov , rn ὃ καὶ διήρηται πρὸς τοῦτο στερήσει" τὰ μὲν γὰρ \ >» / fal ἄναιμα τὰ δ᾽ ἔναιμα λέγεται. ἕν TL μὲν οὖν τοῦτο τὸ μέρος καὶ τὸ τούτῳ συνηρτημένον θερμόν. ᾽ la) ἼΛλλα δ᾽ ἤδη ἕτερα τῶν ἐντός, ἃ καθ᾽ ἑαυτὰ μέν \ \ e ἐστιν ἀνώνυμα, διὰ δὲ τὴν ὁμοιότητα ἀπεικάζεται a lal , \ 7 τοῖς τῶν ζώων μορίοις. ἔχουσι yap ὥσπερ ivas: ΄ 7, 6 ἐστι συνεχὲς καὶ σχιστὸν καὶ ἐπίμηκες, ἀπαρά- βλαστον δὲ καὶ ἄβλαστον. ἔτι δὲ φλέβας. αὗται \ \ \ BA 3. τὴν 7 a ST, / \ \ δὲ Ta μὲν ἄλλα εἰσὶν ὅμοιαι TH ivi, μείζους δὲ Kal παχύτεραι Kal παραβλάστας ἔχουσαι καὶ ὑγρό- » ΙΑ \ / \ \ \ Μ᾿ τητα. ἔτι ξύλον καὶ σάρξ. τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἔχει 4 Ni \ / ” \ \ \ 4 σάρκα Ta δὲ ξύλον. ἔστι δὲ TO μὲν ξύλον σχισ- x nr - n τόν, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ πάντη διαιρεῖται ὥσπερ γῆ Kal .“ “ \ \ , + abe, | \ / ὅσα γῆς" μεταξὺ δὲ γίνεται ἰνὸς καὶ φλεβός" \ Wink ΄ >A b ” % os a φανερὰ δὲ ἡ φύσις αὐτῆς ἐν ἄλλοις TE καὶ ἐν τοῖς τῶν περικαρπίων δέρμασι. φλοιὸς δὲ καὶ μήτρα , \ / ‘al \ bf \ \ a / κυρίως μὲν λέγεται, δεῖ δὲ αὐτὰ καὶ τῷ λόγῳ διορίσαι. φλοιὸς μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ ἔσχατον καὶ fa! Ἄ, / χωριστὸν TOD ὑποκειμένου σώματος. μήτρα δὲ \ \ “ / , b Ν a “ a τὸ μεταξὺ Tov ξύλου, TpLTOV ἀπὸ τοῦ φλοιοῦ οἷον an a / a fal ἐν τοῖς ὀστοῖς μυελός. καλοῦσι δέ τινες τοῦτο

1 πλείστοις conj. Mold.; πρώτοις Ald. H. 3.1.7 5 8. ἀπαράβλαστον conj. R.Const.; ἀπαράβλητον UMVAId. 4 ἔτι δὲ conj. W.; ἔχον Ald. 6 Fibre.

δ 2,6. can be split in one direction.

7 e.g. an unripe walnut.

20

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. 1. 5-6

most ! plants the moisture has no special name, but in some it has such a name, as has been said 2: and this also holds good of animals: for it is only the moisture of those which have blood which has received a name ; wherefore we distinguish animals by the presence or absence of blood, calling some ‘animals with blood,’ others ‘bloodless.’ Moisture then is one essential ‘ part,’ and so is warmth, which is closely connected with it.

There are also other internal characters, which in themselves have no special name, but, because of their resemblance, have names analogous to those of the parts of animals. Thus plants have what corresponds to muscle; and this quasi-muscle is continuous, fissile, long: moreover no other growth starts from it either branching from the side? or in continuation of it. Again‘ plants have veins: these in other respects resemble the ‘muscle,’ ° but they are longer and thicker, and have side-growths and contain moisture. Then there are wood and flesh: for some plants have flesh, some wood. Wood is fissile,©5 while flesh can be broken up in any direction, like earth and things made of earth: it is intermediate between fibre and veins, its nature being clearly seen especially in the outer covering’ of seed-vessels. Bark and core are properly so called,§ yet they too must be defined. Bark then is the outside, and is separable from the substance which it covers. Core is that which forms the middle of the wood, being third® in order from the bark, and corresponding to the marrow in bones. Some call this part the ‘heart,’ others call it ‘heart-wood’ : some

8 j.e. not by analogy with animals, like ‘muscle,’ ‘ veins,’ ‘ flesh.’ ® Reckoning inclusively.

21

THEOPHRASTUS

/ « ᾽ ᾽ , Μ \ Ν > ‘\ fel καρδίαν, οἱ δ᾽ ἐντεριώνην" ἔνιοι δὲ TO ἐντὸς τῆς an , e \ / μήτρας αὐτῆς καρδίαν, ot δὲ μυελόν. ’ / lal Ta μὲν οὖν μόρια σχεδόν ἐστι τοσαῦτα. σύγ- a / κειται δὲ τὰ ὕστερον ἐκ τῶν προτέρων: ξύλον \ 2 “Ὁ ὃν Ae 1G “ ΝΣ / “ μὲν ἐξ ἰνὸς καὶ ὑγροῦ, καὶ ἔνια σαρκὸς" ξυλοῦται / Φ ᾿] al / yap σκληρυνομένη, οἷον ἐν τοῖς φοίνιξι καὶ νάρ- Ν ” ” > Lal “ € a θηξι καὶ εἴ Te ἄλλο ἐκξυλοῦται, ὥσπερ αἱ τῶν € / «7s / δὲ 2 ς “ \ / ῥαφανίδων ῥίζαι: μήτρα δὲ ἐξ ὑγροῦ καὶ σαρκός" ς / a a « φλοιὸς δὲ ὁ μέν τις ἐκ πάντων τῶν τριῶν, οἷον ὁ a ἡ / na τῆς δρυὸς καὶ αἰγείρου Kal ἀπίου: ὁ δὲ τῆς ap- la) / «ς \ a a πέλου ἐξ ὑγροῦ Kal ivos' ὁ δὲ τοῦ φελλοῦ ἐκ al / \ σαρκὸς Kal ὑγροῦ. πάλιν δὲ ἐκ τούτων σύνθετα / A / Ta μέγιστα καὶ πρῶτα ῥηθέντα καθαπερανεὶ μέλη, πλὴν οὐκ ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν πάντα οὐδὲ ὡσαύ- Ν , τως ἀλλὰ διαφορως. / a , a Εὐλημμένων δὲ πάντων τῶν μορίων ὡς εἰπεῖν / / Tas τούτων διαφορὰς πειρατέον ἀποδιδόναι Kat ε rn / “-“ , τὰς ὅλων τῶν δένδρων Kal φυτῶν οὐσίας. / Ill. "Evel δὲ συμβαίνει σαφεστέραν εἶναι τὴν ΤΊ i ‘ μαδησιν διαιρουμένων κατὰ εἴδη, καλῶς ἔχει τοῦτο ποιεῖν ἐφ᾽ ὧν ἐνδέχεται. πρῶτα δέ ἐστι \ , \ \ ΠΥ: 7, 7x \ καὶ μέγιστα Kal σχεδὸν ὑφ᾽ ὧν πάντ᾽ ἢ τὰ a / 4 / / πλεῖστα περιέχεται τάδε, δένδρον θάμνος φρυ- / γανον πόα. \ \ / / Δένδρον μὲν οὖν ἐστι TO ἀπὸ ῥίζης μονοστέλεχες

φελλοῦ conj. H.; φύλλον UVP,PAld.; φυλλοῦ Μ. 1.6. root, stem, branch, twig: cf. 1. 1. 9. σαφεστέραν con). Wess ag ae Ald.

εἴδη here = γένη ; Ch Ola ὃ τι

πάντ᾽ ἢ conj. Sch. after a ; πάντη UMVAId.

a ὦ ὁ Ὁ =

22

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. π΄. 6-11. 1

again call only the inner part ot the core itself the ‘heart, while others distinguish this as the ‘marrow.’

Here then we have a fairly complete list of the ‘parts, and those last named are composed of the first ‘parts’; wood is made of fibre and sap, and in some eases of flesh also; for the flesh hardens and turns to wood, for instance in palms ferula and in other plants in which a turning to wood takes place, as in the roots of radishes. Core is made of moisture and flesh: bark in some cases of all three constituents, as in the oak black poplar and pear; while the bark of the vine is made of sap and fibre, and that of the cork-oak! of flesh and sap. Moreover out of these constituents are made the most important parts,? those which I mentioned first, and which may be called ‘members’: however not all of them are made of the same constituents, nor in the same proportion, but the constituents are combined in various ways.

Having now, we may say, taken all the parts, we must endeavour to give the differences between them and the essential characters of trees and plants taken as wholes.

Definitions of the various classes into which plants may be divided.

III. Now since our study becomes more illumin- ating 5 if we distinguish different kinds,‘ it is well to follow this plan where it is possible. The first and most important classes, those which comprise all or nearly all® plants, are tree, shrub, under-shrub, herb.

A tree is a thing which springs from the root with

23

THEOPHRASTUS

πολύκλαδον ὀζωτὸν οὐκ εὐαπόλυτον, οἷον ἐλάα συκῆ ἄμπελος: θάμνος δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ ῥίζης πολύ- κλαδον, οἷον βάτος παλίουρος. φρύγανον δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ ῥίζης πολυστέλεχες καὶ πολύκλαδον οἷον καὶ θύμβρα καὶ πήγανον. πόα δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ ῥίζης φυλλοφόρον προϊὸν ἀστέλεχες, οὗ ὁ καυλὸς σπερ- popopos, οἷον ὁ ὁ σῖτος καὶ τὰ λάχανα.

Δεῖ δὲ τοὺς ὅρους οὕτως “ἀποδέχεσθαι καὶ λαμ- βάνειν ὡς τύπῳ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ πᾶν λεγομένους" ἔνια γὰρ ἴσως ἐπαλλάττειν δόξειε, τὰ δὲ καὶ παρὰ τὴν ἀγωγὴν ἀλλοιότερα γίνεσθαι καὶ ἐκβαίνειν TIS φύσεως, οἷον μαλάχη τε εἰς ὕψος ἀναγομένη καὶ ἀποδενδρουμένη: συμβαίνει γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ οὐκ ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ ἀλλ᾽ ἐν ἕξ ἢ ἑπτὰ μησὶν, ὥστε μῆκος καὶ πάχος δορατιαῖον γίνεσθαι, δι᾽ ὃ καὶ βακτηρίαις αὐταῖς χρώνται, πλείονος δὲ χρό- νου γινομένου κατὰ λόγον ἡ ἀπόδοσις: ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν τεύτλων' καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα λαμβάνει μέγεθος" ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον ἄγνοι καὶ ὁ _Tadtoupos Kal ὁ KIT TOS, ὥσθ᾽ ὁμολογουμένως ταῦτα γίνεται δένδρα" καί τοι θαμνώδη γέ ἐστιν. ὁ δὲ βύρρινος μὴ ἀνακαθαιρόμενος ἐκθαμνοῦται καὶ ἡ ἡρακλεω- τικὴ καρύα. δοκεῖ δὲ αὕτη γε καὶ τὸν καρπὸν βελτίω καὶ πλείω φέρειν ἐὰν ῥάβδους τις ἐᾷ

1 θάμνος. .. πήγανον. W.’s text transposes, without alteration, the definitions of θάμνο- and φρύγανον as given in U. φρύγανον δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ ῥίζης kal πολυστέλεχες Kal πολύκλαδον οἷον βάτος παλίουρος, Ald. So also M, but with a lacuna marked before φρύγανον and a note that the definition of Oduvos is wanting. φρύγανον δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ ῥίζης καὶ πολυστέλεχες καὶ πολύκλαδον οἷον καὶ γάμβρη καὶ πήγανον. θάμνος δὲ ἀπὸ ῥίζης πολύκλαδον οἷον βάτος παλίουρος U. So also very nearly Pi Ps: G gives to θάμνος (frutex) the definition assigned in U to φρύγανον (suffrutex) and the other definition is wanting.

24

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I ut. 1-3

a single stem, having knots and several branches, and it cannot easily be uprooted ; for instance, olive fig vine. !A shrub is a thing which rises from the root with many branches; for instance, bramble Christ’s thorn. An under-shrub is a thing which rises from the root with many stems as well as many branches; for instance, savory? rue. A herb is a thing which comes up from the root with its leaves and has no main stem, and the seed is borne on the stem ; for instance, corn and pot-herbs.

These definitions however must be taken and accepted as applying generally and on the whole. For in the case of some plants it might seem that our de- finitions overlap; and some under cultivation appear to become different and depart from their essential nature, for instance, mallow? when it grows tall and becomes tree-like, For this comes to pass in no long time, not more than six or seven months, so that in length and thickness the plant becomes as great as a spear, and men accordingly use it as a walking-stick, and after a longer period the result of cultivation is proportionately greater. So too is it with the beets ; they also increase in stature under cultivation, and so still more do chaste-tree Christ’s thorn ivy, so that, as is generally admitted, these become trees, and yet they belong to the class of shrubs. On the other hand the myrtle, unless it is pruned, turns into a shrub, and so does filbert*: indeed this last appears to bear better and more abundant fruit, if one leaves

Note that W.’s transposition gives cal... καὶ the proper force; § 4 shews that the typical φρύγανον in T.’s view was TOAVOTEAEXES.

2 θύμβρα conj. W.; γάμβνη MSS. But the first καὶ being meaningless, W. also suggests σισύμβριον for καὶ γάμβρη.

3 of. Plin. 19. 62. def. eld. obs

25

THEOPHRASTUS

πλείους ὡς τῆς φύσεως θαμνώδους οὔσης. οὐ μονοστέλεχες δ᾽ ἂν δόξειεν οὐδ᾽ ἡ μηλέα οὐδ᾽ ἡ ῥοιὰ οὐδ᾽ ἡ ἄπιος εἶναι, οὐδ᾽ ὅλως ὅσα παραβλα- στητικὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ῥιζῶν ἀλλὰ τῇ ἀγωγῇ τοιαῦτα παραιρουμένων τῶν ἄλλων. ἔνια δὲ καὶ ἐῶσι πολυστελέχη διὰ λεπτότητα, καθάπερ ῥόαν μηλέαν: ἐῶσι δὲ καὶ τὰς ἐλάας κοπάδας καὶ τὰς συκᾶς.

Τάχα δ᾽ ἄν τις φαίη καὶ ὅλως μεγέθει καὶ μι- κρότητι διαιρετέον εἶναι, τὰ δὲ ἰσχύϊ καὶ ἀσθενείᾳ καὶ πολυχρονιότητι καὶ ὀλιγοχρονιότητι. τῶν τε γὰρ φρυγανωδῶν καὶ λαχανωδῶν ἔνια μονο- στελέχη καὶ οἷον δένδρου φύσιν ἔχοντα γίνεται, καθάπερ ῥάφανος πήγανον, ὅθεν καὶ καλοῦσί τίνες τὰ τοιαῦτα δενδρολάχανα, τά τε λαχανώδη πάντα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα ὅταν ἐγκαταμείνῃ λαμβάνει τινὰς ὥσπερ ἀκρεμόνας καὶ γίνεται τὸ ὅλον ἐν σχήματι δενδρώδει πλὴν ὀλιγοχρονιώτερα.

Διὰ δὴ ταῦτα ὥσπερ λέγομεν οὐκ ἀκριβολογὴη- τέον τῷ ὅρῳ ἀλλὰ τῷ τύπῳ ληπτέον τοὺς ἀφορισμούς: ἐπεὶ καὶ τὰς διαιρέσεις ὁμοίως, οἷον ἡμέρων ἀγρίων, καρποφόρων ἀκάρπων, ἀνθοφόρων ἀνανθῶν, ἀειφύλλων φυλλοβόλων. τὰ μὲν yap ἄγρια καὶ ἥμερα παρὰ τὴν ἀγωγὴν εἶναι δοκεῖ" πᾶν γὰρ καὶ ἄγριον καὶ ἥμερόν φησιν Ἵππων γίνεσθαι τυγχάνον ἢ μὴ τυγχάνον θεραπείας.

1 2,6. so that the tree comes to look like a shrub from the growth of fresh shoots after cutting. οἷ 2. 6.12; 2. 7. 2.

2 ῥάφανος conj. Bod. from ἃ ; ῥαφανὶς Ald.

3 cf. 3. 2. 2. The Ionian philosopher. See Zeller, Pre- Socratic Philosophy (Eng. trans.), 1. 281 f.

4 καὶ add. W.; so G.

5 ἢ conj. Sch.; καὶ UAld.Cam. Bas. H.

26

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. πὶ. 3-5

a good many of its branches untouched, since it is by nature like a shrub. Again neither the apple nor the pomegranate nor the pear would seem to be a tree of a single stem, nor indeed any of the trees which have side stems from the roots, but they acquire the char- acter of a tree when the other stems are removed. However some trees men even leave with their numerous stems because of their slenderness, for in- stance, the pomegranate and the apple, and they leave the stems of the olive and the fig cut short.!

Exact classification impracticable: other possible bases of classification.

Indeed it might be suggested that we should classify in some cases simply by size, and in some cases by comparative robustness or length of life. For of under-shrubs and those of the pot-herb class some have only one stem and come as it were to have the character of a tree, such as cabbage? and rue: wherefore some call these ‘tree-herbs’; and in fact all or most of the pot-herb class, when they have been long in the ground, acquire a sort of branches, and the whole plant comes to have a tree-like shape, though it is shorter lived than a tree.

For these reasons then, as we are saying, one must not make a too precise definition ; we should make our definitions typical. For we must make our distinctions too on the same principle, as those between wild and cultivated plants, fruit- bearing and fruitless, flowering and_ flowerless, evergreen and deciduous. Thus the distinction between wild and cultivated seems to be due simply to cultivation, since, as Hippon?® remarks, any plant may be either* wild or cultivated ac- cording as it receives οὐ ὃ does not receive attention.

27

ir)

THEOPHRASTUS

ἄκαρπα δὲ καὶ κάρπιμα καὶ ἀνθοφόρα καὶ ἀνανθὴ παρὰ τοὺς τόπους καὶ τὸν ἀέρα τὸν περιέχοντα" τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ φυλλοβόλα καὶ ἀεί- φυλλα. περὶ γὰρ λεφαντίνην οὐδὲ τὰς ἀμπέλους οὐδὲ τὰς συκᾶς φασι φυλλοβολεῖν. AX’ ὅμω τοιαῦτα διαιρετέον: ἔχει γάρ τι TH os if Ken ye ms φύσεως κοινὸν ὁμοίως ἐν δένδροις. καὶ θάμνοις καὶ τοῖς φρυγανικοῖς καὶ ποιώδεσιν" ὑπὲρ ὧν καὶ τὰς αἰτίας ὅταν τις λέγῃ περὶ πάντων κοινῇ δῆλον ὅ ὅτι λεκτέον “οὐχ ὁρίζοντα καθ᾽ ἕκαστον' εὔλογον δὲ καὶ ταύτας κοινὰς εἶναι πάντων. ἅμα δὲ καὶ φαίνεταί τινα ἔχειν φυσικὴν διαφορὰν εὐθὺς ἐ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρίων καὶ τῶν ἡμέρων, εἴπερ ἔνια μὴ δύνα- ται ζῆν ὥσπερ τὰ γεωργούμενα μηδ᾽ ὅλως δέχεται θεραπείαν ἀλλὰ χείρω γίνεται, καθάπερ ἐλάτη πεύκη κήλαστρον καὶ ἁπλῶς ὅ ὅσα ψυχροὺς τόπους φιλεῖ καὶ χιονώδεις, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τῶν φρυγανι- κῶν καὶ ποιωδῶν, οἷον κάππαρις καὶ θέρμος. ἥμερον δὲ καὶ ἄγριον δίκαιον καλεῖν ἀναφέροντα πρός τε ταῦτα καὶ ὅλως πρὸς τὸ ἡμερώτατον" [ὑ δ᾽ ἄνθρωπος ἢ μόνον ἢ μάλιστα ἥμερον. Ing Pavepat δὲ Kal κατ᾽ αὐτὰς τὰς μορφὰς αἱ διαφοραὶ τῶν ὅλων τε καὶ μορίων, οἷον λέγω

1 ἀνθόφορα καὶ ἀνανθῆῇ conj. Sch. from G; καρπόφορα ἄνθη P,Ald, ΞΟ: Obs Elin, 10: 91:

3 τοιαῦτα (600η]. W.; διαιρετέον conj. Sch.; τοῖς αὐτοῖς αἱρετέον Ald. The sense seems to be: Though these

‘secondary’ distinctions are not entirely satisfactory, yet

(if we look to the causes of different characters), they are indispensable, since they are due to causes which affect all the four classes of our ‘ primary’ distinction.

4 ζ,6. we must take the extreme cases.

5 7.e. plants which entirely refuse cultivation.

28

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. ut. 5-1v. 1

Again the distinctions between fruitless and fruit- bearing,! flowering and flowerless, seem to be due to position and the climate of the district. And so too with the distinction between deciduous and evergreen. * Thus they say that in the district of Elephantine neither vines nor figs lose their leaves.

Nevertheless we are bound to use such dis- tinctions.2 For there is a certain common character alike in trees, shrubs, under-shrubs, and _ herbs. Wherefore, when one mentions the causes also, one must take account of all alike, not giving separate definitions for each class, it being reasonable to suppose that the causes too are common to all. And in fact there seems to be some natural difference from the first in the case of wild and cultivated, seeing that some plants cannot live under the conditions of those grown in cultivated ground, and do not submit to cultivation at all, but de- teriorate under it; for instance, silver-fir fir holly, and in general those which affect cold snowy country; and the same is also true of some of the under-shrubs and herbs, such as caper and lupin. Now in using the terms ‘cultivated’ and ‘ wild’ 4 we must make these® on the one hand our standard, and on the other that which is in the truest sense ° ‘cultivated. 7Now Man, if he is not the only thing to which this name is strictly appropriate, is at least that to which it most applies.

Differences as to appearance and habitat. IV. Again the differences, both between the plants as wholes and between their parts, may be seen in

6 ὅλως πρὸς Td. πρὸς Td ὅλως conj. St. 78 δ᾽ ἄνθρωπος. .. ἥμερον. I have bracketed this clause, which seems to be an irrelevant gloss.

29

THEOPHRASTUS

\ / ΄ , μέγεθος καὶ μικρότης, σκληρότης μαλακότης, ,ὔ ΄“ 7 ral i λειότης τραχύτης, φλοιοῦ φύλλων τῶν ἄλλων, « a by / \ ὃ / » δὲ \ ἁπλῶς εὐμορφία καὶ δυσμορφία τις, ἔτι δὲ Kal / x / / καλλικαρπία Kal κακοκαρπία. πλείω μὲν yap a U / “ > \ δοκεῖ τὰ ἄγρια φέρειν, ὥσπερ ἀχρὰς κότινος, καλ- « \ \ Aiw δὲ τὰ ἥμερα Kal τοὺς χυλοὺς δὲ αὐτοὺς , , \ \ © a γλυκυτέρους καὶ ἡδίους Kal TO ὅλον ὡς εἰπεῖν εὐκράτους μᾶλλον. Φ' ΄, \ ’ “ Αὑταί τε δὴ φυσικαί τινες ὥσπερ εἴρηται δια- 7 \ ἴω “ > / φοραΐ, καὶ ἔτι δὴ μᾶλλον τῶν ἀκάρπων Kal καρπο- φόρων καὶ φυλλοβόλων καὶ ἀειφύλλων καὶ ὅσα ” = , \ ΄ δ. \ \ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα. πάντων δὲ ληπτέον ἀεὶ καὶ TAS \ / > \ 799 / κατὰ τοὺς τόπους: οὐ yap οὐδ᾽ οἷόν τε ἴσως », ς \ a / Xv , ἄλλως. αἱ δὲ τοιαῦται δόξαιεν ἂν γενικόν τινα na , - / / ποιεῖν χωρισμόν, οἷον ἐνύδρων Kal χερσαίων, ὥσπερ fal / yi 7 a nr ἐπὶ τῶν ζώων. ἔστι yap ἔνια τῶν φυτῶν ἃ οὐ Wi \ b ἷς a a ὃ / A bP ’ δύναται μὴ ἐν ὑγρῷ ζῆν' διήρηται δὲ ἄλλο κατ a a 7 \ ἄλλο γένος τῶν ὑγρῶν, ὥστε τὰ μὲν ἐν τέλμασι Φ δὲ > / \ δ᾽ > r ἣν δὲ \ ΕῚ τὰ δὲ ἐν λίμναις τὰ δ᾽ ἐν ποταμοῖς τὰ δὲ καὶ ἐν n a Vs οὐ αὐτῇ τῇ θαλάττῃ φύεσθαι, τὰ μὲν ἐλάττω καὶ ἐν A a \ / \ τῇ Tap ἡμῖν τὰ δὲ μείζω περὶ THY ἐρυθράν. ἔνια \ δὲ ὡσπερεὶ κάθυγρα καὶ ἕλεια, καθάπερ ἰτέα Kal / \ \ ᾽ > “ὃ / rn bee) πλάτανος, τὰ δὲ οὐκ ἐν ὕδατι δυνάμενα ζῆν οὐδ “ > Ἂς , \ \ , a ’ ὅλως ἀλλὰ διώκοντα τοὺς ξηροὺς τόπους" τῶν ὃ ἃ ΤᾺ > ἐλαττόνων ἔστιν ἃ καὶ τοὺς αἰγιαλούς.

κα

1 κατ᾽ αὐτὰς τὰς conj. Sch. ; καὶ τά τ᾽ αὐτὰς τὰς [7 ; Karo ταύτας τὰς MVAId.

2 πάντων... τόπους, text perhaps defective,

3 2,6. as to locality. © Gf su, Meads

320

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. w. 1-2

the appearance itself! of the plant. I mean differences such as those in size, hardness, smoothness or their opposites, as seen in bark, leaves, and the other parts; also, in general, differences as to comeliness or its opposite and as to the production of good or of inferior fruit. For the wild kinds appear to bear more fruit, for instance, the wild pear and wild olive, but the cultivated plants better fruit, having even flavours which are sweeter and pleasanter and in general better blended, if one may so say.

These then as has been said, are differences of natural character, as it were, and still more so are those between fruitless and fruitful, deciduous and evergreen plants, and the like. But with all the differences in all these cases we must take into account the locality,? and indeed it is hardly possible to do otherwise. Such °differences would seem to give us a kind of division into classes, for instance, between that of aquatic plants and that of plants of the dry land, corresponding to the division which we make in the case of animals. For there are some plants which cannot live except in wet; and again these are distinguished from one another by their fondness for different kinds of wetness ; so that some grow in marshes, others in lakes, others in rivers, others even in the sea, smaller ones in our own sea, larger ones in the Red Sea. Some again, one may say, are lovers of very wet places, or plants of the marshes, such as the willow and the plane. Others again cannot live at all® in water, but seek out dry places; and of the smaller sorts there are some that prefer the shore.

5.2.6. though not actually living in water. 8 οὐδ᾽ ὅλως conj. W.; ἐν τόυτοις Ald.H. Minime G.

31

3

THEOPHRASTUS

\ \ Ov μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ τουτων εἴ τις ἀκριβολο- A ψ ἊΝ \ vA ef \ \ -“ γεῖσθαι θέλοι, τὰ μὲν ἂν εὕροι κοινὰ καὶ ὥσπερ » / θά , ees ‘0 \ δὲ ἀμφίβια, καθάπερ μυρίκην itéav κλήθραν, τὰ δὲ a c / καὶ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων χερσαίων πεφυκότα ποτὲ a an / ἐν TH θαλάττῃ βιοῦν, φοίνικα oxirrav ἀνθέρικον. Ἂν \ “ “ ς a ἀλλὰ TA τοιαῦτα καὶ ὅλως TO οὕτω σκοπεῖν οὐκ ᾽ ld > \ a IQA \ 39) 1 8 he ef οἰκείως ἐστὶ σκοπεῖν: οὐδὲ yap οὐδ᾽ ἡ φύσις οὕ- Ἵ “ \ a \ τως οὐδ᾽ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις EXEL TO ἀναγκαῖον. τὰς δ \ , a μὲν οὖν διαιρέσεις Kal ὅλως τὴν ἱστορίαν τῶν φυ- an ie ar τῶν οὕτω ληπτέον. [ἅπαντα δ᾽ οὖν Kal ταῦτα καὶ ἈΝ Ὁ oF ΄, ” A a Ta ἄλλα διοισει καθάπερ εἴρηται ταῖς τε τῶν Ὁ “ \ tal a , a aA ὅλων μορφαῖς καὶ ταῖς τῶν μορίων διαφοραῖς, ἢ “ » \ δὲ N ” A a ἊἋ, /, \ δ᾽ τῷ ἔχειν τὰ δὲ μὴ ἔχειν, ἢ τῷ πλείω τὰ A aA fe > e , ἐλάττω, ἢ τῷ ἀνομοίως ἢ ὅσοι τρόποι διήρηνται > a \ \ ’ πρότερον. οἰκεῖον δὲ ἴσως καὶ τοὺς τόπους συμ- / > & “ , a \ παραλαμβάνειν ἐν οἷς ἕκαστα πέφυκεν ἢ μὴ / / / \' \ «“ \ πέφυκε γίνεσθαι. μεγάλη yap καὶ αὕτη διαφορὰ / ω lal καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα οἰκεία τῶν φυτῶν διὰ TO συνηρ- a n an ἃ ἣν ᾽ 4 rf τῆσθαι TH γῇ Kal μὴ ἀπολελύσθαι καθάπερ τὰ ζῶα.] ’ γ “ V. Ilecpatéov δ᾽ εἰπεῖν τὰς κατὰ μέρος δια- \ Ἃ “ ἧς al a φορὰς ws av καθόλου λέγοντας πρῶτον καὶ κοινῶς,

1 θέλοι conj. Sch.; θέλει Ald. H.

2 εὕροι conj. Sch.; εὕρη Ald. ; εὕρῃ H.

3 Presumably as being sometimes found on the shore below high-water mark.

‘G@navra... ζῶα. This passage seems not to belong here (W.).

5 τρόποι conj. Sch. ; τόποι UMVAId.

32

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. iv. 3-v. 1

However, if one should wish! to be precise, one would find? that even of these some are impattial and as it were amphibious, such as tamarisk willow alder, and that others even of those which are admitted to be plants of the dry land sometimes live in the 568,5 as palm squill asphodel. But to con- sider all these exceptions and, in general, to consider in such a manner is not the right way to proceed. For in such matters too nature certainly does not thus go by any hard and fast law. Our distinctions therefore and the study of plants in general must be understood accordingly. * To return—these plants as well as all others will be found to differ, as has been said, both in the shape of the whole and in the differences between the parts, either as to having or not having certain parts, or as to having a greater or less number of parts, or as to having them differently arranged, or because of other dif- ferences ὃ such as we have already mentioned. And it is perhaps also proper to take into account the situation in which each plant naturally grows or does not grow. For this is an important distinc- tion, and specially characteristic of plants, because they are united to the ground and not free from it like animals.

Characteristic differences in the parts of plants, whether general, special, or seen in qualities and properties.

V. Next we must try to give the differences as to particular parts, in the first instance speaking broadly of those of a general character,® and then

6 ¥.e. those which divide plants into large classes (e.g. evergreen and deciduous).

33

to

THEOPHRASTUS

εἶτα καθ᾽ ἕκαστον, ὕστερον ἐπὶ πλεῖον ὥσπερ ἀναθεωροῦντας.

Ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν ὀρθοφυῆ καὶ μακροστελέχη καθάπερ ἐλάτη πεύκη κυπάριττος, τὰ δὲ σκο- λιώτερα καὶ βραχυστελέχη οἷον ἰτέα συκῆ ῥοιά, καὶ κατὰ πάχος δὲ καὶ λεπτότητα ὁμοίως. καὶ πάλιν τὰ μὲν μονοστελέχη τὰ δὲ πολυ- στελέχη" τοῦτο δὲ ταὐτὸ τρόπον τινὰ καὶ τῷ παραβλαστητικὰ ἢ ἀπαράβλαστα εἶναι" καὶ πολυκλαδῆ καὶ ὀλιγόκλαδα καθάπερ ὁ φοῖνιξ, καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς τούτοις ἔτι κατὰ ἰσχὺν ἢ πάχος ἢ τὰς τοιαύτας διαφοράς. πάλιν τὰ μὲν λεπτό- φλοια, καθάπερ δάφνη φίλυρα, Ta δὲ παχύφλοια, καθάπερ δρῦς. ἔτι τὰ μὲν λειόφλοια, καθάπερ μηλέα συκῆ, τὰ δὲ τραχύφλοια, καθάπερ ἀγρία δρῦς φελλὸς φοῖνιξ. πάντα δὲ νέα μὲν ὄντα λειοφλοιότερα, ἀπογηράσκοντα δὲ τραχυφλοιό- TEpa, ἔνια δὲ καὶ ῥηξίφλοια, καθάπερ ἄμπελος, τὰ δὲ καὶ ὡς περιπίπτειν, οἷον ἀνδράχλη μηλέα κόμαρος. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τῶν μὲν σαρκώδης ὁ ὁ φλοιός, οἷον φελλοῦ δρυὸς αἰγείρου" τῶν δὲ ἰνώδης καὶ ἄσαρκος ὁμοίως δένδρων καὶ θάμνων καὶ ἐπετείων, οἷον ἀμπέλου καλάμου πυροῦ. καὶ τῶν μὲν πολύλοπος, οἷον φιλύρας ἐλάτης ἀμπέλου λιενο- σπάρτου κρομύων, τῶν δὲ μονόλοπος, οἷον συκῆς

1 2,6. taking account of differences in qualities, etc. See § 4, but the order in which the three kinds of ‘ differences’ are discussed is not that which is here given; the second is taken first and resumed at 6. 1, the third begins at 5. 4, the first at 14. 4.

2 ταὐτὸ conj. Sch.; αὐτὸ UMVPAId.

8 πραχυφλοιότερα conj. H. from G; παχυφ. UMALId. cf. Plin. 16. 126.

34

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. v. 1-2

of special differences between individual kinds ; and after that we must take a wider range, making as it were a fresh survey.!

Some plants grow straight up and have tall stems, as silver-fir fir cypress; some are by comparison crooked and have short stems, as willow fig pome- granate ; and there are like differences as to degree of thickness. Again some have a single stem, others many stems; and this difference corresponds? more or less to that between those which have side- growths and those which have none, or that between those which have many branches and those which have few, such as the date-palm. And in these very instances we have also differences in strength thickness and the like. Again some have thin bark, such as bay and lime; others have a thick bark, such as the oak. And again some have smooth bark, as apple and fig; others rough bark, as ‘wild oak’ (Valonia oak) cork-oak and date-palm. However all plants when young have smoother bark, which gets rougher * as they get older; and some have cracked bark,’ as the vine; and in some eases it readily drops off, as in andrachne apple ® and arbutus. And again of some the bark is fleshy, as in cork-oak oak poplar; while in others it is fibrous and not fleshy ; and this applies alike to trees shrubs and annual plants, for instance to vines reeds and wheat. Again in some the bark has more than one layer, as in lime silver-fir vine Spanish broom © onions’; while in some it consists of only

4 ῥηξίφλοια conj. St.; ῥιζίφοια (ἢ Ὁ ; ῥιζίφλοια P.3 ῥιζό- OES Ald. οἱ 4. 15. 2, Phin. Le. 5 μηλέα conj. H. Steph., etc.; νηλεία UMPAId.; νήλεια

DOV pe efaliniac. ὩΣ appears to have read λίνου, σπάρτου. aires 5.1 0.

35

THEOPHRASTUS

\ A καλάμου aipas. κατὰ μὲν δὴ τοὺς φλοιοὺς ἐν e , τούτοις αἱ διαφοραί. Τῶν δὲ ξύλων αὐτῶν καὶ ὅλως τῶν καυλῶν οἱ Ld \ fol a μέν εἰσι σαρκώδεις, οἷον δρυὸς συκῆς, καὶ τῶν ἐλαττόνων ῥάμνου τεύτλου κωνείου" οἱ δὲ ἄσαρκοι, καθάπερ κέδρου λωτοῦ κυπαρίττου. καὶ οἱ μὲν b , \ \ fol > 7 \ a , / ἰνώδεις" τὰ yap τῆς ἐλάτης Kal τοῦ φοίνικος ξύλα τοιαῦτα" τὰ δὲ diva, καθάπερ τῆς συκῆς. ὡσαύ- ἣν , la \ τως δὲ καὶ τὰ μὲν φλεβώδη τὰ δ᾽ ἄφλεβα. περὶ \ \ \ \ ΄ Sey, \ ς 7 δὲ τὰ φρυγανικὰ καὶ θαμνώδη καὶ ὅλως τὰ ὑλή- b) e pata καὶ ἄλλας τις ἂν λάβοι διαφοράς" ὁ μὲν \ / DO e \ Τὶ \ « γὰρ κάλαμος γονατῶδες, ὁ δὲ βάτος καὶ ὁ ’ 2 , ς \ / \ » A παλίουρος ἀκανθώδη. ἡ δὲ τύφη Kal ἔνια τῶν ε , a ΄, e , ’ ΄, See a ἑλείων ἢ λιμναίων ὁμοίως ἀδιάφρακτα Kal ὁμαλῆ, ΄ e rn καθάπερ σχοῖνος. ὁ δὲ τοῦ κυπείρου Kal βουτό- ἰς ’ \ μου καυλὸς ὁμαλότητά τινα ἔχει παρὰ τούτους" n lal / ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον ἴσως ὁ TOD μύκητος. - \ , 3 ® e Αὗται μὲν δὴ δόξαιεν ἂν ἐξ ὧν ἡ σύνθεσις. αἱ \ δὲ κατὰ Ta πάθη Kal Tas δυνάμεις οἷον σκλη- , / , , ρότης μαλακότης γλισχροτὴης κραυρότης «πυκνό- ͵ / 4 \ της» μανότης κουφότης βαρύτης καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα nr \ / \ x 5 Ἂν A τοιαῦτα" ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἰτέα Kal χλωρὸν εὐσὺ κοῦφον, Η ἢ ὥσπερ ὁ φελλός, ἡ δὲ πύξος καὶ ἡ ἔβενος οὐδὲ \ Hi a αὐανθέντα. καὶ τὰ μὲν σχίζεται, καθάπερ τὰ τῆς

1 ῥάμνου conj. W.; θάμνου P,; βαλάνου Ald. H.

2 κωνείου conj. Sch.; κωνίου Ald.U (corrected to κωνείου). cfs Oy.

3 δὲ diva conj. Sen from G.; δὲ βῖνα U; δὲ μανά Ald.; dé... va M.

4 ὑλήματα conj. Sch. (a general berm including shrubs, under-shrubs, etc. cf. 1. 6.7; 1. 10. 6); κλήματα, Ald.

36

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. v. 2-4

one coat, as in fig reed darnel. Such are the respects in which bark differs.

Next of the woods themselves and of stems generally some are fleshy, as in oak and fig, and, among lesser plants, in buckthorn! beet hemlock? ; while some are not fleshy, for instance, prickly cedar nettle-tree cypress. Again some are fibrous, for of this character is the wood of the silver-fir and the date-palm ; while some are not fibrous,* as in the fig. In like manner some are full of ‘ veins,’ others veinless. Further in shrubby plants and under- shrubs and in woody plants‘ in general one might find other differences: thus the reed is jointed, while the bramble and Christ’s thorn have thorns on the wood. Bulrush and some of the marsh or pond plants are in like manner® without joints and smooth, like the rush; and the stem of galingale and sedge has a certain smoothness beyond those just men- tioned; and still more perhaps has that of the mushroom.

Differences as to qualities and properties.

These then would seem to be the differences in the parts which make up the plant. Those which belong to the qualities® and properties are such as hardness or softness, toughness or brittleness, close- ness or openness of texture, lightness or heaviness, and the like. For willow-wood is light from the first, even when it is green, and so is that of the cork-oak ; but box and ebony are not light even when dried. Some woods again can be split,’ such

5 ὁμοίως, sense doubtful ; ὁμωνύμων conj. W.

δι wa0n, 415. 1.1: bin.

7 σχίζεται conj. W.; σχισθέντα UMVAId.; σχιστά Η.: fissiles ἃ.

37

THEOPHRASTUS

ἐλάτης, τὰ δὲ εὔθραυστα μᾶλλον, οἷον τὰ τῆς γ᾽ / \ \ \ ” e \ n > fal \ \ ἐλάας. καὶ Ta μὲν ἄοζα, οἷον Ta τῆς ἀκτῆς, τὰ δὲ ᾽ , e \ “- / \ / ὀζώδη, οἷον τὰ τῆς πεύκης καὶ ἐλάτης.

a / al

Δεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰς τοιαύτας ὑπολαμβάνειν «hs φύσεως. εὔσχιστον μὲν γὰρ ἡ ἐλάτη τῷ εὐθυ-

a ” Ν ΡΟΝ ΄ ὃ \ \ \ \

πορεῖν, εὔθραυστον δὲ ἡ ἐλάα διὰ τὸ σκολιὸν καὶ / ” ἮΡΕ / Ἂ Φ .6ὴ 7

σκληρὸν. εὐκαμπτον δὲ ἡ φίλυρα καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα

\ \ , ” \ ig , \ ee διὰ TO γλίσχραν ἔχειν τὴν ὑγρότητα. βαρὺ δὲ ἡ

Ν / \ δ᾿ 45h Ψ lh ς \ lal “ μὲν πύξος καὶ ἡ ἔβενος ὅτι πυκνά, ἡ δὲ δρῦς ὅτι

lal ¢ / \ \ \ 5 / \ γεῶδες. ὡσαύτως δὲ Kal τὰ ἄλλα πάντα πρὸς τὴν φύσιν πως ἀνάγεται.

VI. Διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ ταῖς μήτραις" πρῶτον μὲν εἰ ἔνια ἔχει ἢ μὴ ἔχει, καθάπερ τινές φασιν ἄλλα τε καὶ τὴν ἀκτήν: ἔπειτα καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἔχουσι: τῶν μὲν γάρ ἐστι σαρκώδης τῶν δὲ ξυλώδης τῶν δὲ ὑμενώδης. καὶ σαρκώδης μὲν οἷον ἀμπέλου συκῆς μηλέας ῥοιᾶς ἀκτῆς

/ , \ ΄ > / 4 νάρθηκος. ξυλώδης δὲ πίτυος ἐλάτης πεύκης,

\ / “ \ Nee 53 / Kal μάλιστα αὕτη διὰ TO ἔνδαδος εἶναι. τούτων δ᾽ ἔτι σκληρότεραι καὶ πυκνότεραι κρανείας

, a πρίνου δρνὸς κυτίσου συκαμίνου ἐβένου AwTOD.

Διαφέρουσι δὲ αὐταὶ καὶ τοῖς χρώμασι:

/ \ a ? / \ a / A a μέλαιναι yap THs ἐβένου Kal τῆς δρυός, ἣν καλοῦσι μελάνδρυον. ἅπασαι δὲ σκληρότεραι καὶ κραυρό-

1 2.6. break across the grain. εὔθραυστα mP3 ἄθραυστα UPAId.; fragilis G. cf. 5. 5, Plin 16. 186.

2 ἄρζα conj. Palm. from G ; λοξά UPAId.

3 7.e. across the grain. OCF. ὃ: Ὁ: Ὡ; sae) Pi δὲ. LP

δ ‘l. appears not to agree as to elder: see below.

38

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. v. 4-νι. 2

as that of the silver-fir, while others are rather break- able,! such as the wood of the olive. Again some are without knots,2 as the stems of elder, others have knots, as those of fir and silver-fir.

Now such differences also must be ascribed to the essential character of the plant: for the reason why the wood of silver-fir is easily split is that the grain is straight, while the reason why olive-wood is easily broken? is that it is crooked and hard. Lime- wood and some other woods on the other hand are easily bent because their sap is viscid. Boxwood and ebony are heavy because the grain is close, and oak because it contains mineral matter.’ In like manner the other peculiarities too can in some way be referred to the essential character.

Further ‘ special’ differences.

VI. Again there are differences in the ‘core’: in the first place according as plants have any or have none, as some say © is the case with elder among other things; and in the second place there are differences between those which have it, since in different plants it is respectively fleshy, woody, or membranous ; fleshy, as in vine fig apple pomegranate elder ferula ; woody, as in Aleppo pine silver-fir fir; in the last- named? especially so, because it is resinous. Harder again and closer than these is the core of dog-wood kermes-oak oak Jaburnum mulberry ebony nettle- LEE.

The cores in themselves also differ in colour; for that of ebony and oak is black, and in fact in the oak it is called ‘ oak-black’; and in all these the core is harder and more brittle than the ordinary

7 αὕτη conj. Sch.; αὐτὴ UAId.; αὐτῇ MV; αὐτῆς P,. 39

ow

THEOPHRASTUS

τεραι τῶν ξύλων: δι᾿ ὃ καὶ οὐχ ὑπομένουσι καμπήν. μαν ότεραι δὲ αἱ μὲν αἱ δ᾽ οὔ. ὑμενώ- εἰς δ᾽ ἐν μὲν τοῖς δένδροις οὐκ εἰσὶν ἢ σπάνιοι, ἐν δὲ τοῖς θαμνώδεσι καὶ ὅλως τοῖς ὑλήμασιν οἷον καλάμῳ τε καὶ νάρθηκι καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις εἰσίν. ἔχει δὲ τὴν μήτραν τὰ μὲν μεγάλην καὶ φανεράν, ὡς πρῖνος δρῦς καὶ τἄλλα προειρη- μένα, τὰ ὃ ἀφανεστέραν, οἷον ἐλάα πύξος" οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ἀφωρισμένην οὕτω λαβεῖν, ἀλλὰ καί φασί τινες οὐ κατὰ τὸ μέσον ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ πᾶν ἔχειν" ὥστε μὴ εἶναι τόπον ὡρισμένον" δι᾽ ὃ καὶ ἔνια οὐδ᾽ ἂν δόξειεν ὅλως ἔχειν" ἐπεὶ καὶ τοῦ φοίνικος οὐδεμία φαίνεται διαφορὰ Kat’ οὐδέν. Διαφέρουσι, δὲ καὶ ταῖς ῥίζαις. τὰ μὲν γὰρ πολύρριξα καὶ μακρόρριξα, καθάπερ συκῆ δρῦς πλάτανος" ἐὰν γὰρ ἔχωσι τόπον, ἐφ᾽ ὁσονοῦν προέρχονται. τὰ δὲ ὀλιγόρριζα, καθάπερ ῥοιὰ μηλέα: τὰ δὲ μονόρριξα, καθάπερ ἐλάτη πεύκη: povoppita δὲ οὕτως, ὅτι μίαν μεγάλην τὴν εἰς βάθος ἔ ἔχει μικρὰς δὲ ἀπὸ ταύτης πλείους. ἔ ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ τῶν μὴ μονορρίζων ἔνια. τὴν ἐκ τοῦ μέσου μεγίστην καὶ κατὰ βάθους, ὥσπερ ἀμυγδαλῆ: ἐλάα δὲ μικρὰν ταύτην τὰς δὲ ἄλλας μείζους καὶ ὡς κεκαρκινωμένας. ἔτει δὲ τῶν μὲν παχεῖαι μᾶλλον τῶν δὲ ἀνωμαλεῖς, καθάπερ δάφνης ἐλάας" τῶν δὲ πᾶσαι λεπταί, καθάπερ ἀμπέλου. δια- φέρουσι δὲ καὶ λειότητι καὶ τραχύτητι καὶ πυκνό- τητι. πάντων γὰρ αἱ ῥίζαι μανότεραι τῶν ἄνω,

1 μανότεραι. .. οὔ: text can hardly be sound, but sense is clear. 2 7.e. homogeneous. = ein. 10: 127.

4 3. 6. 4 seems to give a different account.

5 of. C.P..3, 23.5, and xapxiumdins CLP. 1. 12.33 3. 21. 5.

40

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vi. 2-4

wood ; and for this reason the core of these trees can not be bent. Again the core differs in closeness of texture. A membranous core is not common in trees, if indeed it is found at all; but it is found in shrubby plants and woody plants generally, as in reed ferula and the like. Again in some the core is large and conspicuous, as in kermes-oak oak and the other trees mentioned above; while in others it is less conspicuous, as in olive and box. For in these trees one cannot find it isolated, but, as some say, it is not found in the middle of the stem, being diffused throughout, so that it has no separate place; and for this reason some trees might be thought to have no core at all; in fact in the date-palm the wood is alike throughout.?

Differences wn root.

8 Again plants differ in their roots, some having many long roots, as fig oak plane; for the roots of these, if they have room, run to any length. Others again have few roots, as pomegranate and apple, others a single root, as silver-fir and fir; these have a single root in the sense that they have one long one ὅ which runs deep, and a number of small ones branching from this. Even in some of those which have more than a single root the middle root is the largest and goes deep, for instance, in the almond ; in the olive this central root is small, while the others are larger and, as it were, spread out crab- wise. Again the roots of some are mostly stout, of some of various degrees of stoutness, as those of bay and olive; and of some they are all slender, as those of the vine. Roots also differ in degree of smoothness and in density. For the roots of all

41

THEOPHRASTUS

πυκνότεραι δὲ ἄλλαι ἄλλων καὶ ξυλχωδέστεραι' καὶ αἱ μὲν ἰνώδεις, ὡς αἱ τῆς ἐλάτης, αἱ δὲ σαρκ- ώδεις μᾶλλον, ὥσπερ αἱ τῆς δρυός, αἱ δὲ οἷον ὀξώδεις καὶ θυσανώδεις, ὥσπερ αἱ τῆς ἐλάας: τοῦτο δὲ ὅτι τὰς λεπτὰς καὶ μικρὰς πολλὰς ἔχουσι καὶ ἀθρόας: ἐπεὶ πᾶσαί γε καὶ ταύτας ἀποφύουσιν ἀπὸ τῶν μεγάλων ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὁμοίως ἀθρόας καὶ πολλάς.

"Ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὰ μὲν βαθύρριζα, καθάπερ δρῦς, τὰ δ᾽ ἐπιπολαιόρριξα, καθάπερ ἐλάα ῥοιὰ μηλέα κυπάριττος. ἔτι δὲ αἱ μὲν εὐθεῖαι καὶ ὁμαλεῖς, αἱ δὲ σκολιαὶ καὶ παραλλάττουσαι" τοῦτο γὰρ οὐ μόνον συμβαίνει διὰ τοὺς τόπους τῷ μὴ εὐοδεῖν ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς φύσεως αὐτῆς ἐστιν, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῆς δάφνης καὶ τῆς ἐλάας: ἡ δὲ συκῆ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα σκολιοῦται διὰ τὸ μὴ εὐοδεῖν.

ἽΛπασαι δ᾽ ἔμμητροι καθάπερ καὶ τὰ στελέχη καὶ οἱ ἀκρεμόνες" καὶ εὔλογον ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ αἱ μὲν παραβλαστητικαὶ εἰς τὸ ἄνω, καθάπερ ἀμπέλου poas, αἱ δὲ ἀπαράβλαστοι, καθάπερ ἐλάτης κυπαρίττου πεύκης. αἱ αὐταὶ δὲ διαφοραὶ καὶ τῶν φρυγανικῶν καὶ τῶν ποιωδῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων: πλὴν εἰ ὅλως ἔνια μὴ ἔχει, καθάπερ ὕδνον μύκης πέξις κεραύνιον. τὰ μὲν πολύρριξα καθάπερ πυρὸς τίφη. κριθή, πᾶν τὸ τοιοῦτο, καθάπερ εἰκαζούσαις" τὰ δ᾽ ὀλιγόρριξα καθάπερ τὰ χεδροπά. σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ τῶν Aaxav- ωδῶν τὰ πλεῖστα μονόρριζα, οἷον padavos

1 πέζις κεραύνιον : πύξος κράνιον UMVAIA. ; πέζις conj. Sch. from Athen. 2. 59; κεραύνιον conj. W. cf. Plin. 8. 36 and 37, Juv. 5. 111. 2 εἰκαζούσαις : word corrupt; so UMVAIld.

3 Plin. 19. 98.

42

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. νι. 4-6

plants are less dense than the parts above ground, but the density varies in different kinds, as also does the woodiness. Some are fibrous, as those of the silver-fir, some fleshier, as those of the oak, some are as it were branched and tassel-like, as those of the olive; and this is because they have a large number of fine small roots close together ; for all in fact pro- duce these from their large roots, but they are not so closely matted nor so numerous in some cases as in others.

Again some plants are deep-rooting, as the oak, and some have surface roots, as olive pomegranate apple cypress. Again some roots are straight and uniform, others crooked and crossing one another. For this comes to pass not merely on account of the situation because they cannot find a straight course ; it may also belong to the natural character of the plant, as in the bay and the olive; while the fig and such like become crooked because they can not find a straight course.

All roots have core, just as the stems and branches do, which is to be expected, as all these parts are made of the same materials. Some roots again have side-growths shooting upwards, as those of the vine and pomegranate, while some have no side-growth, as those of silver-fir cypress and fir. The same differences are found in under-shrubs and herbaceous plants and the rest, except that some have no roots at all, as truffle mushroom bullfist! ‘ thunder-truffle.’ Others have numerous roots, as wheat one-seeded wheat barley and all plants of like nature, for instance,?.... Some have few roots, as legu- minous plants. %And in general most of the pot- herbs have single roots, as cabbage beet celery

43

8

THEOPHRASTUS

τεῦτλον σέλινον λάπαθος: πλὴν ἔνια καὶ ἀπο- φυάδας ἔχει μεγάλας, οἷον τὸ σέλινον καὶ τὸ τεῦτλον" καὶ ὡς ἂν κατὰ λόγον. ταῦτα βαθυρριξζ- oTepa τῶν δένδρων. εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν μὲν σαρκώδεις, καθάπερ ῥαφανίδος γογγυλίδος ἄρου κρόκου" τῶν δὲ ξυλώδεις, οἷον εὐζώμου ὠκίμου' καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων δὲ τῶν πλείστων, ὅσων μὴ εὐθὺς πλείους καὶ σχιζόμεναι, καθάπερ πυροῦ κριθῆς καὶ τῆς καλουμένης πόας. αὕτη γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ἐπετείοις καὶ ἐν τοῖς ποιώδεσιν ἡ διαφορὰ τῶν ῥιζῶν ὥστε τὰς μὲν εὐθὺς σχίζεσθαι πλείους οὔσας καὶ ὁμαλεῖς, τῶν δὲ ἄλλων μίαν ἢ δύο τὰς μεγίστας καὶ ἄλλας ἀπὸ τούτων.

“Ὅλως δὲ πλείους αἱ διαφοραὶ τῶν ῥιζῶν ἐν τοῖς ὑλήμασι καὶ λαχανώδεσιν' εἰσὶ γὰρ αἱ μὲν ξυλώδεις, ὥσπερ αἱ τοῦ ὠκίμου: αἱ δὲ σαρκώδεις, ὥσπερ αἱ τοῦ τεύτλου καὶ ἔτι δὴ μᾶλλον τοῦ ἄρου καὶ ἀσφοδέλου καὶ κρόκου" αἱ δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ φλοιοῦ καὶ σαρκός, ὥσπερ αἱ τῶν ῥαφανίδων καὶ γογγυλίδων' αἱ δὲ γονατώδεις, ὥ ὥσπερ αἱ τῶν καλά- μων καὶ ἀγρώστεων καὶ εἴ τι καλαμῶδες, καὶ “μόναι δὴ αὗται ἢ μάλισθ᾽ ὅμοιαι τοῖς ὑπὲρ γῆς" ὥσπερ γὰρ κάλαμοί εἰσιν ἐρριξωμένοι ταῖς λεπταῖς. αἱ δὲ λεπυρώδεις ἢ φλοιώδεις, οἷον αἵ τε τῆς σκίλλης καὶ τοῦ βολβοῦ καὶ ἔτι κρομύου καὶ τῶν τούτοις ὁμοίων. αἰεὶ γὰρ ἔστι περιαιρεῖν αὐτῶν.

Πάντα δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα δοκεῖ καθάπερ δύο γένη ῥιζῶν ἔχειν: τοῖς δὲ καὶ ὅλως τὰ κεφαλοβαρῆ καὶ κατάρριζα πάντα' τήν τε σαρκώδη ταύτην

1 The same term being applied to ‘herbaceous’ plants in general. "Plin. 19. 98.

44

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. v1. 6-8

monk’s rhubarb; but some have large side-roots, as celery and beet, and in proportion to their size these root deeper than trees. Again of some the roots are fleshy, as in radish turnip cuckoo-pint crocus; of some they are woody, as in rocket and basil. And so with most wild plants, except those whose roots are to start with numerous and much divided, as those of wheat barley and the plant specially! called ‘grass.’ For in annual and herbaceous plants this is the difference between the roots:—Some are more numerous and uniform and much divided to start with, but the others have one or two specially large roots and others springing from them.

To speak generally, the differences in roots are more numerous in shrubby plants and pot-herbs ; 2 for some are woody, as those of basil, some fleshy, as those of beet, and still more those of cuckoo-pint asphodel and crocus; some again are made, as it were, of bark and flesh, as those of radishes and turnips; some have joints, as those of reeds and dog’s tooth grass and of anything of a reedy charac- ter ; and these roots alone, or more than any others, resemble the parts above ground; they are in fact like 38 reeds fastened in the ground by their fine roots. Some again have scales or a kind of bark, as those of squill and purse-tassels, and also of onion and things like these. In all these it is possible to strip oft a coat.

Now all such plants, seem, as it were, to have two kinds of root ; and so, in the opinion of some, this is true generally of all plants which have a solid ‘head’ and send out roots from it downwards. These have,

3 2,6. the main root is a sort of repetition of the part above ground. 4 2,6. bulb, corm, rhizome, etc.

45

THEOPHRASTUS

Kat φλοιώδη, καθάπερ ἡ σκίλλα, καὶ τὰς ἀπὸ ταύτης ἀποπεφ υκυίας" οὐ γὰρ λεπτότητι καὶ παχύ- τητι διαφέρουσι μόνον, ὥσπερ αἱ τῶν δένδρων καὶ τῶν λαχάνων, ἀλλ᾽ ἀλλοῖον ἔχουσι τὸ γένος. ἐκφανεστάτη δ᾽ ἤδη i} τε τοῦ ἄρου καὶ ἡ τοῦ κυ- πείρου" ἡ μὲν γὰρ παχεῖα καὶ λεία καὶ σαρκώδης, ἡ δὲ λεπτὴ καὶ ἰνώδης. διόπερ ἀπορήσειεν ἄν τις εἰ ῥίξας τὰς τοιαύτας θετέον: ἧ ἧ μὲν γὰρ κατὰ γῆς δόξαιεν. ἄν, ἡ δὲ ὑπεναντίως ἔχουσι ταῖς ἄλλαις οὐκ ἂν δόξαιεν. ἡ μὲν γὰρ ῥίζα λεπτο- τέρα πρὸς τὸ πόρρω καὶ ἀεὶ σύνοξυς" ἢ δὲ τῶν σκιλλῶν καὶ τῶν βολβῶν καὶ τῶν ἄρων ἀνά- παλιν.

"Ere δ᾽ αἱ μὲν ἄλλαι κατὰ τὸ πλάγιον ἀφιᾶσι εὖ e \ la nr \ A “- > piSas, ai δὲ τῶν σκιχλλῶν Kal τῶν βολβῶν οὐκ ἀφιᾶσιν" οὐδὲ τῶν ,“σκορόδων καὶ τῶν κρομύων. ὅλως δέ γε ἐν ταύταις αἱ κατὰ μέσον ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς ᾿ἡρτημέναι φαίνονται ῥίξαι καὶ τρέφον- ται. τοῦτο δ᾽ ὥσπερ κῦμα ἢ καρπός, ὅθεν καὶ οἱ ἐγγεοτόκα λέγοντες οὐ κακῶς" ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων τοιοῦτο μὲν οὐδέν ἐ ἐστιν: ἐπεὶ δὲ πλεῖον ἡ φύσις ἢ κατὰ ῥίζαν ταύτῃ ἀπορίαν ἔχει. τὸ γὰρ δὴ πᾶν “λέγειν. τὸ κατὰ γῆς ῥίζαν. οὐκ ὀρθόν" καὶ γὰρ ἂν ὁ καυλὸς τοῦ βολβοῦ καὶ ὁ τοῦ γηθύου καὶ

1 τὰς conj. Sch.; τῆς ΑΙ4.Η.; τὴν... ἀποπεφυκυῖαν Ῥ. 2 ἀλλ᾽ ἀλλοῖον ἔχουσι conj. St.; ἀλλὰ λεῖον ἔχοντες PMV Ald.; ἀλλοῖον ἐχ. mBas.mP from G3 ἀλλ᾽ ἀλλοῖον ἔχουσαι

conj. Seal. Bo fi 4. (10.05; 4 καὶ ἀεὶ Ald. ; ἀεὶ καὶ conj. W. 5 Plin. 19. 99, 6 cf. the definition of ‘ root,’ 1. 1. 9. 7 ἐγγεότοκα λέγοντες conj. W.; ch. ἡ τῶν ἐγ' πκοτόκων

τούτων γένεσις in Athenaeus’ citation of this passage “2. 60) ;

46

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. νι. 8-9

that is to say, this fleshy or bark-like root, like squill, as well as the! roots which grow from this. For these roots not only differ in degree of stoutness, like those of trees and pot-herbs; they are of quite distinct classes.2 This is at once quite evident in cuckoo-pint and galingale,? the root being in the one case thick smooth and fleshy, in the other thin and fibrous. Wherefore we might question if such roots should be called ‘ roots’; inasmuch as they are under ground they would seem to be roots, but, inasmuch as they are of opposite character to other roots, they would not. For your root gets slenderer as it gets longer and tapers continuously * to a point; but the so-called root of squill purse-tassels and cuckoo-pint does just the opposite.

Again, while the others send out roots at the sides, this is not the case® with squill and purse- tassels, nor yet with garlic and onion. In general in these plants the roots which are attached to the ‘head’ in the middle appear to be real roots and receive nourishment,® and this ‘head’ is, as it were, an embryo or fruit; wherefore those who call such plants ‘plants which reproduce them- selves underground’? give a fair account of them. In other kinds of plants there is nothing of this sort.§ But a difficult question is raised, since here the ‘root’ has a character which goes beyond what one associates with roots. For it is not right to call all that which is underground ‘root,’ since in that case the stalk’ of purse-tassels and that of long onion and in general any part which is under- eyteoo οισαλεΎγοντες U3 ἔν τε τοῖς ὀστοῖς ἀλέγοντες MV (omit- ting te) Ald. (omitting τοῖς).

8 πριοῦτο μὲν οὐδέν conj. W.; τοῦτο μὲν MSS

9 ἂν ὁ καυλός conj. St.; ἀνάκαυλος Ald.

47

10

11

THEOPHRASTUS

ὅλως ὅσα κατὰ βάθους ἐστὶν εἴησαν ἂν ῥίξαι, καὶ τὸ ὕδνον δὲ καὶ ὃ καλοῦσί τίνες ἀσχίον καὶ τὸ οὔϊγγον καὶ εἴτι ἄλλο ὑπόγειόν ἐστιν: ὧν οὐδέν ἐστι pita: δυνάμει γὰρ δεῖ φυσικῇ διαιρεῖν καὶ οὐ τόπῳ.

Τάχα δὲ τοῦτο μὲν ὀρθῶς λέγεται, pita δὲ οὐδὲν ἧττόν ἐστιν" ἀλλὰ διαφορά τις αὕτη τῶν ῥιζῶν, ὥστε τὴν μέν τινα τοιαύτην εἶναι τὴν δὲ τοιαύτην καὶ τρέφεσθαι τὴν ἑτέραν ὑπὸ τῆς ἑτέρας. καίτοι καὶ αὐταὶ αἱ σαρκώδεις ἐοίκασιν ἕλκειν. τὰς γοῦν τῶν ἄρων πρὸ τοῦ βλαστάνειν στρέφουσι καὶ γίγνονται μείξους κωλυόμεναι διαβῆναι πρὸς τὴν βλάστησιν. ἐπεὶ ὅτι γε πάντων τῶν τοιού- των ἡ φύσις ἐπὶ τὸ κάτω μᾶλλον ῥέπει φανερόν' οἱ μὲν γὰρ καυλοὶ καὶ ὅλως τὰ ἄνω βραχέα καὶ ἀσθενῆ, τὰ δὲ κάτω μεγάλα καὶ πολλὰ καὶ ἰσχυρὰ οὐ μόνον ἐπὶ τῶν εἰρημένων ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ καλάμου καὶ ἀγρώστιδος καὶ ὅλως ὅσα καλαμώδη καὶ τούτοις ὅμοια. καὶ ὅσα δὴ ναρθηκώδη, καὶ τούτων ῥίξαι μεγάλαι καὶ σαρκώδεις.

Πολλὰ δὲ καὶ τῶν ποιωδῶν ἔ ἔχει τοιαύτας ῥίζας, οἷον σπάλαξ κρόκος καὶ τὸ περδίκιον καλούμενον" καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο παχείας τε καὶ πλείους ἔχει τὰς ῥίζας ἢ φύλλα: καλεῖται δὲ περδίκιον διὰ τὸ τοὺς πέρδικας ἐγκυλιεσθαι καὶ ὀρύττειν. ὁμοίως δὲ

1 βάθους conj. Sch.; βάθος Ald.

2 καὶ ὃ W. after U; καὶ om. Ald.; G omits also τὸ before οὔϊγγον, making the three plants synonymous. The passage is cited by Athen., /.c., with considerable variation.

3 σοιαύτην Con]. St.; ; τοσαύτην MSS.

4 ὦ, 6. the fleshy root (tuber, etc.).

5 i.e. the fibrous root (root proper).

48

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vi. 9-11

vround! would be a root, and so would the truflle, the plant which? some call puff-ball, the wengon, and all other underground plants. Whereas none of these is a root; for we must base our definition on natural function and not on position.

However it may be that this is a true account and yet that such things are roots no less; but in that case we distinguish two different kinds of root, one being of this character? and the other of the other, and the one?* getting its nourishment from the other®; though the fleshy roots too themselves seem to draw nourishment. At all events men invert ® the roots of cuckoo-pint before it shoots, and so they become larger by being prevented from pushing‘ through to make a shoot. For it is evident that the nature of all such plants is to turn downwards for choice ; for the stems and the upper parts generally are short and weak, while the underground parts are large numerous and strong, and that, not only in the instances given, but in reeds dog’s-tooth grass and in general in all plants of a reedy character and those like them. Those too which resemble ferula ὃ have large fleshy roots.

®Many herbaceous plants likewise have such roots, as colchicum 190. crocus and the plant called “ par- tridge-plant’; for this too has thick roots which are more numerous than its leaves. 1! (It is called the ‘partridge-plant’ because partridges roll in it and grub it up.) So too with the plant called in Egypt

6 στρέφουσι conj. Sch.; τρεφουσι MVAId.; cf. 7. 12. 2.

7 διαβῆναι conj. W.; διαθεῖναι UMV.

8 2,6. have a hollow stem (umbelliferous plants, more or less). Slane 93999:

10 σπάλαξ UMV; ἀσπάλαξ mBas.: perhaps corrupt.

1 Plin. 21. 102.

49

THEOPHRASTUS

καὶ τὸ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ καλούμενον οὔϊγγον' τὰ μὲν γὰρ φύλλα μεγάλα καὶ ὁ βλαστὸς αὐτοῦ βραχύς, ἡ δὲ ῥίζα μακρὰ καί ἐστιν ὥσπερ ὁ καρπός. διαφέρει τε καὶ ἐσθίεται, καὶ συλλέγουσι δὲ ὅταν

12 ὁ ποταμὸς ἀποβῇ στρέφοντες τὰς βώλους. φανε- ρώτατα δὲ καὶ πλείστην ἔχοντα πρὸς τὰ ἄλλα διαφορὰν τὸ σίλφιον καὶ ἡ καλουμένη “μαγύδαρις" ἀμφοτέρων γὰρ τούτων καὶ ἁπάντων τῶν τοιούτων ἐν ταῖς ῥίζαις μᾶλλον ἡ φύσις. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ταύτῃ ληπτέα.

Ἔνιαι δὲ τῶν ῥιζῶν πλείω “δόξαιεν ἂν ἔχειν διαφορὰν παρὰ τὰς εἰρημένας" οἷον αἵ τε τῆς ἀρα- χίδνης καὶ τοῦ ὁμοίου τῷ ἀράκῳ' “Φέρουσι γὰρ ἀμφότεραι καρπὸν οὐκ ἐλάττω τοῦ ἄνω: καὶ μίαν μὲν ῥίξαν τὸ ἀρακῶδες τοῦτο παχεῖαν ἔχει τὴν κατὰ βάθους, τὰς δ᾽ ἄλλας ἐφ᾽ ὧν ὁ καρπὸς λεπτοτέρας καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἄκρῳ [καὶ] σχιζομένας πολ- ayn φιλεῖ δὲ μάλιστα χωρία τὰ ὕφαμμα' φύλ- λον δὲ οὐδέτερον ἔχει τούτων οὐδ᾽ ὅμοια τοῖς φύλλοις, ἀλλ᾽ ὥσπερ ἀμφίκαρπα μᾶλλον ἐστιν" ὃ καὶ φαίνεται θαυμάσιον. αἱ μὲν οὖν φύσεις καὶ δυνάμεις τοσαύτας ἔχουσι διαφοράς.

VII. Αὐξάνεσθαι δὲ πάντων δοκοῦσιν αἱ ῥίζαι πρότερον τῶν ἄνω' καὶ γὰρ φύεται εἰς βάθος: οὐδεμία δὲ καθήκει πλέον ἢ ὅσον ὁ ἥλιος ἐφικνεῖ- ται' τὸ γὰρ θερμὸν τὸ γεννῶν: οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ

1 οὔϊγγον mBas.H.; οὕὔϊτον MV; ουΐτον Ald.; cf. 1. 1. 7; Plin. 21. 88 (oetwm).

2 μεγάλα: text doubtful (W.).

3 διαφέρει : text doubtful (Sch.).

4 στρέφοντες τὰς βώλους conj. Coraés; στέφυντες βωμού:

UMVAId. 5 éy ins. Sch. 5°

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vi. 11-vu. 1

wangon }; for its leaves are large? and its shoots short, while the root is long and is, as it were, the fruit. It is an excellent thing? and is eaten; men gather it when the river goes down by turning the clods.* But the plants which afford the most conspicuous instances and shew the greatest difference as com- pared with others are silphium and the plant called magydaris ; the character of both of these and of all such plants is especially shewn in® their roots. Such is the account to be given of these plants.

Again some roots would seem to shew a greater difference ὃ than those mentioned, for instance, those of arakhidna,’ and of a plant® which resembles arakos. For both of these bear a fruit underground which is as large as the fruit above ground, and this arakos-like® plant has one thick root, namely, the one which runs deep, while the others which bear the ‘fruit’ are slenderer and branch?® in many directions at the tip. It is specially fond of sandy ground. Neither of these plants has a leaf nor anything resembling a leaf, but they bear, as it were, two kinds of fruit instead, which seems sur- prising. So many then are the differences shewn in the characters and functions of roots.

VII. The roots of all plants seem to grow earlier than the parts above ground (for growth does take place downwards 1). But no root goes down further than the sun reaches, since it is the heat which induces growth. Nevertheless the nature of the soil,

6 2,4. to be even more abnormal: διαφορὰν conj. Sch.; διαφοραὶ Ald. MP line 2189:

8 tine-tare. See Index, App. (1).

® ἀρακῶδες conj. Sch.; σαρκῶδες Ald.G.

10 καὶ before σχιζ. om. Sch. from G.

Wes ΟΡ. 12:7. (cited: by, Warro,) 1445. 3); 5. 911:

iw

THEOPHRASTUS

ταῦτα μεγάλα συμβάλλεται πρὸς βαθυρριξίαν καὶ ἔτι “μᾶλλον πρὸς μακρορριξζίαν, ἡ τῆς χώρας φύσις ἐὰν ῆ κούφη καὶ μανὴ καὶ εὐδίοδος" ἐν γὰρ ταῖς τοιαύταις πορρωτέρω καὶ μείζους αἱ αὐξή- σεις. φανερὸν δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν ἡμερωμάτων: ἔχοντα γὰρ ὕδωρ ὁπουοῦν δίεισιν ὡς εἰπεῖν, ἐπειδὰν ὁ τόπος ἢ κενὸς καὶ μηδὲν τὸ ἀντιστατοῦν. ἤγουν ἐν τῷ Λυκείῳ ἡ πλάτανος ἡ κατὰ τὸν ὀχετὸν ἔτι νέα οὖσα ἐπὶ τρεῖς καὶ τριάκοντα πήχεις ἀφῆκεν ἔχουσα τόπον τε ἅμα. καὶ τροφή ἢν.

Δόξειε δὲ ὡς εἰπεῖν ἡ συκῆ μακρορριζότατον εἶναι καὶ ὅλως δὲ μᾶλλον τὰ μανὰ καὶ εὐθύρριζα. πάντα δὲ τὰ νεώτερα τῶν παλαιῶν, ἐὰν εἰς ἀκμὴν ἥκωσιν, ἤδη βαθυρριζότερα καὶ μακρορριζότερα. συμφθίνουσι γὰρ καὶ αἱ ῥίξαι τῷ ἄλλῳ σώματι. πάντων δὲ ὁ ὁμοίως οἱ χυλοὶ τοῖς φυτοῖς δεινότεροι, τοῖς δὲ ὡς ἐπίπαν" δι’ ὃ καὶ ἐνίων πικραὶ ὧν οἱ καρποὶ γλυκεῖς: αἱ δὲ καὶ φαρμακώδεις" ἔνιαι δ᾽ εὐώδεις, ὥσπερ αἱ τῆς ἴριδος.

Tota δὲ ῥίξης φύσις καὶ δύναμις ἡ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς συκῆς" ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν βλαστῶν ἀφίησι, μέχρι οὗ ἂν συνάψῃ τῇ γῇ καὶ ῥιζωθῇ, καὶ γίνεται περὶ τὸ δένδρον κύκλῳ συνεχὲς τὸ τῶν ῥιζῶν οὐχ ἁπτό- μενον τοῦ στελέχους ἀλλ᾽ ἀφεστηκός.

1 ταῦτα before μέγαλα om. W.

2 ἡμερωμάτων conj. Sch.; ἡμερωτάτων UP,Ald.: cf. U.P. 5. 61:8. 3 ὁπουοῦν MSS. ; ὁποσονοῦν conj. W. from G, in quantwm libeat. 4 ἐπειδὰν conj. Sch.; ἐπεὶ κἂν UMVPAId.

> Quoted by Varro, 1. 37. 5.

6 ἐπὶ conj. Sch.; παρὰ P,; περὶ Ald.

7 συμφθίνουσι : συμφωνοῦσι conj. St.

52

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vu. 1-3

if it is light open and porous, contributes greatly! to deep rooting, and still more to the formation of long roots; for in such soils growth goes further and is more vigorous. ‘This is evident in cultivated plants.” For, provided that they have water, they run on, one may say, wherever it may be,? whenever‘ the ground is unoccupied and there is no obstacle. ° For instance the plane-tree by the watercourse in the Lyceum when it was still young sent out its roots a distance of® thirty-three cubits, having both room and nourishment.

The fig would seem, one may say, to have the longest roots, and in general plants which have wood of loose texture and straight roots would seem to have these longer. Also young plants, provided that they have reached their prime, root deeper and have longer roots than old ones ; for the roots decay along with’? the rest of the plant’s body. And in all cases alike the juices of plants ὃ are more powerful in the roots than in other parts, while in some cases they are extremely powerful; wherefore the roots are bitter in some plants whose fruits are sweet ; some roots again are medicinal, and some are frag- rant, as those of the iris.

The character and function of the roots of the ‘Indian fig’ (banyan) are peculiar, for this plant sends out roots from the shoots till it has a hold on the ground ® and roots again ; and so there comes to be a continuous circle of roots round the tree, not connected with the main stem but at a distance from it.

8 τρῖς φυτοῖς Ald.; ταῖς ῥίζαις con]. W. from G: text pro. hably defective. 9 rf γῇ conj. Scal. from (ἃ ; συκῇ U; τῇ συκῇ P,Ald.

53

THEOPHRASTUS

4 rn , Παραπλήσιον δὲ τούτῳ μᾶλλον δὲ τρόπον τινὰ , an / > / / θαυμασιώτερον εἴ τι ἐκ τῶν φύλλων ἀφίησι ῥίξαν, ar \ δ lal ’ὔ ΑΨ ἃ οἷόν φασι περὶ ᾿Οποῦντα ποιάριον εἶναι, ὃ Kai ᾽ ’ / ᾽ ς ΄ \ \ Φ lal , ἐσθίεσθαί ἐστιν ἡδύ. τὸ yap αὖ τῶν θέρμων \ Ka “ nA > A / “ θαυμαστὸν ἧττον, ὅτι ἂν ἐν ὕλῃ βαθείᾳ σπαρῇ , \ Caf. ‘ ᾿ a \ / \ διείρει τὴν ῥίζαν πρὸς τὴν γῆν καὶ βλαστάνει διὰ Ἕ Ν \ fal a τὴν ἰσχύν. ἀλλὰ δὴ τὰς μὲν τῶν ῥιζῶν διαφο- fe pas ἐκ τούτων θεωρητέον. ra / VIII. Τῶν δένδρων tas τοιαύτας av τις λάβοι Ψ ” \ \ \ δὴ γὃ \ > ” - διαφοράς. ἔστι yap τὰ μὲν ὀζώδη τὰ δ᾽ ἄνοζα \ ΄, \ ’ \ \ a \ 2 καὶ φύσει καὶ τόπῳ κατὰ TO μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον. ” \ / > “ \ ” “ OA ἄνοζα δὲ λέγω οὐχ ὥστε μὴ ἔχειν ὅλως ---οὐδὲν γὰρ τοιοῦτο δένδρον, ἀλλ᾽ εἴπερ, ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων 2 al / / Ὁ“ J \ La οἷον σχοῖνος τύφη κύπειρος ὅλως ἐπὶ TOV λιμνω- lal > ᾽ “ ? , » / \ z δῶν---ἀλλ᾽ ὥστε ὀλίγους ἔχειν. φύσει μὲν οἷον ? an / ἀκτὴ δάφνη συκῆ ὅλως πάντα τὰ λειόφλοια Kal doa κοῖλα καὶ μανά. ὀζῶδες δὲ ἐλάα πεύκη \ / \ κότινος" τούτων δὲ Ta μὲν ἐν παλισκίοις Kal , \ > / \ \ ᾽ > / \ νηνέμοις καὶ ἐφύδροις, τὰ δὲ ἐν εὐηλίοις καὶ χει- Ἂν / lal rn μερίοις καὶ πνευματώδεσι καὶ λεπτοῖς καὶ ξηροῖς" \ \ \ > , \ S2 ᾽ Be - τὰ μὲν yap ἀνοζότερα, τὰ δὲ ὀξζωδέστερα τῶι

1 7: conj. W.; τις MSS. - Plin. 9 10,4.

3 cf. 8. 11. 8; Plin. 18. 133 and 134.

§ διείρει conj. Sch. » διαιρεῖ P,Ald.; cf C.P. 2. 17. 7.

5 ὕζος is the knot and the bough starting from it: cf. Arist. de iuv. et sen. 3.

6 ἐπὶ τῶν conj. Coraés; ἡ τῶν UM; ἧττον (erased) P (ἐκ τῶν marg.) ῆττον Ald.

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ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. νι. 3-viu. 1

Something similar to this, but even more surprising, occurs in those plants which! emit roots from their leaves, as they say does a certain herb? which grows about Opus, which is also sweet to taste. The peculiarity again of lupins? is less surprising, namely that, if the seed is dropped where the ground is thickly overgrown, it pushes ὁ its root through to the earth and germinates because of its vigour. But we have said enough for study of the differences between roots.

Of trees (principally) and their characteristic special differences: as to knots.

VIII. One may take it that the following are the differences between trees:—Some have knots,° more or less, others are more or less without them, whether from their natural character or because of their position. But, when I say ‘without knots,’ | do not mean that they have no knots at all (there is no tree like that, but, if it is true of any plants, it is only of © other kinds, such as rush bulrush’ galingale and plants of the lake side 8 generally) but that they have few knots. Now this is the natural character of elder bay fig and all smooth-barked trees, and in general of those whose wood is hollow or of a loose texture. Olive fir and wild olive have knots; and some of these grow in thickly shaded windless and wet places, some in sunny positions exposed to storms and winds,® where the soil is light and dry; for the number of knots varies between trees of the

7 τύφη conj. Bod.; τίφη UAId.H.; cf. 1. 5. 3. 8 ἐπὶ τῶν conj. W.; εἴ τι ἐπὶ τῶν Ald. 9 πνευματώδεσι Conj. Scal.; πυματώδεσι Us πυγματώδεσι

ΜΝ ΑΙ, 55

THEOPHRASTUS

ς a Ψ ΔῊ 5 , ΤΡ \ a ὁμογενῶν. ὅλως δὲ ὀξωδέστερα τὰ ὀρεινὰ τῶν a x \ A ’ πεδεινῶν καὶ τὰ ξηρὰ τῶν ἑλείων. Ὑ \ N \ , \ \ ΑΓ ΟὟ, Ετι δὲ κατὰ τὴν φυτείαν τὰ μὲν πυκνὰ ἄνοζα , Kal ὀρθά, τὰ δὲ pava ὀζωδέστερα καὶ σκολιώτερα" \ \ , 4 \ συμβαίνει yap ὥστε τὰ μὲν ἐν παλισκίῳ εἶναι TA Ν > > / \ \ ” \ La) Lal δὲ ἐν εὐηλίῳ. καὶ τὰ ἄρρενα δὲ τῶν θηλειῶν ᾽ / » a ᾽ ” / ὀζωδέστερα ἐν ols ἐστιν ἄμφω, οἷον κυπάριττος A a u , ἐλάτη ὀστρυΐς κρανεία: καλοῦσι yap γένος τι fd x 7 an θηλυκρανείαν" καὶ Ta ἄγρια δὲ TOV ἡμέρων, καὶ fal ’ ἁπλῶς καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ ταὐτὸ γένος, οἷον κότινος ‘ Qn ’; ΄ ἐλάας καὶ ἐρινεὸς συκῆς καὶ ἀχρὰς ἀπίου. πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα ὀζωδέστερα:' καὶ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ \ a a \ πάντα τὰ πυκνὰ TOV μανῶν: Kal yap τὰ ἄρρενα Ud \ \ ΝΜ \ \ U πυκνότερα καὶ τὰ ἄγρια' πλὴν εἴ τι διὰ πυκνό- fal » A ? ’ὔ φ / TnTa παντελῶς avolov ἢ ὀλίγοζον, οἷον πύξος , λωτος. Εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν μὲν ἄτακτοι καὶ ὡς ἔτυχεν οἱ ὄζοι, τῶν δὲ τεταγμένοι καὶ τῷ διαστήματι καὶ τῷ ᾽ / πλήθει καθάπερ εἴρηται: δι’ ὃ καὶ ταξιόζωτα lal “ a \ ” 3 a ταῦτα καλοῦσιν. τῶν μὲν yap οἷον δι’ ἴσου τῶν lal rh," Ν Ν a x‘ “ δὲ μεῖζον αἰεὶ τὸ πρὸς τῷ πάχει. καὶ τοῦτο κατὰ / “ / Μ \ >) a / λόγον. ὅπερ μάλιστα ἔνδηλον Kal ἐν τοῖς κοτί- \ lal \ \ , vols καὶ ἐν τοῖς καλάμοις" τὸ γὰρ γόνυ καθάπερ wv \ « \ ᾽ ᾽ / ee τ nr ὄζος. Kal οἱ μὲν κατ᾿ ἀλλήλους, ὥσπερ οἱ τῶν

1. Plin, 10. 125. ὙΠῸ. Bo) 3 ταξιόζωτα conj. W.; ἀξιολογώτατα Ald.; ef. ταξίφυλλος, 1:.10..8. 4 Plin, 10: 122.

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ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, 1. vit. 1-3

same kind. And in general mountain trees have more knots than those of the plain, and those that grow in dry spots than those that grow in marshes.

Again the way in which they are planted makes a difference in this respect ; those trees that grow close together are knotless and erect, those that grow far apart have more knots and a more crooked growth ; for it happens that the one class are in shade, the others in full sun. Again the ‘male’ trees have more knots than the ‘ female’ in those trees in which both forms are found, as cypress silver-fir hop-horn- beam cornelian cherry—for there is a kind called ‘female cornelian cherry’ (cornel)—and wild trees have more knots than trees in cultivation: this is true both in general and when we compare those of the same kind, as the wild and cultivated forms of olive fig and pear. All these have more knots in the wild state; and in general those of closer growth have this character more than those of open growth ; for in fact the ‘male’ plants are of closer growth, and so are the wild ones; except that in some cases, as in box and nettle-tree, owing to the closer growth there are no knots at all, or only a few.

1 Again the knots of some trees are irregular and set at haphazard, while those of others are regular, alike in their distance apart and in their number, as has been said?; wherefore also they are called ‘ trees with regular knots.’? 4 For of some the knots are, as it were, at even distances, while in others the distance between them is greater at the thick end of the stem. And this proportion holds throughout. This is especially evident in the wild olive and in reeds—in which the joint corresponds to the knot in trees. Again some knots are opposite one another,

57

THEOPHRASTUS

κοτίνων, οἱ δ᾽ ὡς ἔτυχεν. ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν δίοξα, τὰ δὲ τρίοζα, τὰ δὲ πλείους ἔχοντα" ἔνια δὲ πεντάοζά ἐστι. καὶ τῆς μὲν ἐλάτης ὀρθοὶ καὶ οἱ ὄζοι καὶ οἱ κλάδοι ὥσπερ ἐμπεπηγότες, τῶν δὲ ἄλλων οὔ. δι᾿ ὃ καὶ ἰσχυρὸν ἡ ἐλάτη. ἰδιώτατοι δὲ οἱ τῆς μηλέας: ὅμοιοι γὰρ θηρίων προσώποις, εἷς μὲν ὁ μέγιστος ἄλλοι δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν μικροὶ πλείους. εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν ὄξων οἱ μὲν τυφλοί, οἱ δὲ γόνιμοι. λέγω δὲ τυφλοὺς ἀφ᾽ ὧν μηδεὶς βλαστός. οὗτοι δὲ καὶ φύσει καὶ πηρώσει γίνονται, ὅταν ἢ μὴ λυθῇ καὶ ἐκβιάξηται ἢ καὶ ἀποκοπῇ καὶ οἷον ἐπικαυθεὶς πηρωθῇ: γίνονται δὲ μᾶλλον ἐν τοῖς παχέσι τῶν ἀκρεμόνων, ἐνίων δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς στελέχεσιν. ὅλως δὲ καὶ τοῦ ᾿στελέχους καὶ τοῦ κλάδου καθ᾽ ὃ ἂν ἐπικόψη ἢ ἐπιτέμῃ τις, ὄξος γίνεται καθαπερανεὶ διαιρῶν τὸ ἕν καὶ ποιῶν ἑτέραν ἀρχήν, εἴτε διὰ τὴν πήρωσιν εἴτε δι’ ἄλλην αἰτίαν: οὐ γὰρ δὴ κατὰ φύσιν τὸ ὑπὸ τῆς πληγῆς.

Αἰεὶ δὲ ἐν ἅπασιν οἱ κλάδοι φαίνονται πολυο- ζότεροι διὰ τὸ μήπω τἀνὰ μέσον προσηυξῆσθαι, καθάπερ καὶ τῆς συκῆς οἱ "νεύβλαστοι τραχύ- τατοι καὶ τῆς ἀμπέλου τὰ ἄκρα τῶν κλημάτων. ὡς γὰρ ὄζος ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις οὕτω καὶ ὀφθαλμὸς

1 6 7.4: 19. ΞΕΡῚ 16. 1091

3 2,6. primary and secondary branches.

ait 2) eats be Ὁ Plint 16. ‘24:

8 cf. Arist. de iu. et sen. 3; Plin. 16. 125.

7 ὅταν stata πηρωθῇ conj. W. ; ἢ ὅταν ἡ μὴ λυθῇ καὶ ἐκβιάζηται καὶ ἣ ἀποκοπὴ καί Ὁ ; ὅταν ἣ μὴ λυθῇ καὶ ἐκβιάζηται ἢ ἀποκοπῇ P; ἢ ὅταν λυθῇ καὶ Ble ἢ ἀποκοπὴ καὶ οἱ οὐ Py; ὅταν ἣ μὴ λυθῇ καὶ ἐκβιάζηται καὶ ἢ ἀποκοπῇ καὶ Ald. H.; q differs widely.

58

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vin. 3-5

as those of the wild olive, while others are set at random. Again some trees have double knots, some treble,! some more at the same point ; some have as many as five. ?In the silver-fir both the knots and the smaller branches? are set at right angles, as if they were stuck in, but in other trees they are not so. And that is why the silver-fir is such a strong tree. Most peculiar ὅ are the knots of the apple, for they are like the faces of wild animals; there is one large knot, and a number of small ones round it. Again some knots are blind,® others productive; by ‘blind’ I mean those from which there is no growth. These come to be so either by nature or by mutilation, according as either the knot? is not free and so the shoot does not make its way out, or, a bough having been cut off, the place is mutilated, for example by burning. Such knots occur more commonly in the thicker boughs, and in some cases in the stem also. And in general, wherever one chops or cuts part of the stem or bough, a knot is formed, as though one thing were made thereby into two and a fresh growing point produced, the cause being the mutila- tion or some other such reason ; for the effect of such a blow cannot of course be ascribed to nature.

Again in all trees the branches always seem to have more knots, because the intermediate parts § have not yet developed, just as the newly formed branches of the fig are the roughest,’ and in the vine the highest!° shoots. 1!(For to the knot in other

8 2,6. the internodes ; till the branch is fully grown its knots are closer together, and so seem more numerous: μήπω Tava μέσον προσηυξῆσθαι conj. Sch.; μήπω tava μέσον προσκυ- ζῆθαι Ὁ ; μήτ᾽ ἀνὰ μέσον προσκυζεῖσθαι MAId.; μήποτ᾽ ἀνάμεσον προσηυξῆσθαι Po. 8.2.6. have most knots.

10 ¢.e. youngest. Ms Plin. 16.7125.

59

THEOPHRASTUS

ἐν ἀμπελῳ και ἐν καλάμῳ γονυ . .. ἐνίοις δὲ καὶ οἷον κράδαι γίνονται, καθάπερ πτελέᾳ καὶ δρυὶ καὶ μάλιστα ἐν πλατάνῳ: ἐὰν δὲ ἐ ἐν τραχέσι καὶ ἀνύδροις καὶ πνευματώδεσι καὶ παντελῶς. πάντως δὲ πρὸς τῇ γῇ καὶ οἷον τῇ κεφαλῇ τοῦ στελέχους ἀπογηρασκόντων τὸ πάθος τοῦτο γίνεται.

"Evia δὲ καὶ ἴσχει τοὺς καλουμένους ὑπο τινῶν ἢ γόγγρους ἢ τὸ ἀνάλογον, οἷον ἡ ἐλάα' κυριώ-

\

τατον γὰρ ἐπὶ ταύτης τοῦτο τοὔνομα καὶ πάσχειν δοκεῖ μάλιστα τὸ εἰρημένον: καλοῦσι δ᾽ ἔνιοι τοῦτο πρέμνον οἱ δὲ κροτώνην οἱ δὲ ἄλλο ὄνομα. τοῖς δὲ εὐθέσι καὶ μονορρίξοις. καὶ ἀπαραβλά. στοις οὐ γίνεται τοῦθ᾽ ὅλως ἢ ἧττον' [φοῖνιξ δὲ παραβλαστητικόν"] ἡ δὲ ἐλάα καὶ ὁ κότινος καὶ τὰς οὐλότητας ἰδίας ἔχουσι τὰς ἐν τοῖς στελέχεσι.

IX, Ἔστι μὲν οὖν τὰ μὲν ὡς εἰς μῆκος αὐξη- τικὰ μάλιστ᾽ ἢ μόνον, οἷον ἐλάτη φοῖνιξ κυπά- ριττος καὶ ὅλως τὰ μονοστελέχη καὶ ὅσα μὴ πολύρριξα μηδὲ πολύκλαδα' «ἡ δὲ φοῖνιξ a ἀπαρα- βλαστητικόν""» τὰ δὲ ὁμοῖα τούτοις ἀνὰ λόγον καὶ εἰς βάθος. ἔνια δ᾽ εὐθὺς σχίζεται, οἷον ἡ

1 The opening of the description of the diseases of trees seems to have been lost. ~ 2 κράδαι; Ci) OY PR ake 5 Mead ge

3 πάντως. .. γίνεται conj. W.; πάντως δὲ ὁ πρὸς TH γῇ Kal οἷον τ. kK. στ. ἀπογηράσκων τῶν παχυτέρων γίνεται Ald.; so U except παχύτερον, and M except παχύτερος-.

4 “γόγγρους : cf. Hesych., 8.vv. γόγγρος, κροτώνη.

5 '{he word is otherwise unknown.

6 ἧττον: ἡ δὲ €Ada conj. W.; ἧττον: 7 δὲ φοῖνιξ πάραβλασ- nrixdv: ἡ δὲ ἐλάα U; so Ald. except παραβλαστικόν. The

60

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. vin. 5-1x. 1

trees correspond the ‘eye’ in the vine, the joint in the reed): sai 1 In some trees again there occurs, as it were, a diseased formation of small shoots,? as in elm oak and especially in the plane; and this is universal if they grow in rough waterless or windy spots. Apart from any such cause? this affection occurs near the ground in what one may call the ‘head ’ of the trunk, when the tree is getting old.

Some trees again have what are called by some ‘ excrescences 6 (or something corresponding), as the olive ; for this name belongs most properly to that tree, and it seems most liable to the affection; and some call it ‘stump, some frotone,® others have a different name for it. It does not occur, or only occurs to a less extent, in straight young trees, which have a single root and no side-growths. To the olive® also, both wild and cultivated, are peculiar certain thickenings ’ in the stem.

As to habit.

IX. 8 Now those trees which grow chiefly or only 9 in the direction of their height are such as silver-fir date-palm cypress, and in general those which have a single stem and not many roots or branches (the date-palm, it may be added, has no side-growths at all1°). And trees like! these have also similar growth downwards. Some however divide from the first,

note about the palm (φοῖνιξ δὲ παραβλαστητικόν) I have omitted as untrue as well as irrelevant ; possibly with ἀπαραβα. for mapa8a. it belongs to the next section.

7 οὐλότητας conj. W.; κοιλότητας MSS. (2?) Ald.

5. Plin. 10. 125:

9 μάλιστ᾽ ἢ μόνον conj. W.; μάλιστα μανὰ Ald. H.

10 See 3. 8. 6. n.

1 ὅμοια conj. Sch.; duofws MSS. Sense hardly satisfactory.

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THEOPHRASTUS

μηλέα: τὰ δὲ πολύκλαδα Kal μείζω τὸν ὄγκον ἔχει τὸν ἄνω, καθάπερ poa: ov μὴν ἀλλ᾽ οὗν μέγιστά γε συμβάλλεται πρὸς ἕκαστον n ἀγωγὴ καὶ ὁ τόπος καὶ ἡ τροφή. σημεῖον δ᾽ ὅτι ταὐτὰ πυκνὰ μὲν ὄντα μακρὰ καὶ λεπτὰ γίνεται, μανὰ δὲ παχύτερα καὶ βραχύτερα: καὶ ἐὰν μὲν εὐθύς τις ἀφιῇ τοὺς ὄζους βραχέα, ἐὰν δὲ ἀνακαθαίρῃ μακρά, καθάπερ ἡ ἄμπελος.

Ἱκανὸν δὲ κἀκεῖνο πρὸς πίστιν ὅτι καὶ τῶν λαχάνων ἔνια λαμβάνει δένδρου σχῆμα, καθάπερ εἴπομεν. τὴν μαλάχην καὶ τὸ τεῦτλον" ἅπαντα δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις τόποις εὐαυξῆ. . . KAL TO αὐτὸ κάλλιστον. ἐπεὶ καὶ τῶν ὁμογενῶν ἀνοζότερα καὶ μείζω καὶ καλλίω τὰ ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις, οἷον ἐλάτη ἡ Μακεδονικὴ τῆς ἸΠαρνασίας καὶ τῶν ἄλ- λων. ἅπαντα δὲ ταῦτα καὶ ὅλως ἡ ὕλη ἡ ἀγρία καλλίων καὶ πλείων τοῦ ὄρους ἐν τοῖς προσβο- ρείοις ἢ ἐν τοῖς πρὸς μεσημβρίαν.

Ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἀείφυλλα τὰ δὲ φυλλο- βόλα. τῶν μὲν ἡμέρων ἀείφυλλα ἐλάα φοῖνιξ δάφνη “μύρρινος πεύκης TL γένος κυπάριττος" τῶν : ἀγρίων ἐλάτη πεύκη ἄρκευθος piros θυία καὶ

ν ᾿Αρκάδες καλοῦσι φελλόδρυν φιλυρέα κέδρος a ἀγρία μυρίκη πύξος πρῖνος κήλαστρον φιλύκη ὀξυάκανθος ἀφάρκη, ταῦτα δὲ φύεται περὶ τὸν Ὄλυμπον, ἀνδράνλη κόμαρος τέρμινθος

1 οὖν marked as doubtful in U. ἘΠῚ 3.92,

3 καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ κάλλιστον. The first part of the sentence to which these words belong is apparently lost (W.).

4 i.e, the fir and other trees mentioned in the lost words.

5 Plin. 16. 80.

6 μίλος con}. Sch.; σμίλαξ P,Ald.; ef. 3. 3. ὃ.

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ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, 1. rx. 1-3

such as apple; some have many branches, and thei: greater mass of growth high up, as the pomegranate : however! training position and cultivation chiefly contribute to all of these characters. In proof of which we have the fact that the same trees which, when growing close together, are tall and slender, when grown farther apart become stouter and shorter; and if we from the first let the branches grow freely, the tree becomes short, whereas, if we prune them, it becomes tall,—-for instance, the vine.

This too is enough for proof that even some pot- herbs acquire the form of a tree, as we said? of mallow and beet. Indeed all things grow well in congenial places... .2 For even among those of the same kind those which grow in congenial places have less knots, and are taller and more comely: thus the silver-fir in Macedon is superior to other silver-firs, such as that of Parnassus. Not only is this true of all these, but in general the wild woodland is more beautiful and vigorous on the north side of the mountain than on the south.

As to shedding of leaves.

Again some ® trees are evergreen, some deciduous. Of cultivated trees, olive date-palm bay myrtle a kind of fir and cypress are evergreen, and among wild trees silver-fir fir Phoenician cedar yew ® odorous cedar the tree which the Arcadians call ‘ cork-oak ’ (holm-oak) mock-privet prickly cedar ‘wild’ pine’ tamarisk box kermes-oak holly alaternus cotoneaster hybrid arbutus® (all of which grow about Olympus)

7 ἀγρία after πίτυς conj. Sch.; after πρῖνος UPAId.: ef. 3. 3. 3. 8 κόμαρος conj. Bod.; civapos UMV; otvapos Ald.; σύναρος P,.

63

THEOPHRASTUS

A > ΄ ἀγρία δάφνη. δοκεῖ δ᾽ ἡ ἀνδράχλη καὶ ὁ κόμαρος \ \ / a \ \ » al Ta μὲν κάτω φυλλοβολεῖν ta δὲ ἔσχατα τῶν » / eee ” > / \ ΨῈΝ \ ἀκρεμόνων ἀείφυλλα ἔχειν, ἐπιφύειν δὲ ἀεὶ τοὺς ἀκρεμόνας. Τῶν μὲν οὖν δένδρων ταῦτα. τῶν δὲ θαμνω- a \ δῶν KiTTOs βάτος ῥάμνος κάλαμος κεδρίς" ἔστι a a lal cal γάρ τι μικρὸν ὃ οὐ δενδροῦται. τῶν δὲ φρυγανικῶν καὶ ποιωδῶν πήγανον ῥάφανος ῥοδωνία ἰωνία > , 5) 7 “ ἌΝ , ἀβρότονον ἀμάρακον ἕρπυλλος ὀρίγανον σέλινον ἱπποσέλινον μήκων καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων εἴδη πλείω. διαμένει δὲ καὶ τούτων ἔνια τοῖς ἄκροις τὰ δὲ ἄλλα ἀποβάλλει οἷον ὀρίγανον σέλινον. .. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ πήγανον κακοῦται καὶ ἀλλάττεται. Πάντα δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τὰ ἀείφυλλα στενο- / , φυλλότερα καὶ ἔχοντά τινα λιπαρότητα καὶ 2 5) a εὐωδίαν. ἔνια δ᾽ οὐκ ὄντα τῇ φύσει Tapa τὸν / lal τόπον ἐστὶν ἀείφυλλα, καθάπερ ἐλέχθη περὶ τῶν > 9 , Longs : 7 » 9 n ev Ἐλεφαντίνῃ καὶ Μέμφει κατωτέρω δ᾽ ἐν τῷ Qn \ ‘ Δέλτα μικρὸν πάνυ χρόνον διαλείπει τοῦ μὴ ἀεὶ / > 4 M / / , βλαστάνειν. ἐν Κρήτῃ δὲ λέγεται πλάτανόν a Ψ \ a τινα εἶναι ἐν TH Voptuvaia πρὸς πηγῇ τινι ἣ οὐ φυλλοβολεῖ: μυθολογοῦσι δὲ ὡς ὑπὸ ταύτῃ SF = ae ς , \ \ , , 3 ἐμίγη τῇ Εὐρώπῃ ὁ Ζεύς: tas δὲ πλησίας πάσας lad \ a φυλλοβολεῖν. ἐν δὲ Συβάρει δρῦς ἐστιν ev- lol “ ἃ a ‘ σύνοπτος ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἣ οὐ φυλλοβολεῖ: φασὶ

1 Plin. 16. 80.

2 Some words probably missing (W.) which would explain the next two clauses. 8 Plin. 16. 82. 5. Ὁ:

& Phins 32, bl; Varro, ΙΝ ἧς

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ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. 1x. 3-5

andrachne arbutus terebinth ‘wild bay’ (oleander). Andrachne and arbutus seem to cast their lower leaves, but to keep those at the end of the twigs perennially, and to be always adding leafy twigs. These are the trees which are evergreen.

1 Of shrubby plants these are evergreen :—ivy bramble buckthorn reed εάν (juniper)—for there is a small kind of kedros so called which does not grow into a tree. Among under-shrubs and herba- ceous plants there are rue cabbage rose gilliflower southernwood sweet marjoram tufted thyme mar- joram celery alexanders poppy, and a good many more kinds of wild plants However some of these too, while evergreen as to their top growths, shed their other leaves, as marjoram andcelery ..... 2 for rue too is injuriously affected and changes its character.

3 And all the evergreen plants in the other classes too have narrower leaves and a certain glossiness and fragrance. Some moreover which are not evergreen by nature become so because of their position, as was 5814 4 about the plants at Elephantine and Memphis, while lower down the Nile in the Delta there is but a very short period in which they are not making new leaves. It is said that in Crete in the district of Gortyna there is a plane near a certain spring ® which does not lose its leaves; (indeed the story is that it was under’ this tree that Zeus lay with Europa), while all the other plants in the neighbourhood shed theirleaves. ὃ At Sybaris there is an oak within sight of the city which does not shed

ὃ πηγῇ conj. H. from G ; σκηνῇ UMVAId.; κηνῆ Pa; κρηνῇ m Bas. 7 ὑπὸ conj. Hemsterhuis ; ἐπὶ Ald. 56 Β11π| 10 81.

65

THEOPHRASTUS

δὲ οὐ βλαστάνειν αὐτὴν ἅμα ταῖς ἄλλαις ἀλλὰ μετὰ Κύνα. λέγεται δὲ καὶ ἐν Κύπρῳ πλάτανος εἶναι τοιαύτη. Φυλλοβολεῖ δὲ πάντα τοῦ μετοπώρου καὶ μετὰ Ν Α͂ \ \ \ an \ \ / TO μετόπωρον, πλὴν TO μὲν θᾶττον τὸ δὲ βραδύ- τερον ὥστε καὶ τοῦ χειμῶνος ἐπιλαμβάνειν. οὐκ e , lal ἀνάλογοι δὲ αἱ φυλλοβολίαι ταῖς βλαστήσεσιν, Lé , ὥστε Ta πρότερον βλαστήσαντα πρότερον φυλ- a ᾽ , “" n λοβολεῖν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔνια πρωϊβλαστεῖ μὲν οὐδὲν δὲ n n Μ > / A ¢€ a TPOTEPEL τῶν ἄλλων, ἀλλὰ τινων καὶ VOTEPEL, Ly a eae J n καθάπερ ἡ ἀμυγδαλῆ. Ἂς a a Ta δὲ ὀψιβλαστεῖ μὲν οὐδὲν δὲ ὡς εἰπεῖν ς a a " σ΄ ς ΄ n \ ὑστερεῖ τῶν ἄλλων, ὥσπερ ἡ συκάμινος. δοκεῖ δὲ AAS ΄ 4 ΠῚ ΄ Εἴ ἂν καὶ ἡ χώρα συμβάλλεσθαι καὶ ὁ τόπος ὁ ἔνικμος \ tal a πρὸς TO διαμένειν. τὰ yap ἐν τοῖς ξηροῖς καὶ ¢ / a ὅλως λεπτογείοις πρότερα φυλλοβολεῖ Kal τὰ πρεσβύτερα δὲ τῶν νέων. ἔνια δὲ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ πεπᾶναι τὸν καρπὸν ἀποβάλλει τὰ φύλλα, καθά- περ αἱ ὄψιαι συκαῖ καὶ ἀχράδες. fal > Τῶν δ᾽ ἀειφύλλων ἡ ἀποβολὴ Kal ἡ αὔανσις \ / ’ \ \ > ἊΝ pee / 2 \ κατὰ μέρος" οὐ yap δὴ ταὐτὰ αἰεὶ διαμένει, ἀλλὰ Ν \ >! / \ ’ > ΄ “ τὰ μὲν ἐπιβλαστάνει τὰ δ᾽ ἀφαναίνεται. τοῦτο δὲ περὶ τροπὰς μάλιστα γίνεται θερινάς. εἰ δέ \ a. 3 a x \ 9ὲ a “ τίνων καὶ μετ᾽ ᾿Αρκτοῦρον ἢ καὶ KAT ἄλλην ὡραν ΑἹ / \ \ \ \ \ ἐπισκεπτέον. καὶ τὰ μὲν περὶ τὴν φυλλο- βολίαν οὕτως ἔχει. 1 Plin. 16. 82 and 83. 66

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. 1x. 5-7

its leaves, and they say that it does not come into leaf along with the others, but only after the rising of the dog-star. It is said that in Cyprus too there is a plane which has the same peculiarity.

1 The fall of the leaves in all cases takes place in autumn or later, but it occurs later in some trees than in others, and even extends into the winter. However the fall of the leaf does not correspond to the growth of new leaves (in which case those that come into leaf earlier would lose their leaves earlier), but some (such as the almond) which are early in coming into leaf are not earlier than the rest in losing their leaves, but are even comparatively late.?

3 Others again, such as the mulberry, come into leaf late, but are hardly at ail later than the others in shedding their leaves. It appears also that position and a moist situation conduce to keeping the leaves late; for those which grow in dry places, and in general where the soil is light, shed their leaves earlier, and the older trees earlier than young ones. Some even cast their leaves before the fruit is ripe, as the late kinds of fig and pear.

In those which are evergreen the shedding and withering of leaves take place by degrees; for it is not the same? leaves which always persist, but fresh ones are growing while the old ones wither away. This happens chiefly about the summer solstice. Whether in some cases it occurs even after the rising of Arcturus or at a quite different season is matter for enquiry. So much for the shedding of leaves.

2 ὑστερεῖ conj. H.; ὕστερον UMVPAId. 3 Plin. 16. 84. 4 ταὐτὰ conj. Sch.; ταῦτα Ald.

67

THEOPHRASTUS

Ta δὲ φύλλα τῶν μὲν ἄλλων δένδρων ὅμοια \ aA iol an πάντων αὐτὰ ἑαυτοῖς, τῆς δὲ λεύκης Kal τοῦ ἴω a / , > ᾿ς κιττοῦ καὶ τοῦ καλουμένου κρότωνος ἀνόμοια καὶ ΄ \ \ \ / a \ ἑτεροσχήμονα" τὰ μὲν yap νέα περιφερῆ τὰ δὲ , a n παλαιότερα γωνοειδῆ, Kal εἰς τοῦτο ἡ μετάστασις πάντων. τοῦ δὲ κιττοῦ ἀνάπαλιν νέου μὲν ὄντος / \ ἐγγωνιώτερα πρεσβυτέρου δὲ περιφερέστερα: μετα- / \ \ 2 wv \ \ μι δὲ ἂν Ὁ \ βάλλει yap καὶ οὗτος. ἴδιον δὲ καὶ τὸ τῇ ἐλάᾳ Kal a / \ A / \ a 4 ΕΣ τῇ φιλύρᾳ καὶ τῇ πτελέᾳ καὶ τῇ λεύκῃ συμβαῖνον' , a Net ἴῷ στρέφειν yap δοκοῦσιν τὰ ὕπτια μετὰ τροπὰς θερι- , τ vas, καὶ τούτῳ γνωρίζουσιν ὅτι γεγένηνται τροπαί. / Ni \ / / \ Ne cee \ \ πάντα δὲ τὰ φύλλα διαφέρει κατὰ τὰ ὕπτια καὶ TA an x “ \ / Ne πρανῆ. καὶ TOV μὲν ἄλλων τὰ ὕπτια ποιωδέστερα \ / \ \ a \ \ / ? καὶ λειότερα: τὰς yap ἶνας καὶ Tas φλέβας ἐν “ , / τοῖς πρανέσιν ἔχουσιν, ὥσπερ ἡ χεὶρ «τὰ apOpa>- a 7 / , e a τῆς © ἐλάας λευκότερα καὶ ἧττον λεῖα ἐνίοτε \ tal) a καὶ τὰ ὕπτια. πάντα δὴ ἢ Ta γε πλεῖστα ἐκφανῆ ἔχει τὰ ὕπτια καὶ ταῦτα γίνεται τῷ ἡλίῳ φανερά. \ \ « καὶ στρέφεται TA πολλὰ πρὸς TOV ἥλιον" δι᾽ ὃ Kal > lal ς ΄ \ an n na οὐ ῥάδιον εἰπεῖν ὁπότερον πρὸς τῷ κλῶνι μᾶλλόν \ \ δ / a a a ἐστιν: ἡ μὲν γὰρ ὑπτιότης μᾶλλον δοκεῖ ποιεῖν TO / «ς Ν , bd δ vd Ἀν τὸ πρανές, ἡ δὲ φύσις οὐχ ἧττον βούλεται τὸ ὕπτιον, \ ἄλλως TE καὶ ἡ ἀνάκλασις διὰ TOV ἥλιον: ἴδοι δ᾽

? Ph. 10. 80.

2 καὶ τοῦ κιττοῦ καὶ τοῦ MSS. cf. Plin. l.c.; Diose. 4. 164. καὶ τοῦ κικίου τοῦ καὶ conj. W.; Galen, Lex. Hipp., gives κίκιον aS a name for the root of κρότων. cf. C.P. 2. 16. 4.

3. 2.6. ποῦ ‘entire.’ ‘Young leaves’=leaves of the young tree.

4 This seems to contradict what has just been said.

5 τὰ ἄρθρα add. Sch. from Plin. 16. 88, inciswras. ef. Arist. H.A. 1. 15, where Plin, (11. 274) renders ἄρθρα incisuras.

68

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x. 1-2

Differences in leaves,

X. 1 Now, while the leaves of all other trees are all alike in each tree, those of the abele ivy? and of the plant called sroton (castor-oil plant) are unlike one another and of different forms. The young leaves in these are round, the old ones angular,? and eventually all the leaves assume that form. On the other hand? in the ivy, when it is young, the leaves are somewhat angular, but when it is older, they become rounder: for in this plant too a change of form takes place. There is a peculiarity special to the olive lime elm and abele: their leaves appear to invert the upper surface after the summer solstice, and by this men know that the solstice is past. Now all leaves differ as to their upper and under surfaces; and in most trees the upper surfaces are greener and smoother, as they have the fibres and veins in the under surfaces, even as the human hand has its ‘lines,’ but even the upper surface of the leaf of the olive is sometimes whiter and less smooth.® So all or most leaves display their upper surfaces, and it is these surfaces which are exposed to the light.” Again most leaves turn towards the sun; wherefore also it is not easy to say which surface is next to the twig’; for, while the way in which the upper surface is presented seems rather to make the under surface closer to it, yet nature desires equally that the upper surface should be the nearer, and this is specially seen in the turning back® of the leaf towards the sun. One

8 ἐνίοτε καὶ τὰ ὕπτια conj. W.; λεῖα δὲ καὶ τὰ τοῦ κιττοῦ MSS. A makeshift correction of an obscure passage.

© of.selinwt<c: 8 2,6. is the under one.

® Whereby the under surface is exposed to it: see above.

69

ὡ»

THEOPHRASTUS

ἄν τις ὅσα πυκνὰ καὶ κατ᾽ ἄλληλα, καθάπερ τὰ τῶν μυρρίνων.

Οἴονται δέ τινες καὶ τὴν τροφὴν τῷ ὑπτίῳ διὰ τοῦ πρανοῦς εἶναι, διὰ τὸ ἔνικμον ἀεὶ τοῦτο καὶ χνοῶδες εἶναι, οὐ καλῶς λέγοντες. ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ἴσως συμβαίνει χωρὶς τῆς ἰδίας φύσεως καὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ ὁμοίως ἡλιοῦσθαι, ἡ ἡ δὲ τροφὴ διὰ τῶν φλεβῶν ἢ ἢ ἰνῶν ὁμοίως ἀμφοτέροις" ἐκ θατέρου δ᾽ εἰς θάτερον οὐκ εὔλογον μὴ ἔχουσι πόρους μηδὲ βάθος δι’ ov: ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τροφῆς διὰ τίνων ἕτερος λόγος.

Διαφέρουσι. δὲ καὶ τὰ φύλλα πλείοσι δια- φοραῖς" τὰ μὲν γάρ ἐστι πλατύφυλλα, καθάπερ ἄμπελος συκῆ πλάτανος, τὰ δὲ στενόφυλλα, καθάπερ ἐλάα ῥόα μύρρινος: τὰ δ᾽ ὥσπερ ἀκανθό- φυλλα, καθάπερ “πεύκη πίτυς κέδρος" τὰ δ᾽ οἷον σαρκόφυλλα: τοῦτο δ᾽ ὅτι σαρκῶδες ἔχουσι τὸ φύλλον, οἷον κυπάριττος μυρίκη μηλέα, τῶν δὲ φρυγανικῶν κνέωρος στοιβὴ καὶ ποιωδῶν ἀείζωον πόλιον: [τοῦτο δὲ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς σῆτας τοὺς ἐν τοῖς ἱματίοις ἀγαθόν"] τὰ γὰρ αὖ τῶν τευτλίων ἢ ῥαφάνων ἄλλον τρόπον σαρκώδη. καὶ τὰ τῶν πηγανίων καλουμένων" ἐν πλάτει γὰρ καὶ οὐκ ἐν στρογγυλότητι τὸ σαρκῶδες. καὶ τῶν θαμνωδῶν δὲ ἡ μυρίκη σαρκῶδες τὸ φύλλον ἔχει. ἔνια δὲ

1. 8. 35 W083 Plin. 16. 92: ἐκ θατέρου δ᾽ εἰς con): Sch. from G; δὲ ἐκ θατέρου εἰς with stop αὖ ἰνῶν Ald. 3 δι’ οὗ I conj.; δύ ὧν U.

4 ἀκανθόφυλλα conj. W.; σπανόφυλλα UMAIA.; ἀνόφυλλα P,; ef. 3. 9. 5, whence Sch. conj. τριχόφυλλα : Plin. l.c. has capillate pino cedro.

5 μηλέα probably corrupt ; omitted by Plin. /.c.

70

ENQUIRY UNTO PLANTS, 1. x. 2-5

may observe this in trees whose leaves are crowded and opposite,! such as those of myrtle.

Some think that the nourishment too is conveyed to the upper surface through the under surface, because this surface always contains moisture and is downy, but they are mistaken. It may be that this is not due to the trees’ special character, but to their not getting an equal amount of sunshine, though the nourishment conveyed through the veins or fibres is the same in both cases. That it should be con- veyed from one side to the other? is improbable, when there are no passages for it nor thickness for it to pass through.? However it belongs to another part of the enquiry to discuss the means by which nourishment is conveyed.

Again there are various other differences between leaves; some trees are broad-leaved, as vine fig and plane, some narrow-leaved, as olive pomegranate myrtle. Some have, as it were, spinous‘ leaves, as fir Aleppo pine prickly cedar; some, as it were, fleshy leaves; and this is because their leaves are of fleshy substance, as cypress tamarisk apple,> among under-shrubs f‘neoros and stoibe, and among herba- ceous plants house-leek and hulwort. © This plant is good against moth in clothes. For the leaves of beet and cabbage are fleshy in another way, as are those of the various plants called rue ; for their fleshy character is seen in the flat instead of in the round.’ Among shrubby plants the tamarisk® has fleshy

5 Probably a gloss.

7 Or ‘solid,’ such leaves being regarded as having, so to speak, three, and not two dimensions. στρόγγυλος = ‘ thick- set,’ in Arist. HA. 9. 44.

8 μυρίκη probably corrupt ; μ. was mentioned just above, among trees; ἐρείκη conj. Dalec.

ΠῚ

THEOPHRASTUS

καὶ καλαμόφυλλα, καθάπερ ὁ φοῖνιξ καὶ ὁ κὀὶϊξ καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα: ταῦτα δὲ ὡς καθ᾽ ὅλου εἰπεῖν γωνιόφυλλα: καὶ γὰρ ὁ κάλαμος καὶ ὁ κύπειρος καὶ ὁ βούτομος καὶ τἄλλα δὲ τῶν λιμνωδῶν τοιαῦτα: πάντα δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ δυοῖν σύνθετα καὶ τὸ μέσον οἷον τρόπις, οὗ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις μέγας πόρος ὁ μέσος. διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ τοῖς σχήμασι: τὰ μὲν γὰρ περιφερῆ, καθάπερ τὰ τῆς ἀπίου, τὰ é προμηκέστερα, καθάπερ τὰ τῆς μηλέας" τὰ δὲ εἰς ὀξὺ προήκοντα καὶ παρακανθίξζοντα, καθάπερ Ta τοῦ μίλακος. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἄσχιστα" «τὰ δὲ σχιστὰξ- καὶ οἷον πριονώδη, καθάπερ τὰ τῆς ἐλάτης καὶ τὰ τῆς πτερίδος: τρόπον δέ τινα σχιστὰ καὶ τὰ τῆς ἀμπέλου, καὶ τὰ τῆς συκῆς δὲ ὥσπερ ἂν εἴποι τις κορωνοποδώδη. ἔνια δὲ καὶ ἐντομὰς ἔχοντα, καθάπερ τὰ τῆς πτελέας καὶ τὰ τῆς Ἡρακλεωτικῆς καὶ τὰ τῆς δρυός. τὰ δὲ καὶ παρακανθίζοντα καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἄκρου καὶ ἐκ τῶν πλαγίων, οἷον τὰ τῆς πρίνου καὶ τὰ τῆς δρυὸς καὶ μίλακος καὶ βάτου καὶ παλιούρου καὶ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων. ἀκανθῶδες δὲ ἐκ τῶν ἄκρων καὶ τὸ τῆς πεύκης καὶ πίτυος καὶ ἐλάτης ἔτι δὲ κέδρου καὶ κεδρίδος. φυλλάκανθον δὲ ὅλως ἐν μὲν τοῖς δένδροις οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν ὧν ἡμεῖς ἴσμεν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὑλήμασίν ἐστιν, οἷον ἥ τε ἄκορνα καὶ ἡ δρυπὶς καὶ ὁ ἄκανος καὶ σχεδὸν ἅπαν τὸ τῶν ἀκανωδῶν γένος: ὥσπερ γὰρ φύλλον ἐστὶν ἡ ἄκανθα πᾶσιν" εἰ δὲ μὴ φύλλα τις ταῦτα θήσει,

1 Plin. 10: and 13. 30. 2 οὗ ἐν conj. W.; ὅθεν Ald. H. 3 παρακανθίζοντα conj. Sch.; παραγωνίζοντα UMV Ald. 4 τὰ δὲ σχιστὰ add. W.

2

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x. 5-6

leaves. Some again have reedy leaves, as date-palin doum-palm and such like. But, generally speaking, the leaves of these end in a point; for reeds galin- gale sedge and the leaves of other marsh plants are of this character. 1 The leaves of all these are com- pounded of two parts, and the middle is like a keel, placed where in? other leaves is a large passage dividing the two halves. Leaves differ also in their shapes ; some are round, as those of pear, some rather oblong, as those of the apple ; some come to a sharp point and have spinous projections? at the side, as those of smilax. So far 1 have spoken ot undivided leaves; but some are divided‘ and like a saw, as those of silver-fir and of fern. To a certain extent those of the vine are also divided, while those of the fig one might compare to a crow’s foot.£ © Some leaves again have notches, as those of elm filbert and oak, others have spinous projections both at the tip and at the edges, as those of kermes- oak oak smilax bramble Christ’s thorn and others. The leaf of fir Aleppo pine silver-fir and also of prickly cedar and fedris (juniper)’ has a spinous point at the tip. Among other trees there is none that we know which has spines for leaves altogether, but it is so with other woody plants, as akorna drypis pine- thistle and almost all the plants which belong to that class. For in all these spines, as it were, take the place of leaves, and, if one is not to reckon these

5 κορωνοποδώδη conj. Gesner. The fig-leaf is compared to a crow’s foot, Plut. de defect. orac. 3; σκολοπώδη Ald., which word is applied to thorns by Diosc. 8 Plin. 16. 90.

7 κεδρίδος conj. Dalec.; κεδρίας MSS. cf. Plin. U.c., who seems to have read aypias.

8 ἀκανωδῶν conj. W., cf. 1. 18, ὃ; ἀκανθωδῶν MSS.; ἀκαν- dav P,.

73

THEOPHRASTUS

συμβαίνοι ἃ ἂν ὅλως ἄφυλλα εἶναι, ἐνίοις δὲ ἄκανθαν μὲν εἶναι φύλλον δὲ ὅλως οὐκ ἔχειν, καθάπερ 6 ἀσφάραγος.

Πάλιν δ᾽ ὅτι τὰ μὲν ἄμισχα, καθάπερ τὰ τῆς σκίλλης καὶ τοῦ βολβοῦ, τὰ δ᾽ ἔχοντα «μίσχον. καὶ τὰ μὲν μακρόν, οἷον ἡ ἄμπελος καὶ ὁ κιττός, τὰ δὲ βραχὺν καὶ οἷον ἐμπεφυκότα, καθάπερ édaa καὶ οὐχ ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῆς πλατάνου καὶ ἀμπέλου προσηρτημένον. διαφορὰ δὲ καὶ τὸ μὴ ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν εἶναι τὴν πρόσφυσιν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν πλείστοις ἐκ τῶν κλάδων τοῖς δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀκρεμόνων, τῆς δρυὸς δὲ καὶ ἐκ τοῦ στελέχους, τῶν δὲ λαχανωδῶν τοῖς πολλοῖς εὐθὺς ἐκ τῆς ῥίζης, οἷον κρομύου σκόρδου κιχορίου, ἔτι δὲ ἀσφοδέλου σκίλλης βολβοῦ σισυριγχίου καὶ ὅλως τῶν βολβωδῶν' καὶ τούτων δὲ οὐχ ἡ πρώτη μόνον ἔκφυσις ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅλος ὁ καυλὸς ἄφυλλον. ἐνίων δ᾽ ὅταν γένηται, φύλλα εἰκός, οἷον θριδακίνης ὠκίμου σελίνου καὶ τῶν σιτηρῶν ὁμοίως. ἔχει δ᾽ ἔνια τούτων καὶ τὸν καυλὸν εἶτ᾽ ἀκανθίζοντα, ὡς ἡ θριδακίνη καὶ τὰ φυλλάκανθα πάντα καὶ τῶν θαμνωδῶν δὲ καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον, οἷον βάτος παλίουρος.

Κοινὴ δὲ διαφορὰ πάντων ὁμοίως δένδρων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὅτι τὰ μὲν πολύφυλλα τὰ δ᾽ ὀλιγό- φυλλα. ὡς δ᾽ ἐπὶ τὸ πᾶν τὰ πλατύφυλλα ταξί- φυλλα, καθάπερ μύρρινος, τὰ δ᾽ ἄτακτα καὶ ὡς ἔτυχε, καθώπερ σχεδὸν τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν ἄλλων

1 “Phin. 16. ‘SI: 2 ἐπὶ conj. W.; ἢ Ald.H. 3 ἐνίων... εἰκός. So Sch. explains: text probably de- fective.

74

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x. 6-8

as leaves, they would be entirely leafless, and some would have spines but no leaves at all, as asparagus.

1 Again there is the difference that some leaves have no leaf-stalk, as those of squill and _purse- tassels, while others have a leaf-stalk. And some of the latter have a long leaf-stalk, as vine and ivy, some, as olive, a short one which grows, as it were, into the stem and is not simply attached to it, as it isin? plane and vine. Another difference is that the leaves do not in all cases grow from the same part, but, whereas in most trees they grow from the branches, in some they grow also from the twigs, and in the oak from the stem as well; in most pot-herbs they grow directly from the root, as in onion garlic chicory, and also in asphodel squill purse-tassels Barbary-nut, and generally in plants of the same class as purse-tassels; and in these not merely the original growth but the whole stalk is leafless. In some, when the stalk is pro- duced, the leaves may be expected to grow,® as in lettuce basil celery, and in like manner in cereals. In some of these the stalk presently becomes spinous, as in lettuce and the whole class of plants with spinous leaves, and still more in shrubby plants, as bramble and Christ’s thorn.

4 Another difference which is found in all trees alike and in other plants as well is that some have many, some few leaves. And in general those that have flat leaves® have them in a regular series, as myrtle, while in other instances the leaves are in no particular order, but set at random, as in most other

4 Plin. 16. 92. 5 πλατύφυλλα UVP; πολύφυλλα conj. W.; but πλατύτης is one of the ‘ differences’ given in the summary below.

79

THEOPHRASTUS

= Ἂν ᾿ “ a 4 ΄ [ἦν]. ἴδιον δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν λαχανωδῶν, οἷον κρομύοι' /, \ / γητείου, TO κοιλοφυλλον. « lal ς \ rn Απλῶς δ᾽ ai διαφοραὶ τῶν φύλλων ἢ μεγέθει , x / Ἃ ἢ πλήθει ἢ σχήματι ἢ πλατύτητι ἢ στενότητι 4 x Ἃ / a ἢ KOLAOTHTL ἢ τραχύτητι ἢ λειότητι καὶ τῷ Tap- / x / ΥΨ, \ \ \ 4 ακανθίζειν ἢ μή. ἔτι δὲ κατὰ τὴν πρόσφυσιν ε΄ x ᾽ « \ Ν τ > \ ἐν Ὰ ΄ ὅθεν ἢ δι’ οὗ" τὸ μὲν ὅθεν, ἀπὸ ῥίζης ἢ κλάδου Ἁ AtLaY 3 , \ N SNP A \ , ἢ καυλοῦ 1) ἀκρεμόνος: τὸ δὲ δι᾿ οὗ, ἢ διὰ μίσχου a ? > a \ 2 \ \ οἰ a > fa \ ἢ δι’ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰ δὴ πολλὰ ἐκ TOU αὐτοῦ. Kal , \ , ἔνια καρποφύρα, μεταξὺ περιειληφότα Tov καρπόν, / , ὥσπερ ἡ ᾿Αλεξανδρεία δάφνη ἐπιφυλλόκαρπος. Αἱ μὲν οὖν διαφοραὶ τῶν φύλλων κοινοτέρως a / πᾶσαι εἴρηνται Kal σχεδόν εἰσιν ἐν τούτοις. SS ΄ δὲ \ \ IE SSS \ a \ (Σύγκειται δὲ τὰ μὲν ἐξ ἰνὸς Kal φλοιοῦ καὶ Ν a fal \ na I σαρκός, οἷον τὰ τῆς συκῆς Kal τῆς ἀμπέλου, τὰ δὲ © “4 a , ὥσπερ ἐξ ἰνὸς μόνον, οἷον τοῦ καλάμου Kai σίτου. , ¢ τὸ δὲ ὑγρὸν ἁπάντων κοινόν: ἅπασι yap ἐνυ- / \ n V4 a πάρχει καὶ τούτοις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς ἐπετείοις Ἧ 7 n [μίσχος ἄνθος καρπὸς εἴ Tt ἄλλο]: μᾶλλον δὲ Kai a , ’ \ \ , 7 - τοῖς μὴ ἐπετείοις" οὐδὲν γὰρ ἄνευ τούτου. δοκεῖ a » \ \ beara! / a δὲ Kal τῶν μίσχων τὰ μὲν ἐξ ἰνῶν μόνον συγκεῖ- \ na ’, \ an σθαι, καθάπερ τὰ τοῦ σίτου καὶ τοῦ καλάμου, τὰ n nan 4 / δ᾽ ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν, ὥσπερ οἱ καυλοί.

1 τῶν ἄλλων ἣν MSS.; τῶν ποιωδῶν conj. W. ἦν, at all

events, cannot be right. ΞΡ host LOU 3 ἢ στενότητι ἢ κοιλότητι : SO G3 ἢ κοιλότητι ἢ στενότητι MSS. 4 2.6. petiolate. 5 7.e. sessile.

6 2.6. compound : εἰ δὴ conj. W.; εἴδη UMVAId. 7 The passage from here to the end of the chapter is a

digression,

76

ENQUIRY, “INTOMPLANTS; 1. x. 8-9

plants. ? It is peculiar to pot-herbs to have hollow leaves, as in onion and horn-onion.

To sum up, the differences between leaves are shewn in size, number, shape, hollowness, in breadth,? roughness and their opposites, and in the presence or absence of spinous projections; also as to their attachment, according to the part from which they spring or the means by which they are attached ; the part from which they spring being the root or a branch or the stalk or a twig, while the means by which they are attached may be a leaf-stalk,* or they may be attached directly;5 and there may be® several leaves attached by the same _leaf-stalk. Further some leaves are fruit-bearing, enclosing the fruit between them, as the Alexandrian laurel, which has its fruit attached to the leaves.

These are all the differences in leaves stated some- what generally, and this is a fairly complete list of examples.

Composition of the various parts of a plant.

7(Leaves are composed some of fibre bark and flesh, as those of the fig and vine, some, as it were, of fibre alone, as those of reeds and corn. But moisture is common to all, for it is found both in leaves and in the other annual parts,® leaf-stalk, flower, fruit and so forth but more especially in the parts which are not annual ®; in fact no part is without it. Again it appears that some leaf-stalks are composed only of fibre, as those of corn and reeds, some of the same materials as the stalks.

ὃ μίσχος . . . ἄλλο has no construction ; probably a (correct) gloss, taken from 1, 2, 1. 9 2.6. while these are young, W.

7

LO

THEOPHRASTUS

Τῶν δ᾽ ἀνθῶν τὰ μὲν ἐκ φλοιοῦ καὶ φλεβὸς, καὶ σαρκός, «τὰ δ᾽ ἐκ σαρκὸς:- μόνον, οἷον τὰ ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἄρων.

Ὁμοίως. δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν καρπῶν' οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐκ σαρκὸς καὶ ἰνός, οἱ δὲ ἐκ σαρκὸς “μόνον, οἱ δὲ καὶ ἐκ δέρματος σύγκεινται" τὸ δὲ ὑγρὸν ἀκολουθεῖ καὶ τούτοις. ἐκ σαρκὸς μὲν καὶ ἰνὸς ὁ τῶν κοκκυμήλων καὶ σικύων, ἐξ ἰνὸς δὲ καὶ δέρματος ὁ τῶν συκαμίνων καὶ τῆς poas. ἄλλοι δὲ κατ᾽ ἄλλον τρόπον μεμερισμένοι. πάντων δὲ ὡς εἰπεῖν τὸ μὲν ἔξω φλοιὸς τὸ δ᾽ ἐντὸς σὰρξ τῶν δὲ καὶ πυρήν. Ὶ

ΧΙ. “Eo yarov δ᾽ ἐν ἅπασι τὸ σπέρμα. τοῦτο δὲ ἐ ἔχον ἐν ἑαυτῷ σύμφυτον ὑγρὸν καὶ θερμόν, ὧ ὧν ἐκλιπόντων ἄγονα, καθάπερ τὰ ὠά. καὶ τῶν μὲν εὐθὺ τὸ σπέρμα μετὰ τὸ περιέχον, οἷον φοίνικος καρύου ἀμυγδάλης, πλείω δὲ τούτων τὰ ἐμπερι- ἔχοντα, ὡς τὰ τοῦ φοίνικος. τῶν δὲ μεταξὺ σὰρξ καὶ πυρήν, ὥσπερ ἐλάας καὶ κοκκυμηλέας καὶ ἑτέρων. ἔνια δὲ καὶ ἐν λοβῷ, τὰ δ᾽ ἐν ὑμένι, τὰ δ᾽ ἐν ἀγγείῳ, τὰ δὲ καὶ γυμνόσπερμα τελείως.

ἊΨ λοβῷ μὲν οὐ μόνον τὰ ἐπέτεια, καθάπερ τὰ χεδροπὰ καὶ ἕτερα πλείω τῶν ἀγρίων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν δένδρων ἔνια, καθάπερ ἡ ἥ τε “κερωνία, ἦν τινες καλοῦσι συκῆν Αἰγυπτίαν, καὶ ἡ κερκὶς καὶ ἡ κολοιτία περὶ Λιπάραν' ἐν ὑμένι δ᾽ ἔνια τῶν

1 τὰ Ὁ ;Ψ τὸ Ald.

2 τὰ δ᾽ ἐκ σαρκὸς preserved only in mBas.; om. ΜΨΡ, Sch. reads τὸ.

3 ἄρων conj. W.; αἰρῶν MSS. * τῆρ, find:

5 Plin. 18. 53. 8 οὐ conj. Sch.; οὖν Ald.H.

78

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x. ro-x1. 2

Of flowers some! are composed of bark veins and Hesh, some of flesh only,? as those in the middle of cuckoo-pint.®

So too with fruits; some are made of flesh and fibre, some of flesh alone, and some of skin#* also. And moisture is necessarily found in these also. The fruit of plums and cucumbers is made of flesh and fibre, that of mulberries and pomegranates of fibre and skin. The materials are differently distri- buted in different fruits, but of nearly all the outside is bark, the inside flesh, and this in some cases includes a stone.)

Differences in seeds.

XI. Last in all plants comes the seed. This possesses in itself natural moisture and warmth, and, if these fail, the seeds are sterile, like eggs in the like case. In some plants the seed comes immediately inside the envelope, as in date filbert almond (however, as in the case of the date, there may be more than one covering). In some cases again there is flesh and a stone between the envelope and the seed, as in olive plum and other fruits. Some seeds again are enclosed in a pod, some in a husk, some in a vessel, and some are completely naked.

5 Enclosed in a pod are not® only the seeds Οἱ annual plants, as leguminous plants, and of con- siderable numbers of wild plants, but also those of certain trees, as the carob-tree (which some?” call the ‘Egyptian fig’), Judas-tree,® and the foloztia® of the Liparae islands. In a husk are enclosed the

7 ἥν τινες conj. St. from G3; ἥντινα Ald. H. 8 Clearly not the κερκίς (aspen) described 3. 14. 2. ¥ κολοιτία MSS.; κολουτέα conj. St., cf. 3. 17. 2n.

79

THEOPHRASTUS

/ e e ἐπετείων, ὥσπερ ὁ πυρὸς καὶ ὁ κέγχρος: ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἐναγγειοσπέρματα καὶ γυμνοσπέρματα. ἐνωγγειοσπέρματα μὲν οἷον ἥ τε μήκων καὶ ὅσα / μηκωνικά:" TO γὰρ σήσαμον ἰδιωτέρως: γυμνο- σπέρματα δὲ τῶν τε λαχάνων πολλά, καθάπερ ἄνηθον κορίαννον ἄννησον κύμινον μάραθον καὶ ἕτερα πλείω. τῶν δὲ δένδρων οὐδὲν γυμνόσπερμον > TK \ / » A \ \ arr ἢ σαρξὶ περιεχόμενον ἢ κελύφεσιν, τὰ μὲν δερματικοῖς, ὥσπερ ἡ βάλανος καὶ τὸ Εὐβοϊκόν, \ \ ΄, Ψ ε ᾽ 7 \ \ τὰ δὲ ξυλώδεσιν, ὥσπερ ἡ ἀμυγδάλη Kal TO κάρυον. οὐδὲν δὲ ἐναγγειόσπερμον, εἰ μή τις τὸν “ -“ / al κῶνον ἀγγεῖον θήσει διὰ TO χωρίζεσθαι τῶν καρπῶν. / a Αὐτὰ δὲ Ta σπέρματα τῶν μὲν εὐθὺ σαρκώδη, / Ὁ \ \ / n XN ἿἶΝ καθάπερ ὅσα Kapunpa καὶ βαλανηρά: τῶν δὲ ἐν πυρῆνι τὸ σαρκῶδες ἔχεται, καθάπερ ἐλάας καὶ / \ 7 lal) hee / / a Sadvidos καὶ ἄλλων. τῶν δ᾽ ἐμπύρηνα μόνον ἢ πυρηνώδη γε καὶ ὥσπερ ξηρά, καθάπερ τὰ κνηκώδη καὶ κεγχραμιδώδη καὶ πολλὰ τῶν lal \ \ a / Aayavnpav. ἐμφανέστατα δὲ τὰ TOD φοίνικος" 2»O\ \ / 54 a > , > ’ οὐδὲ yap κοιλότητα ἔχει τοῦτο οὐδεμίαν ἀλλ “ / > \ > ᾽ e ΄ / \ ὅλον ξηρόν: ov μὴν ἀλλ᾽ ὑγρότης δή τις Kal an / θερμότης ὑπάρχει δῆλον ὅτι Kal τούτῳ, καθάπερ εἴπομεν.

1 μηκωνικὰ . .. τὸ γὰρ conj. W. from G3; μήκωνι: κατὰ γὰρ UMVAId.

2 κορίαννον ἄννησον conj. Sch.; κοριάννησον UMAId.; κο- pavynoov V; cf. Plin. 19. 119.

3 ἢ κελύφεσιν conj. Sch., cf. CP. 4.1.23 4 δὲ κύμασιν U; Plin. 15. 112, crusta teguntur glandes. 4 Pligg, 15. 1138.

80

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x1. 2-3

seeds of some annuals, as wheat and millet; and in like manner some plants have their seeds in a vessel, some have them naked. In a vessel are those of the poppy and plants of the poppy kind ;! (the case of sesame however is somewhat peculiar), while many pot-herbs have their seeds naked, as dill coriander? anise cummin fennel and many others. No tree has naked seeds, but either they are enclosed in flesh or in shells,? which are some- times..of leathery nature, as the acorn and the sweet chestnut, sometimes woody, as almond and _ nut. Moreover no tree has its seeds in a vessel, unless one reckons a cone asa vessel, because it can be separated from the fruits.

The actual seeds are in some cases fleshy in them- selves, as all those which resemble nuts or acorns ; ‘in some cases the fleshy part is contained in a stone, as in olive bay and others. The seeds in some plants again merely consist of a stone,® or at least are of stone-like character, and are, as it were,® dry ; for instance those of plants like safflower millet and many pot-herbs. Most obviously of this character are those of the date,’ for they contain no cavity, but are throughout dry §;—not but what there must be even in them some moisture and warmth, as we have said.9

5. ἐμπύρηνα μόνον ἢ πυρηνώδη conj. Sch.; ἐν πυρῆνι μόνον ἢ πυρηνώδει Ald. (P has πυρηνώδη).

5 7.e. no seed can really be without moisture ; cf. 1. 11. 1.

McfoG. Poole. 4.

8 ξηρὸν I conj.,as required by the next clause ; ἔξορθον PAld.; ἔξορρον W. from Sch. conj. ‘The germ in the date-stone is so small as to be undiscoverable, whence the stone seems to be OO aoe throughout, with no cavity for the germ.

1:.10:9:

81

4

THEOPHRASTUS

\ A \ Διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ τῷ τὰ μὲν ἀθρόα per ἢ , 5 \ \ a \ = ἀλλήλων εἶναι, τὰ δὲ διεστῶτα Kal στοιχηδον, ¢ an / a ὥσπερ τὰ τῆς κολοκύντης καὶ σικύας Kal τῶν a / an δένδρων, ὡς Περσικῆς μηλέας. καὶ τῶν ἀθρόων / - τὰ μὲν ἑνί τινι περιέχεσθαι, καθάπερ τὰ τῆς ῥόας an / / rn Kal τῆς ἀπίου Kal μηλέας καὶ τῆς ἀμπέλου Kal a \ \ δ 9 7 \ s \ συκῆς" τὰ δὲ μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων μὲν εἶναι, μὴ περι- ’ / an ἔχεσθαι δὲ ὑφ᾽ ἑνός, ὥσπερ τὰ σταχυηρὰ τῶν / 2 £ / \ ἐπετείων, εἰ μή TLS θείη τὸν στάχυν ὡς περιέχον" e/ ’ ” \ ς , \ 5 \ οὕτω δ᾽ ἔσται καὶ ὁ βότρυς καὶ τᾶλλα τὰ / "ἢ ev \ / ᾽ > / \ Botpuwdn καὶ ὅσα δὴ φέρει δι’ εὐβοσίαν καὶ \ >’ / \ ΄ ev χώρας ἀρετὴν ἀθρόους τοὺς καρπούς, ὥσπερ ἐν \ \ y \ / Συρίᾳ φασὶ καὶ ἄλλοθι τὰς ἐλάας. ¢ a “ \ ᾿Αλλὰ καὶ αὕτη δοκεῖ τις εἶναι διαφορὰ τὸ τὰ \ , \ a / μὲν ἀφ᾽ ἑνὸς μίσχου καὶ μιᾶς προσφύσεως / ’ / / a a ἀθρόα γίνεσθαι, καθάπερ ἐπί τε τῶν βοτρυηρῶν al N / a Kal σταχυηρῶν εἴρηται μὴ περιεχόμενα κοινῷ A \ \ / τινι γίνεσθαι: τὰ δὲ μὴ γίνεσθαι. ἐπεὶ καθ᾽ ¢ / lal - ἕκαστόν γε λαμβάνοντι τῶν σπερμάτων ἢ τῶν περιεχόντων ἰδίαν ἀρχὴν ἔχει τῆς “προσφύσεως, οἷον ἥ τε ῥὰξ καὶ ἡ ῥόα καὶ πάλιν ὁ πυρὸς καὶ ” κριθή. ἥκιστα δ᾽ ἂν δόξειεν τὰ τῶν μήλων Kal lal id 4 / / τὰ TOV ἀπίων, OTL συμψαύει TE καὶ περιείληπται / a καθάπερ ὑμένι τινὶ δερματικῷ περὶ ὃν TO περι- / 5 ? ccd \ ee .«“ *O7 κάρπιον' ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως καὶ τούτων ἕκαστον ἰδίαν \ \ / , od ἀρχὴν ἔχει καὶ φύσιν: φανερώτατα δὲ TO

1 στοιχηδόν conj. W.; σχεδὸν Ald. 2 ἑνί τινι conj. Sch.; ἐν τινι Ald. δ᾽ of. Plin. 18..16;: 4 αὕτη conj. Sch.; αὐτὴ Ald. 5 τὸ conj. W.; τῷ Ald.

82

ENQUIRY INTOR BEANTS) 1 xt. 426

Further seeds differ in that in some cases they are massed together, in others they are separated and arranged in rows,! as those of the gourd and bottle-gourd, and of some trees, such as the citron. Again of those that are massed together some differ in being contained in a single? case, as those of pomegranate pear apple vine and fig; others in being closely associated together, yet not contained in a single case, as,among annuals, those which are in an ear—unless one regards the ear as a case. In that case the grape-cluster and other clustering fruits will come under the description, as well as all those plants which on account of good feeding or excellence of soil bear their fruits massed together, as they say the olive does in Syria and elsewhere.

But this* too seems to be a point of difference, that® some grow massed together from a single stalk and a single attachment, as has been said in the case of plants with clusters or ears whose seeds do not grow contained in one common case; while others grow otherwise. For in these instances, if one takes each seed or case separately, it has its own special point of attachment, for instance each grape or pomegranate,° or again each grain of wheat or barley. This would seem to be least of all the case with the seeds of apples and pears, since’ these touch one another ® and are enclosed in a sort of skin-like membrane, outside which is the fruit-case.® However each of these too has its own peculiar point of attachment and character; this is most

ὁ ἥτε... ῥόα. : text perhaps defective; ἥ τε pat βότρυα: καὶ τῆς ῥόας ὁ mupny conj. Bod.

7 ὅτι conj. Sch.; ὅπι U; ὅποι PMAId.

Sef 8. Os 2. * γ: 9. pulp.

83

THEOPHRASTUS

i! n / « \ κεχωρισθαι Ta τῆς poas’ ὁ γὰρ πυρὴν ἑκαστῳ lal al προσπέφυκεν, οὐχ ὥσπερ τῶν συκῶν ἄδηλα διὰ \ / \ τὴν ὑγρότητα. καὶ yap τούτῳ ἔχουσι διαφορὰν , lal καίπερ ἀμφότερα περιεχόμενα σαρκώδει τινὶ καὶ TO rn / \ la) ” \ \ \ τοῦτο TEPLELANPOTL META τῶν ἄλλων" τὰ μὲν γὰρ n \ “ a Ν περὶ ἕκαστον ἔχει πυρῆνα τὸ σαρκῶδες τοῦτο τὸ ς / “ , an ὑγρόν, αἱ δὲ κεγχραμίδες ὥσπερ κοινόν TL πᾶσαι, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ γίγαρτον καὶ ὅσα τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχει “ b] x \ \ ΄ \ ΖΈΟΝ τρόπον. ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τοιαύτας διαφορὰς τάχ ” / , ® o \ / \ av τις λάβοι πλείους" ὧν δεῖ TAS κυριωτάτας καὶ μάλιστα τῆς φύσεως μὴ ἀγνοεῖν. ΧΙΙ. Αἱ δὲ κατὰ τοὺς χυλοὺς καὶ τὰ σχήματα \ \ [{ \ \ \ a ee Kal Tas ὅλας μορφὰς σχεδὸν φανεραὶ πᾶσιν, ὥστε a a / e a μὴ δεῖσθαι λόγου: πλὴν τοσοῦτόν γ᾽ OTL σχῆμα ’ οὐδὲν περικάρπιον εὐθύγραμμον οὐδὲ γωνίας ἔχει. lal lal / TOV δὲ χυλῶν οἱ μέν εἰσιν οἰνώδεις, ὥσπερ ἀμ- / / Oa e ’ > , ee πέλου συκαμίνου μύρτου" οἱ δ᾽ ἔλαώδεις, ὥσπερ aT; , ΄ > an ΄ , ἐλάας δάφνης Kapvas ἀμυγδαλῆς πεύκης πίτυος / e \ , a ΄, ’ὔ ἐλάτης" οἱ δὲ μελιτώδεις, οἷον σύκου φοίνικος διοσ βαλάνου" οἱ δὲ δριμεῖς, οἷον ὀρυγάνου θύμβρᾳς , ld e \ , Ὁ » / καρδάμου νάπυος" οἱ δὲ πικροί, ὥσπερ ἀψινθίου , n κενταυρίου. διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ ταῖς evwdiats, ᾿ ’ / / ἊΨ ΝῊ. a A / οἷον ἀννήσου κεδρίδος" ἐνίων δὲ ὑδαρεῖς av δόξαιεν, a / \ a a οἷον of τῶν κοκκυμηλέων" οἱ δὲ ὀξεῖς, ὥσπερ ῥοῶν

1 i.e. of the pulp. 2 τούτῳ conj. Sch.; τοῦτο Ald. 3 τὸν om. St.: 2.6. the seeds are arranged in compartments of the pulp.

84

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. x1. 6-x11, 1

obvious in the separation of the pomegranate seeds, for the stone is attached to each, and the connexion is not, as in figs, obscured by the moisture.! For here? too there is a difference, although in both cases the seeds are enclosed in a sort of fleshy substance, as well as in the case which encloses this and the other parts of the fruit. For in the pome- granate the stones have this moist fleshy substance enclosing each? separate stone; but in the case of fig-seeds, as well as in that of grape-stones and other plants which have the same arrangement, the same pulp is common to all. However one might find more such differences, and one should not ignore the most important of them, namely those which specially belong to the plant’s natural character.

Differences in taste.

XII. The differences in taste, shape, and form as a whole are tolerably evident to all, so that they do not need explanation; except that it should be stated that® the case containing the fruit is never right-lined in shape and never has angles. ὅ Of tastes some are like wine, as those of vine mul- berry and myrtle ; some are like olive-oil, as, besides olive itself, bay hazel almond fir Aleppo pine silver- fir; some like honey, as fig date chestnut; some are pungent, as marjoram savory cress mustard; some are bitter, as wormwood centaury. Some also are remarkably fragrant, as anise and juniper’; of some the smell would seem to be insipid,’ as in plums; of others sharp, as in pomegranates and

42,6. the fruit is not divided into compartments.

5 πλὴν ἢ τοσοῦτον conj. W.; πλὴν τοσοῦτον ἢ UMAI. S Phin 1186) so ΤΌ Wa Seopa. 14. 8 Lit. watery. 85

.

THEOPHRASTUS

At Oe / e ’, ‘ > , \ \ Kal ἐνίων μήλων. ἁπάντων δὲ οἰνώδεις καὶ TOUS a / / f ἐν τούτῳ τῷ γένει θετέον: ἄλλοι δὲ ἐν ἄλλοις φ , “ εἴδεσιν: ὑπὲρ ὧν ἁπάντων ἀκριβέστερον ἐν τοῖς Ἢ A ς , CU ey Vv. Sav περὶ χυλῶν ῥητέον, αὐτάς TE τὰς ἰδέας διαριθμου- / e / \ \ ἣ >) / \ μένους ὁπόσαι Kal TAS πρὸς ἀλλήλους διαφορὰς / 7 \ 4 Kal τίς ἡ ἑκάστου φύσις καὶ δύναμις. » δὲ \ ς an δέ ὃ a νς ς , Eyer δὲ καὶ ἡ τῶν δενόρων αὐτῶν ὑγροτης, . > / / " ¢: \ / > ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη, διάφορα εἴδη: ἡ μὲν γάρ ἐστιν uA n na \ a - ὀπώδης, ὥσπερ ἡ τῆς συκῆς καὶ τῆς μήκωνος" ἡ / “ δὲ πιττώδης, οἷον ἐλάτης πεύκης τῶν κωνοφύρων' / - / ἄλλη δ᾽ ὑδαρής, οἷον ἀμπέλου ἀπίου μηλέας, καὶ ol lal / ? / Vd TOV λαχανωδῶν δέ, οἷον σικύου κολοκύντης θριδα- / e Ν ” τ / 4 y Y κίνης" αἱ δὲ [ἤδη] δριμύτητά τινα ἔχουσι, καθάπερ e a ΄ \ ΄, ε \ \ > , ἡ Tov Ovpov καὶ θύμβρας: αἱ δὲ καὶ εὐωδίαν, ¢ a , fal ὥσπερ αἱ TOU σελίνου ἀνήθου μαράθου Kal τῶν Zi ’ a > an \ τοιούτων. ὡς δ᾽ ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν ἅπασαι κατὰ τὴν / / ἰδίαν φύσιν ἑκάστου δένδρου καὶ ws καθ᾽ ὅλου a lal lal \ / “ / εἰπεῖν φυτοῦ: πᾶν yap ἔχει Kpaciv τινα καὶ μίξιν > / a « lal ἰδίαν, ἥπερ οἰκεία δῆλον OTL τυγχάνει τοῖς ὑπο- 7 an e -» , κειμένοις καρποῖς" ὧν τοῖς πλείστοις συνεμφαίνε- ΄ e , ᾽ > \ by] \ ΄ " ᾽ ταί τις ὁμοιότης οὐκ ἀκριβὴς οὐδὲ σαφής: ἀλλ a / “ ἐν τοῖς περικαρπίοις" διὸ μᾶλλον κατεργασίαν / A / \ x 2 ase a λαμβάνει καὶ πέψιν καθαρὰν καὶ εἰλικρινῆ ἡ τοῦ

ΣΟ θα...

2. T. is said to have written a treatise περὶ χυμῶν.

5 ῥπώδης. omds is used specially of the juice of the fig itself.

4 μήκωνος probably corrupt: it should be a tree.

86

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xu. 1-2

some kinds of apples. 1 But the smells even οἱ those in this class must in all cases be called wine- like, though they differ in different kinds, on which matter we must speak more precisely, when we come to speak of flavours,? reckoning up the different kinds themselves, and stating what differences there are between them, and what is the natural character and property of each.

Now the sap of the trees themselves assumes different kinds of tastes as was said; sometimes it is milky,®? as that of the fig and poppy,’ some- times like pitch, as in silver-fir fir and the conifers ; sometimes it is insipid, as in vine pear and apple, as well as such pot-herbs as cucumber gourd lettuce ; while others® again have a certain pungency, such as the juice of thyme and savory; others have a fragrance, such as the juices of celery dill fennel and the like. To speak generally, all saps corre- spond to the special character of the several trees, one might almost add, to that of each plant. For every plant has a certain temperament and com- position of its own, which® plainly belongs in a special sense to the fruits of each. And in most of these is seen a sort of correspondence with the character of the plant as a whole, which is not however exact nor obvious; it is chiefly 7 in the fruit- cases® that it is seen, and that is why it is the character of the flavour which becomes more com- plete and matures into something separate and

5 [have bracketed ἤδη : ὃ a dittography of αἱ δὲ.

6 ἥπερ mBas.H ; εἴπερ MAId.

7 ἀλλ᾽ ἐν... μᾶλλον MSS. (ἢ) Ald.H ; yap for διὸ conj. W., omitting stop before it.

Pi 3-e-ubnel pulp! soit.) Chey he ΜἹ- Ὁ:

87

THEOPHRASTUS

a 3 “ Ν \ .“ ¢ χυλοῦ φύσις" δεῖ γὰρ ὥσπερ τὸ μὲν ὕλην ὑπο- λαβεῖν τὸ δὲ εἶδος καὶ μορφήν.

Ἔχει δὲ αὐτὰ τὰ σπέρματα καὶ οἱ χιτῶνες οἱ περὶ αὐτὰ διαφορὰν τῶν χυλῶν. ὡς δ᾽ ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν ἅπαντα τὰ μόρια τῶν δένδρων καὶ φυτῶν, οἷον ῥίξα καυλὸς ἀκρεμὼν φύλλον καρπός, ἔχει τινὰ οἰκειότητα πρὸς τὴν ὅλην φύσιν, εἰ καὶ παραλλάττει. κατά τε τᾶς ὀσμὰς καὶ τοὺς χυλούς, ὡς τὰ μὲν εὔοσμα καὶ εὐώδη τὰ δ᾽ ἄοσμα καὶ ἄχυλα παντελῶς εἶναι τῶν τοῦ αὐτοῦ μορίων.

᾿Ενίων γὰρ εὔοσμα τὰ ἄνθη μᾶλλον ἢ τὰ φύλλα, τῶν δὲ ἀνάπαλιν τὰ φύλλα μᾶλλον καὶ οἱ κλῶνες, ὥσπερ τῶν στεφανωματικῶν' τῶν δὲ οἱ καρποί: τῶν δ᾽ οὐδέτερον' ἐνίων δ᾽ αἱ ῥίζαι: τῶν δέ TL μέρος. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ κατὰ τοὺς χυλούς. τὰ μὲν γὰρ βρωτὰ τὰ δ᾽ “ἄβρωτα τυγχάνει καὶ ἐν φύλλοις καὶ περικαρπίοις. ἰδιώτατον δὲ τὸ ἐπὶ τῆς φιλύρας' ταύτης γὰρ τὰ μὲν φύλλα γλυκέα καὶ πολλὰ τῶν ζώων ἐσθίει, ὁ δὲ καρπὸς οὐδενὶ βρωτός" ἐπεὶ τό γε ἀνάπαλιν οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν, ὥστε τὰ μὲν φύλλα μὴ ἐσθίεσθαι τοὺς δὲ καρποὺς οὐ μόνον ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν ἀχλὰ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων ζώων. ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τούτου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων ὕστερον πειρατέον θεωρεῖν τὰς αἰτίας.

XIII. Νῦν δὲ τοσοῦτον ἔστω δῆλον, ὅτε κατὰ πάντα τὰ μέρη πλείους εἰσὶ διαφοραὶ πολλαχῶς:

1 ὦ, 6. the pulp. 2 «1.6 the flavour.

8 Sense: Every tree has a characteristic juice of its own, which is however specially recognisable in its fruit ; in the tree as a whole its character is not always apparent. Hence the importance of the flavour (which is seen in the fruit- pulp), since it is this which determines the specific character,

88

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xi. 2-xm1. 1

distinct; in fact we must consider the one! as ‘matter,’ the other? as ‘form’ or specific character.*

Again the seeds themselves and the coats con- taining them have different flavours. And, to speak generally, all parts of trees and plants, as root stem branch leaf fruit, have a certain relationship to the character of the whole, even if‘ there is variation in scents and tastes, so that of the parts of the same plant some are fragrant and sweet to the taste, while others are entirely scentless and tasteless.

For in some plants the flowers are more fragrant than the leaves, in others on the contrary it is rather the leaves and twigs which are fragrant, as in those used for garlands. In others again it is the fruits; in others it is neither ὃ of these parts, but, in some few cases, the root or some part of it. And so too with the flavours. Some leaves and some fruit-pulps are, and some are not good for food. ὁ Most peculiar is the case of the lime: the leaves of this are sweet, and many animals eat them, but the fruit no creature eats, (for, as to the contrary case, it would not be at all surprising that the leaves should not be eaten, while the fruits were eaten not only by us but by other animals). But concerning this and other such matters we must endeavour to consider the causes on some other occasion.

Differences in flowers.

XIII. For the present let so much be clear, that in all the parts of plants there are numerous differ-

the pulp of fruit in general being, in Aristotelian language, the ‘matter,’ while the flavour is ‘form.’ cf. C.P. 6. 6. 6. * ef καὶ conj. Sch.; ἡ δὲ U; εἰ δὲ MVAId. * οὐδέτερον seems inaccurately used, as four parts have been mentioned. Sc a) 10. Ὁ. Phin 10: G5: 89

THEOPHRASTUS

ἐπεὶ καὶ τῶν ἀνθῶν τὰ μέν ἐστι χνοώδη, καθάπερ τὸ τῆς ἀμπέλου και συκαμινου καὶ τοῦ κιττοῦ" τὰ δὲ φυλλώδη, καθάπερ ᾿ἀμυγδαλῆς μηλέας ἀπίου κοκκυμηλέας. καὶ τὰ μὲν μέγεθος ἔχει, τὸ δὲ τῆς ἔλάας φυλλῶδες ὃ ὃν ἀμέγεθες. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἐπετείοις καὶ ποιώδεσι τὰ μὲν φυλλώδη τὰ δὲ χνοώδη. πάντων δὲ τὰ μὲν δίχροα τὰ δὲ μονόχροα. τὰ μὲν τῶν δένδρων τά Ye πολλὰ μονόχροα Kal λευκανθῆ" μόνον yap ws εἰπεῖν τὸ τῆς ῥόας φοινικοῦν καὶ ἀμυγδαλῶν τινων ὑπέρυθρον’ ἄλλου δὲ οὐδενὸς τῶν ἡμέρων οὔτε ἀνθῶδες οὔτε δίχρουν, ἀλλ᾽ εἴ τινος τῶν ἀγρίων, οἷον τὸ τῆς ἐλάτης: κρόκινον γὰρ τὸ ταύτης ἄνθος" καὶ ὅσα δή φασιν ἐν τῇ ἔξω θαλ- ἄττῃ ῥόδων ἔ ἔχειν τὴν χρόαν.

Ἔν δὲ τοῖς ἐπετείοις σχεδὸν τά γε πλείω τοιαῦτα καὶ δίχροα καὶ διανθῆ. λέγω δὲ διανθὲς ὅτι ἕτερον ἄνθος ἐν τῷ ἄνθει ἔχει κατὰ μέσον, ὥσπερ τὸ ῥόδον καὶ τὸ κρίνον καὶ τὸ ἴον τὸ μέλαν. ἔνια δὲ καὶ povopudra φύεται διαγραφὴν ἐ ἔχοντα μόνον τῶν πλειόνων, ὥσπ τερ τὸ τῆς ἰασιώνης" οὐ γὰρ κεχώρισται ταύτης ἐν τῷ ἄνθει τὸ φύλλον ἕκαστον" οὐδὲ δὴ τοῦ λειρίου τὸ κάτω μέρος, ἀλλὰ ἐκ τῶν ἄκρων ἀποφύσεις γωνιώδεις. σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ τὸ τῆς ἐλάας τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν.

Διαφέρει δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἔκφυσιν καὶ θέσιν' τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἔχει περὶ αὐτὸν τὸν καρπόν, οἷον ap-

1 7.e, petaloid.

2 ἀγρίων Ald.; αἰτίων U; ἀντιῶν MV; ποντίων conj. W. 5 ἡ, δ. corolla and stamens, etc.

4 7,6. are gamopetalous (or gamosepalous).

go

ENQUIRY “INTO PLANTS, 1. xi. 1-3

ences shewn in a variety of ways. Thus of flowers some are downy, as that of the vine mulberry and ivy, some are ‘leafy,'! as in almond apple pear plum. Again some of these flowers are conspicuous, while that of the olive, though it is ‘leafy,’ is incon- spicuous. Again it is in annual and _ herbaceous plants alike ΠΝ we find some leafy, some downy. All plants again have flowers either of two colours or of one; ἘΠΕ of the flowers of trees are of one colour and white, that of the pomegranate being almost the only one which is red, while that of some almonds is reddish. The flower of no other cultivated trees is gay nor of two colours, though it may be so with some uncultivated? trees, as with the flower of silver- fir, for its flower is of catinan colour; and so with the flowers of those trees by the ocean which have, they say, the colour of roses.

However, among annuals, most are of this charac- ter—their flowers are two-coloured and twofold.? I mean by ‘twofold’ that the plant has another flower inside the flower, in the middle, as with rose lily violet. Some flowers again consist of a single ‘leaf, 4 having merely an indication of more, as that of bindweed.® For in the flower of this the separate ‘leaves’ are not distinct; nor is it so in the lower part of the narcissus,° but there are angular projec- tions? from the edges. And the flower of the olive is nearly of the same character.

But there are also differences in the way of growth and the position of the flower; some plants have it

CH BO OLS ey 15. 2500} seed Bo Or eal A 65:

8 χειρίου conj. Sch., 2.e. narcissus, cf. 6.6.95; χειρίου MSS.

7 3,6. something resembling separate ‘leaves’ (petals or sepals).

gi

THEOPHRASTUS

πεέλος ἐλάα' ἧς καὶ ἀποπίπτοντα διατετρημενα φαίνεται, καὶ τοῦτο σημεῖον λαμβάνουσιν εἰ καλῶς ἀπήνθηκεν" ἐὰν γὰρ συγκαυθῇ ἢ ἢ βρεχθῇ. συναποβάλλει τὸν καρπὸν καὶ οὐ τετρημένον γίγνεται" σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ τὰ πολλὰ τῶν «ἀνθῶν"- ἐν μέσῳ τὸ περικάρπιον ἔχει, τάχα δὲ καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ περικαρπίου, καθώπερ poa μελέα ἄπιος κοκκυμήλεα μύρρινος, καὶ τῶν γε φρυγανικῶν podwvia Kal τὰ πολλὰ τῶν ᾿στεφανωτικῶν' κάτω γὰρ ὑπὸ τὸ ἄνθος ἔχει τὰ σπέρματα" φανερώ- τατον δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ ῥόδου διὰ τὸν ὄγκον. ἔνια δὲ καὶ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν τῶν σπερμάτων, ὥσπερ ὁ ἄκανος καὶ ὁ κνῆκος καὶ πάντα τὰ ἀκανώδη: καθ᾽ ἕκασ- τον γὰρ ἔχει τὸ ἄνθος. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν ποιωδῶν ἔνια, καθάπερ τὸ ἄνθεμον: ἐν δὲ τοῖς λαχανηροῖς ὅ τε σίκυος καὶ ἡ κολοκύντη καὶ ἡ / / x Spe \ n σικύα' πάντα yap ἐπὶ τῶν καρπῶν ἔχει. καὶ προσαυξανομένων ἐπιμένει τὰ ἄνθη πολὺν χρόνον. Ἄλλα δὲ ἰδιωτέρως, οἷον ὁ κιττὸς καὶ ἡ συκά- μενος" ἐν αὐτοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἔχει τοῖς ὅλοις περι- > \ 33 ΝῈ ἃ καρπίοις, οὐ μὴν οὔτε ἐπ᾽ ἄκροις οὔτ᾽. ἐπὶ περιειληφύσι καθ᾽ ἕκαστον, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν τοῖς ἀνὰ μέσον' εἰ μὴ ἄρα οὐ σύνδηλα διὰ τὸ χνοῶδες. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄγονα τῶν ἀνθῶν ἔνια, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν σικύων ἃ ἐκ τῶν ἄκρων φύεται τοῦ κλή-

A Of, 9: 10. 4. 2 Lacuna in text ; ἀνθῶν I conj.

3 τάχα Ald.; τινα W. after Sch. conj.

4 ἄἅπιος conj. Bod.; ἄγνος Ald. H.

> 2,6. composites.

6 σπερμάτων conj. Dalec. from G3 στομάτων Ald.

7 &kavos conj. W.; ἄκαρος UV.

8 ἀκανώδη con}. W.; ἀνθώδη Ald.H. cf. 1. 10. 6; 6. 4. 4.

92

ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, I. xi. 3-4

close above the fruit, as vine and olive; in the latter, when